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LOU RN AL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

EDITED BY THE

REV. W. WILKS, M.A.

SECRETARY
AND

MR. JOHN WEATHERS

ASSISTANT-SECRETARY

Woh. VILL.

LONDON
Printed for the Ropal Porticultural Society
BY

SPOTTISWOODE & CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE, E.C.
1895 -

CONTENTS OF VOL. XVIII.

RE
PART i. PAGE
CONFERENCE ON TREES—
THe LarcH Cancer. By Mr. J. B. Carnuruers, F.L.S. ............ 1
THe UtruisaTioN oF WasTE Lanp. By Mr. J. Simpson ............ 6

Forest TREES FoR ComMERCcIAL Purposes. By Mr. Epmunp J.

EE Egor is nt) eas een dnatscdvanetine ne esueh es isapesstatseresdes 28
Tur MANAGEMENT OF PuantaTions. By Mr. A. C. Forpss......... 35
Tue Woops oF Kent. By Mr. Geo. Bunyarp, F.R.H.S............. 61
MR ol linic cig eed Ria mein ders aes cceweeckiasewavnis wevd doe 67
Peete Ot MERCUMMNG TISHIGTERD © ccceecagevsieessaucecdeascrcscenecee secsee 68

PART IL.

CONFERENCE ON BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT—

ere REO LG, God voc ac chic cdacsne cuss cegseveseesedeccrdhcwrsveveciececse 98
oe ES 2 0 a a 105
up NTNR SM ETER ERIC ERIINNI 9d oc ncys cad acne cie'e olo wv da. csnsleas we nsiclne Ve esacon desde es 122

Harpy Fruits ror Smautt GARDENS. By the Rev. W. Winxs,M.A. 124
How to Make a Fruit-Room. By Mr. Geo. Bunyarb............... 145

FRUIT-GROWING ON A Lance Scate. By Mr. C. D. Wiss, F.S.L.,

a ee ea a nsins aetha canis deethainaon\ennessaenannes 150
GRADING, PackING, AND MarxketinG Fruit. By Mr. Gro. Monro,

ene ee ee i seks lobe cunacVadocovadsiwetecdascdevsaces 175
BORE AMUN ye vo etiis oslo a otanelaicle vin vlvvie've ca ceccdeleuriseecueesacvnceccceccces 185

INDEX.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vou. XVIII. 1895.

Paw k:
CONFERENCE ON TREES,

HELD AT CHISWICK GARDENS, SEPTEMBER 25, 1894.

Harp.y ever, if ever, in the history of the Society has such a
magnificent and interesting collection of specimens of Hardy
Trees and Shrubs been brought together at one time, and hardly
ever, if ever, has the weather been so entirely, so absolutely
pitiless; it rained unceasingly from morn till night, so that
comparatively few Fellows and visitors were able to be present.
The chair was taken at 12 o’clock by W. T. Thiselton Dyer,
Ksq., C.M.G., and the following papers were communicated :—

THE LARCH CANKER.

By Mr. J. B. Carrutuers, F.L.8., the College of
Agriculture, Downton.

Tue canker which occurs in fruit and timber trees has long been
an enemy of no mean importance to the growers of such trees,
so that any information which may lead to the exact knowledge
of one or other of these diseases will be welcomed by practical
men. Professor Marshall Ward (Professor of Forestry at Cooper’s
Hill College), whose work on the parasitic diseases affecting
British timber-trees has been of much value, in one of his
B

2, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

books * devotes a chapter to the description of the canker in
Larch, and gives a brief account of the fungus which causes it.

In the following paper it is intended to give an account (as
brief as is consistent with clearness) of the life-history of the
fungus causing the disease, with the effects it produces ; and at
the end an attempt will be made to suggest remedies, some of
which—since I first suggested them in a paper in the Royal
Agricultural Society’s Jowrnal—have been tried with success.
In a paper to be read before a body of men exhibiting both
scientific and practical knowledge it is not necessary to note how
discouraging it is, after the life-history of a fungus like the Larch
canker fungus (Dasyscypha Willkommu) has been carefully
studied, observed, and described by such men as Professor
Willkomm, of Dresden, and Professor Hartig, of Munich, that
practical men still refuse to believe that the effects are produced
by the fungus, and attribute the canker to climate, soil, bad
drainage, poor seeds, and other causes, just as years ago many
diseases attacking mankind—the history of which is now fully
recognised—were attributed to such causes as climate, position,
and that most useful of all attributable causes, ‘‘ the hand of
God.’”’ The canker may be found in the Larch under every
condition in which the tree is cultivated, and the writer has
observed it on high hills and low-lying land, on thin calcareous
soils as in Kent, as well as on the clayey loams of the West Riding
of Yorkshire, and with all aspects. And, this being the case, it
does not point to a solution of the disease—as some would have
it—being found in position or climate.

Most foresters and many gardeners, unfortunately, know too
well the external appearance which the canker presents when
first observed. The deformed, flattened stem or branch is gene-
rally blackened, and this blackness, though it occurs almost
always, is not due to the canker fungus, but to a smaller fungus
(Antennaria pithyophila, Nees) which grows on the exuded resin
and does no injury to the tree. The flattened side of the tree being
kept under observation for a short time, round white pustules
will be observed to be studded all over the surface, in size from
that of a pin’s head to a rape-seed ; these are the fruits of the
fungus parasite on the tree, and after a day or so they change
their round shape and become cup-shaped, having a centre of a

* Diseases of Timber.”

THE LARCH CANKER. Fs}

brilliant orange colour. The whole flattened portion of the stem
or branch is nearly all the time exuding resin, just as it would
from an accidental injury, and if steps are not taken to rid the
tree of its unwelcome visitor the deformation increases with more

. or less rapidity, nearly always ending in the death of the tree,

and in every case rendering the timber well-nigh valueless.

The cup-shaped fungus on the bark is the only part of this
parasite which can be observed by the naked eye; but though
important as the means of reproducing and spreading the disease,
it is not the most important part of the fungus. The damage is
done by the root portion, or mycelium, of the fungus, which has
complete possession of the bark, and reaches to the cambium
layer of the tree, abstracting all available nourishment and killing
all adjacent cells, causing a darkening of a reddish colour, which
can easily be observed if a portion of the bark is cut off and the
cambium exposed. As the fungus grows year after year it
pushes its borders wider and increases the affected portion—the
tree at the same time attempting, by means of a callus, to cover
up the wounded portion, and also putting on a larger quantity
of wood on the side of the stem opposite to the cankered spot, in
order to maintain a vital connection and to afford the necessary
mechanical support. Thus we have a swollen condition of the
tree on the side of the stem opposite to the cankered area. The
fight goes on in some cases for a great number of years, but in
most instances the fungus will in the end succeed in “ringing ”’
the tree, though it is possible that the tree might be able to close
over the wound and form healthy wood on the outside of the
canker, and thus immure it.

The spread of the fungus is naturally a most important
point, and in order to understand with what remarkable pro-
lificness the parasite will reproduce itself it is necessary to describe
the cup-shaped fruits which produce the spores or seeds of the
fungus. Hach cup has a rim or margin surrounding the orange-
coloured part which contains the spores. The spores (which are
oval in shape) are enclosed in sacs or asci, eight in each ascus,
some ten to fifteen thousand of which are contained in each cup,
so that the number of spores produced in every cup is very great,
and if one spore in every ten thousand is successful in innocu-
lating a new tree the spread of the disease is very rapid. It
must, however, be borne in mind that this fungus, like most

B2

4 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other parasitic plants, grows only upon its particular host—the
Larch tree—and that should the spores light on any other plant
they cannot grow and will do no harm.

There is one point about the Larch canker which is of great
importance with regard to the cure and prevention of the disease,
and that is that—as far as observation has gone—the disease
does not attack trees of more than two or three years old, and it
appears that when the tree has formed a sufficient layer of bark
the germinating spore cannot find an entrance, and, therefore,
all young trees of four or five years old which are absolutely
free from disease may be considered to have passed the critical
stage. It must, however, be remembered that there are always
young branches in a healthy tree, and that these, with their soft
cortex, are equally liable with the stems of young trees—though
in the case of diseased branches pruning can easily be employed
without depreciating the value of the timber. It seems, how-
ever, that the tree and its branches, having got its coat of
bark, can resist the germinating spore if it preserves its cortex
unbroken, but should the bark be taken off, even from a small
portion, a spore may be washed into the crevice and the disease
propagated.

The ordinary forester cannot, perhaps, be expected to study
the life-history of such a minute plant as Dasyscypha Will-
kommit, but even with the help of a magnifying glass he
should be able to recognise sufficient of the external structure of
the parasite to satisfy himself of its true nature, and also to be
able at the outset to detect it, and take such steps as he may
deem best to circumvent it.

With regard to methods of prevention and cure, much
might be written about the former, and much has been written
by many eminently practical men on the subject of procuring
good seeds, so that the seeding plants should not be already
tainted with the disease. Until, however, it is conclusively
proved that the seeds contain the spores or mycelium of the
fungus, it cannot be positively stated that the seeds contain the
disease, or that “unhealthy seedlings” are the cause of its
appearance ; and as all the trees examined by both German and
English workers show in section that they have been attacked
after they have grown some little time, to cast the blame upon
the seedlings seems hardly fair. There is no doubt that
crowded plantations favour to no little extent the rapid spread

THE LARCH CANKER. 5

of the disease, and that well-managed and well-thinned mixed
plantations afford the least chance for the propagation of the
canker ; but at the same time it should be remembered that as
this is a specific disease, if the trees are free from the canker, and
no neighbouring trees producing the spores, the chance of infec-
tion is reduced to a minimum.

In the case of this fungoidal attack, as in all others of a like
nature, when it is observed care should at once be taken to
destroy effectually—and the only effectual method is to burn
with fire—all portions attacked, so that the spread of the
disease is stopped, and it will be found better to sacrifice the life
of a few trees rather than to expose the rest of a plantation to
the risk of infection.

With regard to the treatment of individual trees, with a view
to sparing their lives and saving the timber, the surgical method
of excising the diseased parts, and protecting the necessarily
exposed surfaces by means of grafting wax or any other innocuous
substance, is worthy of the attention of foresters. This method
of cutting out the bark and cambium at the diseased spot was
recommended in my paper dealing more exactly than I can at
the present time do with the life-history of the fungus, pub-
lished in the Royal Agricultural Society’s Journal, 1891.
Among others who were interested and good enough to give this
suggested treatment a trial, Lord Moreton, then President of
the Royal Agricultural Society, having some diseased trees,
had the diseased portions cut out, taking care to leave none
of the discoloured infected cortex or cambium behind, and then
the wound so caused was protected by means of grafting wax and
covered over with a piece of sacking. Some time after this
treatment it was found on removing the bandage that the tree
had been able to cover over the wound with new cambium and
cortex, and to a great extent recover its original shape, and
there is no doubt that if this treatment is effectually carried out
it should lead to the cure of the tree. However, the discussion
of the disease, with the treatments which practical men may
devise to combat it, will no doubt lead to the discovery of
methods of a practical, and at the same time effectual, nature of
dealing with the disease, and Larch growers all over Britain will
have reason to be grateful to the Royal Horticultural Society if
they are able through their deliberations to help the forester in
fighting this the most deadly enemy ofan almost indispensable tree.

6 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRI-
CULTURE BY PLANTING WITH FOREST TREES.

By Mr. J. Stmeson, Wortley.

THE utilisation of land which is unsuited for farming by planting
it with forest-trees is a subject which has been dealt with by
many writers from various points of view, for foresters differ on
the subject of planting waste lands as they do on others con-
nected with their business, a fact which has been attributed by
some to the absence of any clearly recognised system of forestry
in this country as regards the production of timber. I am care-
ful to use the word ‘timber,’ for even expert Continental
foresters admit that British gardeners and foresters can grow
“ trees,’ but shrug their shoulders when timber is mentioned,
which, one of them has said, we “ frequently grow within locked
enclosures, of which the forester carries the key in his pocket,’’*
implying, I suppose, that our operations in this direction are
rather peculiar and not very extensive. There can be no doubt,
however, about the actual present condition of our British woods’
Our mature timber is going down at a rate that few suspect, and
nothing like an equivalent is being planted. In many districts
Larch, probably the most profitable of all British trees, is prac-
tically exhausted. Spruce for mining purposes, which can be pro-
duced in thirty or forty years, is even scarcer, although the
demand is so great. Ash is almost everywhere scarce, and big
Oak, for which the demand (referred to further on) is enormous
for railway carriages and waggons, will soon be a thing of the
past. Hitherto English Oak exclusively has been used for these
purposes, but recently American Oak, and even Pitch Pine—both
inferior—have been substituted. Other timbers are being used
up at a proportionate rate, and woods are either disappearing
altogether or getting so thin as hardly to be worth calling
woods.

I have divided the subject of my paper under four heads:

* See M. Boppe’s paper appended to Report of Select Committee on
Forestry.

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE, v

First, land unsuitable for agricultural purposes, but suitable for
the production of timber. Second, choice of situations for plant-
ing. Third, kinds of trees to plant, and how to plant and tend such
plantations. Fourth, prospects of remuneration from planting
poor lands.

I. First, then, land unsuitable for agriculture, but suitable for
the production of timber, I take to mean poor, sandy, and gravelly
soils, mountain sides, glens and ravines inaccessible to the plough,
sand-hills near the coast —perhaps the most worthless ofany—poor
peaty wastes, and suchlike. That there are vast tracts of land of
this description in the British Isles which would grow timber well
there is no question ; but still, even such tracts are worth a small
rent per acre for some purpose, and to turn them to better
account in the production of timber can, I believe, only be done
under certain conditions. First of all arises under this head
the question, Who are the parties most likely to benefit by the
extensive planting of waste lands? The answer is, Those who
can afford to plant on the most extensive scale; and the State
and the large landed proprietors are the parties who can do that
best. Itisa fact that the comparatively small extent of our
British plantations, and their isolated and patchy distribution
everywhere, greatly obstruct their profitable management. The
almost universal custom is to sell home-grown timber in the
rough, either standing or felled, and in this state it is removed
by the middleman or the consumer, but in either case to the
loss of the vendor, because the bark (with the exception of peeled
oak) and all the waste and refuse have to be removed with it,
and its removal paid for, which payment comes out of the
price in the wood. The cost of the removal of timber in the
rough to the consumer often costs half, or more than half, of the
delivered price. Very often it costs from 2d. to 4d. per cubic
foot to haul and remove the timber to the nearest railway
station, and perhaps as much again has to be paid for railway
transit after that. As 50,000 cubic feet is not an uncommon
quantity of timber to sell in one year from one estate, it may,
therefore, be reckoned how much is spent in haulage, a large
portion of which might be saved by converting, or partly
converting, the timber in the wood where it fell, if the extent of
the supply and its continwity made it worth the user’s while to
bring his appliances to the wood instead of hauling the trees

8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

miles upon miles to the saw-mill, and thus handicapping both
producer and consumer, damaging standing timber, and cutting
up roads that have afterwards to be repaired. This conversion
in the wood is sometimes attempted, but our forestry practice
and method of conducting sales is much against the plan. The
foreign timber that comes to this country is all sized and sorted,
travels in much less bulk, and can be handled far more con-
veniently than home-grown timber, which after hauling to the
railway wharf may have to lie for weeks before the travelling
crane can be sent to hoist it on to waggons, or the waggons
themselves can be got—always expensive work. Any extensive
afforestation scheme would have to contemplate reform in this
direction in order to keep down expenses, which in British
woods are greater than they might be, and, coupled with the
ever-increasing burdens on land, exceed greatly, I believe, those
of other countries. It is from greater economy of management,
as much as from other sources, that the margin of profit must
be sought in the future.

As to the timber-producing power of poor or waste soils
unsuitable for agriculture a good deal of misconception exists.
One may often judge pretty safely from the vegetation and trees
in any neighbourhood whether the soil is capable of producing
timber, but it is not safe to conclude from a poor surface crop
that it is unfit for that purpose. Trees, and especially the
broad-leaved species, like the Oak, Beech, and Chestnut for
example, respond to good soil and good root-culture as farm
crops do, but not to the same extent as the latter. If timber-
trees were grown for their crop of seed—the Oak for its acorns,
and the Beech for its mast, and so on—it might be different, as it
is into the seed or fruit that the principal constituents go in
greatest proportion; but itis the wood the timber-grower requires,
and the principal mineral substances taken from the soil to assist
in building up the wood of a tree are very much less in quantity
than is required by farm crops. The atmosphere supplies the
greatest portion of the food of a timber-tree, hence the reason
why very large trees are often found growing in very poor soils,
which the casual observer would consider unfit for any crop.
When the leaves of trees are analysed together with the wood,
the constituents are found to approximate more nearly in quantity
to those found in farm crops, but even then the nourishing

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 9

elements are in much less proportion. Moreover, the leaves of
the trees in a forest are restored to the soil again, and the
deposit thus accumulated in the shape of humusis of the greatest
benefit to the trees, particularly on thin dry soils, which it pro-
tects and enriches from year to year. I have often seen instruc-
tive examples of this, and when listening to advocates of excessive
thinning of woods, on the plea that a thick crop impoverished the
soil, it seemed to me they, in the first place, over-estimated the
demands of a tree upon the soil, and, in the second, forgot that
it restored nearly as much as it took out of it. As will be shown
further on, shelter and warmth and a favourable exposure to the
light, while maintaining an unbroken leaf canopy, are of as
much, if not more, importance to the healthy development of
trees in a wood than the soil in which the roots grow. Given a
root-hold in a healthy soil, however poor, a tree will grow and
produce a timber trunk of surprising dimensions. Innumerable
examples widely apart could be furnished to prove this, a few of
which may be given. At Wharncliffe Chase, the scene of the
opening chapter of ‘“‘ Ivanhoe ’”’ and the reputed haunt of “ The
Dragon of Wantley ” of nursery lore, there still stand a number
of the ‘“ broad-headed, short-stemmed, wide-branched oaks ”
referred to by Sir Walter Scott, and, considering the soil and
situation in which they grow, their bulk is surprising. Wharn-
cliffe Chase is described in the Doomsday Book as a natural
“waste,” and in that condition it remains for the most part to
this day—the soil being so thin and scant, where there is any, and
rocks projecting so above the surface in all directions, as to make
it unfit for cultivation. Yet this poor tract, lying about 1,000 feet
above the sea-level, was to a large extent once covered by forest,
and, if it were not now tenanted by deer and rabbits, it would
produce timber again, as its young plantations abundantly testify.
The geological formation is the millstone grit lying above the
coal-measures, and, according to Prof. McConnell,* usually the
basis of one of the poorest and hungriest soils. Where the
bulky Oaks referred to grow the surface soil consists of a poor,
thin sod, lying on the rock, which forms a deep bed fissured in
all directions, and so permitting the roots to descend deeply into
it. One of the trees has apparently sprung from an acorn
dropped into one of these fissures on the edge of the crags on an

* McConnell’s “ Agricultural Note-Book.”’

10 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

extremely lofty and exposed spot, and fulfils in every particular
the description in Scott’s ‘‘ Lady of the Lake” :—

Moored in the rifted rock,

Proof to the tempest’s shock,

Firmer he roots him, the ruder it blow.

This gnarled and starved specimen is 12 feet in circumference
a little way above the rock, and once contained about 60 cubic
feet. Not far from it is another ancient example, where the soil
consists of a thin sod through which the rocks project on all
sides, which girths 22 feet 5 feet up. Another close by girths
12 feet, and contained, before it lost some of its limbs, about
270 cubic feet of good timber. Another tree on the same poor
ground contained 170 cubic feet in the trunk, and about 50 feet
in the boughs. Growing under the same conditions are many
Birch, Ash, Hollies, Beech, Yews, &c., and throughout Wharn-
cliffe Wood there are numbers of Oaks of various sizes growing
on the rock; and these trees, as can be seen, have produced a
second and third crop of timber from the same stools. These
examples are mentioned to show under what poor conditions as
regards soil timber-trees will thrive, for, unless the Wharncliffe
trees were there to speak for themselves, I have no doubt that
even some practical foresters would hardly believe that they
could grow under such conditions. On the same rocks, about
- 1,000 feet above the sea, on a peaty sod two or three inches deep,
we have the Corsican Pine (Pinus Laricio) growing beautifully,
and beating the Larch and Scotch Fir.

Not less remarkable than the size of the trees produced in
poor soils is the variety of poor soils in which the same species
will thrive. At Lord Salisbury’s, at Hatfield, I was much struck
by the great size of the Oaks, Limes, Yews, and the usual forest-
trees, when noticing at the same time in the kitchen-garden
close by that the pure chalk was turned up everywhere at a
spade’s depth. Equally striking are both the young and old
plantations on the deep poor sandstone in some parts of Notting-
hamshire. In Thoresby Park the sandstone is of great depth,
and the surface soil is so poor that only. high culture keeps it up
to the mark. Yet the size and health of both young and old
trees there are remarkable, though, according to Professor
McConnell, Sherwood Forest, with its great Oak-trees, lies on a
member of the Upper New Red Sandstone, where the surface soil

a mae

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 11

is ‘fa barren gravel.” So at Bournemouth, again, there are
extensive and thriving tracts of Scotch and other Firs grow-
ing, for the most part, on pure sand-banks. Along the flat
shores of North Wales and Lancashire, and elsewhere, there
are similar extensive reaches of sand-dunes (of the same de-
scription as those at Bournemouth), which threaten eventually
to submerge the railway in some places, which, if planted,
would undoubtedly produce good Fir timber. At present such
sand-hill tracts are amongst the most worthless of lands for
acricultural purposes, but would not be difficult to plant. In the
Highlands of Scotland, again, in many parts, the size of the
Larch and Scotch Fir trees, growing in very poor soils, has often
excited the surprise of travellers, for in many places the soil con-
sists of poor peat or gravel only. In the part of Yorkshire
where I live I daresay travellers have often noticed consider-
able tracts near collieries covered by deep mounds locally called
“‘pit-hills.”” These hills, which consist wholly of a poor blue
shale brought out of the coal-pits in getting the coal, do not
contain a particle of what one would call “soil,” and would
probably be regarded as the worst rooting medium that could
be found. Yet it grows timber-trees. About thirty years ago
some of these pit-hills on the Wortley estate were planted with
a general mixture of forest-trees, which now form a dense and
thriving plantation. In short, the indifference of forest-trees to
their rooting medium, so long as the moisture is sufficient, is
surprising, and I lay stress on the point to show that, however
unfit for farming purposes, and however poor land may be, it
will almost certainly grow good timber.

I do not know of any theory that is better sustained by
facts than that timber-trees can be grown to good size on soils
chemically poor from an agricultural point of view, because
they need a much smaller quantity of the usual plant-food
derived from the soil than farm and garden crops do. When I
first studied analysts’ tables on this subject, I confess it was a
kind of revelation to me, for it explained much that had before
puzzled me—viz. why great trees should grow out of soils in
which, according to our gardening and farming ideas of plant
culture, they ought to starve. Schlich’s conclusions on this
subject, from Ebermayer’s tables, briefly summarised, are that
the substances required by forest-trees are qualitatively the same

12 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as those required by field-crops, but quantitatively so much less
that almost any soil can furnish a sufficient quantity of mineral
substances for the production of trees, provided the leaf-mould
accumulating from the fallen leaves is not removed. And,
further, that Conifers require the least amount of such substances
of any known plants.

II.—Situations most suitable for Planting, and kinds of
Trees to Plant.

That there are vast tracts of poor land unsuitable for agricul-
ture but fit to grow timber in the three kingdoms has been
admitted, but the plea so often advanced, that we should plant
such tracts for profit in the expectation that the foreign supply
of timber will at no distant date fail, or fall short, is one I have
grave doubts about. Hitherto foreign countries have exercised
more foresight in the management of their forests than Britain
has done. We have great leeway to make up even to overtake
other countries, which are not likely to be more shortsighted in
the future than they have been in the past, and in planting
extensively in this country I think it would be much the safer
plan to indulge in no dreams of reduced competition, but to set
to work on a sufficient scale and on business-like principles, and
trust to the production of timber of a better quality by better
culture, and to getting far more of it to the acre, in order to hold
our own. I am sanguine that that much can be accomplished.
It is not altogether excessive foreign competition that hurts our
home timber trade. We have not always had the timber to
offer, otherwise the price, grown as it is grown on the Con-
tinent—that is, clean crops and heavy crops—would pay, and the
foreigner would not find it worth his while trying to get in.

Neither do I, on the other hand, agree with the advocates of
planting remote, and practically inaccessible, solitudes in the
Highlands, or in Ireland, or anywhere else. Those who propose
to do such things with philanthropic objects, in the expectation
of creating new industries where none at present exist, deserve
credit, but I never read of such projects without thinking of Miss
Kdgeworth’s Irish landlord and his Scotch agent in her story
of “The Absentee.” The landlord was always dreaming of
some great far-off scheme for his estate, and was as constantly
being lectured by his agent for neglecting the first principles of

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 18

good management and the work that lay at his hand. So the
advocates of planting waste lands, I perceive, generally wish to
start somewhere about John o’Groats, or the Land’s End, the
west coast of Ireland, or the mountain-tops of the Isle of Man,
where I understand a start has already been made, and neglect
far more suitable and likely tracts of useless land at their doors.
If experience of growing timber in such out-of-the-way localities
up to the present time be worth anything, it is that when a
vendor has any considerable quantity to dispose of he can hardly
give it away. The truth, as I have already explained, is that
every mile farther you get away from your customer, or from a
railway or wharf, you reduce the prospect of profit till a limit is
reached where profits disappear altogether. When a man buys
timber in the wood or sells it from there, the first thing he
deducts is the cost of felling, cleaning, delivery, and all inci-
dental expenses. Whatever these amount to they are deducted
from the price expected from the consumer, and the difference,
after allowing for the profit to middlemen, if any, is the value
the producer receives, which in many cases does not at present
pay the rent of the land. As I have pointed out, the conversion
of timber on the spot saves much, but in any case the expense is
always considerable, and as in the past, so in the future, the
income and expenditure in the production and disposal of timber
are likely to maintain their present relative balance. There is
no limit to the operations of the purchaser of home-grown timber
as regards distance, except the cost of delivery. It is that alone
that hinders the realisation of those windfalls that periodically
occur in Scotland, otherwise I have no doubt but that the York-
shire saw-mills alone could deal with the whole of the blown-
down timber in a short while. I have known one purchaser to
send 20,000 cubic feet of Spruce windfalls from Dumfriesshire to
the borders of Nottingham to one colliery owner within a month.
The middleman cleared just 1d. per foot by the transaction, but I
doubt if the owner of the trees got as much, and the timber could
not have been sold at all if the rail had not been convenient and
other facilities afforded.* There ought to be (and I believe there
are) large quantities of Fir timber in Scotland now fit for mining

* Since the above was written I have been assured by a Scotch agent
in Perthshire that some owners of windfalls paid large sums to assist users
to remove the timber, which was itself given away.

14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

purposes there; but whether it is that the timber has not been
properly grown, or will not pay for delivery, or the two causes
put together, I do not know, but it is a fact that the mining
branch of the timber trade in Scotland, which is enormous, is
almost wholly in the hands of the Norwegians.

A noticeable difference between Scotch and English woods is
the predominance of Conifers in the former and broad-leaved
trees in the latter. Yet Ash, Sycamore, Elm, Beech, and other
broad-leaved trees do well in Scotland, and why so many com-
paratively worthless Firs have been planted by enterprising Scotch
planters is a puzzle. Some of the tallest and finest Ash-trees I
have ever seen grow at Dunkeld, and many fine examples are to
be found elsewhere. Planting the wrong species, and planting
good land when worse would have answered the purpose, has, in
my opinion, been one of the worst faults of Scotch forestry. I
have been assured by a Scotch nobleman, well known as a great
planter, that he has found this out in his own case. English
woods yield by far the best returns to their owners, because
broad-leaved species have been mostly planted, and Oak timber
still holds the field for quantity and value, as it always has done.
It is a great mistake to. suppose that because Oak is now less
used for ships that therefore the demand has fallen off, or is
ever likely to do so; it has simply been transferred to the waggon-
builder, and the quantity used for such purposes alone threatens
to exterminate all the large Oaks in England in a very short time.
There probably never was such a demand for Oak as there is at
the present time, and the sales advertised week by week show
that as much, if not more, Oak is offered than all the other kinds
put together. It, however, takes a long time to realise a crop of
Oak. We have disposed of from the Wortley estate as much as
20,000 cubic feet of Oak in two years to one coal and iron com-
pany, who converted all the largest trees into waggons as fast as
they left the wood, and they bought about as much from our
neighbours at the same time. There is no time for seasoning
nowadays, and when the waggons shrink they are tightened by
means of screws. Some railway companies* own over 100,000
goods waggons alone, to provide the principal timbers for which

* At the last half-yearly meeting of the Midland Railway Company the

chairman stated that the company owned 78,558 goods waggons and
27,682 coal trucks, not to mention carriages.

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 15

the very soundest portions of probably 200,000 fair-sized Oak
trees would be required, and thousands of waggons are every year
being turned out. The soles and cross-bearers have hitherto
been made almost exclusively of English Oak, but latterly
American Oak, a much inferior article, has been substituted in
second-class cheaper waggons, quoted at £52. 10s. per coal
waggon. Immense quantities of Oak goes also for colliery and
other purposes.*

All circumstances considered, my advice to those about to
plant, in the expectation of even moderate profits after, say, forty
or fifty years, would be to plant with the most useful species
their waste lands as near as possible to railways, canals, and
the consumer, and there are such tracts of sufficient extent in
England alone (where all the most valuable timbers grow best)
to engage the planter for a long time to come. You can hardly
travel by any of our main railway lines without seeing ideal
tracts of poor land and hill-sides that might be densely wooded
for miles, often quite near to some of the largest towns and trade
centres. These are the spots I should plant first, leaving all
doubtful localities as they are till the last.

The next consideration is aspect and exposure. If I were
asked what was the very worst natural obstacle to the production
of useful timber in a reasonable time, I should answer “ cold,’’
and especially ‘exposure to cold winds.’’ Those who condemn
thick planting at the outset, from the sight, perhaps, of a
crowded young plantation just getting established, do so from
want of experience. ‘Too thin planting and too severe thinnings
afterwards are alone quite sufficient to far more than turn the
scale between profit and loss. Foresters recognise the evils of
exposure so far as to plant “nurses’’ for the protection of the
permanent crop, but the nurses are usually a dead loss in them-
selves, and take room which could be far more profitably occupied
by trees of more value planted thicker. On the Wortley estate,
which is high and inland, we have miles of belts planted for
shelter, and the behaviour of the trees in these exposed belts
affords, as similar belts do everywhere else, a lesson to foresters.
However narrow the belt may be, the trees on the exposed side

* Quite recently a well-known Midland iron company have supplied
waggons with light wrought-iron soles in place of oak. [If these answer
much less oak will be sold in future,

16 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are always the most stunted and least bulky in the trunk.
Looked at in the mass the tops of the trees rise up in a gently
rounded slope from the exposed side to the sheltered side, and
when you come to examine the trees critically the difference is
only the more apparent. Here are examples of the relative
dimensions of trees growing in an exposed narrow belt about
750 feet above the sea, consisting of Beech, Sycamore, Oak, Elm,

Chestnut, and Larch :— |

TABLE showing the Effects of Exposure and Shelter on the Growth of
Forest Trees in Mill-Moor Plantation Belt on the Wortley Estate.

Height of trees on | Height of treesin the | Height of treeson the
Kind the most exposed side | middle of belt where inner and most
of belt less exposed sheltered side of belt
Beech ... sks 31 feet 37 feet 43 feet
Sycamore tins 20 4s BD x “ao 45 _,,
Ash aie eee DG BOF gh 44 ,,
Oak a a Dae Beis, £0 abe

The bulk of timber is in proportion to the height. Age of plantation
about 69 years.

The trees in this plantation are growing under precisely the
same conditions, except only as regards exposwre, and the table
will show at a glance the immense difference that that would
make in an acre as regards the quantity of timber obtained
and its value. The practical conclusions to be drawn from
data of this kind are that in deciding to plant poor land the
warmest and least exposed situations should be chosen first, and
these, in high-lying, hilly districts, are the situations that face
south, west, or east, or any point between these, and the lower
slopes of hills in preference to their tops. The tallest trees and
greatest bulk of timber are produced much sooner at the bottom
of the hill than higher up. The late Mr. John MacGregor,
forester to the Duke of Atholl, told me (and also stated in his
evidence before the Select Committee on Forestry) that his
plantations of Larch in a certain wood were worth ‘“ perhaps
nearly £100”’ per acre at the bottom of the Mill, and higher up,
at an altitude of 1,000 feet, ‘‘ not worth more than £20 per acre”
—a, vast difference, due mainly to altitude and exposure. In
Wharnceliffe Wood, which runs for about four miles along the
valley of the Don, ascending regularly its whole length to the
top of Wharncliffe Crags, the same decrease in value is plainly

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. Uy

observable, the height and bulk of the trees becoming steadily
less as the hill is ascended. In the foregoing table the heights
of the Elms, Chestnuts, and Larch are about the same as the
others. The trees were carefully measured with rods, and the
heights given are interesting as showing also what an even top-
canopy different species preserve when mixed in a plantation—a
fact doubted by some who would multiply the difficulties of
forestry practice by treating every species separately. So far as
I have observed this plantation habit of trees is constant. In
our locality the Common Hawthorn in the open is more a bush
than a tree, but we have had examples in crowded parts of
Wharncliffe Wood where they were perfectly straight, and
reached a height of nearly 50 feet—drawn up by the taller Oaks
erowing around them. Under such circumstances the trees do
not, of course, increase in girth at the same rate, but vary greatly,
as will be shown.

The general conclusions to be drawn from these facts are,
that in planting poor lands advantage should be taken of
shelter wherever possible, by planting on the lee side of shelter-
ing objects, such as hills, and by planting thickly on open and
exposed plains, especially at the margins of the wood. The
most severe struggle with a plantation occurs when it is first
planted, and the struggle continues till the trees meet and
cover the ground, which covering protects the roots and stems
from cold and drought, and preserves a uniform temperature
about the roots, the effects of which are soon noticeable in
better growth, which continues as long as the conditions are
maintained.

IlI.—Trees to Plant, and Tending, éc.

Species to plant.—This is the first question that arises under
this head, and is an important one, because the returns from the
sale of timber depend very much on the kind produced. Timber
dealers find it best to have always a bit of everything on hand in
some proportion, and planters should proceed on the same prin-
ciple, keeping an eye to the demand and the value. The following
table, drawn from experience at timber sales over a wide area,
and from inquiries frequently addressed to me by consumers of
timber, gives a fairly approximate idea of the demand for
the different kinds of timber for a long period past.

Cc

18 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1. Oak, from 1 cubic foot dimension and upwards.

2. Ash, ditto ditto

3. Larch, from 3 inches quarter girth and upwards.

4. Sycamore of large size.

5. Scotch Fir and Spruce of large size, and poles for pit
props.

6. Birch and Alder.

7. Beech and English Elm, trees and poles.

8. Poplar, Lime, and Firs, other than Scotch and
Spruce.

The demand, of course, varies in different parts of the country,
but the above gives a pretty good general idea of the comparative
demand for the kinds named in the order given.

The next table following is intended to show what I believe
might be accomplished on one acre of poor land in a given time,
supposing the acre to be pure forest—that is all of one sort of
tree. The average from a general mixture may also be reckoned
approximately from the same table.

TABLE showing the relative Bulk of different kinds of Timber Trees and
possible Number of Trees per Acre in a plantation about 60 years of
age on poor land situated about 1,000 feet above the sea in Yorkshire.

Kina Average cubic feet Possible number of
in each tree trees to the acre
Beech se ne wae ee to 350
Spanish Chestnut ... or sh 113 350
Scotch Fir ... Bhs an <3 + 537
Larch dak is eas “ms 10 537
Sycamore ... ee aie oe if 350
Oak io. Ass ais wae a 6 603
Birch ha sere me “a 5 680

What I want to show here is the relative bulk of each kind of
tree under equal conditions on the same ground, and the sizes
given will be found to be pretty fairly constant everywhere. The
money value of an acre of timber depends in the first instance
upon the weight of the timber per acre, which may be reckoned
by the number of cubic feet ; and next upon the price per foot
that can be got for the trees as they stand wm the wood; and,
as has been already explained, this price depends upon situation
and circumstances. It will be seen from the table that the

a

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 19

biggest trees hardly exceed “ pole’ size, and the price would be
pole price—always much below the price of big trees. The
plantation from which the table is compiled would be easy to
sell at from about 5d. to 9d. per foot, standing, in our neighbour-
hood, and at a reasonable profit, because it is close to the railway
and a good market ; but there are many situations even in our
neighbourhood, let alone remote districts, where the cheap kinds
of timber, like Scotch Fir and Birch and small poles of any kind,
would not pay for removal, and where Beech, Sycamore, and
Larch would leave but a narrow margin after paying carriage,
felling, and all incidental expenses. It is of no use trying to
give the precise value of a crop of timber to the producer without
knowing everything, as hardly two cases are alike. The number
of trees to the acre given in the table is what it would perhaps
be difficult to find on any estate in this country. The number
given is based upon the numbers said to be produced in well-
managed forests in Germany, and upon calculations made by
myself as regards the greatest head-space required by forest-trees
to produce a trunk of a given size. I believe my estimate is not
far from the mark, and may be accepted as a guide ; but it con-
templates a careful regulation of the trees and general good
management. Of course, where the supply was extensive, con-
verting the timber in the wood would save much expense, and
the older and bigger the trees the greater would be the value;
but the expense and time would also be greater. Nothing is
allowed for thinnings previous to sixty years, as they would
hardly pay expenses in these days on such land. I might have
given the actual value per acre of the wood from which the table
is taken, but the wood had been over-thinned at an early period,
and damaged by game and deer, and hence such a valuation
would be misleading. I prefer to give what I believe might be
accomplished by ordinary good culture and management in the
time on land worth 7s. 6d. per acre in our locality, but which
would be worth less in less populous centres.

It will be seen from the table that the Beech is a tree that
puts on timber faster than most others, and this is true of it
almost everywhere; and I know of no tree that stands and
grows so well in bleak, exposed situations and on poor soils.
It is a remarkable tree in these respects, and is only approached
by the Spanish Chestnut and Sycamore. In our high-lying dis-

CZ

20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trict the Spanish Chestnut rarely ripens its seeds, and the Beech
produces a very scant crop, but both trees grow into large-sized
sound timber-trees sooner than others. The Chestnut makes a
fine clean trunk in a plantation, and is almost as good to sell as
Oak of a certain size. The Beech is one of the best shade-bearers,
but it smothers everything else when it is allowed to become the
dominant tree. These two trees and the Oak, Ash, Elm, Lime,
Sycamore, Birch, Alder, Wild Cherry, Scotch Fir, Larch, Corsican
and Austrian Pines (Pinus Laricio and P. austriaca) all grow
well up to at least 1,000 feet above the sea wnder plantation
cultwre—that is in pretty thick plantations. In the high inland
districts of South Yorkshire the Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga
Douglast) and the common Spruce are failures, except in sheltered
valleys and ravines. In planting waste lands I do not advise
any further expense to be incurred in preparation except draining
(where necessary), fencing, and protection from game. ‘The
venture will not stand anything but the most economical meal
sures. Nor in planting the trees are big pits or holes necessary.
Provided the young trees are got up with good roots and quickly
transferred from the nursery to the plantation, they may be
planted with a dibble or a narrow planting spade, letting the
roots straight down and wedging them up tight in the natural
soil ag it is. I have had some of the worst and most exposed
ground in England to deal with, and I am also confident that if
all kinds of Conifers are planted between the middle of Septem-
ber and the middle of November, or, failing that period, then in
March, April, and May, there will be very few losses anywhere.
The notch system of planting is bad. A young tree’s roots soon
spread out on all sides, and all that is needed in planting is to
fix the roots in their natural position as quickly as possible.
Planted at the seasons named, and in the way described, the
Corsican Pine—perhaps the very worst transplanter known—will
do just as well as the hardy Scotch Fir. Plant the same tree
at midwinter, from a strange nursery, in any way you think best,
and the probability is that at least 50 per cent. will die the first
year.

The kinds of timber-trees most suitable for planting for
profit consist of those just named, and their probable ultimate
value to the grower in any locality should determine the propor-
tion of each to be planted, and the foregoing tables may be of

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. pe

assistance in that respect. Thick planting should be the rule,
especially on cold exposed situations, where 18 inches or 2 feet
asunder would not be too close, while 3 feet should not be
exceeded. Where the natural herbage is poor, consisting of poor
grasses and heather, the trees may be small. The younger they
are the cheaper they are; they are also more easily planted, and
they grow better. The only tending required after the trees are
established consists in keeping the fences and drains in order and
in regulating the trees so as to let every tree have its top fully
exposed to the light, and in preventing destructive crowding in any
part. But on no account should the ground between the trees be
exposed. Indeed the plantation may be left almost undisturbed
for fifteen or twenty years, and after that thinning should be
sparingly practised till the trees have reached a size at which they
can be profitably disposed of as timber.

IV.—Prospects of Profit from the Planting of Poor Lands.

It has been shown that nearly all kinds of timber-trees will
grow to a large size on very poor soils, and on a great variety of
poor soils, and that the value of the crop depends mainly on the
species of trees grown, the quality of the timber, the quantity
that can be grown to the acre, and reasonable proximity to the
market. The most important factor, however, is a good heavy
crop, for whether the price be high or low the number of cubic
feet will determine the value. The produce in this respect will
depend upon the system adopted and the degree of intelligence
with which it is carried out from beginning to end. I have no
doubt whatever that in the past incalculable losses have been
sustained by neglect and mistakes on these points. The
difference between the value of a crop of some cheap kind of
timber and timber of considerable value may amount easily to
from 50 to 70 per cent. The rent and expenses are the same,
and a erop of some valuable kind of timber may be produced
as easily as a crop of some cheap kind. As regards quantity to
the acre, the severe and frequent thinnings to which plantations
in this country have been subjected in the past have often con-
verted what might have been a profitable crop into a dead loss,
and every one who has sold much timber also knows well that

99 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the difference in value between roughly-grown and clean-grown |
timber of the same kind is so great as to at any time turn the
scale either way. And this difference is one entirely under the
control of the forester. The cost of producing a crop of timber
under any given conditions could, I believe, be very nearly
reckoned, and the value of the crop under an exact and clearly
defined system of culture could also be estimated fairly well
beforehand, for the number of trees to the acre, their kind, their
bulk, and value at a given period are problems not difficult to work
out where the wants of the locality are known. While railways
exist, Yorkshire and Lancashire mills continue to run, mines to be
worked, agricultural implements and appliances to be used, houses
to be built and furnished, and all the multifarious needs of the
community to be supplied, the demand for home-grown timber,
such as Oak, Ash, Sycamore, Beech, Larch and other Firs, Elm,
Birch, &c., will continue to be great, and the prices fairly re-
munerative—that is to say, if past experience goes for anything.
There has never been any difficulty about selling good timber
whenever it has been reasonably accessible to the purchaser.
The Government returns are silent about the quantity of home-
grown timber that goes down annually, although it would be
easy enough to get such returns; but there is no doubt about
the quantity being enormous, and greatly in excess of the re-
planting done. You may sometimes notice advertised in the
trade journals lots of timber at one sale on single estates, com-
prising from 7,000 to over 10,000 trees (trees, remember, not
feet), and you may notice that such sales are repeated year
after year. Multiply the trees by 20 to roughly find the feet;
then reckon approximately the number of sales that take place
all over England all the year round, and you will have some
idea of what is going on in the home timber trade now, and ~
realise what is possible when I state that the turnover could
be immensely increased if we had a greater variety of timber
to sell and more of it. What profit might be expected from
crops of timber on poor lands must always depend upon situation
and circumstances and the cost of production, but that the
margin might generally reach 3 per cent., and considerably
more for good crops of certain kinds, I have little doubt—that
is, under the maximum number of trees to the acre according
to age and dimensions. I should fear bad management far more

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 293

than insect pests and tree diseases (except in the case of the
Larch disease), for the damage from these causes is not so great
in this country as some seem to think. When you see, what
may often be seen, fewer trees planted to the acre at the outset
than should be on the ground at the end of fifteen or twenty years,
when a half or third of these consist of useless ‘‘ nurses ’’ which
are never expected to pay the cost of removal, when pruning
and thinning are frequent and severe, when needless draining
is done, and expensive live fences maintained, and rabbits pre-
served, you may bid farewell to any prospect of profit, and expect
loss about as surely as anything can be expected. But all these
ean be avoided, and when they are avoided I have no doubt
whatever that good crops of timber can be produced more easily
and more certainly than a great many garden and farm
crops, making allowance, of course, for the difference of time
required.
The wants of forest-trees are few and simple, and the opera-
tions of practical forestry are also so easy that any intelligent
labourer may carry them out with no more training or instruc-
tion than can be given him by a competent head forester from
time to time. Hitherto it has not been the humble working
woodman that has been to blame, but his master and employer.
In this connection I may mention an extremely interesting
example. I have on hand for sale, at this time, twenty acres of
Larch, situated about 1,200 feet above the sea, on one of the
poorest sites and soils imaginable, heather land before it was
planted over sixty years ago. This land was owned by a small
farmer, who planted it with Larch, and whose grandson is now
offering the timber for sale because he can get more for
the land for grouse, and because the trees have ceased growing.
Still the Larch, though small, owing to the situation, could
have been sold more than once for about £1,400 or more, stand-
ing, being near consumers, which represents a rent for the land
sreatly in excess of anything that could have been got for such
land for any other purpose during the sixty years. The twenty
acres contain a little under 7,000 trees and poles, or over 300
trees to the acre, averaging about 63 feet cubic each. The inter-
esting fact about this wood is that it has never been looked after
by a forester, and all the thinning it has been subjected to
has been the occasional removal of a few of the worst trees for

24 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fencing purposes by the owner. Itis the nearest approach to a
natural forest, and one of the few examples of remunerative
forestry I have seen that one could be sure about. Larch, how-
ever, 1s an exceptional crop, and there can be no doubt that old
planters were not so far out in their expectations concerning
Larch-planting. Timber buyers well know large estates in York-
shire where the annual Larch fall has for many years been a
source of considerable income to the proprietor.

A chief obstacle to planting nowadays is that owners of
estates are very reluctant to engage to any extent in planting as
an investment. This is due to the fact that their past experience
in that direction has been far from encouraging, and that, taking
all contingencies into consideration, the length of time that must
elapse before a crop of timber can be realised, the risk, and, at
the best, the small ultimate profit to be expected, they do not
consider it worth while to plant. They can do better with their
money. I have always felt that no amount of persuasion would
ever get over such considerations as these on private estates.
It may be granted, however, that past forestry in this country is
hardly a safe criterion to go by for the future. Owners of estates
have certainly, and with the best intentions, spent their money
freely in planting, without any certain prospect of even a small
profit ever being realised, but they have also sacrificed much to
game, and by careless management, and want of foresight in
growing the wrong species of trees. Examples enough could be
found of all the three. The value of the timber on many an
estate might have been much higher if the timber had been of a
different kind. Hitherto there has been far too much of the
landscape gardener, the nurseryman, and the gamekeeper in
British woods, and too little of the timber merchant, who in the
end becomes the valuer. The whole British home timber trade
rests upon about as many species of trees as could be counted on
the fingers of both hands, or fewer, and the uses and value of
these have been perfectly well known for generations; but instead
of making the most of these, in far too many instances effort has
been wasted on doubtful exotics, principally Conifers, and these
have not been tested in the way to prove their value as timber-
trees—a thing which can be done by plantation culture alone,
under which many trees will thrive that would hardly exist as
isolated specimens in the arboretum, which is no place to test

2 ihe

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 25

timber-trees. Examples without end could be found of Conifers
growing freely in the inside of plantations where there is shelter
from wind, that absolutely refuse to live at the exposed margins,
and on dry eastern aspects the common Spruce is a well-known
example.

In conclusion, I would add that I say nothing about probable
effects, beneficial or otherwise, to climate by the extensive
afforestation of waste lands, although “‘amelioration of climate ”’ is
a stock argument on the subject. Planting belts for the shelter
of crops and farm stock would probably not affect our climate
ereatly, and such belts need not be reckoned upon for the pro-
duction of timber, and hence should not be mixed up with the
latter subject at all; but that extensive forest areas are likely to
improve a climate cool enough and moist enough already, is, I
think, hardly likely if meteorological record stands for anything.

DISCUSSION.

Professor MARSHALL WARD, Instructor at the Cooper’s Hill
School of Forestry, said he was very pleased to hear one truth
driven home, to the effect that we in this country had long been
in the habit of under-estimating the capabilities of the soil in
forestry operations. We had for many years been in the proud
position of being authorities on the subject of soil; but Mr.
Simpson’s paper rightly emphasised the fact that our notions of
the value of the soil had been taken only from the point of view
of the farmer and horticulturist, and that it was really a very
difficult matter indeed to get it even considered from the point of
_ view of forestry. One thing he would like to say, viz. that if
anyone contemplated launching into forestry, he must make up
his mind not to be deterred at the outset if the results did not
come up to expectation, which had been based upon analyses of
the chemistry of farm crops and fruit. That was a point in
danger of being overlooked, and Mr. Simpson had done quite
right in laying stress upon it.

A gentleman in the audience, whose name did not transpire,
but who resides in Cornwall, said that he had had considerable
experience in forestry, and had been most successful. He said
that in the plantations in which he had been interested he had

26 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

followed Nature’s order as closely as he could. His plan had
been to ventilate the woods by making roads, and cutting away
the undergrowth where the trees wanted air. He had always
thinned in May or June, and he never did the whole plantation
at once. He had taken away two out of every ten trees, or one-
fifth. After about twenty-five years other clearings were made
parallel to the roads, leaving twelve trees and taking three. By
that time the first cuts had nearly grown together, so that the
side branches were being filled in as they would be in an ordinary
plantation. Since then he had only taken out dead and sup-
pressed trees. By proceeding in this method, he believed a leaf ~
canopy could be sufficiently preserved.

The Cuarrman (Mr. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer) said that when
a body like the Royal Horticultural Society initiated a discussion
like this, it undoubtedly assumed a certain responsibility. It
was, of course, desirable to make use of every occasion to ventilate
a subject, but they must be careful, as a body with an established
reputation, that they did not lead the public to believe that they
had any very decided views upon the subject, because it was one
fraught with enormous difficulty. He must say that he was
much struck with the fact that Mr. Simpson really answered,
with almost destructive criticism, many of the suggestions raised
in his own paper. There seemed to be some confusion in the
matter. A landowner with an attractive estate planted trees for
various purposes—for shelter, or to a very large extent from con-
siderations of landscape effect. Of course, in so doing, he had
his reward in the pleasure he derived. Such actions ought not
to be regarded from a commercial point of view. There was, in
point of fact, very little in this country of what could be called
forestry. That arose from various considerations, and he would
not then trouble them with details. On the Continent, however,
forests to a large extent belonged to permanent bodies, such as
the communes in Switzerland, and other great corporate bodies.
Therefore such bodies could, if they liked, project the expenditure
and the expected profit into the next century. That was im-
possible for the private landowner in this country, therefore he
did not himself see how they could ever seriously tell the private
landowner that planting in the present state of things could be
regarded as a profitable, or even a possibly profitable, investment.
This matter was very carefully discussed some time ago before a

THE UTILISATION OF LAND UNSUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. 27

Committee of the House of Commons. He among others gave
evidence, and he heard one landowner, who had been himself
engaged in forest management in India, state that there was a
time when he could use his own timber for purposes of his estate,
but that there came a time when he found that Norwegian timber
could be delivered cut at his own door at a cheaper rate than he
could supply it from his own woods. When they heard that, it
seemed perfectly useless to try and impress people with the
statement that it would be a good thing to invest money in this
particular industry. He had heard it said that the timber supply
of the world would give out before that of the coal. In that case
the condition of things would be very much changed, and timber
would be of greater value than at present ; but as long as there
were inexhaustive tracts of soft woods, especially in the northern
hemisphere of the New World, he did not see how it was possible
in this country to produce timber which would compete with
that brought to our shores. At the same time, the discussion of
the subject could not fail to be of use, although he did not think
any very definite or decided general principles could be laid down
as regards wood cultivation in this country; yet astute persons
in different localities might, even under present conditions, get
good results. For example, Elm wood—and he could speak
from experience—was practically unsaleable in the neighbour-
hood of London, but in Gloucestershire it commanded a good
price, because locally Elm wood was found to make the best
boxes for packing South Wales tin-plates. It was the only wood
which did not deteriorate the polish of the tin-plates. He could
mention other instances of local industries which were still
profitable. It was difficult, however, to see what inducement
could be held out to get a man to plant for posterity as a duty
incumbent upon him. The Dean and Chapter of Durham were
planting some of their own estates, but they were a landowning
body, and not subject to the vicissitudes of the private owner.
Anyhow, instructive experiments might be made, and a discus-
sion of a paper so ably and impartially written could not fail to
be of use.

The Conference at this stage adjourned for luncheon. At
3 P.M. the Conference re-assembled in the Great Vinery.
Sir Alexander J. Arbuthnot, K.C.S.1., presided.

28 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FOREST-TREES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.
TREATED WITH REFERENCE To Soib, &c.
By Mr. Epmunp J. Baruuiz, F.L.S.

In a conference of this character the time allotted for each
paper must necessarily be brief, and when there is such a wide
subject to be put into a thus needfully confined space, there must
obviously be many things left unsaid, whilst nothing can be said
as fully, perhaps, as the importance of the theme, or of the
section of the theme, should warrant.

I conceive, then, that the proper method of treatment will be
to let my paper be of a suggestive character upon many points,
rather than of an exhaustive character over a narrowed area, and
the discussion that is invited after the delivery of the paper will
doubtless serve the purpose which was intended.

There is a word that should be said also to explain what
must appear as a very obvious omission. The title speaks of
‘‘ Forest-Trees for Commercial Purposes,’’ but the paper does not
touch the subject of Conifers. We are simply dealing with the
Hard-woods. At first sight this must immediately appear as an
inexplicable omission, but it will be remembered that the
Conifers had an entire conference * to themselves quite recently,
so that whilst a paper dealing with forest-trees could not be
complete without including such trees as Larch, Scotch Fir,
Austrian Pine, Corsican Pine, Spruce, and others, still we have
to assume, on this occasion, that they have had due attention in
the separate treatment to which they have been subjected so
recently, and to which I have just referred.

Then there is a further aspect of the question which needs a
passing word. A number of the hardwood trees may hardly
be considered as coming within the scope of our purpose. But
they should be mentioned, if only as a catalogue, for there are
occasions when, for one reason or another, some one or other of
these are brought in. We would, therefore, group the hard-
woods somewhat as follows: Oak, Ash, Elm, Sycamore, Beech,
Birch in the first group. Spanish Chestnut, Horse Chestnut,
Poplar, Hornbeam, Alderin the second. Lime, Plane, Service,

* See Conifer Conference Report, R.H.S. Journal, Vol. XIV., 1892.

FOREST-TREES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. 29

Willow, Maple (Acer), Walnut, Wild Pear, Cherry, Crab, Acacia,
Laburnum, Mountain Ash in the next.

Before dealing with the trees themselves, it will be well for
us to take a survey, generally, of the subject before us in its wider
aspect.

It is first needful for us to bear in mind that woodcraft, as a
science, has not admittedly received in this country that attention
which the importance of the subject demands and deserves.
This is probably mainly due to the fact that woods have hitherto
been regarded chiefly in connection with their ornamental
character—as a necessary feature of the demesne, rather than
as a source of profit to the estate. The arboricultural value, so
to speak, of a plantation is one thing; its sylvicultural value,
or otherwise, quite another, Woods have, therefore, been
planted and cultivated with a view to their being a feature of
beauty in the landscape, as well as an item of cost and revenue
in the estate accounts. This, it would seem, is now to be
rectified in great measure, as there has recently been a very
general awakening upon questions affecting woods and forests.
It is well that it should be so.

Whatever may have been urged against our climate in the
past in connection with the production of fruit, as a British
industry, there is no room for any such expression of opinion in
connection with woodcraft, for the British Isles are specially
adapted for the growing of trees. It is difficult to understand
why such a comparatively small area is under forest, seeing, on
the one hand, that the timber crop offers an avenue for safe
extension, and, on the other, that there are thousands upon
thousands of acres that stand naked and are awaiting the turn-
over of the planter’s spade. In these days of quick returns,
when the national attitude and habit is one of expectancy for
immediate return, it is, perhaps, hardly to be wondered at that
those crops force themselves to the front for first claim upon the
land which yield a more frequent turnover than timber. Yet
it is admitted, without much controversy, that even as woods are
worked now—that is to say, from some other than an immediately
purely profit-making point of view—there could be no better
investment than forest-tree planting for certain wide tracts of
land which the agriculturist neglects and Nature farms herself
in her own prodigal fashion when left alone.

30 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As I have already intimated, the time present seems time
opportune for the study and discussion of this question. The
re-afforesting of large tracts of land in the Principality formed
the subject of some of the later discussions in Parliament.
Professor Fisher has been considering how best to put a green
cloak upon the Black Country. Dr. Nisbet has been giving his
Oxford lectures, excellent in every way, putting facts and
figures before us in a very convincing fashion, and dealing with
the subject in a masterly manner and with a complete hold upon
the different features he brought under review ; whilst Professor
Balfour made “ Forestry in Britain”’ the subject of his excellent
paper delivered last month before the British Association in the
Biological Section of this important scientific gathering ; and
I have mentioned only some of the more prominent of the
numerous features bearing directly upon the subject.

We may now proceed to review, briefly, the trees we have
enumerated as worthy of consideration as representing the hard-
wooded section of so-called British trees. It will be more
convenient to reverse the order, taking the third group first, and
in thus referring to them itis as well to point out that it is
merely that we may by this means insure a more complete view
than would otherwise be possible :—

Lime. Maple (Acer). Crab.

Plane. Walnut. Acacia.
Service Tree. Wild Pear. Laburnum.
Willow. Cherry. — Mountain Ash.

The list might readily be extended. Though very frequently
some or other of the above trees are included in the list of trees
and plants sent on to the nurseryman when the character of the
planting is woodland, yet none of them can rightly come within
the title of hard-wooded forest-trees. The fact that they are
so frequently found included in written lists corroborates what
I tried to make clear at the commencement, namely, that much
of our woodland planting is carried out with, at any rate, some
attention to its decorative character and ornamental effect. The
fringe of the wood is to present a pleasant appearance, and this
is to be secured by the variation as to character and foliage
effects secured by the intermixing of some effective hardy tree
which will by contrast give a desired diversity, and add to the

FOREST-TREES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. 31

broken outline the variation of form and colour upon which
the eye will rest when taking its survey.
The next group includes :—

Spanish Chestnut. Poplar. Alder.
Horse Chestnut. Hornbeam.

These trees may again not come exactly within the limit of
the list proper; they are, nevertheless, more essentially timber-
trees. It is, of course, apparent that I am not dealing with
native British trees alone, but with British trees in the widely
accepted sense as covering those also now acclimatised, but which
were originally introduced. This botanical analysis does not
come within the scope of my paper, or it would be necessary to
speak of a number of the trees named which are not native in
the sense in which we regard, say, the Oak as a native British
tree; but when dealing with the trees under the classification
already explained, we take the occupants of the soil as we find
them, without examining their passports and credentials.

It is hardly worth while mentioning the Horse Chestnut as a
forest-tree. It is seldom grown as such, for its timber is prac-
tically worthless, whilst the character and habit of the tree mark
it out for avenue-planting, or to be grown in groups or as single
specimens for parks and other places where some ghelter is
afforded. It should have a deep sandy loam to enable it to attain
its best, though it will thrive in almost any tolerably heavy soils.

The Spanish Chestnut is also a tree for park-planting rather

‘than the plantation, though in some parts of the country Spanish
Chestnuts are largely grown for profit. It grows rapidly. Its
timber is, in the earlier stages of its growth, most durable, but it is
often ring-shaken after it has attained its mature growth. The
Spanish Chestnut, too, should have a deep sandy loam and shelter.

Poplars will do anywhere, and should be planted more
frequently than has been the ‘case generally, as on account of
their rapid growth, and the fact that the timber has a particular
value for certain uses owing to its elasticity giving it the power to
remedy any indentation by contact, there are plenty of uses
in estate economy for its timber. The sides of a cart or of a
barrow made of Poplar wood seldom show signs of bruises as
do those of harder woods. Poplar timber might very readily and

profitably be in greater demand than is at present the case.

82, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hornbeam is almost entirely used as a hedge-plant or an
ornamental tree, and need not, therefore, come under further
review, though as a tree for planting in the open pastures for
shelter it stands, perhaps, unrivalled.

Alder thrives best in damp places, and will thrive where very
few other hardwoods will grow. Moisture is as indispensable to
the Alder as light and air. There is a fair demand for the
timber of the Alder, and marshy, swampy places might be planted
almost entirely with this particular tree.

To come now to the half-dozen trees upon which our hard-
wood plantations, in the main, depend, we will do well to take
them somewhat in the order in which they may be placed accord-
ing to relative value :—

Oak. Klin. Beech.
Ash. Sycamore. Birch.

Oak.—We give the Oak the foremost place, and rightly. For
the attainment of perfection it needs good soil and a temperate
climate. Like most other trees, it will thrive in a deep sandy
loam or in an ordinary vegetable soil, but for the attainment of
its full size, and to bring its timber to the point of perfection, it
must be more or less alluvial in character or a rich deep loam.
The Oak is not found of the larger sizes at a great elevation
above the level of the sea, nor does it get up to its full majesty
where the climate is very severe in spring; in fact, the Oak,
considering its robust constitution and its hardiness and hardness
generally, is particularly susceptible to damage by spring frosts.
This has been evident enough during the present season. The
early growth of young Uaks was this spring abundant; it was
burned and browned by the severe frost of the later weeks of
spring, and old sturdy trees over all parts of the country were
singed and spoiled on the outer sides by the frost of May 21.

I was through the Crown lands in Delamere Forest and
through woodlands in Kent and Surrey about this time, and in
every place the marks of damage of the frost were everywhere
apparent. A judicious knifesman amongst young Oaks in the
earlier stages of growth will do good work in the plantation, as
the tree requires careful handling during the earlier stages to
put it on the best foundation for future growth.

Ash is one of the most valuable of our timber-trees. The

FOREST-TREES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. 33

period during which it carries its leafage is shorter than that of
most other trees, for it is the last to flower in the spring and
generally among the first to shed its leaves in the autumn. The
wood of the Ash is tough and pliant, though, as is well known, the
extremities of the branches and branchlets are brittle and snap
like sealing-wax. The character of its root-growth is peculiar,
and must be kept in mind. It throws out numerous fibrous roots,
which run along close to the surface of the soil, and so do not
exhaust it. It grows best in good, somewhat calcareous soil, and
is none the worse for tolerable nearness to adjoining water,
provided the soil is not in any way boggy or rendered marsh-like
in character. Ash in the earlier stages of its existence is of
exceptionally rapid growth—straight without lateral branchings
—and when, as in this year, severe frost follows an early forcing
spring, the destruction is correspondingly great, but with a
judicious use of the pruning-knife, cutting back the blackened,
deadened top to its first uninjured eye, the second growth is so
rapid and so abundant that the frost scars cannot be traced, and
the wound of the knife is not even seen.

Elms.—Elms may be classified under the two species, Ulmus
campestris (commonly called the English Elm, though it is
doubtful what claim it really has to this title) and Ulmus
montana (the Wych or Scotch Elm). The former is more
largely planted for ornamental purposes, the latter is generally
acknowledged as best for forest-tree planting. The Elm will
thrive upon almost any soil. The growth of the Elm may be
very rapid in certain situations, but its wood, under these condi-
tions, lacks the hardness and stability of that grown on heavier
land and more slowly.

Sycamore.—In common with the Acers generally, the
Sycamore prefers a situation sheltered rather than exposed—a
deep loamy soil, rich rather than sterile, though it will do well in
light soil, not toodry, and not more than moderately damp. Its
growth is very rapid compared to most others of the Acers,
particularly when in a deep, free, rich soil and in a mild climate.
It does well also near the sea, and in this connection I ought
to mention the Norway Maple also. It is an excellent tree for
such a situation, and should be planted more extensively than is
the case at present.

Beech.—On dry, chalky soils the Beech may well be planted

D

54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

as a timber-tree. It seems to be one of those trees which
may be said decidedly to succeed best in plantations by itself.
In what may be called its wild state, it is observable that
it grows without admixture almost—Beeches, and Beeches
alone.

The particular value of the tree, from our present point of
view, is due to the fact that it will grow on dry soils, and on
even sandy gravel or chalky soils, more freely than any other
tree of like value. The Beech grows best in sandy calcareous
loam, or in fresh sandy loam, on clay or rock. It is a shallow-
rooted tree, and does not therefore go deeply into the earth, but
its roots extend to a considerable distance close under the
surface of the soil.

Birch.—The Birch is one of our most graceful timber-trees,
and is most accommodating as to soil. It will grow as well on
a mountain-side as on a bleak moor or a marshy swamp. It is,
perhaps, more ornamental than useful from a forester’s point of
view, but it has a value higher than is apparently generally
recognised, as it thrives well in any situation, and its timber can
be put profitably to a variety of uses.

Thus hastily and briefly we have reviewed the main features
of the principal trees in our woodlands, in our forest scenery, and
in park landscape. It may be well first to make mention of
some further facts connected with our subject which should
find record here to suggest direction for after-discussion.

It should be remembered that the whole of the woodland area
of Great Britain is extremely limited when compared with that
of other countries; yet it has been computed that we have
nearly 500 square miles of woods and forests.

Mixed plantations are the rule throughout the kingdom.
Hardwood trees in mixed variety, planted with due regard to
order, and at sufficient distance apart to permit of their standing
permanently for timber, with Larch and other Firs for nurses, to
be taken out from time to time as the permanent timber-trees
demand and require. Of late several authorities upon planting
seem to be advocating the planting up of woodlands on the pwre
plantation principle; that is to say, with groups of particular
trees over a wide area, and not a mixed wood.

This may not be the occasion to do more than make the

statement—it is not the time to state reasons or conclusions or

FOREST-TREES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. 85

advance ideas—but I think the present system of mixed planta-
tions the best, so far as arrangement is concerned.

The more important questions really come in when consider:
ing the formation and after-management of plantations. Hitherto
the so-many-feet apart arrangement has held good, thinning out
the trees with such frequency and regularity, or irregularity,
as would permit free access of light and air, the ready growth of
lateral branches, without any reference to the over-foliage, or
“canopy ’’ as Dr. Nisbet very aptly calls this all-important con-
dition of over-leafage, as a necessary factor in a successful
plantation. -

It is now being urged that trees grown for profit should be so
treated as to prevent undue development of lateral branches by
planting so closely as to insure straightness of the tree-trunk
with the minimum branchings until the head is reached, and
with due balance and closeness of overhead cover to keep the
ground in sufficient moist and clean condition as to insure
maximum timber growth with minimum evaporation of earth
moisture or waste of soil products in under-scrub.

To preserve the balance rightly as between the soil con-
stituents and the growth upon it, as between the commercially
valuable part of the tree itself and those parts of it which are
conducive to its health, safe development, and growth—these
are the problems that are seeking solution. These are the
difficulties which conferences of this character are asked to help
to solve.

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. *
By Mr. A. C. ForsBezs.

BEFORE going into any technical details regarding this subject,
it will not be amiss to take a retrospective glance at the con-
ditions under which woods and plantations have been planted
and managed during the last half-century in Great Britain.
While desiring to avoid the introduction of all irrelevant matter
as much as possible, the consideration of certain points which
have affected, and at present affect, British forestry are desirable
in order to show what factors are responsible for the present
condition and system of managing our woods.
D2

36 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

During the last half-century, more or less, we may say that
the planting of woods on estates has been done for one or other
of the following reasons: Utilisation of waste land, such as heath
or moorland; the improvement of the landscape; providing
shelter for game, live-stock, and dwelling-houses ; gratification
of the proprietor’s tastes and wishes; the production of poles,
timber, &c. The depressed condition of agriculture has also re-
sulted in some of the poorer and less favourably situated soils
going out of cultivation altogether, and portions of these have in
many cases been planted.

If it were possible to ascertain the ideas of estate-owners who
have planted land during this period, regarding the probable
return they would realise from the work, we have no hesitation
in predicting that not one +n a hundred have given the question
of personal and direct profit a moment’s serious thought. This
prediction, of course, is not based on any pretence of knowing the
motives which induce proprietors to plant, but simply on the
strength of the fact that an average man’s lifetime must elapse
between the planting and reaping of a crop of timber, even under
the most favourable conditions. From the little at present
known of human nature, therefore, it may be assumed that
nothing less than a supernatural interest in the future value of
the estate would induce a proprietor to plant solely with a
view to ultimate returns. In other words, we may, I think,
safely assume that plantations in this country have not been
formed on economic lines alone, but owe their existence quite as
much to the attractions they possess whilst growing, and their
favourable influence upon game preservation, as to the probable
returns they may ultimately yield when mature. The result of
this is, that we find the production of good timber sacrificed for
the sake of present appearances, OF slight present pecuniary
gains in the form of over-drafts upon the immature crop, or
in the saving of expenditure in the management. To illustrate
these facts, we may mention some of the weak points of the
average estate plantation, both in regard to its formation and
management. In the first place, we usually find the crop
planted to consist of a miscellaneous collection of trees and
shrubs, which are arranged with mathematical precision, but
without the slightest regard to the habits and rates of growth of
the respective species. Fast-growing Conifers and slow-growing

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. ot

hardwoods, shade-bearers and light-demanders, are mixed up in
the most indiscriminate manner, as if the planter had mistaken
a nurseryman’s price-list for a planter’s guide. The plants are
often put in at too great a distance apart, and as deaths are sure to
occur and increase that distance, the cleaning of the stems by
suppression of side branches does not begin until the latter are
large and strong. In thinning, again, we often see plantations
treated as if crown formation or the growth of branches were
the chief aim in view, instead of these being necessary evils in
the sight of the economic forester. In cutting the timber little
regard is paid to maturity, or the culmination of its financial
value, upon which it will yield the highest rate of interest upon
the initial and other outlays. The determination of this period
is a difficult matter, I admit, but there is no reason why planta-
tions should not be cut upon principles which are applied to
every farm or garden crop, although clear fellings may not be
desirable in all situations.

Such are a few of what may be termed defects in British
wood-management of the past. We do not say that all of them
have existed in any one plantation, but one or the other has left its
mark upon every wood we have seen in this country, exceptions
only proving the rule. What is true of the past is also, to a
great extent, true of the present, and the various practices have
gradually developed into a system, and find many supporters and
followers even now. During the last few years, however, doubts
have been expressed as to the soundness of our system of growing
timber, and sufficient attention was given to the matter in Parlia-
ment to secure the appointment of a Select Committee to look
into the question. The recommendations made by this Com-
mittee received little attention from the then or subsequent
Governments, but a move has been made in respect to the
teaching of scientific forestry which will doubtless bear fruit in
good season. For in at least two centres—Edinburgh and
Neweastle-on-Tyne—the principles of scientific forestry (as
taught in Germany and elsewhere) are being imparted to

practical foresters who may be able to attend the classes, and

this in itself is bound to have some effect upon the future
management of our woodlands. But we must not lose sight of
the fact that Great Britain possesses an individuality of her
own, and however successful and advantageous certain methods

88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and systems have proved themselves to be in other countries,
considerable difficulties may lie in the way of their adoption in
these Isles. In all countries, for instance, which have made any
great progress in forestry we find that the State owns a con-
siderable portion of the forest area, and this alone means a
continuity of systematic management which is of the highest
importance in good forestry, but is difficult to secure on private
estates with changing proprietors. Timber production, again,
forms the primary object in view in the working of State forests,
while game and other accompanying features are only of,
secondary importance, whereas, as we have seen, the reverse is
the case with us. Another distinguishing feature is the large
and unbroken areas which Continental forests cover, in contrast
to the small woods and thickets which, together with hedgerow
timber, constitute the characteristic charm of an English land-
scape. As arboriculturists we are, if anything, in advance of
our neighbours in Europe, but as regards forestry we can never
hope to see ourselves so proficient in the practice, and so well
versed in the science of the craft, as our professional comrades
in France or Germany.

Of course, from a forester’s point of view, the scientific
management of woods presents no great difficulties. All that
is necessary is to plant the proper species, treat the crop in the
proper way, cut at the right time, and keep down ground-
game. But itis only natural that a proprietor who regards his
woods as a feature which constitutes the character and adds to
the amenity of his estate should desire to have some say in
regard to their management. It is all very well to show that a
certain system will insure a return of so many shillings per
acre annually, if only followed up for the next hundred years or
so. The owner probably thanks you for the information, but
intimates that as he doesn’t expect to be in the neighbourhood
about that time, he would much prefer a trifling return in some
shape or other during the next few years. This may involve
methods of planting, thinning, and felling which are not in
harmony with your system ; and, although recognising the truth
of what you say, usually embodies his ideas in the formation and
management of his plantations, whether you approve of them
or not.

I fear that I have taken up too much time over this pre-

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 89

amble, but I think it necessary to look at things as they are before
discussing things as they should be. No one, probably, denies
the need of improved methods of rearing plantations, but many
are apt to lose sight of the fact that lack of knowledge is not the
only cause of the bad condition of many English woods. So
long as proprietors prefer game to good timber, so long will the
gzamekeeper exert a greater influence upon wood management (or
mismanagement) than the forester. Some, I know, are sanguine
enough to predict that forestry has a future before it in this
country, but it is as well to remember that permanent changes
are usually gradual ones, and that past methods cannot be dis-
carded instantaneously. Bearing this, then, in mind, we will
proceed with the subject proper.

I think it quite unnecessary to go into the details involved in
fencing, draining, and other preliminaries connected with the
formation of a plantation, as they vary in every locality, and all
that could be said concerning them has been repeated over and
over again by various writers. Assuming, then, that these have
been attended to, the first thing we have to deal with is

THEt SELECTION OF THE SPECIES.

In selecting the most suitable species for any given piece of
ground, an amount of knowledge is required that few are happy
enough to possess. If properly selected, the species will show a
healthy and normal growth at all stages of life; will be able to
withstand the climatic changes and vicissitudes common to the
locality, such as winter, spring, and autumn frosts, wind, rain-
fall, and summer drought ; will produce timber of good specific
quality ; in short, will yield by good management the largest
financial return that the soil is capable of producing when
under timber. The naming of a species which will fulfil all
these conditions is attended with as much uncertainty as the
preparation of a weather forecast for next month, and this fact
being recognised by planters, has led to the mixed plantation
being so popular. While no objection can be made to a proper
mixture of two or three species, with due regard to their habit
and rate of growth, the disadvantages of a miscellaneous mix-
ture are manifold, and will be referred to later on. I believe,
however, that the species which is found to be most suitable for

40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

extensive planting in any given locality usually turns out to be an
indigenous one, and it is not difficult to see why this should
be the case. In the first place, all risks incidental to climatic
variations are reduced to a minimum, thus favouring the
growth of a sound and healthy crop of timber. In the second
place, all industries which regulate the demand for home-grown
timber confine themselves almost exclusively to the timber of
native trees, and therefore the market value of a crop composed
of the latter is usually higher than one consisting of introduced
species, although there are exceptions to this rule. In any case,
we think the planting of our native trees has been, and is, too
much neglected in England. Larch is still our most profitable
coniferous tree where it thrives well, and a sound and healthy crop
of it doubtless gives a better return, time considered, than one
of Oak or Beech. But how many stunted and diseased planta-
tions of Larch do we see standing on sites eminently adapted for
one or both of the others in the lowlands, or for Scotch Pine in
hilly districts. Even where Larch does succeed, however, it is
doubtful if its value as a timber-tree exceeds that of the Ash,
which grows almost as rapidly and fetches a higher price at any
age than Larch does. The craze for novelties in the shape of
introduced coniferous trees, which have little but a rapid growth
to recommend them to the economic planter, has proceeded at
such a rate that it is quite a rare sight to see a young plantation
of indigenous hardwoods, although hundreds of coniferous ones
have been planted during the last few years. The result is that
our future supply of home-grown timber consists of species
which the buyer will probably reject or view with suspicion,
while our woods are crowded with exotic Conifers which may
possess many attractions when in a healthy condition and
grown singly or in characteristic masses, but when mixed in-
discriminately present too confused an appearance to please
the eye of good taste, and render the production of good timber
impossible. Both from esthetic and economical points of view,
therefore, we advocate the choice of indigenous or Huropean
trees for forming the backbone of our plantations, confining
recent introductions to groups in those sites which our limited
experience points out as being most suitable for them.

Of course the particular species decided upon for a plantation
must depend upon soil and situation, and as these often vary in

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 41

an area of any size, the species should vary with them. In
extensive forests the species is usually determined by the general
character of the soil, and differences of an acre or so in extent
are usually ignored. In the smaller woods and plantations of
this country, however, good forestry should recognise the nature
of every half-acre which differs from the rest, and select a species
adapted to it. This not only results in a healthier and more
profitable crop, but lends true variety to the plantation, and
is a very different style of mixing to that of planting so many
different species at regular distances apart. A plantation formed
on the former plan is thus made up of one or more (as the case
may be) groups of pure or unmixed wood, and each can be treated
according to the sylvicultural requirements of the species com-
posing it, and the group cut when mature without interfering
with other parts of the wood. It is scarcely necessary to
enumerate the respective species which are adapted to different
classes of soils, as those at all conversant with arboriculture will
have these things at their finger-ends. Soils, however, should
always be considered in relation to climate and rainfall, as the
latter exert quite as much influence upon the growth of trees as
the former, and it is only when both are favourable that the best
results can be obtained.
A few words may now be said regarding

SYLVICULTURAL MIxTURES

and their advantages. To some extent the practice of mixing
different species of trees may be considered analogous to that of
growing farm crops in rotation. As the requirements of different
species with regard to plant-food vary, so the demand made upon
the soil for any particular ingredient of plant-food is less in the
case of a mixed than in that of a pure wood. This advantage
alone may be practically insignificant, but the composition of the
humus layer in a mixed wood is usually of a better character,
and this increases the temporary fertility of the soil. Insect and
fungoid pests are less troublesome, and cannot make such rapid
headway where individual trees of the affected species are
separated by those of another which enjoys complete immunity
from attack. A judicious mixture of light-demanders and shade-
bearers also enables a heavier crop of timber to be grown on the
same area, and thus increases the productive power of the soil.

49, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The main conditions to be observed in forming such mixtures
are: First, that the most valuable species shall dominate or grow
most rapidly, and the other, or others, be subservient to it, so
that the latter shall at no period of growth interfere injuriously
with the former ; or, second, that the different species shall be of
the same rate of growth and possess similar habits and require-
ments as regards light, heat, moisture, &c. In the former case
certain species are introduced for the benefit of the main crop; in
the latter all are on an equal footing, or practically so. Examples
of such mixtures are found in growing Beech with Scotch Pine,
Larch, or other fast-growing Conifers, in which the latter form
the dominant species, and the Beech is kept at a lower level by
reason of its slower growth. Oak with Spanish Chestnut, or
Beech with Hornbeam, furnish examples of mixtures in which
both species are pretty evenly matched. Another form of mixed
plantation is that wherein the main crop remains unmixed at
first, but a shade-bearing species is introduced after a few years’
time, so that the wood becomes what is technically known as a
‘“‘two-storied-high forest.’’ A mixture of this kind is especially
suited for light-demanding trees, which require a long period to
mature, such as Oak, and is also advantageously adopted with
Scotch Pine and Larch, Beech being the favourite tree for the
second or lower story.

We now come to

PLANTING.

So long as a plant is able to re-establish itself in its new habitat
without having its growth seriously checked, or its stability in
after-life impaired, one system of planting is as good as another,
if the aim of the planter is simply to leave a certain number of
trees which shall at some future period occupy more or less
completely the whole area planted. Such an object the arbori-
culturist might have in view, and, as arboriculture has been
long practised in this country, it is not surprising to find our
woods planted on more or less arboricultural principles. But
timber-growing and tree-growing are two different things, and the
methods which would be suitably employed in the case of the
one need not necessarily be so in the case of the other. Now good
timber is produced not only by laws of growth peculiar to each
genus and species, but by natural laws which are common to

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 43

both the vegetable and animal kingdom. One of the most pro-
minent of these is known as the “survival of the fittest.”
Before it comes into play, however, the struggle for existence,
which is terminated by it, must proceed, and it is in this struggle
that all weak and sickly individuals perish, and none but the
strong and healthy survive. Now a young tree, or any other
plant or animal which is surrounded by every condition essen-
tial to health and growth, is not affected by this law until the
proximity of another individual threatens to rob it of one or more
of these essentials. This it may do by depriving it of what it
already possesses, or by appropriating to itself the whole of an
element which is required by both. A young tree, therefore,
which is planted, say, four feet distant from its neighbour is not
interrupted by the latter until eight or ten years after planting,
according to soil and climate, and the size of the tree when
. planted. By this time it will be fairly well clothed with
branches, and when it is obliged to contend with its nearest
neighbour for space, will be able to inflict great injury upon the
latter before it finally succumbs, or is correspondingly injured
should it prove the stronger. In other words, the struggle for
existence becomes more severe and protracted the longer it is
delayed and the older the plants which enter into it. This not
only tends to weaken the survivors, but the size to which the
branches have attained before being suppressed causes the
timber of the lower part of the stem to be knotty and coarse.
This at least is the result where the plantation has been left
alone after planting, but where, as naturally happens, artificial
thinning intervenes, the vitality of the tree is prevented from being
weakened by overcrowding, but the rough and knotty character
of the timber is increased. In either case, therefore, objections
may be made to the methods employed, and we must seek one
which obviates overcrowding on the one hand and prevents rough
timber on the other. Suppose, then, we are planting a piece
of old pasture or arable land which allows us to work a plough
with comparative ease. The first thing we should do would
be to turn back shallow double-furrow slices across the ground,
leaving a distance of two to three feet between them. ‘This
will leave bare strips for the reception of the seed or plants,
and the work may be done with an ordinary moulding-plough,
or with a forest-plough specially designed for the purpose.

44 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

After ploughing, the furrows should be subsoil-ploughed if pos-
sible, and the soil stirred to a fair depth, but the necessity for the
work depends upon the nature of the subsoil. We should then
choose a suitable spell of weather for planting, and proceed as
follows: By means of the planting-iron seedlings would be put
in one to two feet apart along the bottom of the furrows, using
10,000 to 20,000 plants per acre, according to the species and size
of the seedlings. In good soil, and with fast-growing species, the
smaller number would be amply sufficient, but where the condi-
tions are reversed the larger number would be none too many, if
expense be left out of account. In ordinary cases, however, 10,000
to 12,000 would be about the thing. Allowing 10s. per acre for
ploughing, £1 for planting, and £2 for plants, would bring the
total cost per acre to between £3 and £4. For the first year or
two after planting weeds and rubbish must be kept down until
the plants are out of danger, after which we may leave them
alone for a time.

When ploughing is out of the question, as on rocky ground,
or in replanting old woodland, small patches may be cleared of
weeds with the spade, the soil loosened up, and three or four
plants put in each patch, the latter being about a yard from the
next one. Weeds, &c., must be kept down as before.

For either of the above methods to be successful, it is
necessary that ground-game should be almost, if not quite,
absent ; but the same may be said of all planting operations.
It is also necessary that the seedlings should be planted so that
their taproots are left in a natural position, and that they are
not weakened, or practically killed, by long exposure. We do
not assert that these methods are applicable in all cases, but we
merely give them as suggestions which can be modified to suit
each particular case. What we desire most to emphasise is the
necessity for close planting, thus following more closely in the
footsteps of Nature, and rearing timber by natural instead of
artificial methods.

It may be asked, ‘‘ Why incur the expense of planting so
many hundred trees which can never hope to reach maturity ?”’
The answer may be best given by considering what takes place
in the struggle for existence. We have said that this struggle
terminates in the survival of the fittest. What are the fittest ?
In sylviculture they are those trees which Nature has endowed

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 45

with certain advantages over their fellows, by which they are
enabled to thrive where others merely exist, and to exist where
others perish. These advantages are of many kinds, such as
exceptional vigour of growth, adaptability to the soil and situa-
tion, hardiness of constitution, &c., according as they may be
exposed to one or the other of the dangers which tend to
bring out the capabilities of the tree in these respects. Now in
a certain number of seeds, say 10,000, it is possible that 10 per
cent. are thus endowed with one or the other of these advan-
tages; consequently we may fairly assume that the greater the
number of seeds or plants we have on a given area, the greater
the number of individuals are present which find a-congenial
home on that area, and therefore the chances of a good crop are
improved. This is why mixed plantations are not so well
able to produce timber of large size and good quality as pure
ones. In the first place, the number of individuals of any one
species must be reduced in proportion to the number of species
represented ; secondly, the struggle for existence in a mixed
wood results in the survival of the fittest species, instead of the
fittest individuals of any one species. At first sight, this latter
fact may not appear to be of any disadvantage, but rather the
reverse ; but we will look into this later on.

Let us now watch the gradual development of this struggle
for existence in the growth of the plantation we left a few
moments ago, which we will suppose to consist of one species
only. The first thing we shall notice is the pushing ahead of a
certain number of trees above the heads of their neighbours, and
each successive year makes this difference in growth more
apparent. In like manner, the trees next in point of size and
vigour to the leading or dominant ones get ahead of those
weaker than themselves, so that we can divide the trees into
three classes according to their size. As we have already seen,
all have an equal chance of existing until their side branches
come in contact with one another and the struggle begins.
So long as the leading shoots are not interfered with, the
existence of the trees is not in any great danger, but the loss of
side branches checks the absolute growth of all classes as soon
as close order is obtained. The effect of this check upon the
dominant trees is at first very slight and scarcely perceptible.
It is more apparent upon the second class, but in both

46 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

classes tends to increase height-growth and to diminish the
relative size of the crown. On the third class its effects are
most felt, and in a few years not only is their side-growth
entirely checked, but the crowns of the larger trees gradually
overtop the leading shoots, and they become what is known as
‘“‘suppressed,’’ and henceforth take no part in the struggle.
Their place, however, in the composition of the plantation is
taken by the smaller trees of the second class, and these in turn
become suppressed, and are replaced by the next in size. A
constant process of weeding-out is thus continually going on
so long as the height-growth of the trees is rapid, and by the
time the latter culminates and begins to slacken, the majority
of the trees will be long, clean poles with small crowns, the
latter having been continually moved up the stem as growth
proceeded. A certain proportion of the trees, however, will be
stouter and longer in stem and wider and deeper in crown
than the rest, being those which have proved themselves
the “ fittest,’ and it is to these we must look as constituting
the quality and value of the crop. It must not be supposed,
however, that the whole of those trees which gave early promise
of becoming dominant ones have fulfilled that expectation.
Gales and other dangers to which the crop is exposed will con-
stantly be doing some damage or other, and the dominant tree
of one period may not be so of another, although the majority
will probably retain their lead to the end.

The culmination of height-growth marks an important stage
in the growth of a plantation, for after it has been reached the
composition of the crop is usually fixed or rendered permanent
for the remainder of its life, and the further development of the
trees (as timber) is principally confined to the thickening of the
stems, and (as vegetables or plants) to the widening of the
crowns.

As we have brought our plantation to this stage without
artificial aid, we may examine it a little more closely from the
sylvicultural standpoint, and see wherein it differs from the
ideal.

To obtain a full crop of good-sized timber it is necessary that
the dominant trees at the culmination of height-growth shall be
sufficiently numerous, and so regularly distributed over the
ground, that their crowns may, after development. form a perfect

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. AT

leaf canopy over the whole area covered by the crop. This may
be termed the ideal crop, and, it is needless to say, is scarcely
ever realised in practice. For, on looking through the planta-
tion, we shall find that the dominant trees stand thicker in one
part than in another. Differences of soil and situation will cause
the struggle for existence to be short and sharp in one quarter
and slow and protracted in another. In the latter case the trees
will probably be weakened and drawn, and possess slender stems
and small crowns. In other places, again, we may find one or
two dominant trees which have met with little or no opposition
from their neighbours, and are, in consequence, in possession of
heavier crowns than is desirable. Such irregularities‘-may not
be universal, but are sure to occur more or less in plantations
left entirely to themselves. It is to remedy these defects that
artificial thinning is necessary, and, although greater differences
of opinion exist on this branch of forestry than on any other, we
cannot pass it by altogether. The aim of thinning, in my
opinion, should be the provision of a certain number of dominant
trees in those parts where, as we have seen, they do not already
exist in sufficient numbers, and thus bring the crop nearer its
ideal condition. This is not a rule-of-thumb operation, such as
the removal of every other tree, or leaving the distance between
the trees equal to one-third of their height. These ancient rules
have simplicity in their favour, it is true, but they ignore the
fact that trees differ as much in their habit and rate of growth
as any other class of animal or vegetable, and should be treated
accordingly. Thinning, therefore, with the already mentioned
object in view, should consist in giving the necessary number of
trees an advantage over their neighbours, and this can only be
done by removing or weakening the latter. The trees selected
for becoming part of the main crop should, of course, be perfectly
healthy, with straight stems, and sufficiently vigorous to enable
them to continue the normal growth which the overcrowding
threatens to interfere with. The exact mode of operating should
depend upon circumstances. We are accustomed to regard
thinning as cutting so many trees out of a wood, but in reality a
plantation may be thinned without cutting a single tree. For
we must remember that it is the crowns of the trees which alone
necessitate thinning, and if we can give our selected trees the
necessary space by cutting back the branches of, or beheading

48 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their neighbours, we not only copy Nature’s method in the
closest possible manner, but also gain the advantage of allowing
the encroaching trees to add to their bulk before they are finally
removed. Of course, where the crowns of the latter are so weak
and small that further increase would be improbable, no advan-
tage would be gained in retaining, and no harm done in remov-
ing them altogether. But in taking out a tree with a crown
sufficiently large to leave a gap behind it, we favour an irregular
growth of crown in the surrounding trees, and this means rough
timber. The entrance of sun and wind also has bad effects, and
should be guarded against as much as possible. For these
reasons, therefore, we advocate the first thinning or cutting back
of branches to be done (where required) about the tenth or
twelfth year after planting, according to the species and growth.
For this purpose an intelligent man should go through the planta-
tion, and with a light hedge-bill knock off the heads of the
least promising trees in all places where the crop has too even
and uniform an appearance. ‘This will not prevent them from
forming a new leader; but by the time they have done so the
others will have gained a lead they are not likely to lose, and
that is all that is required. The next thinning may be carried
out on similar principles about the twentieth year, and any dead
or suppressed trees may also be removed. These two thinnings
should suffice until height-growth culminates, beyond which our
imaginary plantation has not advanced.

We have now to look at the conditions under which the
further development of the trees and the thickening of the stems
takes place. For a few years the gradual suppression of the
second and third class trees will still be carried on by the dominant
ones, but more slowly than heretofore, as, being larger, they are
not so easily disposed of, and the growth of all classes proceeds
less rapidly. The crowns of the trees will also begin to lose
their conical, and assume a more or less semi-spherical, outline.
This will increase the leaf area, and lateral branches will push
out and fill up any open space within their reach. By the time
height-growth has practically terminated the dominant trees
will be left in undisturbed possession, and their whole energies
will be devoted to crown formation. The larger the latter the
better will the stem be nourished, but the actual increase of
the clear bole in volume will depend upon its length and crown

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 49

combined. As the production of the greatest number of well-
formed boles is the aim in view, we must see that these have
sufficient head room necessary for crown formation, otherwise
the breadth of the wood-ring and the resulting increment of
timber will decrease. This may necessitate the removal of a
certain number of the smallest and least promising trees, for at
this, as at all previous stages, variations in the size of the trees
will occur. Now it has been proved by careful measurements
that thinning after height-growth has ‘terminated does not
increase the total yield of timber at the final cutting, but affects
the size and quality of individual trees only. Therefore, if the
greatest number of cubic feet per acre is the main object, inde-
pendent of quality and size of timber, it makes little difference
whether we thin at this stage or not, as, although the trees will
be smaller, there will be a greater number of them to the acre,
and the balance will thus be restored. But in most cases we
shall find that the additional value possessed by the thinned
crop over that of the unthinned will make it worth our while to
produce the former. And another advantage in thinning lies in
the fact that we are able to realise a portion of the crop earlier
than by waiting until the whole is ripe. Under these circum-
stances, therefore, we should advise a judicious and moderate
thinning, to begin as soon as it becomes evident that the larger
trees no longer add appreciably to their height, as this is a sign
that permanent crown formation is ready to begin. This thin-
ning should be so regulated as ‘to prevent sun and wind from
affecting the stems of the trees, or drying up and hardening the
soil surface, and should merely keep pace with the growth and
requirements of the trees until it is no longer required. It
should not, on the other hand, be delayed until the growth of
the trees has been checked, as when this has occurred they do
not in all cases recover when the cause has been removed.

The effect of this thinning upon the remaining trees will be
to maintain the annual wood-ring at its proper breadth, instead of
allowing it to decrease too rapidly, as is usually the case where
the trees stand thickly together. This matter is stili engaging
the attention of Prussian foresters, by whom investigations on
the growth of various forest-trees under sylvicultural treatment
have been carried on for more than twenty years. The princi-
pal conclusions arrived at with regard to those species already

E

50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

reported upon are: first, that late thinning does not appreciably
affect the total volume of the crop; second, that the stimulus to
growth given by it is chiefly confined to the larger and more
vigorous trees; third, that the quality of the timber, and conse-
quently the financial value of the crop, is improved; and fourth,
that the increase in volume due to it is not maintained for a
long period, but culminates in four or five years, according to
soil and situation. The better the soil and situation the longer
are the effects ofthinning noticeable, and vice versd. With regard
to the first of these conclusions, it may be explained that the
removal of trees in thinning of course decreases the volume of
the standing crop at the time, but thatthe increased growth later
on makes up to some extent for this deficiency, so far as it affects
the increase in volume which would take place between the
tume of late thinning and the cutting of the crop. The advan-
tage of thinning is, therefore, represented by the interest on the
realised thinnings, plus the increase in value due to greater bulk
and quality at the final cutting. These are, of course, general
statements, and will not be verified in every case. It must also
be remembered that the resulting benefits are greatly dependent
upon the condition of the soil and crop previous to thinning.
Where a rich store of humus is present, and the crop vigorous
and healthy enough to make use of it, an increase of air and
light cannot fail to stimulate the functional activity of the leaves,
resulting in the better nourishment of the cambium and a
broader wood-ring.

As a general rule, the necessity for thinning at any stage
depends upon the soil and situation. When the latter are good,
the trees quickly settle the question of predominance, and are
also able to endure a greater amount of shade without succumb-
ing. On the other hand, poverty of soil and unfavourable
situation only support a relatively slow growth, and the aid of
the forester is required in order to decide which are to remain
for the final crop and which to go.

Such are the main points which require attention in growing
a crop of unmixed timber-trees which is desired to yield the
greatest bulk per acre, combined with the best quality. The
principles involved are applicable to all species and to all
climates, and although there are other systems of growing
woods which are recognised by scientific foresters, yet the one I

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 51

have sketched in outline, viz. the ‘“ even-aged high forest”
system, is the only one capable of yielding the best possible
return. Iam not asserting that this method of raising woods is
practicable in this country at the present day. The varied
functions which woods perform in Great Britain, and the in-
fluence of individual interests and tastes, have already been
mentioned, but as these vary on every estate, it would be
perfectly useless to consider them when dealing with general
principles, which is all I have attempted to do in this paper. I
might also explain that by ‘‘ unmixed” wood I do not mean
that a plantation need consist of one species only, but that
the different species which compose it should be grown in
“unmixed” groups, or if mixed, mixed on the principles pre-
viously explained.

Perhaps, however, the advantages of growing pure groups
instead of the usual mixtures have not been made sufficiently
clear to satisfy all minds. Let me briefly run over the growth
and development of a typical mixed plantation, and note
wherein it differs from our example. We will select one which
is intended to produce a crop of hardwoods, Beech, Oak, and
Ash. These are planted twelve feet apart, and the space
between filled up with Larch and Pines, leaving the whole stand-
ing four feet apart. At the time of planting the trees are two to
four feet high, according to species, and as the roots are too
strong and spreading to be placed perpendicularly into the
ground, they are laid at the bottom of a shallow pit in a more or
less horizontal position. This need not affect their growth to
any great extent, but affects their stability, and in windy weather
they get blown about if at all top-heavy, and require putting right
again. This is disadvantage the first. Then it will take about
eight or ten years for the branches of neighbouring trees to meet
and form a perfect leaf canopy, and by that time the side
branches will be strong and vigorous, and when choked off by
the shade will leave dead knots and ugly blemishes in the
timber. The stems of the hardwoods will be comparatively
crooked and the heads bushy, especially if ground-game has
nibbled them or the leading shoot been destroyed in any way.
This means that a certain proportion of them have little chance
of becoming good timber-trees, and the prospect of a good
crop is lessened: disadvantage the second. During the next few

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52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

years, after the trees have closed up the struggle for existence
begins, but in place of the strongest individuals, we see the
strongest species brought to the front. In the case we are
supposing these will probably be Larch and Ash. In order to
keep the other hardwoods alive, therefore, thinning must begin,
and in so doing gaps are made, which weaken the leaf canopy
and give many of the trees too much side-light. This encourages
the growth of strong branches and crooked stems, and disad-
vantage the second is repeated. ‘The faster growing species will
also meet with too little opposition to keep their stems suffi-
ciently clean, and rough timber is encouraged in both ways.

But suppose it has been decided to ignore the suppressed or
slower-growing species and allow the dominant ones to have
their own way. What happens then? Ash and Larch are the
principal survivors, and the thickness of the crop of dominant
trees, and the quality of the timber, depend a good deal upon
the way these two species are distributed. Ifregularly distributed,
and sufficiently close together to keep the stem-cleaning process
in motion, fairly clean timber will result, for both being light-
demanders and rapid growers (we are assuming that the soil
and situation are favourable to both), they will constitute what
we have termed a sylvicultural mixture. If, on the other hand,
they are evenly distributed, but too far apart to counteract each
other’s side-growth, wide-spreading crowns will prevail and
rough timber result. With regard to these two species, however,
the existence of large crowns is not such an evil as it would
be with many, but in all cases it means that the proportion
of timber to branches is too small, and the crop therefore pos-
sesses a lower selling value.

Probably many of the commoner species of Conifers owe their
existence in mixed plantations to the idea that they act as
“nurses” to the more desirable kinds, and thus enable the planta-
tion to be formed without using so large a number of the latter.
Where the raising or purchase of the main-crop species is an
expensive matter the plan is worth considering, but so far as
the nursing business goes there is little init. The best nurses
or stem-cleaners for any particular species are individuals of that
same species, and the reason for this has already been made
clear in describing the struggle for existence. It may be, how-
ever, that a species may serve as a nurse and also be of more

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 53

value at its removal stage than the main-crop species of the
same size and age. Larch might be mentioned as an instance
of this, but it is necessary that those principles should be ob-
served when using it, or any other species for this purpose,
which were laid down in dealing with sylvicultural mixtures.

Such are the chief points for and against the formation of
the ordinary mixed plantation. It will, doubtless, long retain
its popularity for several reasons. In the first place, it presents
a better appearance during the first few years than a pure wood
of the same age; and, in the second, it can be depended upon to
grow something or other—whether of any value as timber or not
does not much matter to the planter, nor does he consider
after effect to any great extent.

The last point I have to consider in connection with our
subject is the

AGE AT WHICH A PLANTATION IS MOST PROFITABLY
FELLED.

Local demands and circumstances affect this question to a
great extent, and, as these vary on every estate, no fixed rule can
be laid down. But I believe that a rotation based on the period
of the greatest technical value of the crop is the most suitable
one for woods and plantations in this country. Such a rotation
may not satisfy the requirements of strictly economic forestry,
which looks only at the net return, but is quite exact enough
for adoption in this country. The period of the greatest techni-
cal value of a crop of timber (in the sense in which we use that
term) is that period in the life of a plantation at which its size and
quality best meet the local or existing demand for that particular
species. For instance, in high-lying districts a crop of Larch
poles fit for fencing purposes may be worth more per cubic foot
at thirty years of age than the same crop at fifty or sixty years of
age. This does not necessarily mean that the absolute value of
the younger crop is greater than it would be if left until the latter
age, but that its relative value probably is so, and therefore it
may pay the proprietor to cut early and grow two young
crops to one older one. Where a species is most in demand
when of large size, such as Beech or Sycamore, the period of the
greatest technical value will coincide with that of the greatest
average increase in volume, and it will pay to allow the crop to

54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

stand till a fairly advanced age. Oak, again, is sought after with
as much heartwood as possible, and maturity of timber should
regulate its cutting. In mixed plantations the technical maturity
of the most valuable species should determine the period of cut-
ting, but if the immature species can be left without loss so much
the better. In ordinary practice the British forester is never
called upon to calculate the exact financial condition of a crop of
timber, but he may sometimes have to decide whether it may be
more profitable to cut a crop at the present time, or five or ten
years hence. All that is necessary for accomplishing this task is to
ascertain, first, the present value of the crop; second, its annual
increase in volume and value; and, third, the rate of interest
chargeable upon it. If the money value of the annual increase in
timber exceeds the interest on the gross money value of the
present crop, he may assume that the plantation is still paying its
way. When, on the other hand, the increase falls short of, or
only equals the interest, then it will probably pay him to cut at
once. For instance, the present gross value of a plantation,
valued at 1s. per cubic foot, is £800, and its increase in volume
during the last season reckoned to be 250 cubic feet, or £12. 10s.
per acre respectively. The interest on £300 at 3 per cent. would
be £9, thus showing a balance of £8. 10s. in favour of the grow-
ing crop. In making such calculations, however, it is necessary
to take into account the health of the trees, the present density
of the crop, and the state of the soil, for, as we have already seen,
these conditions affect the probable increase in volume to a great
extent, while market fluctuations may upset the most careful
calculation.

The actual money value of a plantation to the proprietor
would, of course, be its net value, or the sum remaining after
all costs of production, harvesting, ground-rent, rates, taxes, &c.,
during the whole rotation had been deducted from the gross
amount realisable; but as the necessary records and data are
scarcely ever forthcoming, the owner is spared the pain or
pleasure of knowing exactly how much he has lost or gained on a
crop of timber. ‘The question as to whether wood-growing does
pay or not in this country is therefore usually unanswerable,
although statements have been published which were intended
to prove that particular plantations have returned 200 or 300
per cent. on the outlay. Some may probably pay well, but I

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 55

doubt if such statements will bear strict investigation. For in
most cases we find that a number of invariable and inevitable
items of expenditure have been omitted, and merely the cost of
planting and other initial charges deducted from the gross
returns. That woods do pay when properly managed has been
conclusively proved in many countries, and I may cite a few
returns gathered from official sources in various parts of the
German Empire in support of this statement. For instance, the
average net return per acre from the State forests in the

following States was as follows :—
1890 1891 1892

= S Ss.
Grand Duchy of Anhalt . : ; 11 8 gees
Sachsen-Altenburg . ? : : 20 19 17
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . , é 10 10 —
Saxony . : : : : : — 16 16

These returns are obtained from millions of acres of forest-land,
which are supervised by a well-organised staff of trained officials,
and we may assume that over-felling or a decrease of the normal
stock does not occur. They show clearly enough, therefore, that
land of inferior quality can yield a better return to the proprietor
when under timber than when let to a grazing or a sporting
tenant at a low rental, although, as has been already pointed out,
the State may be the only party able to look at this fact from
an abstract point of view.

In conclusion I should like to emphasise the fact that the
success of a plantation, whether grown with a view to profit or
ornament, depends, not upon the care and attention of one, but
of several generations of proprietors or foresters. The changes
which so frequently occur in the working staff of an estate render
the systematic treatment of plantations a weak feature in estate
management, while present needs are usually considered of more
importance than future prospects. Under these circumstances,
therefore, we cannot reasonably expect to see any sudden change
or rapid advance made in the existing customs of planting,
thinning, and felling which would bring them into closer
harmony with economic and scientific principles. The skill of
the forester lies less in what he actually does than in his capa-
bility of taking advantage of Nature in order to get his work done
for him. The acquisition and the exercise of this skill neces-
sitate close and constant observation, so that whatever opera-

56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tions may be necessary may be done at the proper time, other-
wise they may do more harm than good.

There are two facts which we should do well to remember
in connection with timber-growing. One is, that arboriculture
is not sylvicultwre ; and the other, that while “a tree may be »
growing while we’re sleepin’,’’ yet it may not be growing into -
good timber.

Pare.

CopricE AND HEDGEROW TIMBER.

Coppice.—The cultivation of coppice-wood is almost entirely
confined to the Midland and Southern Counties of England, and ©
in some districts occupies practically the whole of the wood-
land area. It is usually associated with Oak or Ash standards,
which are either planted or raised from self-sown seed, or arise
from ‘tellers’ which have been retained for that purpose. A
few years back coppice was probably the most profitable forest
crop in the country. During the last ten years, however, prices
have fallen so low in many districts that it no longer pays
adequate interest on the original outlay, and scarcely covers the
cost of maintenance. This fall in value is chiefly due to agricul-
tural depression and the monopolising of small wood-consuming
industries by machine-worked factories. The former cause has
operated by decreasing the demand for sheep-hurdles, cribs, rakes,
stakes, &c., into which the greater part of coppice-wood is manu-
factured, and the latter by cutting down the price of wooden
articles so fine that the rural manufacturer is practically unable
to compete with his stronger rival. In certain districts, however,
coppice-wood still pays when properly managed, and although
it may yield a smaller return than timber, yet it has an advantage
over the latter in the possibility it affords of a comparatively
quick return of a portion, if not the whole, of the initial outlay.

The chief products of coppice-wood are rods and poles. The
former are obtained from Hazel or Willow, and the latter from
Ash, Spanish Chestnut, Alder, Willow, Birch, &c. Local demand
determines whether one or both of these products should be pro-
duced, but in most districts poles pay better than rods, owing to
the varied uses to which they can be put. Alder poles are less

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 57

in demand, and meet witha slow sale unless of large size.
Hazel rods still sell well in districts in which basket and crate
making flourishes, but elsewhere are of little value.

The class of land devoted to the growth of coppice- wood must
be of good quality, soas to insure a vigorous and rapid growth, and
also to meet the demand which frequent removal of the crop makes
upon its resources. For Hazel or Spanish Chestnut a light
or well-drained loam is preferable, while Ash, Willow, &c., thrive
best in a moderately damp and deep soil. In planting a piece
of ground for this crop strong healthy plants, two to four feet
high, and with plenty of roots, should be selected, and none but
those showing a vigorous habit of growth used. Where a hard
subsoil or indurated plough pan exists, this should first be
broken up in the most convenient manner. When planting more
than one species it is better to keep each by itself, and not to
mix Hazel with Ash, or other pole-producing species, as the
former reaches its most saleable age several years earlier than
the latter. Two or three years after planting, or as soon as the
plants are thoroughly established, the Hazel should be cut over
about three or four inches from the ground, as it is only those
shoots which spring from adventitious buds that are of any use for
rods. Ash, Alder, &c., should be left until large enough to be of
some use, as they will throw up stronger shoots when cut over after
attaining a fair size. The rotations fixed for underwood vary
from ten to fifteen years. For Hazel, ten years is quite long
enough, as, if left standing until the rods lose their pliancy,
they depreciate in value. For pole-growing the longer rotations
are usually adopted, according to the size of pole most in demand.

When once thoroughly established, and all blanks planted up,
coppice requires little attention. At every cutting drains should
be attended to, and diseased or sickly stools replaced with young
plants. When very large poles are desired, it is advantageous to
thin out the weaker shocts with the handsaw about four or five
years after cutting, as this allows the remainder more space for
development, and also allows rods to be utilised which would
otherwise become dead and dry. In cutting, the stools should
be cut as close down as possible, and in such a way as to leave
no jagged wood or portions of stool stripped of bark. The main
point requiring attention in growing good coppice is the subjec-
tion of ground-game. Where the first year’s shoots are nibbled

58 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

off by rabbits or hares the wood never regains that straightness
of growth which constitutes its most desirable quality, and: the
number of weak shoots is increased.

The method of combining coppice and timber-growing to-
gether, in what is known as ‘‘ coppice with standards,” cannot be
recommended on economic grounds. A short acquaintance with it
will soon convince’ one that the timber so grown is rough and short
in the bole, or if sufficiently close to encourage height-growth,
then the coppice suffers from overshading. If the coppice is
worth growing at all it is much better to allow it full possession
of the ground as far as it goes, and confine the timber to another
part of the ground. A few of the best Ash “ tellers,” however,
may always be left standing over two or three rotations without
doing much harm, while they add to the value of the wood.

Probably underwood owes its existence on many estates quite
as much to the cover it affords to game as to the profit attend-
ing its cultivation. For this reason it will probably survive in
many districts long after it has ceased to be a remunerative
crop. Unless prices recover, however, it will be to the estate
proprietor’s advantage to confine it within as narrow limits as
possible, and gradually fill its place with timber-trees.

HEDGEROW TIMBER.

This, like coppice-wood, is principally confined to the
Southern Counties, and is a system of timber-growing pecu-
liar to this country. Oak and Elm constitute the great bulk of
this timber, but the latter may be regarded as the more repre-
sentative of the two. Probably most farmers look upon hedge-
row timber as more or less of a nuisance, and on arable land it
undoubtedly is so, by impoverishing the soil, choking drains, and
hindering the uniform maturing of the crops. On grazing land it
is beneficial in providing shelter for stock, whether from sun or
wind; but, on the other hand, it is often responsible for the
wretchedly weak and patchy hedges so frequently met with on
South Country farms. Landlords who take an interest in
arboriculture, however, are usually reluctant to cut large timber
anywhere, while the warm and wooded appearance presented by
a country-side well stocked with hedgerow timber induces
many to tolerate its presence with a cheerful mind. Apart
from the tenant-farmer’s point of view, the maintenance of a

RA ira

THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANTATIONS. 59

well-crown stock of hedgerow timber undoubtedly proves a
source of profit, and, if properly managed, does less harm than
might be supposed. Like coppice, however, it should only be
grown in a good soil and climate, as poor soils cannot afford the
drain which trees make upon their resources, and in unfavour-
able climates the latter do not make a sufficiently free growth
for producing good timber.

As numerous suckers are always thrown up from Elm roots,
that tree usually reproduces itself without assistance from man,
hence its frequency in hedgerows. The saplings from these suckers
generally push up straight and clean for the first few years, and
probably form better boles than would planted trees similarly
placed, and, so long as horses are kept away from them, thrive
well enough. The comparatively moderate crown and erect
habit of growth also renders Elm a more suitable tree for the pur-
pose than Beech or Oak, and with a little lopping near the base its
shade is not too dense to prevent the growth of grass or other
crops beneath. Probably less harm is done on the whole when
the trees stand two or three together than when singly, as in the
former case the growth of side branches is retarded, and when the
height-growth of the trees has culminated the least promising
can be removed. When Elm-trees stand in the line of Thorn
hedges all suckers which are not reserved for timber should be
regularly cut down to the ground, otherwise the hedge will soon
consist of little but Elm.

In order to obviate all unnecessary damage to hedges or
crops, pruning must take a prominent place in the growing of
hedgerow timber. This sometimes takes the form of the
periodical lopping off of all side branches, converting the trees
so treated into objects closely resembling gigantic broomsticks
with tufts of feathers at the top. This treatment favours the
outgrowth of spray down the whole length of the stem, which
every successive lopping increases, so that in some cases the
bole is entirely obscured from view. This method of pruning
both disfigures the landscape and also retards the growth of the
trees, while the timber is simply a mass of knots. Generally
speaking, free-growing suckers require little pruning beyond the
removal of low branches, and any trees that show a bushy, flat
top or crooked stem should be cut out entirely, as they are never
likely to become well-shaped trees. The removal of double leaders

60 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

should always be attended to in good time, and any particularly
strong growing branches can be shortened back. The cleaning
of the lower part of the stem should be gradually performed at
periodical intervals, until it is clear for at least twenty feet up.
The branches should be cut close into the bole with the hand-
saw, taking care that the operation is not delayed until they are
so large as to involve a large wound being made, which four or
five years will not see covered. Any spray which subsequently
appears should be broken (not cut) off at the base of the
shoots. Above twenty feet up the branches are not likely to do
much injury to things below, but all far-spreading ones should
be cut back to within ten or twelve feet of the bole, both on
account of decreasing the shade and also to lighten their weight,
as heavy limbs are very liable to break off at the point of union
with the trunk. This shortening back of heavy branches is too
often neglected in Elm-growing districts, for not only is their
sudden fall a source of danger to men or animals, but the large
exposed surface of the fracture allows fungi and water to enter
the bole, whereby the timber of the whole tree is sometimes
spoilt.

Besides Elm, Poplars are also suitable trees for hedgerows
especially on wet soils. As timber-trees, the Abele and Black
Italian are the most useful, the former throwing up suckers
as freely as the Elm. The Lombardy has the most erect growth
of any, but does not form such a good timber bole. Oak, Beech,
Sycamore, &c., cannot be considered suitable hedgerow trees on
account of their wide-spreading habit of growth and the injury
they do to the hedges.

In the great majority of cases hedgerow timber is left pretty
much to itself, except when the removal of a large limb becomes
imperative, or the farmer finds low branches troublesome. In
the latter case the trees are often subjected to the most brutal
treatment by unskilled pruners, who either leave ugly snags
upon the trees, or cut off the branches so carelessly that a portion
of the bole is torn away with them when they fall. The farmer
also utilises the trees as fencing posts, driving nails or staples
into the butts with charming impartiality and unconcern. A large
proportion of hedgerow timber is consequently of little value,
and in many cases its removal would be of benefit to the farmer,
without greatly detracting from the beauty of the landscape.

61

WOODS OF KENT.
By Mr. Georce Bunyarp, F.R.H.S.

In the papers already given the main point touched upon
appears to be the production of timber; but in the greater part
of Kent (as also in Sussex), as a general rule, we do not plant
for timber, such trees as are allowed to grow up being those
natural to the soil (in the case of Oaks generally springing from
seed), which, when they look promising, are marked off with
red paint to be left standing as “ tellers’? when the underwood,
the real crop of the land, is sold by auction. Im selling, the
wood is first set out in “cants,’’ a ‘‘wash”’ being cut to show
the dividing lines, and they are then numbered and sold by
auction in lots of one acre or less, as the form of the wood allows.
The buyer pays for his lots cash down, or makes an agreement
to do so at a certain time, and pays a deposit. He then cuts all
the underwood to the stubs or stools, leaving, as arranged, the
marked “ tellers’? of Oak, Ash, Chestnut, &&. He makes from
this wood “cant’’ the following various sorts and sizes of
sticks, &c. :—

Use pieces, to split for fencing, sheep-gates, and wheelwrights’
work.

Hop-poles, 10 to 16 feet and 18 feet.

Clothes-props, for washing-grounds.

Birch, for turners, &c. In the North for clogs for the mines;
in the South for brushes and turnery.

Birch-tops, for brooms, sold by the ‘ kid,” to make stable
and lawn brooms.

Binders, for fencing and nurserymen’s use.

Bean-sticks, for scarlet runners.

Thatching-wood.

Hoop-wood, to be split for cask-hoops, mostly Hazel, Ash,
and Willow.

Hedge-stakes, to repair gaps, «e. .

Flower-sticks, for florists and garden use.

Pea-sticks.

62 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Faggots, for the limekilns, cement works, bakers, and
domestic use.

Bush-faggots, of Thorn and Crab, for dredging meadows in
spring, and for gapping hedges.

Hazel-withes, for binding faggots and for packing.

Packing-sticks, split Hazel, pointed at both ends, for fruit
packed in sieves.

Chips and bark from hop-poles—the workmen’s perquisite
generally.

The underwood is all cleared out of the “cants ’ by May 1 in
the best woods, or, if the Oak-trees are sold, the buyer is allowed
till August 1 to flay and faggot and remove the timber, and sells
the lot out by a fixed time, and removes from the wood all that
remains. ‘The stubs throw out fresh shoots in May, and the
year following the woodreve proceeds to fill up vacancies by
planting Spanish Chestnut or Ash, whichever the land will
best carry. This plan, I venture to say, is a great mistake,
for, unless great care has been taken, the new plants put in
are choked by the vigour of the first year’s growth from the
old stubs, which may reach to 8 feet in one year. The system
of allowing the underwood when cut to remain till May 1
appears to me also to be a mistake, as it could just as well
be all removed by February 1, except in years when deep snow
prevails, and the woodreve could then at once fill up the
vacancies with young plants, which would get firm hold of the
soil, and be able to hold their own before the strong second year’s
growth from the stubs had begun. Under the usual system
nothing but Ash and Chestnut are planted ; all the other trees
are the produce of natural seedlings, such as Pyrus, white Beam-
tree, Thorns, Mountain Ash, Sloes, Birch, Cherries, Crabs, &c.
These are mostly scattered by birds ; and others are brought by
the winds, as Hornbeam and Sycamore, while Hazel-nuts and
Beech are stored up by the mice, and thus become part of the
woodland. But in our Kent woods the only really valuable
underwoods are the Ash and the Chestnut, the others being almost
entirely the natural products of the district, which have asserted
themselves in the bare, open spaces, and formed stools in the
course of years.

The best managed woods on good, deep soil, say in the valleys,
come to cut when eight to ten yearsold while upland woods, and

WOODS OF KENT. 63

others on very poor soil, may be from twelve to twenty years
before they are fit to cut; but the value of the hop poles and stakes
is increased where it requires the longer period to come to sale
size, as the timber is closer grained. On the other hand, the
valuable underwood is not so plentiful in exposed woods. Where
the water lies (in small ponds, &c.), or where the surface water
from the main roads runs into the woods, Alder and Plum-leaved
Willow are planted also, and Ash and Chestnut should not be
put in where spring frosts are frequent.

Where underwood is shaded too much by large Oaks its
value is much depreciated. For example, I am told by Mr.
Carman, of Larkfield, an old experienced dealer, who,-with his
son, has kindly given me much valuable information, that in a
large wood the shaded part only made £4 to £6 per acre, while
where there were no timber-trees the same wood made £40.
The timber (Oaks, &c.) should, therefore, be from 50 to 100 feet
apart.

As stated in previous papers, the plantations of any district
must be formed to meet the trade demands of that district, and
the most profitable woods in Kent are those with thick, straight,
well-grown underwood. The hop trade of Kent has in the past
given an impetus to the growth and care of woods; but great
changes have taken place in my recollection. In the 40’s, 50’s,
and 60’s nearly all the hops were polled with home-grown poles,
the tallest, 16 feet to 18 feet, being used for the Mid-Kent
Goldings and Colegates, and the shorter poles, 10 feet to 14 feet,
being for the Weald of Kent hops, such as Prolifics, Jones, and
others. Then a rage began for poles of perfectly straight out-
line, and they were brought from Norway and sold by auction
from 40s. to 60s. per 100, thus displacing the home-grown ones.
During the last five years hop-growers have used strings fastened
to overhead wires, and less poles are wanted—in many hop
gardens but few are used, the overhead wires being strained
from large posts of Ash and Chestnut, 18 to 21 inches in
girth at the base, the bines of the hops being led up by cocoa-
nut fibre string from the ground to the wire. So that good
wood that once fetched as much as £40 per acre is now worth only
£10, after a growth of ten to fourteen years. When large, tall
Chestnut and Ash poles were in vogue as much as £80 per acre
has been made. However, this new method of stringing hops is

64 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

so expensive to start that there will always be many who keep
to the old system of two, three, or four poles to a hill, because
they cannot afford the initial expense of the new system.

It follows, then, that when hops sell well, and sell freely early
in the season, that the woods make good prices. At the same
time it is obvious that the small sum of £10 per acre would only
pay rates and taxes, and were it not that much woodland is only
kept up for sporting purposes, this return would not encourage a
landowner to lay out any money on filling-up and replanting,
though I am confident that if owners would insist on the rabbits
being kept down they could get a far better return from their
woods than they do.

Old Chestnut woods that are thin, and where young plants
of the same nature cannot establish themselves, could be filled
up with the Plum-leaved Willow, which comes in for faggots, and
tends, by occupying vacant spaces, to make the Chestnut straighter
and more useful for the wheelwright and sheep-gate maker.
Crooked butts are of no value, and for this reason Ash drawn up
among Chestnut produces the greatest number of useful hop-
poles. And as the Hazel is valuable for hoop-wood, it should be
planted for that purpose.

A word as to the formation of woods. Ash and Chestnut
should be at least 6 feet from plant to plant, and to raise them
a Larch Fir should be planted between each stool to act as
nurses. These come in to cut before the main wood, and can
generally be sold to the florists, or as poles for young hops, at a
remunerative price. I would urge landowners to endeavour to
keep their young woods free from coarse weeds by a regular
use of the horse-hoe; and, although the labour is expensive, a
wood gets on so much faster under this treatment, that Iam sure
it would pay, as where an open young wood once becomes covered
with weeds and coarse grasses its growth is impeded for years.
If the Larch nurses were ready for cutting at ten years old, it
would be best to grub them out roots and all, and then cut the
Chestnut and Ash stools to the ground, when, if kept clean, the
next crop of underwood would only be about ten years before it
was again ready to cut. Thousands of acres of fresh woods are
ruined by the want of systematic care and attention, and, what
with the rabbits and weeds, become almost useless for under-

wood.

WOODS OF KENT. 65

A word as to Oaks. From time to time it is as well to thin
out the trees from 50 to 100 feet apart; but the value of Oak
timber and bark is heavily discounted by the importation of foreign
timber and new methods of tanning, so that this bark is of
secondary importance. I offer these few remarks in the hope
that it may induce some to utilise that vast acreage of land
now arable which, owing to the present distressed state of agri-
culture and to foreign competition, cannot be made to pay with
cereals, and I am not alone in giving an opinion that well-
managed woods will yet pay well for attention.

DISCUSSION.

The CHarrRMAN (Sir Alexander Arbuthnot) said before speak-
ing on the subject of the Conference he would like to read a
telegram which had been received from their valuable Secretary,
Mr. Wilks, whose absence they all regretted. Mr. Wilks had
been very seriously ill, and a few days before that meeting under-
went a painful operation. The telegram read: ‘ Greetings to all.
Progressing most favourably. ‘Try voice to-morrow.” (Cheers.)
Sir Alexander went on to say that he wished Mr. Dyer could
have been in the chair at that, the second of their meetings that
day, because Mr. Dyer was far more competent than he was to
draw attention to the points which had been raised in Mr.
Forbes’s interesting paper. He thought they would all feel that
his lecture was a most valuable one, and he had no doubt that
those present that day, and many who were not present, would
be very greatly interested in reading it when it appeared in the
Journal. If he were to express an opinion on Mr. Forbes’s
lecture, it would be that the observations contained in it would
be most valuable to planters. The paper contributed by Mr.
Simpson in the morning was a valuable one, but if it proved
anything, it proved one thing, viz. the enormous diificulty of the
question of forestry in England considered from a commercial
point of view. When considering the subject, he thought they
should not leave out of sight altogether the risk, as time goes on,
of our coal supply greatly diminishing and our wood supply
diminishing at the same time, and he thought that arrangements
should be made by which the State should, as in some Con-
tinental countries, and as Englishmen are now doing in India,

F

66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

take into its own hands, he would not say the conservancy of our
forests, but the re-afforestation of portions of the soil. That
was a matter which deserved the consideration of statesmen.
The policy of the age had had effects on the land of this country,
which were not encouraging to the investment of capital in land.
Events were marching very rapidly, and the events of the present
year had been such as to afford anything but encouragement to
the owners of land. Therefore he thought that when we legis-
lated in the direction which the new views now so much in
favour appeared to indicate, a matter which should occupy the
serious attention of our statesmen and political leaders was
whether they might not do something to applying capital to the
renewal and increasing of our forests.

Mr. WEBSTER said he was very pleased with Mr. Forbes’s
paper. Hecondemned the “ fallacy ’’ of the ‘‘ mixed plantation ”
system.

Mr. Gro. Paut said he could not help thinking that the
Society was fulfilling one of its best functions in endeavouring
to improve forestry. The question of leaf-canopy, mentioned by
Mr. Forbes, was a novelty to him, and seemed to carry great
weight with it. The only statement on which he differed from
the writer of the paper was that in which he said that we ought to
confine ourselves to native trees, because in certain parts of
England there might be climatic risks. He thought the papers
they had heard that day were of such practical value that all the
Fellows of the Society would be glad to read them. He would,
therefore, propose a hearty vote of thanks on behalf of the
Fellows of the Society to the writers.

Mr. Gro. Bunyarp seconded the motion.

Ths Conference then terminated.

67

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea,-for a collection of rare
plants. (See p. 70.)

To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a collection of hardy
plants. (See p. 71.)

Silver Flora Medal.

To His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, Dalkeith Palace, N.B.
(gr. Mr. Malcolm Dunn), for a large collection of trees and shrubs.
(See p. 72.)

To Colonel Sir Patrick Keith Murray, Bart., Ochtertyre,
N.B., for a collection of hardy trees and shrubs. (See p. 82.)

To Messrs. R. Veitch & Sons, Exeter, for a group of plants.
(See p. 85.)

To Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, for a collection of
hardy trees and shrubs. (See p. 86.)

Silver Kiughtian Medal.

To Her Majesty the Queen, Royal Gardens, Windsor (gr. Mr.
Owen Thomas), for large bunches of Mistletoe. (See p. 68.)

To Captain Holford, Westonbirt, Tetbury, Gloucestershire (gr.
Mr. T. Rattray), for a collection of trees. (See p. 87.)

To His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Syon House,
Brentford (gr. Mr. Geo. Wythes), for a collection of rare trees
and shrubs. (See p. 88.)

To Messrs. C. Lee & Son, Hammersmith, for a collection of
trees. (See p. 89.)

Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.
To His Grace the Duke of Wellington, Strathfieldsaye,
N.B. (gr. Mr. J. W. McHattie), for a collection of trees. (See
p. 90.)

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Viscount Powerscourt, Powerscourt, Enniskerry (gr. Mr.
D. Crombie), for a choice collection of Conifers and their fruits.
(See p. 90.)

F2

—

68 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Wellwood H. Maxwell, Esq., Munches, Dalbeattie, N.B.,
for a collection of trees. (See p. 90.) 3

To A. Waterhouse, Esq., Yattendon Court, Newbury, Berks
(gr. Mr. Maher), for a collection of trees. (See p. 92.)

To Colonel Tremayne, Carclew, Perran-ar-worthal, Cornwall
(gr. Mr. Jas. Simmons), for a collection of hardy shrubs. (See
p. 93.)

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To the Marchioness of Huntly, Orton Longueville, Peter-
borough (gr. Mr. A. Harding) for specimens of Conifers and
cones. (See p. 93.)

To Earl Cowper, Panshanger (gr. Mr. Fitt), fora small collec-
tion of plants. (See p. 93.)

First Class Certificate.
To Tex Aquifolium Lawsoniana, from Messrs. J. Veitch &
Sons, Chelsea.

To Veronica cupressoides, V. salicornoides, and V. lycopodi-
oides, from Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt.

Award of Merit.
To Acer purpufascens Nizelli, from Messrs. Paul & Son,
Cheshunt.

Other Exhibits.

[These were So many that it is very difficult to know what to
chronicle and what to omit. Some exhibitors kindly handed in
a list of their specimens, Mr. Malcolm Dunn in particular having
taken great pains with that from Dalkeith, and made it really
interesting reading (p. 72). The day also was so unutterably
wet that it was with the utmost difficulty that the Society’s
officials and the reporters of the gardening papers could get
about to make notes ; however, all did all they could to help one
another, and where the exhibitors did not hand in lists the
following report is made up from the Society’s records combined
with those of the Gardeners’ Chronicle, the Journal of Horti-
culture, the Garden, and the Gardeners’ Magazine.—Ep1rTor. |

From tne Royal Gardens, Windsor, by Her Majesty’s com-
mand, Mr. Owen Thomas brought most interesting specimens
of Mistletoe. Some, of course, was on Apple, and this specimen
seemed to be the strongest; but there were others on Mountain

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 69

Ash, Lime, Hawthorn, Maple, Robinia, and Hickory. Mr.
Thomas also brought other specimens of trees and shrubs,
amongst which Kolreuteria paniculata, Sophora japonica,
Taxodium distichum, and a branch of Cratzgus Aronia full of
berries, were the most noticeable.

From the Royal Gardens, Kew, came a magnificent collection
of rare trees and shrubs, some of them being very rarely seen out-
side botanic gardens. Amongst them were : —

Amorpha canescens, the Bastard Indigo, with dark blue
flowers.

Carya sulcata, the furrow-leaved Hickory, and C. microcarpa,
the small-fruited Hickory.

Castanopsis chrysophylla.

Clematis brevicaudata, with small creamy flowers.

Cornus brachypoda variegata, a fine silver variegated Dog-
wood; C. sibirica variegata, with bright red shoots; C. Gouchautti,
the clusters of pale pinkish blue berries, making it very distinct.

Cotoneaster horizontalis, full of deep scarlet berries.

Cytisus nigricans, a curious dark-coloured Broom, and C.
supinus, with bright yellow flowers.

Desmodium pendulefiorum, a very pretty and elegant plant
with rosy flowers.

Genista elatior, with golden flowers.

Hippophaé rhamnoides, the Sea Buckthorn, with deep yellow
berries.

Hypericum Moserianum, a beautiful golden flower; H. patu-
lum, H. oblongifolium, and H. nepalense. ‘These are all beau-

_ tiful golden flowering autumn plants, the two first being probably

hardy, and the two last, from Northern India, probably not
quite so.

Indigofera Gerardiana, a doubtfully hardy species, but well
worth a trial on account of its deep pink blossoms.

Ligustrum Quihoni, a Privet with beautiful panicles of white
flowers.

Ptelea trifoliata, with its Hop-like cluster of fruit.

Quercus densifolia, a rare and almost evergreen species
from California, and Q. rubra palustifolia, the finest of the red
Oaks.

Rhus semi-alata Osbecki, a very fine bold foliage plant for

70 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

autumnal effect, and R. vernicifolia, another good Sumach from
Japan.

Rosa Wichuriana, a Japanese trailing species, and R. micro-
phylla, a Chinese species, which has a scent like Pineapple.

Rubus sorbifolius, a Japanese Bramble with finely cut foliage
and yellow berries, and R. biflorus, a white-stemmed Bramble
from the Himalayas.

Ulex Gallii, a dwarf Gorse with yellow flowers.

Viburnum molle, with deep-coloured berries of a blue-purple
colour.

Vitis Coignetiz, a dark-coloured species from Japan, and V.
vinifera purpurea, with still darker crimson and copper-coloured
foliage.

Professor Maxime Cornu sent from the Jardin des Plantes at
Paris leaves of Vitis Coignetie for purposes of identification.
They were similar to those shown by Mr. Anthony Waterer, but
differed from those shown by others under the same name.

Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent a very fine col-
lection of rare trees and shrubs, amongst which were the
following :—

Acer argutum, a charming species, and A. carpinifolium.

Alnus glutinosus aureus.

Aralia cachemirica, a very fine plant.

Berberis Thunbergi and B. Lelandi.

Calluna vulgaris Alporti.

Calycanthus macrophyllus.

Castanea sativa argentea, a silver variegated Spanish
Chestnut.

Catalpa bignonioides and C. b. aurea.

Citrus trifoliata.

Cladastris tinctoria.

Clerodendron trichotomum, from Japan.

Colutea arborescens purpurea.

Colletia spinosa, a very formidable-looking plant.

Cornus elegantissima and C. Spathi, two of the best Dog-
woods.

Cotoneaster frigida, covered with orange-scarlet berries.

Crategus orientalis.

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. val

Daphniphyllum glaucescens, a fine evergreen from China.

Dimorphanthus mandschuricus, with long spikes of blossom.

Gaultheria procumbens.

Hypericum oblongifolium.

Ligustrum lucidum tricolor, a beautiful coloured Privet, and
L. ovalifolium elegantissimum.

Liquidambar styraciflua.

Menziesia polifolia erecta.

Nandina domestica.

Olearia macrodonta.

Osmanthus ilicifolius purpureus, one of the prettiest ever-
greens we have. ;

Parottia persica.

Pernettya mucronata, and other varieties.

Philadelphus coronarius argenteo-variegatus, a beautiful
silver variety.

Ptelea trifoliata aurea.

Quercus palustris, one of the fine crimson-leaved Oaks.

Rhodotypus kerrioides.

Rhus glabra laciniata, R. g. coccinea, and R. Toxicodendron
radicans, with gloriously coloured foliage.

Rubus laciniatus.

Sambucus racemosus serratifolius.

Spirea Lindleyana.

Stephanandra flexuosa.

Styrax japonica.

Symphoricarpus vulgaris variegatus, a very pretty plant.

Vitis flexuosa, with beautiful small crimson leaves; VY.
Coignetie, of the most glorious colour, and V. vinifera pur-
purea.

Weigela amabilis variegata.

Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, also sent a very fine collection,
mostly in pots, amongst which might be noticed :—

Acer purpurascens Nizelli, a very bronzy plant, to which an
Award of Merit was given.

Alnus prunifolia plena and A. frutex speciosa.

Althea frutex in great variety.

Azara microphylla.

‘Ceanothus Gloire de Versailles, with its elegant sprays of grey-
blue blossom.

72, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL OCIETY.

Cornus Mas aurea and C. Spathi.

Cotoneaster affinis, with clusters of bright red berries.

Crategus coccinea maxima.

Edwardsia microphylla.

Kricas in great variety.

Kurya latifolia.

Garrya elliptica foomina, a rare plant.

Hollies in great variety, to one of which, Lawsoniana, a First
Class Certificate was given.

Hypericum Moserianum.

Magnolia grandiflora.

Pernettyas in great variety.

Persica purpurea.

Phillyrea decora, bearing a quantity of fruits like Sloes,

Quercus concordia.

Syringa hyacinthina fl. pl., with bronzy leaves.

Ulmus aurea, the Golden Elm.

Veronica cupressoides, a tiny plant only a few inches high ;
V. salicornoides, almost golden; and V. lycopodioides, to all
three of which First Class Certificates were given.

Viburnum Oxycoccus and V. Opulus aureus.

COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS OF TREES AND SHRUBS SENT
TO THE CONFERENCE FROM THE GARDENS OF THE DUKE OF
BuccLheucH at DawuKkeEItH, MipLoTHIAN, BY Mr. Mancoum
Dunn.

The gardens and pleasure-grounds at Dalkeith, where the
trees and shrubs are growing from which the specimens
sent to the Conference had been collected, extend to about 200
acres, through which the North Esk and South Esk rivers flow
on their way to the sea, about three miles distant. They lie at
an altitude of 120 to 200 feet above sea-level, with a gentle
northern slope towards the Firth of Forth, and are well sheltered
by woods and many fine old trees. The soil is a sandy loam,
resting on an open, gravelly subsoil, through which water
percolates freely. A light-coloured sandstone is the prevailing
rock, which crops out in picturesque cliffs along the banks of
the rivers, which are well clothed with trees and beautifully draped
with Ivy and other creeping plants. Below the sandstone lie

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 78

the Lothian coal measures, with beds of various clays and lime-
stone. The soil is of a good depth and generally fertile, and all
kinds of hardy trees and shrubs for which it is suitable thrive
well in it. Even many of those of a more or less tender nature
in this northern latitude are found to do wellin sheltered places,
and stand the severities of ordinary winters with little or no
injury from frost.

The collection of trees and shrubs has been chiefly formed
during the present century ; those of an older date being either
indigenous—of which the ‘‘ Old Oak Wood,” covering an area of
about 160 acres on the peninsula between the Esk rivers, just
before they meet in the middle of the park, is a notable example
—or planted forest and ornamental trees. Beside the Oak,
Quercus Robur pedunculata, the Ash, Alder, Beech, Wych Elm,
Sycamore, Hornbeam, Holly, Elder, Hazel, Thorn, Yew, and
some other trees and shrubs appear to be either indigenous or
now quite naturalised in the park, and spring up freely from
seeds or from suckers. Of the introduced trees more than a
century old, the Limes and Cedars of Lebanon are the most con-
spicuous. There arealso many fine Horse and Spanish Chestnut
trees, some of which have attained a considerable size, and are
very effective park-trees. Holly, Yew, Laurel, Privet, Boxwood,
Rhododendron, and some other evergreen shrubs have been
extensively planted as underwood, and form a feature in the
woods and plantations during the winter, when the deciduous
trees are bare of foliage. The Holly is in greatest abundance,
thriving well and fruiting freely in the warm soil; it is much
used for hedges.

Specimens of about 280 species of trees and shrubs were sent
to the Conference, but there are a host of others of less interest, or
of which the species sent may be considered fairly representative
of the genus. No Conifers are included, except the Cedar of
Lebanon, which is bearing a fine crop of cones for the first time
for many years ; and the large-leaved variety of the Maidenhair
tree, Salisburia adiantifolia macrophylla.

All the specimens stood through the severe frost of January
1894, when the thermometer fell to 4° Fahr. on the 7th of that
month. The species that were in any way injured are noted in
the following list. Those noted as “rather tender”? have been
injured by 15 degrees or more of frost; and those “ injured by
severe frost’ have stood 20 degrees of frost uninjured.

74 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIRTY.

Inst of the Specimens.

Acer palmatum vars. atropurpureum, dissectum, flavescens,
laciniatum. All the Japanese Maples are beautiful small trees
or shrubs, and very effective on lawns and shrubbery borders.

Acer Pseudo-Platanus vars. Fine ornamental trees.

Acer rubrum vars. Fine ornamental trees.

/KXsculus Hippocastanum vars. Fine ornamental trees.

Ailanthus glandulosa. A handsome-foliaged small tree.

Akebia quinata. Hardy and interesting climber on wall.

Alnus glutinosa vars. Useful trees for wet spots.

Ampelopsis hederacea, A. lucida, and A. Veitchii. Brilliant
foliage it autumn. A. Veitchii is one of the very best of climbers
for covering walls.

Amygdalus nana. Very pretty flowers in profusion in
spring.

Aralia mandschurica. <A striking shrub, with extra large
foliage.

Aralia Sieboldii. Hardy only in warm sheltered spots.

Aralia spinosa. A small and effective foliage tree.

Arbutus Unedo. Flowers freely, but seldom fruits.

Aristolochia Sipho. Large dark green foliage; a fine
climber.

Aucuba japonica (male and female) and A. j. maculata nana.
The female plants fruit freely some seasons, but none this year.

Azalea mollis, A. pontica, and A. speciosa. A large num-
ber of varieties of these free-flowering shrubs are grown,
and many seedlings have sprung up around them in recent
years.

Azara microphylla. A fine shrub; lost a few twigs last
winter with 28 degs. of frost.

Bambusa Fortunei variegata. Quite hardy and pretty.

Bambusa Metake. Hardy; a very graceful plant.

Berberis Darwinii. One of the best, and thrives well.

Berberis dulcis, B. japonica, B. stenophylla, B. vulgaris
purpurea, and B. Wallichii. All the Barberries are useful
shrubs; very hardy, flower profusely, and bear showy berries.

Buxus arborea aurea, B. balearica, and B.thymifolia. Useful
and distinct evergreen shrubs.

Calycanthus floridus and C. macrophyllus. Sweet-s¢ented
flowers, produced freely on plants on walls.

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 75

Camellia japonica vars. Stand the winter in sheltered
places.

Caragana arborescens pendula. Peculiar weeping small
tree.

Carpinus Betulus vars. Useful medium-sized trees.

Carya alba. Grows freely, but seldom fruits.

Catalpa bignonioides aurea. An effective small tree; fine
large leaves.

Cedrus Libani. Bearing cones for first time for many years.
Tree about 120 years old.

Cerasus Avium multiplex. Very beautiful when in flower.

Cerasus Lauro-Cerasus vars. and C. lusitanicus vars.- Among
the finest and most useful of evergreen shrubs. Seldom injured
by frost.

Cerasus Padus. Indigenous, and flowers profusely every
year.

Cercidiphyllum japonicum. MHardy on wall.

Cercis Siliquastrum. Very distinct and pretty flowers; on
wall.

Chimonanthus fragrans. Very sweet flowers; most useful
on wall.

Chionanthus virginicus. A fine hardy shrub.

Choisya ternata. One of the best flowering shrubs; sweet
scented.

Cistus ladaniferus. Occasionally injured by frost; flowers
freely.

Citrus trifoliata. Interesting; only small plants; quite
hardy.

Cladrastis tinctoria. A pretty shrub; in sheltered places.

Clematis Jackmani and C. Vitalba. Many varieties grown ;
the hardiest, freest, and most showy of climbers.

Clerodendron trichotomum. Requires a warm spot; nearly
killed last winter.

Cornus brachypoda variegata, C. Mas variegata, and C. san-
guinea variegata. All pretty foliaged shrubs.

Corylus Avellana purpurea. Fine dark foliage.

Cotoneaster buxifolia, C. microphylla, and C. Simonsii. Neat
foliage, and abundance of crimson berries.

Cratzgus coccinea vars., C. Crus-galli vars., C. Oxyacantha
vars., C. punctata vars., and C. tanacetifolia. The park is famed

_ ———————

76 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for its fine old Thorn-trees (C. Oxyacantha), and numerous other
species and varieties thrive well in the pleasure-grounds.

Pyrus (Cydonia) japonica vars. Nearly always in flower in
mild weather.

Pyrus (Cydonia) Maulei. Flowers freely on wall in spring.

Cytisus alba. A most useful and pretty flowering shrub.

Cytisus Scoparius Andreanus. A first-rate acquisition ; quite
hardy.

Daphne laureola and D. pontica. Useful for undergrowth,
but rather strong smelling.

D. Mezereum. Beautiful early-flowering shrub.

Daphniphyllum glaucescens vars. Fine hardy shrubs.

Desfontainea spinosa. Quite hardy; grows well; flowers
sparsely.

Deutzia crenata vars. and D. gracilis. Well-known useful
shrubs.

Diplopappus chrysophyllus. Distinct bushy-growing shrub.

Eleagnus pungens variegata. Injured by 20 degs. of frost. —
On wall.

Ercilla spicata. Injured by 20 degs. of frost. On wall.

Krica Alportii, E. arborea, HE. mediterranea, EK. Tetralix
alba, and EK. vagans alba. All the Heaths are useful decorative
plants.

Escallonia macrantha and EK. rubra. Useful evergreens
for covering walls and buildings.

Kuonymus europeus vars. Grow freely and flower well.

Kuonymus japonicus vars. Thrive fairly well. Injured by
severe frost.

Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. coccifera, E. Gunnii, and E. urni-
gera, All growing in sheltered places, and stood through the
severe frost of last winter with very little injury.

Kurya japonica variegata. Pretty shrub ; fairly hardy.

Exochorda grandiflora. A fine Spirza-lke shrub.

Fagus sylvatica vars. Useful and very ornamental trees.

Forsythia viridissima. A good flowering plant for walls.

Fothergilla alnifoha. A pretty shrub.

Fraxinus excelsior pendula. One of the best of weeping
trees.

Fraxinus ornus. Grows well, and flowers freely in good
seasons,

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. TF

Fremontia californica. A pretty yellow-flowered shrub.

Fuchsia Riccartonii, and others. Hardy and free flowering ;
very fine.

Garrya elliptica, male and female. Male bears catkins freely ;
a fine shrub.

Gaultheria Shallon. A fine hardy dwarf shrub; _ berries
freely.

Ginkgo biloba macrophylla. A very distinct variety of this fine
tree.

Gleditschia triacanthos. Slghtly injured by 28 degs. of frost ;
interesting tree.

Griselinia littoralis. Fine dwarf shrub; sometimes injured
by frost.

Grevillea rosmarinifolia. A nice shrub fora wall; rather
tender.

Halesia hispida. A fine hardy shrub.

Halimodendron argenteum. A good wall plant; rather
tender.

Hamamelis japonica vars. Fine winter-flowering shrubs ;
hardy.

Hartogia capensis. Requires a warm spot; a neat shrub.

Hedera helix vars. All varieties useful for covering walls, &c.

Hydrangea hortensis. Stands well; injured only by severe
frost.

Hydrangea paniculata. Perfectly hardy, and flowers freely.

Hypericum calycinum. Useful for undergrowth.

Hypericum Moserianum. A very handsome St. John’s Wort.

Hippophe rhamnoides. A useful and effective shrub.

Hymenanthera crassifolia, A distinct and pretty shrub. On
wall.

ex Aquifolium angustifolium, I. A. ferox vars., I. A.
Golden Queen, I. A. Hodginsii, I. A. Lawsoniana, I. A. made-
rensis vars., I. A. pendula, I. A. salicifolia, and I. A. Silver
Queen. All the varieties of the common Holly thrive well, and
berry freely in most seasons. This year the crop is abundant.
Hollies are perhaps the most useful of all evergreen trees for
decorative purposes.

Ilex cornuta. Very distinct and fairly hardy.

Ilex crenata. Slightly injured in severe winters.

Jasminum nudiflorum. Flowers freely on walls in early
spring.

\\

78 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Jasminum officinale. The sweet-scented Jasmine.

Jasminum Wallichianum. A useful hardy species.

Juglans regia. Grows well and fruits freely; no fruit this
year.

Kalmia latifolia. Thrives only moderately well on the dry,
hot soil.

Kerria japonica vars. Fine hardy free-flowering shrubs.

Laburnum Adamii, L. alpinum, and L. vulgare vars. Splendid
_ flowering trees.

Laurus nobilis vars. Slightly injured by severe frost.

Lavendula spica. Slightly injured by severe frost.

Ledum latifolium. Grows well and flowers freely.

Leycesteria formosa. Hardy, useful, and very effective
shrub.

Ligustrum japonicum and L. lucidum. Useful evergreen
shrubs; fairly hardy.

Liriodendron tulipifera. A handsome foliage tree.

Lonicera brachypoda aureo-reticulata, L. flava, L. Lede-
bourii, and L. sempervirens. Well-known useful climbers. The
perfume of the Honeysuckle is generally liked.

Lycium barbarum. An interesting hardy climber.

Magnolia acuminata and M. conspicua. Thrive well; flower
occasionally.

Magnolia grandiflora. Thrives well and grows freely; seldom
flowers.

Magnolia macrophylla. Grows well, but often injured by
frost.

Magnolia purpurea. ‘Thrives well; flowers occasionally.

Magnolia tripetala. Grows freely and flowers in good seasons.

Mahonia Aquifolium. Most useful of dwarf shrubs.

Mahonia glumacea. A fine flowering species.

Menziesia polifolia vars. Very pretty dwarf Heaths.

Mespilus germanica. A useful ornamental small tree.

Morus nigra. Grows well; seldom fruits; bearing this year.

Myrtus communis. Grows well in shelter; nipped by severe
frost.

Negundo fraxinifolium vars. Very ornamental; injured by
severe frost.

Olearia Gunni. Does well on wall.

Olearia Haastii. A fine free-flowering hardy shrub.

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS 79

Oreodaphne bullata. On wall; fairly hardy.

Oreodaphne californica. A fine wall shrub; seldom injured
by frost.

Osmanthus ilicifolius. Slow growing, but very neat Holly-
like shrub.

Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius. Nice for wall; injured by
severe frost.

Peonia Moutan vars. Hardy, and flower well in mild
springs.

Paulownia imperialis. Very effective small tree; large leaves.

Pernettya mucronata vars. Neat and free-fruiting dwarf
shrubs. . :

Philadelphus coronarius vars. Free-growing and free-flower-
ing ; fine shrubs.

Philesia buxifolia. Neat dwarf shrub; hardy.

Phillyrea latifolia. Useful evergreen shrub.

P. Vilmoriniana. A fine species; hardy.

Photinia serrulata. Grows well, but injured by severe frost.

Pittosporum eugenioides and P. Ralphi. Fine New Zealand
shrubs ; fairly hardy.

Populus alba vars. Fine ornamental trees.

Prunus (Myrobalana) flore pleno. Beautiful flowering small
tree.

Prunus Pissardi. One of the finest of dark-foliaged small
trees.

Prunus sinensis. Hardy and free-flowering.

Pyrus Aucuparia, P. Sorbus, P. vestita. Fine ornamental
trees.

Pyrus Malus ‘ Dartmouth,” P. M. “John Downie,” P. M.
**Mammoth,” P. M. “ Siberian,” P. M. “ 'Toringo,” and P. M.
“Transparent.” The Crab Apples are very effective orna-
mental trees, flowering profusely in spring and loaded with
bright-coloured fruit in autumn.

Pyrus spectabilis flore pleno. One of the best of small
flowering trees.

Quercus Robur fastigiata. A very distinct form of Oak.

Quercus Robur variegata. Beautiful foliaged tree.

Quercus Cerris, Q. coccinea, Q. Ilex, Q. palustris, Q. rubra,
and Q. Zau. The numerous species of ornamental Oaks are
very effective in the landscape, especially those that assume
brilliant tints of foliage in the autumn.

80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rhamnus Alaternus vars. Good evergreen shrubs.

Rhododendron arboreum, R. catawbiense, and R. ponticum.
Numerous varieties of Rhododendron thrive well, flower pro-
fusely, and seedlings of the common varieties come up in perfect
thickets.

Rhus Cotinus. A fine shrub, but injured by severe frost.

Rhus typhina. Hardy and distinct.

Ribes aureum. Hardy and free flowering.

Ribes rubrum variegatum. Nice ornamental foliaged shrub.

Ribes sanguineum vars. Most effective flowering shrubs.

Robinia Pseudacacia vars. Grow freely, but seldom flower.

Rosa elegantissima. A graceful and sweetly perfumed Briar.

Rosa centifolia vars. The Cabbage Rose; finely scented.

Rosa gallica vars. Bourbon Rose; free-flowering, and useful.

Rosa hybrida vars. Many varieties, and general favourites.

Rosa indica vars. China Rose; nearly always in flower.

Rosa lutea vars. Austrian Briar; free-flowering and attrac-
tive.

Rosa rubiginosa. Sweet Briar; a general favourite.

Rosa rugosa vars. Japan Rose ; fine for front of shrubberies.

Rosa spinosissima vars. Scots Rose; many varieties; very
pretty.

Rosmarinus officinalis. Forms a nice shrub; dwarf and bushy.

Rubus fruticosus flore pleno. Fine for covering rough places.

Ruscus aculeatus. A useful dwarf shrub.

Ruscus racemosus. Graceful habit; dwarf.

Salix alba vitellina. Golden Willow ; fine for moist spots.

Salix babylonica. Common Weeping Willow ; one of the best,

Salix Caprea pendula. Kilmarnock Weeping Willow; very
distinct.

Sambucus nigra vars. Very hardy, and useful where little
else will grow.

Sambucus racemosa. Berries profusely, but taken early by
birds.

Senecio rotundifolia. A fine shrub from New Zealand.

Skimmia Foremanii. A handsome berried shrub; one of
the best.

Skimmia japonica. Berries profusely ; often cleared by birds.

Sophora japonica. <A fine small tree; grows well.

Spartium junceum. Spanish Broom; useful, but rather
tender.

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 81

Spirea bella, S. Bumalda, S. callosa, 8. ¢. pumila alba,
S. confusa, S. Douglasii, §. Lindleyana, and S. Reevesiana.
All the ligneous Spireeas are useful and attractive flowering shrubs,
generally hardy, and thriving well in most soils and situations.

Staphylea Bumalda, 8. colchica, and §. pinnata. Useful and
interesting shrubs ; flower freely, but seldom fruit.

Stauntonia latifolia. Hardy on wall; free-growing; seldom
flowers.

Styrax japonica. A slow-growing dwarf shrub.

Symphoricarpus racemosus. Large showy white berries.

Syringa persica vars., 8. vulgaris vars., and S. v. flore pleno
vars. The Lilacs are among the very best of deciduous’ flower-
ing shrubs, and the double-flowered varieties are an acquisition.

Thea viridis. In sheltered corner ; seldom injured by frost.

Thermopsis laburnifolia. Grows well, and flowers freely on
wall.

Tilia europea vars. Very handsome ornamental trees.

Ulmus montana pendula. The Camperdown Elm; fine
weeping tree.

Ulex europea vars. Useful hardy shrubs.

Veronica Armstrongii, V. carnosula, V. cupressoides, V.
diosmefolia, V. ignota, V. Kirku, V. Lyallii, and V. Traversii.
Most of the shrubby Veronicas from the southern parts of New
Zealand are quite hardy, growing and flowering freely, and form
neat, compact bushes.

Viburnum Awafuki. A distinct evergreen shrub; rather
tender.

Viburnum Lantana, V. Opulus, and V. plicatum. Fine de-
ciduous flowering shrubs.

Viburnum Tinus. Flowers well in mild seasons; injured by
severe frost.

Vinea major and V. minor. The Periwinkles are very useful
for covering ground shaded by trees.

Viscum album. The Mistletoe grows freely, and fruits in
fine seasons. |

Weigela amabilis variegata. ree flowering, with pretty
foliage.

_ Weigela rosea vars. All the varieties flower profusely
fine shrubs.

Wistaria sinensis. Grows very freely, and flowers well.

G

82, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Xanthoceras sorbifolia. Fine foliage ; grown on wall ; rather
tender.

Colonel Sir Patrick Keith Murray, Bart., sent a grand col-
lection of Cupressus, Taxus, and other varieties of Conifers,
showing fruit and foliage, from his garden at Ochtertyre, N.B.

Cupressus Lawsoniana and its varieties, alba spica nana,
alba pendula, albo-variegata, Allumii, argentea, argenteo-varie-
gata, aureo-variegata, Bowlerii pendula, erecta viridis, erecta
stricta, ericoides, filiformis, Fleetii, Fraserii, intertexta, lutea,
patula, Shawii, and Ochtertyre Seedling.

Cupressus nutkaénsis and its varieties, variegata argentea,
variegata aureo-nova, compacta, and glauca,

Cupressus arizonica.

Cupressus McNabiana.

Cupressus macrocarpa.

Cupressus thyoides and its varieties, aurea, glauca, leptoclada,
and variegata.

Taxus adpressa and its variety, stricta.

Taxus baccata varieties, argentea, aurea, Dovastonii, D. aurea,
and a French form of Dovastonii, elegantissima, erecta, e. varie-
gata, ericoides, fastigiata argentea, f. aurea, Foxii, fructo-lutea,
clauca, pendula, pyramidalis variegata, recurva.

Taxus canadensis varieties, aurea and Washingtonii.

Taxus cuspidata.

Taxus Lindleyana.

Torreya grandis.

Cephalotaxus drupacea.

Cephalotaxus Fortunei.

Cephalotaxus pedunculata and its variety fastigiata.

Abies cephalonica, A. grandis, A. nobilis, A. Nordmanniana,
A. Veitchii.

Picea ajanensis, P. Menziesi, P. orientalis, P. Smithiana.

Tsuga Mertensiana, Pseudotsuga Douglasii.

Biota orientalis aurea.

Cedrus Libani glauca.

Juniperus communis, J. Sabina, J. recurva.

Pinus montana, P. Murrayana, P. koraiensis.

Retinospora obtusa, R. filifera, R. pisifera.

Saxe-Gothexa conspicua.

Sequoia gigantea.

EXHIBITION OF TREEW AND SHRUBS. 88

Thuia gigantea, T. occidentalis and its varieties elegant-
issima, Ellwangeriana, and Vervgeneana.
Thuia Standishii.

Ornamental Trees.

Acer macrophyllum, A. platanoides, A. rubrum, A. Pseudo-
Platanus varieties albo-variegata, foliis purpureis, and variegata
aurea.

AXsculus rubicunda.

Fagus sylvatica varieties asplenifolia and purpurea.

Juglans regia laciniata.

Pyrus americana, P. aucuparia variegata pendula, P. pruni-
folia, P. Aria.

Quercus Ilex, Q. pannonica, Q. coccinea, Q. Cerris fulham-
ensis, Q. pedunculata varieties, asplenifolia, cucullata, fastigiata,
and pyramidalis.

Sambucus nigra varieties, foliis aureis and racemosus.

Ulmus montana varieties, fastigiata and pendula.

Evergreen Shrubs.

Andromeda floribunda, A. japonica.

Berberis Darwinii, B. japonica.

Buxus balearica, B. thymifolia variegata, and seven other
varieties.

Cerasus lusitanicus myrtifolia, C. Lauro-Cerasus angustifolia
and its varieties caucasica, colchica, latifolia, rotundifolia, parvi-
folia, variegata aurea, and variegata argentea.

Cotoneaster microphylla.

Crategus Pyracantha.

Kseallonia rubra.

Garrya elliptica.

Hartogia capensis.

Jasminum humile, J. officinale.

Kalmia latifolia.

Laurus nobilis.

Osmanthus ilicifolium and its variety argenteum.

Rhamnus Alaternus.

Ruscus aculeatus, R. Hypoglossum.

Skimmia japonica.

Hedera donerailensis variegata, H. maderensis variegata,

a2

84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

H. hibernica variegata, H. Oshorn’s New Silver, H. maculata
minor, H. fructo-lutea, H. picta, H. Golden Gem, H. tricolor, H.
palmata, H. Clouded Gem, H. taurica, and three other varieties.

Deciduous Shrubs.

Ampelopsis hederacea.
Cotoneaster frigida.

Cydonia japonica and variety rosea.
Dimorphanthus mandschuricus.
Jasminum nudifiorum.

Kerria japonica.

Ligustrum vulgare variegata.
Lonicera Ledebouri.
Philadelphus coronarius nanus.
Ribes floridum.

Rubus laciniatus.

Salisburia adiantifolia.
Symphoricarpus racemosus.
Viburnum Opulus.
Xanthorhiza apiifolia.

Hollies.

Leaves Green.—1 Ilex nobilis, 4 I. latifolia, 5 I. Hodgins,
6 I. platiphylla, 71. belgica, 8 I. rigida, 9 I. alcicornis, 12 I.
fructu-luteo, 14 I. costita, 16 I. heterophylla, 18 I. Beetii, 19 I.
handsworthensis, 20 I. Smithiana, 22 I. whittingtonensis, 23 I.
donningtonensis, 24 I. myrtifolia, 25 I. serratifolia, 26 I. re-
curva, 27 I. hastata, 31 I. maderensis, 32 I. balearica, 38 I. Hen-
dersoni, 89 I. ovata, 40 I. Foxii, 41 I. ciliata major, 50 I. lauri-
folia, 58 I. integrifolia, 54 I. scotica, 55 I. trapeziformis, 56 I.
latispina, 57 I. tortuosa, 58 I. ferox.

Leaves Silver-variegated.—Ilex argentea varieties: 60 mar-
ginata major, 63 regina, 65 varians, 67 elegantissima, 68 mar-
ginata, 75 mediopicta, 76 handsworthensis, 77 purpurea, 79 ob-
scura, 80 pectinata major, 82 pectinata minor, 86 laurifolia, 87
sulphurea, 91 ferox.

Leaves Gold-variegated.—Ilex aurea varieties : 92 regina and
93 regina nigra, 96 I. aureo-marginata; I. aurea varieties : 99

Notz.—The numbers used here are those of the late M
Monogram (see Gardeners’ Chronicle for 1874, 1875, 1876). r. one s

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 85

angustifolia and 107 muricata; 103 I. aureo-marginata fructu-
luteo; I. aurea varieties: 108 angustifolia marginata, 105 mar-
ginata intermedia, 112 nana, 120 maculata; 1311. Lawsoni, 135 I.
heterophylla aureo-marginata ; I. aurea varieties: 188 laurifolia
and 141 longifolia ; 142 I. Watereriana, 146 I. heterophylla
aureo-picta, 147 I. aureo-mediopicta, 151 I. aurea ferox.

Additional varieties.—(a) Ilex Cunninghamii, (0) I. crenata
and its variety (c) Fortunei.

Messrs. R. Veitch & Son, of Exeter, sent a beautiful group,
some of them obviously being only suitable to the South and
West of England. Amongst them were :—

Acacia angustifolia.

Acer tataricum Ginnala.

Aralia spinosa and A. cachemerica.
Bignonia radicans.

Buddleya Lindleyana.

Catalpa aurea.

Ceanothus americanus and C. Gloire de Versailles.
Choisya ternata.

Colutea arborescens purpurea.
Cotoneaster Hookeri.

Desmodium penduliflorum.
Dimorphanthus mandschuricus.
Kuonymus purpureus.

Krythrina Crista-galli.

Kscallonia exoniensis.

Genista tinctoria.

Ginkgo biloba.

Hippophaé rhamnoides.

Hydrangea albo-rosea.

Leycesteria formosa.

Magnolia conspicua and M. tripetala.
Populus Riccardii.

Pterocarya sinensis.

Rhus coccinea.

Rosa rugosa.

Sorbus Aria and §. macrophyllus rotundifolius.
Spartium junceum.

86 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, sent a very
interesting collection, containing :—

Aralia chinensis (Dimorphanthus mandschuricus), which
makes a noble tree of moderate size.

Acer tataricum Ginnaea, leaves crimson in autumn.

Arundo donax and donax var., handsome tall plants for pond-
sides.

Aralia Maximowiczii, very fine palmate foliage, striking and
quite hardy.

Beech, Purple Weeping, a new variety, which promises to bea
great acquisition.

Betula purpurea, a distinct and telling small tree.

Betula Youngii pendula, striking weeping subject.

Betula Maximowiczii, the new large-leaved Japanese Birch.

Berberis Thunbergii, leaves flame colour in October.

Berberis vulgaris purpurea, telling and useful to cut.

Buxus pyramidalis or acuminata (?), a fine but little known
form of close conical growth.

Cornus sibirica elegantissima, one of our best silvery-leaved
shrubs.

Cornus alba (?) ‘‘ Spathi,” fine golden shrub.

Cercis Siliquastrum (Judas-tree), one of the best flowering
trees.

Cotoneaster frigida, covered with berries of coral colour in
October ; small tree.

Comptonia asplenifolia (Fern-leaf Gale), an almost lost
form.

Kulalia japonica gracillima, narrow-leaved, elegant.

Kulalia japonica variegata, a good silvery form.

Eulalia japonica Zebrina. The Eulalias are hardy at
Maidstone.

Huonymus europeus fructu-albo, an interesting sub-shrub.

Gymnocladus canadensis (Kentucky Coffee), a distinct small
tree, elegant foliage.

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, one of the best hardy low
shrubs.

Hypericum prolificum, pretty, a close small shrub.

Hypericum elatum, berries red and purple, good.

Hypericum Moserianum, the best of the low-growing kinds.

\

ae
yh

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 87

Laurus (Laurel) pseudo-Cerasus caucasicus rotundifolius.
In this variety the leaves are dark olive-green, close habit.

Populus argentea Bolleana, a strict, distinct, and valuable
white-leaved Poplar.

Prunus Myrobalana Pissardi, a fine ornamental tree for
town gardens.

Phillyrea Vilmoriniana, a good town evergreen.

Pyrus Aria (white var.), foliage silvery-white beneath ; good
on chalky soils.

Quercus pannonica, a very bold foliaged sort.

Quercus palustris, foliage intense crimson in October, leaves
much cut. s

Rubus leucodermis, stems glaucous, striking.

Rhus glabra laciniata, a valuable Fern-leaved Sumach, small
tree ; bears cutting back for bedding.

Spireas, good, late in autumn, as Nobleana, Billardi,
Fontenaysi or alba, and the dwarf Bumalda and callogsa alba.

Styrax japonica. This lovely Japanese shrub is not quite
hardy at Maidstone.

Tamarix gallica, a fine glaucous form.

Tilia mississippiensis, foliage very large.

Tilia Parmentierii pendula, one of the most striking trees,
foliage silvery beneath.

Ulmus monumentalis, a strict form, leaves clasping the stem,
striking.

Ulmus Wreedi aurea, a good golden tree.

Ulmus campestris (?) albo-variegata, large-leaved form of
variegated Elm.

Captain Holford, Westonbirt, Gloucestershire, sent a large
collection, containing splendid cones of Pinus Ayacuite, Cornus,
Maples, Oaks, Birches, and Viburnum. Especially noticeable
were :—

Acer palmatum dissectum.

Berberis Thunbergi.

Cornus sibirica.

Cotoneaster ovalifolia, Nummularia, and others.

Cratzgus in great variety.

Hippophaé rhamnoides.

Leycesteria formosa.

88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Magnolia acuminata.

Pavia macrostachya.

Pyrus americana and P. Maulei.
Quercus nigra.

From the Duke of Northumberland, Syon House, Mr.
Wythes brought a magnificent collection, including :—

Quercus Brantii; Q. ambigua; Q. castanefolia; Q. Cerris
(Turkey Oak); Q. C. argentea; Q. C. fulhamensis; Q. C.
pendula; Q. coccinea; Q. Daimio; Q. discolor; Q. laurifolia ;
Q. macrocarpa; Q. palustris; Q. pedunculata; Q. p. argenteo-
variegata ; Q. p. asplenifolia; Q. p. concordia; Q. p. latifolia ;
Q. p. Louettei; Q. p. purpurea; Q. rubra (Champion Oak) ;
Q. Tauzin; Q. splendens; Q. pannonica; Q. nigra ; Q. coccinea
macrophylla; Q. serrata; Q. lutea; Q. stellata; Q. pubescens ;
Q. laciniata ; Q. regia; Q. r. glaucescens; Q. r. spicata; Q. r.
sessiliflora; Q. sessiliflora purpurea; Q.s. heterophylla; Q. alba;
Q. rubra; Q. glauca; Q. Suber; Q. reticulata; Q. falcata; Q.
bambusifolia; Q. nobilis; Q. Adgilops.

Acer saccharinum (Sugar Maple); A. tataricum; A. plata-
noides Reitenbachii; A. rubrum; A. macrophyllum ; A.palmatum
atropurpureum; A. platanoides aureo-variegatum ; A. creticum ;
A. Pseudo-Platanus atro-purpureum.

Abelia serrata; A. triflora.

Aisculus hippocastanum ; Ai. (Pavia) flava; AX. sinensis.

Alnus tinctoria; A. glutinosa monstrosa; A. g. laciniata.

Ailanthus flavescens; A. glandulosa. <

Aralia spinosa; A. japonica; A. hybrida; A. pentaphylla
variegata.

Calycanthus floridus.

Carpinus Betulus.

Carya alba.

Castanea vesca; C. sativa aureo-variegata.

Catalpa Bungei; C. Keempferii ; C. bignonioides.

Cerasus japonica flore roseo-pleno; C. j. multiplex.

Cercis Siliquastrum.

Chimonanthus fragrans.

Cornus stolonifera Spathii.

Corylus Avellana laciniata; C. A. pendula.

Crategus coccinea.

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 89

Diospyros Lotus; D. virginiana.

Cydonia japonica.

Fraxinus excelsior Wentworthi; EF’. e. pendula; F.e. argenteo-
variegata.

Ginkgo biloba macrophylla.

Gleditschia sinensis and sinensis pendula.

Halesia hispida; H. tetraptera.

Taxodium distichum.

Hippophaé rhamnoides.

Hydrangea paniculata.

Kolreuteria paniculata.

Liquidambar styraciflua. :

Juglans fraxinifolia ; J. nigra.

Pterocarya caucasica.

Liriodendron tulipifera; L. t. aureum.

Magnolia conspicua; M. c. acuminata; M. c. Soulangeana ;
M. c. speciosa; M. c. stellata; M. c. obovata.

Morus alba.

Negundo fraxinifolium albo-variegatum ; N. f. cissifolium.

Platanus orientalis; P. californica.

Pyrus prunifolia; P. sinensis; P. Sorbus; P. Aria; P.
americana.

Robinia Pseudacacia angustitolia elegans ; R. P. monophylla ;
R. P. tortuosa; R. P. Bessoniana.

Sophora japonica; §. j. pendula.

Tamarix gallica.

Sambucus nigra argenteo-variegata; S. n. heterophylla.

Stuartia virginica.

Messrs. Lee & Son, Hammersmith, sent a collection in-
cluding :—

Acer platanoides elegantissimum ; A. laciniatum ; A. Colchi-
cum rubrum.

Castanea vesca albo-marginata.

Cornus feemina variegata.

Fagus sylvatica asplenifolia.

Gleditschia triacanthos.

Ginkgo biloba.

Populus tremula and P. canadensis aurea.

Pyrus Sorbus Aria.

90 JOURNAL_OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Quercus Cerris variegata; Q. concordia; Q. tricolor; Q.
tinctoria. r

Robinia Pseudacacia aurea.

Salix rosmarinifolia.

Ulmus viminalis variegata.

The Duke of Wellington sent from Strathfieldsaye a very
large collection containing 200 varieties, amongst them :—

Acer Colchicum rubrum and A. Lorbergi.
Ailanthus glandulosus.

Alnus glutinosa laciniata.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia.

Berberis nepalensis and B. Darwini.
Buddleia globosa.

Crategus Pyracantha.

Danaé racemosa.

Kerria japonica.

Libocedrus decurrens.

Liriodendron tulipifera.

Nyssa biflora.

Quercus pedunculata.

Rhus Cotinus.

Rosa rugosa.

Symphoricarpus racemosus.
Viburnum Opulus and VY. Tinus.

Viscount Powerscourt sent from Ireland a collection chiefly
composed of Conifers, and these mostly bearing fruit, and so
greatly adding to their interest. Amongst the finest examples
sent were :—

Abies Webbiana ; A. cephalonica ; A. Nordmanniana; A. con-
torta.

Cupressus torulosa; C. Corneyana; C. atlantica.

Desfontainea spinosa.

Fitzroya patagonica.

Picea magnifica; P. Pindrow; P. Pinsapo.

Wellwood H. Maxwell, Esq., sent about 150 specimens from
his estate at Munches, Dalbeattie, of which he says, ‘‘ They

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 91

certainly are hardy, as they have most of them stood the storms
and frosts of twenty years and more.”

Acer dasycarpum vars., Jiihlkei, Wier laciniatum, pulveru-
lentum, macrophyllum, pyramidalis, longifolium, lutescens, and
six unnamed Japanese vars.; A. platanoides vars., Lorbergi
digitat. fol. aureo-marginitum, Buntzeli, Ockonomicrath Stoll, pur-
pureum Reitenbachi, Schwedleri, laciniatum (eagle-clawed) ; A.
Pseudo-Platanus vars., Simon Louis fréres, fol. purpureis
** Prinz Handjery,” erythrocarpum, aureo-variegatum, rubrum
var. Schlessenceri; A. rubrum; A. saccharinum; A. pennsyl-
vanicum ; A. Negundo variegatum, and N, aureum.

Alnus monstrosa; A. aurea; A. laciniata; A. oregona; A.
incana occidentalis.

Corylus aurea; C. purpurea; C. laciniata.

Quercus, seven varieties.

Ulmus glabra sibirica; U. campestris vars., argentea mar-
ginata, myrtifolia purpurea, latifolia alba var. pyramidalis; U.
montana vars., atropurpurea, gigantea, macrophylla, crispa,
crispa aria, turkestanica, pendula macrophylla.

Fraxinus americana and a. variegata.

Castanea vars., alba, aurea, cut-leaved, and C. laciniata.

Carpinus, two varieties.

Prunus Pissardi; P. padus; P. allechanensis.

Betula, eight varieties.

Crategus, three varieties.

Sambucus, three varieties.

Viburnum, two varieties.

Tilia gigantea ; T. americana; T. heterophylla.

Fagus, cut-leaved.

Populus canadensis vars., aurea and alba.

Kolreuteria paniculata.

Pittosporum. ,

Aristotelia.

Buffalo-berry.

June-berry.

Pyrus Maulei; P. japonica.

Cornus alba (Spathii) ; C. elegantissima, and three varieties
unnamed.

Elegnus longipes; E. variegata.

Weigela rosea nana fol. var.; W. striata.

92 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rhus Cotinus ; R. americana.

Rhamunus.

Cladrastis tinctoria.

Ptelea trifoliata.

Shepherdia argentea.

Dimorphanthus mandschuricus.
Cercidiphyllum japonicum.

Lonicera tartarica and two unnamed varieties.
Pyrus Malus floribunda.
Amelanchier canadensis.
Abelia rupestris.
Leycesteria formosa.
Veronica.

Hypericum, two varieties.
Ligustrum aurea var.
Cydonia japonica.
Hedysarum multijugum.
Carpenteria californica.
Chimonanthus fragrans.
Andromeda floribunda.
Ostrya virginiana.
Fontanesia tilariensis.
Garrya elliptica.

Azara microphylla.
Diplopappus chrysophyllus.
Gaultheria procumbens.
Spirea, two varieties.
Bird-Cherry.

Barberry, two varieties.
Cotoneaster.
Pyracantha.
Hammamelis.

A. Waterhouse, Hsq., Yattendon Court, Newbury, sent,
amongst other things, very fine examples of :—

Cassinia fulvida.

Cornus sanguinea.

Dimorphanthus mandschuricus.

Olea fragrans.

Quercus coccinea.

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 93

Colonel Tremayne, Carclew, Cornwall, sent a good collection,
mostly of Conifers bearing fruit, with a few other plants ; amongst
them were :—

Abies Albertiana.

Azara microphylla.

Benthamia fragifera.

Berberis Bealei.

Chionanthus virginicus.

Desfontainea spinosa.

Embothrium coccineum.

Kurya latifolia.

Ginkgo biloba.

Larix Kempferi.

Osmanthus ilicifolius.

Phyllocladus rhomboidalis.

Pinus patula.

Sciadopitys verticillata.

The Marchioness of Huntly sent Conifers in fruit, and other
things; amongst them were :—

Libocedrus decurrens.

Thuia gigantea.

Wellingtonia gigantea.

Torreya myristica.

Abies Douglasi, A. grandis, A. Morinda, A. concolor, A. nobilis,
A. cephalonica, A. magnifica, A. amabilis, A. Pinsapo, A. lasio-
carpa.

Cedrus atlantica, C. Libani, C. Deodara.

A section of Thuia gigantea was also shown from the same
collection, cut from a pole 21 feet high, and it was stated
that trees of it 60 feet high have a girth of 5 feet at 1 foot from
the ground, and seed saved from them and sown in 1879 has
now produced beautiful specimens 30 to 40 feet high.

Earl Cowper, Panshanger, showed sprays of Loquat, a large
branch of Azara microphylla, some growths of a very handsome
Vine with deep red foliage, and magnificent specimens of Magnolia
erandifiora. |

Mr. Anthony Waiterer, Woking, exhibited his magnificent new

94. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

deep crimson variety of Spirea Bumalda called ‘ Anthony
Waterer,’’ two fine specimens of Picea pungens, and the beautiful
glaucous variety of Cedrus atlantica, together with a basket of
Pernettya mucronata in berry. Also Weigela Eva Rathke, a fine
dark red variety, and a Vine (the true Vitis Coignetie) of most
glorious crimson colour and large thick leathery leaves.

Messrs. Cripps, Tunbridge Wells, sent a pretty variegated
form of Hypericum labelled tricolor.

Mr. F’. Riddell, Pakenham, Stroud, sent a yery remarkable
specimen of contorted Hazel.

Mr. H. Smale, Tawsley Gardens, sent Pyrus domesticus and
P. torminalis, bearing an abundance of fruit.

The Rev. Dennis Knox, of Virginia, Ireland, gives the follow-
ing short notice of the effects of frost the first week in January
1894 :—

Eurybia Gunni.—Kalled to ground under south wall, but
shooting now at base.

Double striped Camellia—Against south wall, all flower
buds destroyed.

Lonicera brachypoda.—On south wall, a good deal cut up;
on west wall, a very little injured; on north wall, not touched
at all.

Lonicera yaponica.—On south wall, killed; on west wall,
very much injured.

Lomcera flecuosa.—On south wall the long hanging shoots
all killed, the body of plant uninjured.

Ehododendrons.—All the old early crimsons very much
injured. The following new hybrids killed :—Leopardi, Lady
Alice Peel, Baron Schréder, Joseph Whitworth, Soleil d’ Austerlitz.

Choisya ternata.—Against south wall, tips of shoots injured.

Messrs. Dicksons, of Chester, have kindly sent us the follow-
ing list of the observed hardiness of the shrubs named :—
(i) Lowest temperature registered, 10°.
(ii) Altitude of position, 724 feet above sea.
(iii) General nature of soil, plunged in pots.

i

EXHIBITION OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 95

(iv) List of new, and not sufficiently known older, shrubs
(a) uninjured, (b) touched, (c) crippled, (d) killed.

(a) Eurybia ilicifolia, Azalea amcena, Veronica cupressoides,
RomneyaCoulteri, Nerium splendens, Senecio eleagnifolia, Laurus
lusitanicus azorica, Hugenia Ugni, Eugenia apiculata, Kuonymus
fimbriatus, Embothrium coecineum, Camellia pontica, Escal-
lonia viscosa, Escallonia philippiana, Rhamnus angustifolia
fol. aur., Fabiana imbricata, Eurybia Gunni, Photinia arbu-
tifolia, Cassinia leptophylla, Olearia macrodonta, Swammer-
damia antennaria, Pittosporum Mayii, Grevillea rosmarinifolia,
Dracena australis, EKurya angustifolia variegata, Fontanesia
phillyreoides, Cupressus pyramidalis, Spanish Broom (new
variegated), Azara integrifolia, Hphedra distachya, Corylopsis
spicata, Aloysia citriodora, Caryopteris masticanthus.

(6) Hypericum empetriforme, Phormium tenax, Abelia
rupestris, Viburnum odoratissimum, Benthamia fragifera,
Chamerops humilis, Eugenia Ugni variegata, Pittosporum
macrophyllum variegatum, Smilax sagittefolia, Clethra arborea,
Pittosporum eugenioides variegata, Rubus australis, Corokia
Cotoneaster, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Acacia armata, Cupressus
macrocarpa alba variegata, Pittosporum coriaceum.

(c) Ardisia japonica, Nandina tenuifolia, Grevillea robusta,
Casuarina tenuissima, Smilax asparagoides, Citharexylum ligus-
trum, Diosma capitata, Corypha australis, Hakea suaveolens,
Clethra arborea variegata.

(d) Griselinia macrophylla, Acacia Riceana, Anthericum varie-
gatum.

Peery i EY,

GREAT EXHIBITION OF AND CONFERENCE
ON BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT,

HELD AT THE CrysTAL PALACE, SEPTEMBER 29 AND
OcTOBER 1 AND 2, 1894,

For many years the Directors of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham
have held a large Autumn Fruit Show, which had come to be
regarded by gardeners throughout the country as the principal
Annual Exhibition of British-grown Fruit in the Kingdom. This
Show the Directors of the Palace discontinued in 1893, and in
the spring of 1894 an appeal was made to the Council of the
Royal Horticultural Society to step in and fill up the gap thus
left in the year’s horticultural meetings. The Crystal Palace
offered to assist the Society by lending the building and con-
tributing £100 towards the working expenses, &c. The Secretary
of the R.H.S. then issued an appeal to all interested in fruit
culture in this country to contribute a sum of not less than £100
towards the prizes, and on condition of this sum being raised the
Council of the Society agreed to accept the responsibility of the
Show and to combine with it a Conference on British Fruit
Culture.

Those whose names are given below kindly and generously
responded to the invitation, and to them, in conjunction with
the Royal Horticultural Society and the Crystal Palace Company,
the 1894 Autumn Fruit Show was due.

H

98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE PRIZE FUND. £ S$.
Aexanper, Mrs. B., The Bury, Pavenham, Bedford oe
Barker, JOHN, 51 Portland Place, W. . : . : 10 0
Barrrum, Rev. Dr., D.D., Wake’s Colne, Halstead, Essex - 0410
Bonavia, Dr., Harrington Mansions, South Kensington - }" ap
Bounvarp & Co., The Old Nurseries, Maidstone . & 5
CannELL & Sons, H., Swanley 3 . 4 : . ae
Curat & Sons, J., Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley, Sussex. 2
Cuester Paxton Socrety, Grosvenor Museum, Chester Lal:
Grasp, T. H., Clyne Valley Nursery, Sketty, Swansea . | ies
Cripps & Son, THos., Tunbridge Wells . ; 5 3 1 oti
CursusH & Son, W., Highgate, N. 4 4 ; {Scat
Dicxsons, The Nurseries, Chester . A ‘ ; . 5
Dunn, Maucoum, Dalkeith Palace Gardens, N.B. . . 3 2
Fisu, D. T., Hardwick House, Bury St. Edmunds. a? ae
Foster & Pearson, Beeston, Notts ; : 9-2
Fraser, Joun, The Nurseries, South Woodford ae
Gaymer & Son, W., Banham, Attleborough, Norfolk 5 0
Grant, W. J., Bassaleg, Newport, Mon. ‘ 0 10
Harrison & Sons, Joun, Market Place, Leicester . a ae
Haywoop, T. B., Woodhatch, Reigate .. 5 . ae
Herrerorp Fruir anp Rosz Company, Hereford 5 aa?
Horticunturat Cotter, Swanley 1° 4
Hurst, B., Burbach Grove, near Hinckley 1-2
Hurst & Sons, 152 Houndsditch, London, E.C. oe 4
Jerrertzs, W. J., Royal Nurseries, Cirencester . aL at
Laine & Sons, J., Forest Hill, S.E. : 3 p . Boe
Ler Campspety, C., Glewston Court, Ross, Hereford mes: [|
Low & Co., H., Clapton, N.E. : 4 : : . as
McInvor, J., Hutton Hall Gardens, Guisborough . . es. 8
McKenzir, J., Linton Park Gardens, Maidstone . 010
Miner, R., Penrice Castle Gardens, Swansea , "0" 10
Murr, Jas., Margam Park Gardens, Glamorgan . bal
Paut & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt 2-2
Prarson & Sons, J. R., Chilwell, Notts . ees
Perkins & Sons, T., Northampton 1 Veal
Prat, J., Brenchley, Kent ; ‘ 0 10
ProtHERoE & Morris, 67 Cheapside, H.C. pay ae
Rrvers & Son, T., Sawbridgeworth, Herts 5 5
Srocock, W. C., Goldworth, Woking ety a:
Suitu & Co., R., St. John’s, Worcester . ye ee.
Surrn, R., Shrewsbury - : : . gag
Spooner & Sons, S., Hounslow ee |
Surron & Sons, Reading ; : : mre ee)
Tomas, OWEN, Royal Gardens, Windsor fa
TourNER & Sons, C., Royal Nurseries, Slough php Sheu
Turton, T., Maiden Erlegh, Reading : 5 oe eee)
Verton & Sons, J., Royal Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea . 10 10
Vurtce & Sons, R., Royal Nurseries, Exeter . ieee
Warp, H. W., Longford Castle, Salisbury . ‘ . : 0 10
Warxins, Joun, Pomona Farm, Withington, near Hereford . 1
WestMiInsTER, DUKE OF, Grosvenor House, 8.W. . , ‘ 5.00
Wueeer & Son, J. C., Kingsholm Nursery, Gloucester 22

SUBSCRIBERS OF SPECIAL PRIZES.
Tre WorsHIPFUL CoMPANY OF GARDENERS x : : Oe
Weir, ARCHIBALD, Bendarrock, Ottery St. Mary, Devon a) ie
Wereser, J., Covent Garden Market r 4 . . Meer et
Monro, GEO., Covent Garden Market 3 10

VEGETARIAN FEDERAL UNION, Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, E.C. 15 0

eu

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BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT 99

The Council of the Society wish it to be ag widely known as
possible that they are at all times willing to undertake the work
and organisation of any great national show, whether of fruit or of
flowers or of vegetables, or of anything interesting or instructive
to gardeners or to the public, but the regular work of the Society
is already so large that in any exceptional cases they must_ look
to the public for funds, as the means at the disposal of the
Council are not sufficient to supply all the prize-money for any
great National Show. The Council have, however, accepted the
responsibility of another similar British Fruit Show ahd Con-
ference at the Crystal Palace in 1895. Promises of help towards
the prize-fund should be sent to the Secretary, R.H.S. office,
117 Victoria Street, Westminster.

The success of the 1894 Show and Conference was far greater
than the Society’s officers could have anticipated. The number
of persons attending the Conference on each of the three days
was so great that a larger hall had to be provided than had been
considered beforehand to amply suffice, and the greatest possible
interest was shown on all sides. The Show, considered as an
object-lesson in fruit and fruit-culture, was of the highest
possible educational value. Almost every seasonable fruit of
any excellence could be seen true to name and well grown, and
the different varieties could be easily compared one with another.
The following passage from the current number of the Garden
show that this is not the opinion of the Society’s officers
only :—

“This gathering, held under the auspices of the Royal
Horticultural Society, must be pronounced a great success.
_ Both in extent and quality it left nothing to be desired,
exceeding in both respects the hopes of those interested in
the welfare of fruit culture in this country. The one marked
feature throughout the entire schedule, with but very few
exceptions, was the keen competition that was evinced. The
non-competitive exhibits were also remarkably fine, these
forming no inconsiderable portion of the show. A larger or
a finer display, occupying as it did both of the transepts on
either side of the large organ, has not been seen at the
Crystal Palace for many years. It was also thoroughly
H 2

100 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

representative of British fruit culture, both under glass and
outside. The arrangements were excellent in every respect,
the disposal of the tables being an object-lesson for the
managers of other shows to copy. These were arranged
in two long lines, with intervals about equal to the length of
each separate set of tables, and in these open spaces diamond-
shaped arrangements of the tabling were made, these form-
ing the central line, the angles pointing into the open spaces
of the other two lines. This afforded most excellent means
of close inspection, with the additional convenience of easy
access to different parts of the show. These arrangements
also made it far easier for exhibitors to stage their produc-
tions as well as for the judges to perform their work. Both
Mr. Barron, the R.H.S. Superintendent, and Mr. Head,
Chief of the Horticultural Department of the Crystal Palace,
are to be congratulated on this arrangement.”

The Gardeners’ Chronicle, the Journal of Horticulture, indeed
all the leading horticultural papers, had similar highly apprecia-
tive remarks. The Gardeners’ Magazie actually went to the
trouble of making an analysis of the fruits shown, which, as it
may interest gardeners, we have asked leave to reprint below.
But in estimating the size and extent of the Show it must be
borne in mind that the analysis is only of the fruit sent for com-
petition, and does not include any of that (like the magnificent
exhibit of Her Majesty, for instance) sent simply for exhibition.
And it is estimated that these non-competitive exhibits contained
a quite equal number of dishes of fruit to those sent for the
prizes.

For the prizes there were no less than 1,301 separate entries,
and the analysis shows that there were staged 1,027 dishes of
Apples of 172 varieties; Pears, 829 dishes of 106 varieties ;
Grapes, 105 dishes of 21 varieties; Plums, 90 dishes of 21
varieties; Peaches, 51. dishes of 12 varieties; Nectarines, 15
dishes of 8 varieties; _Damsons, 6 dishes of 4 varieties ;
Quinces, 6 dishes of 1 variety; Bullaces, 5 dishes of 2
varieties; Figs, 4 dishes of 1 variety; Apricots, 2 dishes of
1 variety; and Gooseberries, 1 dish. Total, 2,148 dishes of
$57 varieties.

_Hollandbury

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 101

APPLES
Varieties Dishes Varieties Dishes
Warner’s King . 44 | Belle Dubois

King of the Pippins . 42
Peasgood’s Nonesuch . . 42
Ribston Pippin . . Al
Worcester Pearmain . . B4
Cox’s Orange Pippin . ago!
Bismarck : . 29
Keklinville Seedling . . 29
Cox’s Pomona - eae
Lord Suffield . 24
Lord Derby . 23
Mére de Ménage . 22
Hawthornden 21
Blenheim Orange 20

Dumelow’s Seedling (Wellington)

20

Emperor Alexander 229
Stone’s or Loddington ee
Stirling Castle ORT
The Queen. al
Cellini #35
Lane’s Prince Albert . 2.85
Mother ‘ 15
Washington . 14
Potts’ Seedling . 19S
Golden Spire eG
Golden Noble 13
Bramley’s Seedling 12
Gascoigne’s Scarlet 11
Tower of Glamis 11
Sandringham 10
Rosemary Russet

Alfriston ;

Beauty of Kent .

Grenadier .

Duchess of Oldenburg

King of Tomkins County

Lord Grosvenor .

Mannington Pearmain

New Northern Greening

Spencer’s Favourite (Queen
Caroline) : ;

Lady Henniker . : .

Waltham Abbey Seedling .

Reinette de Canada

Red Beitigheimer

Duke of Devonshire

Frogmore Prolific

Gloria Mundi

Wealthy

Duchess Favourite

Fearn’s Pippin .

Red Reinette
Manx Codlin
Adams’ Pearmain
Belle de Pontoise

H CLOTOLOTO’ MD DADA ONAA®

4

WDDMDMmDMDMMMOOwoeo

Braddick’s Nonpar eil |
Colonel Vaughan

Cornish Aromatic

Keswick Codlin .

Lady Sudeley

Margil F

Newton Wonder.

Scarlet Nonpareil

Scarlet Pearmain

Tibbet’s Pearmain

Tyler’s Kernel

Northern Dumpling

Annie Elizabeth 2
Gold Medal : iar,
Gospatrick .

Gravenstein

Melon ;

Vicar of Beighton

Rymer

Schoolmaster

Kerry Pippin

Yellow Ingestre .

Barnack Beauty .

Cornish Gilliflower
Devonshire Quarrenden
Domino

Duchess of Gloucester
Egremont Russet

Grand Duke Constantine
Heston Favourite

Hoary Morning .

Jefferson ‘

Mrs. Barron

Striped Beefing .

Reinette de Osnabruck
High Canons

Nelson’s Codlin .
Huntingdon Codlin
Yorkshire Beauty

Cockle’s Pippin .

Crimson Quoining

Royal Jubilee

Dartmouth Crab

American Beauty

Baldwin ;

Beauty of Bath . ; :
Beauty of Wilts... : A
Benoni F : :
Brownlee’s Russet

Calville Blanche

Chatley Kernel .

Court Pendu Plat

Crown Apple

Foster’s Seedling -
Flanders Pippin . Oh Tec :

REPRE ERE EERE NNN NNN NH HY NNN NH NY NON NHN NONONDWWWHWWWHHOWARRARARARARAAR

102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties
Filibuster . a
Golden Reinette .

Herefordshire Beefing

Jennet Moyle
Large America
Mulakoona. 5
Maiden’s Blush .
Nanny

Okera.

Oberlein d’ Hiver
Peck’s Pleasant .
Royal Jubilee
Small’s Admirable

Williams’ Favourite

Winter Reinette .
Twenty Ounce
Wadhurst Pippin
Marfit’s Seedling
James Grieve.
Swedish Reinette
English Codlin .
St. Lawrence

Sops in Wine
Emily Childs
Karly Julian
Mark Marshall
Rainbow .
Barchard’s Seedling
Betty Geeson
Wiltshire Defiance

Moor Park ,
Bullace .

Farleigh ae

Prune ‘
Cheshire .
Morello .

Brown Turkey .

Muscat of Alexandria .

Black Alicante .
Gros Colmar

Gros Maroc .
Madresfield Court
Alnwick Seedling
Mrs. Pince .

Black Hamburgh
Barbarossa . 5

Buckland Sweetwater k

Lady Downe’s Seedling

Mrs. Pearson .

Dishes

BREE HEHE ee eee ee eee Re ee ee ee ee Ee ee

Varieties
Wallon Beauty . 4
Calville Rouge
Jolly Miller :
Kdulis Crab A
Black Crab.
White Melrose
Absconder .
Transparent Crab
Lady Alice Eyre.
Roundway Magnum Bonum
Memento .
Bedfordshire Seedling
Pomme Royal . .
Spring Grove Codlin .
Magnum Bonum
Tom Putt . ;
Transparens de Conseils
Lincoln Pippin .
Royal Somerset .
Furness Pippin .
Cat’s Head .
Kirke’s Fame _,
St. Edmonds ; ;
Dr. Lennox : . 5
Dutch Codlin
Flower of Kent .
Orange Goff
Trish Peach

. 2

Total : ; r

APRICOTS.
BULLACE.
Damsons.
2 | Crittenden .
2e
1 Total
CHERRIES.
Fias.
GRAPES.
. 22 | Foster’s Seedling
. 15 | Golden Queen
. 11 | Lady Hutt .

.11 | Trebbiano . :
- 7 | West St. Peter’s .
6 | Appley Towers

4 | Dr. Hogg .

3 | Duke 1 Bnedlouee

3 | Muscat Hamburgh

3

3 Total . ° °
3

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BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT.

GoosEBERRY.
Varieties
Warrington . 3 * « . °
NECTARINES.
Pineapple 5 | Humboldt .
Victoria 3 | Lord Napier
Belgowan 2 | Newington .
Albert Victor 1
Elruge f Total
PEACHES.
Princess of Wales . 12 | Late Admirable .
Sea Eagle . 9 | Belle Dorée.
Lord Palmerston : 5 | Nectarine
Walburton Admirable 5 | Diamond
Barrington . 4 | Comet
Exquisite 4
Bellegarde . 3 Total
PEARS
Pitmaston Duchess 67 | Conseiller de la Cour .
Doyenné du Comice . 42 | Hacon’s Incomparable
Louise Bonne of peers 39 | Triomphe de Vienne .
Durondeau . 37 | Marie Benoist
Marie Louise d’ Uccle. 37 | Marguérite Marillat
Marie Louise . 35 | Beurré Baltet pére
Beurré Superfin . 30 | Autumn Bergamot
Beurré Hardy 26 | Triomphe de J ere
Beurré Diel 25 | King Edward
Beurré d’Amanlis 23 | Gratioli of Jersey
Brockworth Park . 23 | Beurré Rance
Duchesse d’Angouléme . 23 | Chaumontel
Beurré Clairgeau : . 22 | Magnate
Maréchal de la Cour . . 21 | Fertility
General Todleben - 21 | Flemish Beauty .
Souvenir du Congrés . 18 | Le Lectier .
Glou Morceau 16 | Belle d’Ecylly ,.
Winter Nelis 16 | Bellisime d’Hiver
Beurré Bose 14 | Beurré de Capiaumont
Josephine de Malines . 13 | Beurré de Anjou
Fondante d’Automne. . 13 | Directeur Alphand
Van Mons (Léon Leclerc) . - 11 | Gilogil
Doyenné Boussoch 4 , LE} Idaho...
Catillac 10 | Mikado
Vicar of Winkfield - 10 | Thérése
Gansel’s Bergamot . 10 | Bergamot ‘
Madame Treyve . - 9 | Poire de Barnett
Princess - 9 | Brown Beurré
Thompson’s : - 9 | Beurré Jean van Geert
Uvedale St. Germains - 9 | Comte de Flandres
Beurré Bachelier , - 8 | Seckle
Williams’ Bon Chrétien . 8 | Urbaniste .
Emile d’Heyst . - 8 | Prince Napoléon
Gros Calabasse . - 8 | Easter Beurré
Nouvelle Fulvie . - 7 | Beurré Fouqueray
Conference. 3 - 7 | Beurré Mastillet.
Comte de Lamy . - 6 | Bergamot d’Esperen .

108

Dishes

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104 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties Dishes Varieties Dishes
Clapp’s Favourite. ° . 1 | Madame Chaudy : 1
Duchesse de Mouchy . ; . 1 | Président d’Osmonville 1
Jargonelle . 1 | Huyshe’s Bergamot cl
Léon Leclere de Laval 1 | Alexander Chomer 1
Madame André Leroy 1 | Prince Imperial . 1
Orchard Baker 1 | Keele Hall Beurré i.
Olivier de Serres 1 |} Beurré Bonne . 1
Parrot 1 | Maréchal de Zehon 1
Swan’s Egg 1 | Soldat Labarreur 1
Verulam 5 1 | White Doyenné . 1
Belle von Fouqueray . 1 | Von Siebold 1
Beurré Alexander Lucas 1 | Bon Vicar . 1
St. Lizin 1 | Fondante de Theynotte 1
De Mont Vernon. 1 —
Duchesse de Bordeaux il Total : ‘ : 829
André Leroy 1

PLUMS.
Coe’s Golden Drop. . . 19 | Goliath 2.
Pond’s Seedling . > . 9 | Jefferson 2
White Magnum Bonum 7 | Orleans 2
Transparent Gage 5 | Prince Englebert 5 louie
Bryanston Gage . 5 | Angelina Burdett ae |
Monarch : 5 | White Perdrigon ei |
Victoria 4 | Ponport E !
Grand Duke 4 | Golden Transparent . apt |
Diamond . 4 | Italian Prince fy ae
Reine Claude de Bavay 3 | Denniston’s Superb !
Lawson’s Golden Gage 3 | Aurora : > ae
Autumn Compéte 2 | Autumn de Charnal ok
Belle Septembre 2 —
Impératrice 2 Total » 30
QUINCES.

Quince . s ° ° ° $ 3 ° : : , aD oe

The Exhibition itself was in every way most encouraging and
instructive to the supporters of British fruit-growing. The
Apples and Pears were of course not so large or so highly
coloured as in some years, but considering the season they were,
on the whole, very fine, proving beyond any dispute that even in
unfavourable seasons hardy fruit can be grown with success in
this country. It must also, we should hope, have had some effect
from an educational point of view, considering that it was visited
by almost 25,000 people.

The following is a reprint of the schedule, with the names of
the prize-winners added :—

eget 2

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 105

GREAT EXHIBITION of BritisH Fruit at the Crystal Palace,
September 29 and October 1 and 2, 1894.

PrizE List.

Division I.—Fruits grown under Glass or otherwise.
Open to all.

Class 1. Collection of Ripe Fruit, fifteen distinct varieties. To
include two varieties of Melons, and a dish of each of the follow-
ing :—Black Grapes, White Grapes, White or Yellow Plums,
Red or Black Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, Apples, Pears, and
five other dishes of other kinds of fruit or of distinct varieties.
First, £10, Sir Jos. Pease, Bart., Hutton Hall, Guisborough
(gr. Mr. McIndoe).

Class 2. Collection of Ripe Fruit, nine distinct varieties,
Pines excluded. ‘To include two dishes of Grapes, distinct, one
Melon, one dish each of Peaches, Nectarines, Pears, Apples, and
two other dishes of other kinds or of distinct varieties. First,
£5, Countess of Camperdown, Shipston-on-Stour, Warwick (gr.
Mr. Masterson); second, £3, Hon. D. P. Bouverie, Coleshill
House, Highworth (gr. Mr. Haines); third, £2, Mrs. Wingfield,
Ampthill House, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson).

Class 3. Grapes, six distinct varieties, two bunches of each,
both black and white must be represented. First, £5, J. T.
Paton, Esq., Norwood, Alloa, N.B. (gr. Mr. A. Kirk); second,
£3, C. Bayer, Esq., Tewkesbury Lodge, Forest Hill (gr. Mr.
Bury); third, £2, Sir J. Pease, Bart. (gr. Mr. McIndoe).

Class 4. Grapes, three distinct varieties, two bunches of each.
First, £2. 10s., Messrs. de Rothschild, Gunnersbury Park, Acton
(gr. Mr. Reynolds); second, #1. 10s., C. J. Massey, Esq., Gallo-
way House, Garliestown, Wigtonshire (gr. Mr. Day); third, £1,
W. K. D’Arcy, Esq., Stanmore Hall, Middlesex (gr. Mr. Tidey).

Class 5. Grapes, Black Hamburgh, three bunches. Second,
£1, Karl Cowley, Draycot House, Chippenham (gr. Mr. Gibson) ;
third, 10s., H. Tate, Esq., Streatham Common (gr. Mr. Howe).

Class 6. Grapes, Madresfield Court, three bunches. First,
£1. 10s., Mrs. Wingfield (gr. Mr. Empson); second, £1, Earl
Cowley (gr. Mr. Gibson); third, 10s., A. Pears, Esq., Spring
Grove House, Isleworth (gr. Mr. Farr).

. Class 7. Grapes, Gros Colmar or Gros Maroc, three Gunes

106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

First, £1. 10s., Messrs. de Rothschild (gr. Mr. Reynolds) ;
second, £1, Sir Jos. Pease, Bart. (gr. Mr. McIndoe) ; third, 10s.,
C. Lee Campbell, Esq., Glewston Court, Ross, Hereford (gr. Mr.
Wright).

Class 8. Grapes, Alicante, three bunches. First, £1. 10s.,
T. Astley, Esq., Coombe Bank, Kingston-on-Thames (gr. Mr.
Griffin); second, £1, J. Chaffin, Esq., Bath (gr. Mr. Taylor) ;
third, 10s., H. Tate, Esq. (gr. Mr. Howe).

Class 9. Grapes, any other Black Grape, three bunches.
First, £1. 10s., C. J. Massey, Esq. (gr. Mr. Day); second, £1,
Messrs. de Rothschild, Gunnersbury House, Acton (gr. Mr.
Hudson) ; third, 10s., W. Sanders, Esq., Andover.

Class 10. Grapes, Muscat of Alexandria, three bunches:
First, £2, W. K. D’Arcy, Esq. (gr. Mr. Tidey); second, £1,
F, A. Bevan, Esq., 60 Prince’s Gate (gr. Mr. Lees); third, 10s.,
C. Bayer, Esq. (gr. Mr. Bury).

Class 11. Grapes, any other White Grape, three bunches.
First, £1. 10s., L. J. Baker, Kisq., Ottershaw Park, Chertsey (gr.
Mr. Osman); second, £1, Messrs. de Rothschild (gr. Mr.
Reynolds) ; third, 10s., R. Sneyd, Esq., Keele, Newcastle, Stafis
(gr. Mr. Wallis).

Class 12. Peaches, three dishes, distinct. First, £1. 10s.,
Mr. J. Gore, Polegate, Sussex; second, £1, R. Leigh, Esq.,
Barham Court, Teston, Maidstone (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward) ;
third, 10s., Sir. Jos. Pease, Bart. (gr. Mr. McIndoe).

Class 18. Peaches, one dish, of one variety. First, 10s., R.
Sneyd, Esq. (gr. Mr. Wallis); second, 7s., Mr. T. Lunt, Dum-
blane; third, 8s., Viscountess Falmouth, Mereworth Castle, Kent
(gr. Mr. Markham).

Class 15. Nectarines, one dish, of one variety. First, 10s.,
R. Sneyd, Esq. (gr. Mr. Wallis); second, 7s., Mr. W. Pope,
Highclere Castle Gardens, Newbury; third, 3s., Hon. D. P.
Bouverie, Coleshill House, Highworth (gr. Mr. Haines).

Class 16. Figs, one dish, of one variety. First, 10s., Mr. W.
Pope; second, 7s., C. W. Parker, Ksq., The Priory, Witham (er.
Mr. Kerry); third, 3s., Hon. D. P. Bouverie (gr. Mr. Haines).

Class 17. Tomatos, four dishes of distinct varieties, nine
fruits of each. First, £1. 10s., Mr. J. Gore; second, £1, H.
Tate, Esq. (gr. Mr. Howe); third, 10s., EH. Ryder, Esq., Orp-
ington.

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 107

Class 18. Tomatos, one dish of nine fruits, of one variety.
First, 7s., Mr. Garraway, Roseland Villa, Balebrook, Bath ;
second, 5s., F. C. 8. Roper, Esq., Polegate, Sussex (gr. Mr.
Blake) ; third, 3s., Messrs. W. & H. Wells, Hounslow (gr. Mr.
Thomson).

Class 19. Tomatos, six ripe clusters as cut from the plants,
of one variety. First, £1, Mr. J. Gore; second, 15s., Mr. J.
Hill, jun., The Nursery, New Malden, Surrey; third, 10s., A.
Pears, Esq. (gr. Mr. Farr).

Class 20. Three Vines, bearing ripe fruit, in pots. First, £3,
Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth.

Class 21. Collection of Hardy Fruit, grown partly or éntirely
under glass, to illustrate Orchard-house Culture. (Nurserymen
excluded.) First, £3, Sir Mark Collet, Bart., St. Clere, Kem-
sing, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Potter); second, £2, Sir Jos. Pease,
Bart. (gr. Mr. McIndoe); third, £1, J. W. Melles, Esq., Seward-
stone Lodge, Chingford (gr. Mr. Nicholson).

Diwision II.—Open to Nurserymen only.

Class 22. Collection of Fruit Trees bearing Fruit, in pots.
First, R.H.S. Gold Medal, Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridge-
worth ; second, Silver Gilt Flora Medal, Messrs. George Bunyard
& Co., Maidstone.

Class 28. Collection of Hardy Fruits, grown partly or entirely
under glass, to illustrate Orchard-house Culture. First, R.H.S.
Silver Gilt Flora Medal, Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., Maid-
stone; second, Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth.

Class 24. Collection of Hardy Fruits, in baskets or dishes
grown in the open. First, R.H.S. Gold Medal, Messrs. George
Bunyard & Co., Maidstone ; second, Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Low-
field, Crawley, Sussex; third, Mr. H. Berwick, Sidmouth Nur-
series, South Devon.

Nore.—As in all other Divisions, so also in Division II., all the Exhibits
must have been grown by the Exhibitors.

Dwision ITI.—F ruits grown in the Open Air. Open to
Gardeners and Amateurs only.

Class 25. Apples, eighteen dishes, distinct, twelve cooking,
six dessert. First, £3, R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Woodward) ;

108 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

extra prize (equal to second), £2, C. Lee Campbell, Esq. (er.
Mr. Wright).

Class 26. Apples, twelve dishes, distinct, eight cooking, four
dessert. First, £2, A. T. Killick, Esq., Weavering, near Maid-
stone; second, £1, Viscount Gage, Firle Park, Lewes (gr. Mr.
Helman); third, 15s., Rev. E. Bartrum, Halstead, Essex.

Class 27. Apples, nine dishes, distinct, six cooking, three
dessert. Second, 15s., Lady Fortescue, Dropmore, Maidenhead
(gr. Mr. Herrin).

Class 28. Cooking Apples, six dishes, distinct. First, £1,
R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Woodward); second, 15s., C. Lee
Campbell, Ksq., Glewston Court, Hereford (gr. Mr. S. Wright) ;
third, 10s., Mrs. Killick, Mount Pleasant, Langley, near Maid-
stone.

Class 29. Cooking Apples, three dishes, distinct. First, 10s.,
Mr. A. Killick, Weavering, near Maidstone; second, 7s., J. R.
Brougham, HKsq., Carshalton (gr. Mr. Jones); third, 5s., J. Har-
greaves, Esq., Reading (gr. Mr. Turton).

Class 80. Dessert Apples, six dishes, distinct. First, £1,
R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward; second, 15s., C. Lee
Campbell, Esq.; third, 10s., W. G. Dawson, Esq., Plumstead
Common (gr. Mr. Heston).

Class 81. Dessert Apples, three dishes, distinct. First, 10s.,
Sir Mark Collet, Bart., Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Potter); second, 7s.,
J. Hargreaves, Esq. (gr. Mr. Turton); third, 5s., Mr. W. H.
Apthorpe, Cambridge.

Class 82. Dessert Pears, eighteen dishes, distinct. First, £4,
R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, £3, H. C.
Moffatt, Esq., Ross, Hereford (gr. Mr. T. Spencer) ; third, £2,
A. H. Smee, Esq., The Grange, Wallington (gr. Mr. Cummins).

Class 88. Dessert Pears, twelve dishes, distinct. First, £8,
H. S. Vincent Ames, Esq., Westbury-on-Trym (gr. Mr. Ban-
nister) ; second, £2, Mr. A. Basile, St. George’s College Gardens,
Woburn Park, Weybridge.

Class 84. Dessert Pears, nine dishes, distinct. First, £2,
Lord Suffield, Gunton Park, Norwich (gr. Mr. Allan); second,
£1, Captain Harcourt Rose, Oxonheath Park, Tonbridge (gr.
Mr. Cotterell); third, 15s., J. R. Brougham, Esq. (gr. Mr. W.
Jones).

Class 35. Dessert Pears, six dishes, distinct. First, £1. 10s.,

e

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 109

Mrs. Crawford, Gatton, Reigate (gr. Mr. Slowgrove) ; second,
15s., Earl Cowley (gr. Mr. Gibson) ; third, 10s., W. A. Cook,
Esq., Compton Bassett, Calne, Wilts.

Class 36. Dessert Pears, three dishes, distinct. First, £1,
Dowager Lady Freake, Fulwell Park, Twickenham (gr. Mr.
Rickwood) ; second, 10s., Mr. J. Hill, Babraham Gardens, Cam-
bridge; third, 5s., Mr. W. H. Apthorpe, Cambridge.

Class 87. Stewing Pears, three dishes, distinct. First, £1,
R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 10s., Captain
Harcourt Rose (gr. Mr. Cotterell); third, 5s., F. C. 5. Roper,
Esq. (gr. Mr. Blake).

Class 38. Stewing Pears, one dish, of one variety. First, 7s.,
Countess of Camperdown (gr. Mr. Masterson); second, 5s., Mr.
W. A. Cook; third, 3s., Mr. T. S. Girdler, Rosedale House,
Lowther Hill, Forest Hill, S.E.

Class 39. Peaches, three dishes, distinct. First, £1.10s., R.
Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, £1, Countess of
Camperdown, Shipston-on-Stour (gr. Mr. Masterson); third,
10s., F. A. Bevan, Esq., New Barnet (gr. Mr. W. H. Lees).

Class 40. Peaches, one dish, of one variety. First, 10s.,
Viscountess Falmouth, Mereworth (gr. Mr. Markham); second,
7s., Mrs. Hulse, Carshalton (gr. Mr. Sclater); third, 3s., Mr. G.
Fennell, Fairlawn Gardens, Tunbridge.

Class 41. Nectarines, three dishes, distinct. Second, £1, Mr.
W. Pope, Newbury.

Class 42. Nectarines, one dish, of one variety. First, 10s.,
A. Pears, Esq., Isleworth (gr. Mr. Farr) ; second, 7s., Earl Cowley
(gr. Mr. Gibson); third, 5s., T. Astley, Esq., Kingston-on-Thames
or. Mr. Griffin).

Class 43. Plums, four dishes of Dessert, distinct. First, £1,
W.H. Long, Esq., M.P., Trowbridge (gr. Mr. Strugnell) ; second,
15s., Countess of Camperdown (gr. Mr. Masterson) ; third, 10s.,
C. J. Massey, Esq. (gr. Mr. Day).

Class 44. Plums, one dish of Dessert, of one variety, not
Gages. First, 7s., J. Hargreaves, Esq. (gr. Mr. Turton) ; second,
5s., Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson); third, 8s., Mr.
R. Edwards, Sevenoaks.

Class 45. Plums, four dishes of Cooking, distinct. First, £1,
Mr. W, Pope; second, 15s., C. J. Massey, Esq. (gr. Mr. Day) ;
third, 10s., J. Hargreaves, Esq. (gr. Mr. Turton).

110 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 46. Plums, one dish of Cooking, of one variety. First,
7s., Mrs. Wingfield (gr. Mr. Empson) ; second, 5s., Rev. E. Bar-
trum, Halstead, Essex (gr. Mr. Graves) ; third, 3s., Viscountess
Falmouth (gr. Mr. Markham).

Class 47. Gage Plums, one dish, any green or golden variety.
First, 7s., Countess of Camperdown (gr. Mr. Masterson) ; second,
5s.. Lady Fortescue, Dropmore (gr. Mr. Herrin) ; third, 3s., Sir
J. W. Pease, Bart., Guisborough (gr. Mr. McIndoe). |

Class 48. Any purple Gage Plum, one dish. Second, ds., Mr.
J. Neighbour, Copped Hall Gardens, Epping.

Class 49. Damsons and Prunes, three dishes, distinct. First,
15s., Mr. Austin T. Killick, Weavering, Maidstone ; second, 10s.,
G. W. Dawson, Esq. (gr. Mr. Heston).

Class 50. Bullaces, one dish. First, 7s., Mr. G. Tebbutt,
Mogden House, Isleworth ; second, 5s., F. G. Arbuthnot, Esq.,
Bexley (gr. Mr. Wells); third, 3s., G. W. Dawson, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Heston).

Class 51. Morello Cherries, one dish. First, 7s., Countess
Camperdown (gr. Mr. Masterson); second, 5s., Dowager Lady
Freake (gr. Mr. Rickwood) ; third, 3s., Mr. R. Edwards, Twicken-
ham.

Class 52. Nuts, collection of, may include Walnuts, Filberts,
Cobs, Chestnuts, Hazel, &c., one dish of each. First, £1. 10s.,
J. Hargreaves, Esq. (gr. Mr. Turton) ; second, £1, Mr. Goodwin,
Mereworth; third, 10s., Colvile Browne, Esq., Horticultural
College, Swanley.

Class 58. Quinces, one dish. First, 7s., Captain Harcourt
Rose (gr. Mr. Cotterell); A. J. Howard, Esq., Worton Hall,
Isleworth (gr. Mr. Pentney) ; second, 5s., A. J. Humphrey, Esq.,
Walton Leigh, Addlestone (gr. Mr. Barleycorn) ; third, 3s., Mrs.
Wingfield (gr. Mr. Empson).

Division IV.—Single Dishes of Fruit grown wm the Open Air.
Open to all.

DESSERT APPLES.

Class 55. Adams’ Pearmain. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. George Woodward); second, 5s., Mr. W. Tayler, Osborn
Nursery, Hampton, Middlesex; third, 3s., English Fruit and
Rose Company, Hereford.

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 111

Class 56. Braddick’s Nonpareil. First, 7s., English Fruit
and Rose Company, Hereford; second, 5s., Mr. W. Tayler.

Class 57. Cox’s Orange Pippin. First, 7s. W. H. Long,
Esq., M.P. (gr. Mr. Strugnell); second, 5s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. G. Woodward) ; third, 3s., Mrs. Wingfield (gr. Mr. Empson).

Class 58. Duke of Devonshire. First, 7s., Lieut.-Col. Archer
Houblon, Welford Park, Newbury (gr. Mr. Ross); second, 5s.,
Mr. H. Berwick ; third, 3s., Viscount Gage (gr. Mr. Helman).

Class 58a. Golden Reinette. First, 7s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 59. King of the Pippins. First, 7s., Captain Harcourt
Rose (gr. Mr. Cotterell); second, 5s., English Fruit and Rose
Company, Hereford ; third, 3s., Mr. Garraway, Bath.

Class 60. Lady Sudeley. First, 7s., Mr. R. Edwards ; second,
5s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 61. Mannington’s Pearmain. First, 7s., F. 8. W. Corn-
wallis, Esq., M.P., Maidstone (gr. Mr. Mackenzie) ; second, 5s.,
J. W. Melles, Esq. (gr. Mr. Nicholson); third, 3s., R. Leigh,
Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Woodward).

Class 62. Margil. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo.
Woodward); second, 5s., Mr. Jas. Spottiswood, Queen’s Park
Gardens, Brighton ; third, 3s., Viscount Gage (gr. Mr. Helman).

Class 68. Mother (American). First, 7s., F.S. W. Cornwallis,
Esq., M.P. (gr. Mr. Mackenzie); second, 5s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward); third, 3s., C. Lee Campbell, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Wright).

Class 64. Reinette de Canada. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., Mr. W. Tayler ; third,
8s., English Fruit and Rose Company.

Class 65. Ribston Pippin. First, 7s., C. Lee Campbell, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Wright) ; second, 5s., F. 5. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P.
(gr. Mr. Mackenzie); third, 3s., J. Hargreaves, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Turton). ;

Class 66. Rosemary Russet. First, 7s., J. Hargreaves, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Turton); second, 5s., P. Cavanagh, Esq., Convent
Gardens, Roehampton Lane, 8.W.; third, 3s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 67. Scarlet Nonpareil. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., Mr. Garraway, Bath.

Class 68. Worcester Pearmain. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, &s., C. Lee Campbell, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Wright); third, 3s., F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P.
(gr. Mr. Mackenzie).

iby JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 69. Any other variety. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward), for ‘‘ Washington’; second, 5s., Mr. RB.
Edwards, Beechy Lees, for ‘‘ Washington ’”’; third, 3s., English
Fruit and Rose Company, for ‘‘ Wealthy.”

CooKING APPLES.

Class 70. Alfriston. First, 7s., Duke of Northumberland,
Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes) ; second, 5s., Mr. H.
Berwick ; third, 8s., Mr. P. Cavanagh, Roehampton.

Class 71. Beauty of Kent. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 5s., Lady Fortescue (gr. Mr.
Herrin) ; third, 3s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 72. Bismarck. First, 7s., F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq.,
M.P. (gr. Mr. Mackenzie) ; second, 5s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr.
G. Woodward) ; third, 3s., English Fruit and Rose Company.

Class 78. Blenheim Orange. First, 7s., Mr. P. Cavanagh ;
second, 5s., A. J. Humphreys, Esq. (gr. Mr. Barleycorn) ; third,
3s., Mr. R. Edwards.

Class 74. Bramley’s Seedling. First, 7s., C. Lee Campbell,
Esq. (gr. Mr. Wright); second, 5s., English Fruit and Rose
Company; third, 3s., Mr. G. Garraway.

Glass 75. Cellini. First, 7s., Mr. H. Berwick; second, &s.,
English Fruit and Rose Company ; third, 3s., Mr. P. Cavanagh.

Class 76. Cox’s Pomona. . First, 7s., F. S. W. Cornwallis,
Esq., M.P. (gr. Mr. Mackenzie) ; second, 5s., Mr. Geo. Wood-
ward; third, 8s., J. Hargreaves, Esq. (gr. Mr. Turton).

Glass 77. Duchess of Oldenburg. First, 7s., Mr. Austin T.
Killick; second, 5s., English Fruit and Rose Company ; third,
3s., Mr. W. Tayler.

Glass 78. Dumelow’s Seedling, syns. Wellington and Nor-
manton Wonder. First, 7s., J. Hargreaves, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Turton) ; second, 5s., Messrs. W. & KH. Wells (gr. Mr. Thomson) ;
third, 3s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 79. Ecklinville Seedling. First, 7s., C. Lee Campbell,
Esq. (gr. Mr. Wright); second, 5s., Mr. Austin T. Killick ; third,
3s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 80. Emperor Alexander. First, 7s., F. S. W. Cornwallis,
Esq., M.P. (gr. Mr. Mackenzie); second, ds., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. G. Woodward); third, 8s., Messrs. T. R. Rivers & Son.

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 113

Class 81. Gascoigne’s Scarlet, syn. Glory of England. First,
7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Woodward); second, 5s., Mr.
A. T. Killick ; third, 3s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 82. Golden Noble. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. G. Woodward) ; second, 5s., F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P.
(gr. Mr. Mackenzie) ; third, 3s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 88. Golden Spire. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr.
G. Woodward); second, 5s., Mr. A. T. Killick; third, 3s.,
English Fruit and Rose Company.

Class 84. Grenadier. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G.
Woodward) ; second, 5s., Lady Fortescue (gr. Mr. Herrin) ; third,
3s., F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P. (gr. Mr. Mackenzie):

Class 85. Hawthornden (new). First, 7s., J. Hargreaves,
Esq. (gr. Mr. Turton) ; second, 5s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G.
Woodward); third, 3s., H. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Bannister).

Class 86. Lane’s Prince Albert. First, 7s., C. Lee Camp-
bell, Esq. (gr. Mr. Wright) ; second, 5s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr.
G. Woodward) ; third, 3s., Messrs. T. R. Rivers & Son.

Class 87. Lord Derby. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G.
Woodward); second, 5s., Messrs. de Rothschild (gr. Mr. Hudson) ;
third, 3s., Mr. W. Tayler.

Class 88. Lord Grosvenor. First, 7s., F. S. W. Cornwallis,
Esq., M.P. (gr. Mr. Mackenzie); second, 5s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. G. Woodward) ; third, 3s., Lady Fortescue (gr. Mr.
Herrin).

Class 89. Lord Suffield. First, 7s., Mr. A. T. Killick ; second,
5s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Woodward) ; third, 3s., Mr. H.
Berwick.

Class 90. Mére de Ménage. First, 7s., Mr. A. T. Killick ;
second, 5s., F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P. (gr. Mr. Mackenzie);
third, 3s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Woodward).

Class 91. Northern Greening. First, 7s., English Fruit and
Rose Company, Hereford; second, 5s., Capt. Harcourt Rose,
Tunbridge (gr. Mr. Cotterell); third, 3s., Mr. W. Tayler,
Hampton.

Class 92. Newton Wonder. First, 7s., C. Lee Campbell; Esq.;
second, 5s., Mr. G. Garraway, Bath.

Class 93. Peasgood’s Nonesuch. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. G. Woodward); second, 5s., F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq.,

I

114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

M.P., Maidstone (gr. Mr. Mackenzie); third, 3s., Mr. W.
Tayler.

Class 94. Potts’ Seedling. First, 7s., Mr. W. Tayler; second,
5s., English Fruit and Rose Company ; third, 3s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward). :

Class 95. Sandringham. First, 7s., Mr. H. Berwick, Sid-
mouth, Devon ; second, 5s., Duke of Northumberland, Isleworth
(gr. Mr. Wythes) ; third, 3s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo.
Woodward).

Class 96. Spencer’s Favourite, syn. Queen Caroline. First,
7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., C. Lee
Campbell, Esq. ; third, 3s., Mrs. Killick.

Class 97. Stirling Castle. First, 7s., F. S. W. Cornwallis,
Esq., M.P.; second, 5s., C. Archer Houblon, Welford Park,
Newbury ; third, 3s., Messrs. T. R. Rivers & Son, Sawbridge-
worth. :

Class 98. Stone’s, sy2. Loddington Seedling, First, 7s., BR.
Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., F. 8. W.
Cornwallis, Esq., M.P.; third, 3s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 99. The Queen. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. G.
Woodward) ; second, 5s., Mr. H. Berwick; third, 8s., Mr. W.
Tayler. |

Class 100. Tower of Glamis. First, 7s.. F. S. W. Corn-
wallis, Esq., M.P.; second, 5s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo.
Woodward) ; third, 3s., C. Lee Campbell, lisq.

Class 101. Tyler’s Kernel. First, 7s., Mr. H. Berwick.

Class 102. Warner’s King. First, 7s., Mr. W. Tayler; second,
5s., F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P.; third, 3s., Mr. Austin T.
Killick, Weavering, Maidstone.

Glass 103. Waltham Abbey Seedling, syn. Dr. Harvey.
First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s.,
F. §. W. Cornwallis, Esq., M.P. ; third, 3s., J. Hargreaves, Ksq.

Class 104. Any other variety. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward), for “Belle Dubois” ; second, 5s.,
English Fruit and Rose Company, for ‘ Frogmore Prolifie ~%
third, 3s,, Mr. G. Tebbutt, Isleworth, for ‘“ Lady Henniker.”’

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 115

DESSERT PEARS.

Class 105. Beurré Bose. First, 7s., Messrs. W. & HE. Wells,
Hounslow (gr. Mr. Thomson) ; second, ds., Horticultural College,
Swanley; third, 3s., Mr. W. Fife, Wantage, Berks.

Class 106. Beurré Diel. First, 7s., Mr. W. Tayler; second,
5s., Dowager Lady Freake, Twickenham (gr. Mr. Rickwood) ;
third, 38s., Duke of Northumberland (gr. Mr. Wythes).

Class 107. Beurré d’Amanlis. First, 7s., H. C. Moffatt, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Spencer); second, 5s., Karl Cowley, Draycot House,
Twickenham (gr. Mr. Gibson); third, 3s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward).

Class 108. Beurré Hardy. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 5s., Mr. Jas. Spottiswood,
Brighton ; third, 3s., Mr. J. Turner, Week Hall, Brighton.

Class 109. Beurré Superfin. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., H. Vincent Ames, Esq. (er.
Mr. Bannister) ; third, 3s., H. C. Moffatt, Ksq. (gr. Mr. Spencer).

Class 110. Bon Chrétien (Williams’). First, 7s.,C. J. Massey,
Esq., Garliestown, Wigton (gr. Mr. Day); second, 5s., G. W.
Dawson, Esq. (gr. Mr. Heston) ; third, 3s., A. J. Humphrey, Esq.,
Walton Leigh, Addlestone (gr. Mr. Barleycorn).

Class 111. Comte de Lamy. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., J. Hargreaves, Hsq. (gr. Mr.
Turton); third, 3s., Col. Archer Houblon (gr. Mr. Ross).

Class 112. Conference. First, 7s., Messrs. T. R. Rivers &
Son; second, 5s., J. W. Melles, Esq., Chingford (gr. Mr. J.
Nicholson) ; third, 8s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward).

Class 118. Maréchal de la Cour. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 5s., Mrs. Hulse, Carshaiton ;
third, 3s., Mrs. Crawford, Gatton (gr. Mr. Slowgrove).

Class 114. Doyenné du Comice. First, 7s., Sir Mark Collet,
Bart. (gr. Mr. Potter); second, 5s., Lord Suffield, Norwich (er.
Mr. Allan); third, 3s., Viscount Gage, Lewes (gr. Mr. Helman).

Class 115. Durondeau. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., Sir Mark Collet, Bart. (gr. Mr.
Potter); third, 3s., Lord Suffield (gr. Mr. Allan).

Class 116. Emile d’Heyst. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 5s., Lord Suffield (gr. Mr. Allan) ;
third, 3s., Mr. Berwick.

T 2

116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 117. Fondante d’Automne. First, 7s.,G. W. Dawson,
Esq. (gr. Mr. Heston); second, 5s., Mr. W. Tayler; third, 3s.,
Mr. W. Fife.

Class 118. Glou Morceau. First, 7s., Lord Suffield (gr. Mr.
Allan); second, 5s., Sir Mark Collet, Bart. (gr. Mr. Potter) ;
third, 8s., R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward).

Class 119. Josephine de Malines. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward) ; second, 5s., Mr. J. Hill, Babraham
Hall Gardens, Cambridge ; third, 3s., H. C. Moffatt, Esq.

Class 120. Louise Bonne of Jersey. First, 7s., Messrs. T. R.
Rivers & Son; second, 5s., Mr. J. Hill; third, 3s., H. C. Moffatt,
Esq. (gr. Mr. Spencer).

Class 121. Marie Louise. First, 7s., T. B. Haywood, Esq.,
Woodhatch, Reigate (gr. Mr. Salter); second, 5s., Mr. C. Chard,
Bygrove House Gardens, Clapham Park; third, 3s., J. Hargreaves,
Hisq. (gr. Mr. Turton).

Class 122. Nouvelle Fulvie. First, 7s., H. C. Moffatt, Esq.
(or. Mr. Spencer); second, 5s., Mr. G. Fennell ; third, 3s., Duke
of Northumberland (gr. Mr. Wythes).

Class 123. Pitmaston Duchess. First, 7s., Lord Suffield (gr.
Mr. Allan) ; second, 5s., Capt. Harcourt Rose; third, 8s., Mr.
W.A. Cook, Calne, Wilts.

Class 124. Souvenir du Congrés. First, 7s., Col. Archer
Houblon (gr. Mr. Ross); second, 5s., Messrs. W. & EH. Wells
(gr. Mr. Thomson); third, 8s., Messrs. de Rothschild (gr. Mr.
Hudson).

Class 125. Thompson’s. First, 7s., Lord Suffield (gr. Mr.
Allan) ; second, 5s., Mr. H. Berwick; third, 3s., G. W. Dawson,
Hisq. (gr. Mr. Heston).

Class 126. Triomphe de Vienne. First, 7s., R. Leigh, Esq.
(or. Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 5s., G. W. Dawson, Esq. (gr.
Mr. Heston).

Class 127. Winter Nelis. First, 7s., Capt. Harcourt Rose (gr.
Mr. Cotterell); second, 5s., Mr. Garraway; third, 3s., T. B.
Haywood, Esq. (gr. Mr. Salter).

Class 128. Any other variety. First, 7s., Mrs. Hulse (gr.
Mr. Sclater), for ‘“‘General Todleben”’; second, 5s., Mr. H.
Berwick, for ‘‘ Brockworth Park’’; third, 3s., Mrs. Crawford (gr.
Mr. Slowgrove), for “ Doyenné Boussoch.””

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 117

Division V.—Dried Fruits, not preserved in Fluid or Sugar.

Class 129. Collection of Dried Fruits. Silver Gilt Medal
Mr. W. A. Trotter, The Gardens, Broomboro’ Place, Ledbury.

Class 180. Apples, sliced, 1 lb. weight. First, 15s., Mr.
W. A. Trotter; second, 10s., Colvile Browne, Esq., Horticultural
College, Swanley.

Class 131. Apples, whole, 1 lb. weight. First, 15s., Mr.
W. A. Trotter.

Class 1382. Plums, whole, 1 lb. weight. First, 15s., Mr.
W. A. Trotter.

Class 188. Cherries, whole, 1 lb. weight. First, 15s., Mr.
W. A. Trotter.

Class 134. Six varieties of Hardy Fruits, grown in the open
air, two gallons of each, at least two kinds of fruit must be repre-
sented. Open to bond fide market growers only. Presented by
the Worshipful Company of Gardeners. First, £3, Mr. A.
Wyatt, Hatton, Middlesex.

Class 185. Ten bushels (42 lbs. each) of Cooking Apples, of
one variety, and ten half-bushels (20 lbs. each) of Dessert Apples
(of one variety), packed for market; packages at discretion of
exhibitor, provided that each contains the weight of fruit specified
above. Particulars of the trees, soil, system of culture, method
of packing and grading employed, and the acreage of Apples
grown by the exhibitor to be stated on a card or cards placed on
the packages. Open to bond fide market growers only. Sce
Note below. Presented by Messrs. Monro & Co. and Messrs.
Webber & Co., Covent Garden salesmen. First, £5, Mr. G.
Tebbutt, Mogden, Isleworth.

Class 187. The best packed basket (or other package) of
Grapes, 12 lbs. weight of fruit, received by rail. First, £2, Mr.
J. Gore, Polegate, Sussex; second, £1, Sir J. W. Pease, Bart.
(gr. Mr. McIndoe); third, 10s., Mr. C. Cooper, The Vineries,
Sunninghill, Ascot.

Class 138. The best packed box (or other package) of Peaches,
twenty-four fruits, received by rail. First, £1, R. Leigh, Esq.
(gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 10s., R. Sneyd, Hsq.,
Keele Hall, Stafford (gr. Mr. Wallis); third, 5s., A. J. Howard,
Hisq. (gr. Mr. Pentney).

Class 139. The best packed box (or other package) of Ripe

118 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pears, twenty-four fruits, received by rail. First, £1, R. Leigh,
Hisq. (gr. Mr. Geo. Woodward); second, 10s., Mr. Garraway ;
third, 5s., Mr. J. Clarke, Albion Nursery, Farnham.

Nots.—In Classes 135 to 139 the ‘“‘ grading,” “packing,” ‘‘ packages”
and their “cost” will be taken into account by the Judges. In Classes 137,
138, 139, the fruit must have travelled at least 20 miles by rail. It must
be directed Secretary, R.H.S., Crystal Palace, Sydenham, and be plainly

marked ‘‘ Packing Competition ’’; it should be timed to reach the Palace on
Friday, September 28.

Class 140. Packages, superior to the ordinary bushel and
half-bushel baskets, for the carriage of Apples, either by rail or
road. The packages must be shown of two sizes, one holding
42, lbs., the other 20 lbs. of fruit, and their cost must be stated.
Open. Prize offered by Messrs. Monro & Co. and Messrs.
Webber & Co., Covent Garden salesmen. Prize, £2, Mr. Savage,
Peckham.

Class 141. The best collection of Fruits, Nuts, Grains, Seeds
and Pulses, to illustrate their value as foodstuffs. In this class
only it is not necessary that all the exhibits should be of British
erowth, or have been grown by the exhibitor ; two of them must
have been so grown, and weight will be given to the most home-
erown collection. Every variety shown must be named, and the
place of its growth indicated as correctly as possible. Given by
the Vegetarian Federal Union, of the Memorial Hall, Farringdon
Street. First, £7, C. Lee Campbell, Esq. (gr. Mr. Wright).

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS.

Silver Gilt Knightian Medal.
Awarded to Her Majesty the Queen ( (gr. Mr. O. Thomas) for
a collection of fruit.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, fora collection of fruit.
To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a collection of
fruit.

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Spooner & Sons, Hounslow, for a collection of
fruit.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To A. Weir, Esq., Bendarroch, Ottery Si. Mary, Devon, for
examples of a new system of packing.
To Messrs. C. Lee & Son, Ealing, for a collection of fruit.

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 119

To Messrs. Peed & Son, Roupell Park, Norwood Road, §.E.,
for a collection of fruit.

To Messrs. G. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a collection of fruit.

To the Hereford Fruit and Rose Company, Hereford, for a
collection of fruit.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Gaymer & Sons, Attleboro’, Norfolk, for a collection

of Apples selected for cider.
To Messrs. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for a collection of fruit.

Special Vote of Thanks.

To the Superindendent, Mr. A. J. Brown, Chertsey Boys’
Home, Chertsey, for a collection of Apples and Pears.

Besides the fruit staged for prizes, there was almost as much,
if not more, sent for exhibition alone, not for competition, to
which the medals immediately preceding were awarded.

By command of Her Majesty the Queen, Mr. Owen Thomas,
Chief of the Royal Gardens, Windsor, exhibited a magnificent
collection containing Apples, Pears, Pines, Grapes, Melons,
Plums, Tomatos, Peaches, and Nectarines. The Pears shown in-
cluded Beurré d’Amanlis, Pitmaston Duchess, Doyenné Boussoch,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Madame Treyve, Durondeau, and
others. Amongst the Apples were Bramley’s Seedling, Froemore
Prolific, Wellington, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Golden Noble, Flower
of Hants, and Ribston Pippin. The Frogmore selected Tomatos
were very beautiful, and the Pines were very fine.

With respect to this beautiful exhibit, sent by the kindness of
the Queen, it may be as well to emphasize the point that it was
distinctly not for competition, because a fanciful report was pub-
lished in one of the society papers to the effect that the Queen
had won “the First Prize,’’ much to the disgust of the other com-
petitors, who wished they had the same means at command as
Her Majesty has. It is needless to say the report was a mere
flight of fancy, probably created by the desire to supply some-
thing sensational at the cost of the chief lady in the land. The
kindness of Her Majesty was most heartily appreciated by the
President and Council, who recognised it in the only way in their
power—by an address of thanks, and by the award of a medal
according to the excellence of the fruit in the Judges’ opinion.

A very fine collection was sent by Messrs. Jas, Veitch & Sons,

120 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, consisting of 170 dishes of
Apples and 150 dishes of Pears. Specially fine amongst the
Apples were Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Sandringham, Stirling Castle,
Blenheim Orange, King of the Pippins, Duchess’ Favourite, Colonel
Vaughan, Worcester Pearmain, Hollandbury, Dumelow’s Seed-
ling, Potts’ Seedling, Alexander, Cox’s Pomona, Washington,
Winter Hawthornden, Lord Derby, Tower of Glamis, Lord
Grosvenor, Bramley’s Seedling, and Ecklinville. The Pears
included Brockworth Park, Marguérite Marillat, Dr. Hoge,
Gansell’s Bergamot, Seckle, Doyenné Boussoch, Fertility, Mag-
nate, Beurré Clairgeau, Beurré Baltet pére, Triomphe de
Vienne, Grosse Calabasse, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Doyenné du
Comice, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré Superfin, Maréchal de la
Cour, Souvenir du Congrés, Beurré Hardy, and Flemish Beauty.
A few of the later varieties of Plums, Damsons, Raspberry Super-
lative, and the two Blackberries Wilson Junior and Laciniatus
were also shown.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, sent a splendid collection
of 250 dishes of Apples and Pears. Amongst the Apples we may
mention Lord Suffield, Cellini Pippin, Stirling Castle, Peasgood’s
Nonesuch, Potts’ Seedling, Bismarck, Hollandbury, Scarlet Pear-
main, Mere de Ménage, New Hawthornden, Red Beitigheimer,
and two little known varieties, Nouvelle France and Takapuna
Russet. And amongst the Pears were Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Marguérite Marillat, Beurré Clairgeau, Pitmaston Duchess,
Marie Louise d’Uccle, Maréchal de la Cour, Beurré Bosc, Duchesse
d’Angouléme, and the little known varieties, Le Lectier, Prési-
dent Drouard, Madame Chaudy, and La France.

Archibald Weir, Esq., of Ottery St. Mary, Devon, sent a
most interesting exhibit of cases, some packed and some empty,
illustrating his improved system of packing choice fruits.

Messrs. Charles Lee & Son, Hammersmith, sent a good col-
lection of Pears, including Brockworth Park, Beurré d’Amanlis,
Souvenir du Congres, Vicar of Winkfield, Beurré Superfin,
Maréchal de la Cour, Beurré Hardy, and Doyenné du Comice.

Messrs. 8. Spooner & Sons, Hounslow, sent an interesting
collection of Plums, Apples, and Pears. Of Apples, Stirling
Castle, Colonel Vaughan, Royal Russet, Councillor, Lord Suffield,
Golden Spire, Bismarck, Grenadier, Hollandbury, Duchess’
Favourite, Warner’s King, Potts’ Seedling, Hcklinville, and

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. Tat

Manks Codlin were very fine ; and amongst the Pears Durondeau,
Beurré Clairgeau, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Mary Louise, Beurré
Diel, Pitmaston Duchess, and Glou Morceau were very good.
Rivers’ Monarch Plum was also finely shown.

Messrs. Paul & Sons, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, con-
tributed a large collection of Apples and Pears. The fruit was
of excellent quality; but, as is usually the case, lacking in
colour to that grown on the south side of London. Among the
Apples in this contribution Warner’s King, Peasgood’s Nonesuch,
Ribston Pippin, Lord Suffield, Gold Medal, Tower of Glamis,
Stirling Castle, Cox’s Pomona, Lord Derby, Frogmore Prolific,
and Duchess of Oldenburg, and a little known variety Trans-
parent de Crousels. Of Pears, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Vicar of
Winkfield, and Marie Louise were noticeable.

The English Fruit and Rose Company, King’s Acre
Nurseries, Hereford, sent a fine collection of 170 dishes of
Apples and Pears. Amongst the former Lord Suffield, Colonel
Vaughan, *Royal Codlin, Cellini, Gascoyne’s Seedling, Lady
Sudeley, Wealthy, Warner’s King, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Potts’
Seedling, Yorkshire Beauty, Duchess’ Favourite, Grenadier,
Kceklinville Seedling, and Tom Putt were the best; the Pears
being admirably represented by Doyenné du Comice, Beurré
Supertin, Durondeau, Gratioli de Jersey, and Beurré d’Amanlis.

Arranged on one table was a very large collection of Apples
and Pears grown by Messrs. J. Peed & Son, Mitcham Road,
Streatham, S.W. ‘This contribution included a hundred distinct
varieties of Apples and fifty varieties of Pears. The best in-
cluded Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Worcester Pearmain, Cox’s Pomona,
Lady Henniker, Frogmore Prolific, Gold Medal, Golden Spire,
Bismarck, Kentish Fillbasket, Newton Wonder, Ringer, and
King of Tomkins County. Amongst the Pears were Marguérite
Marillat, Pitmaston Duchess, Flemish Beauty, and King Edward.

Messrs. W. Thomson & Sons, Tweed Vineyards, Clovenfords,
sent some fine Grapes, including a bunch of Gros Colmar,
42 lbs. in weight, with berries 45 inches in circumference.

The Committee of the School of Handicrafts for Boys at
Chertsey showed a collection of forty-five varieties of Apples and
Pears, most of which, though small, from an exhibition point of
view, did great credit to the institution.

A collection of cider Apples came from Messrs. Gaymer

122, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

& Son, Banham, Norfolk, who also exhibited various dishes of
Pears.

From the Society’s gardens at Chiswick came a small col-
lection of eighty-five varieties of Apples, all distinctly labelled
and true to name, thus forming a standard of reference.

Mr. J. Clarke, Farnham, sent a very interesting exhibit of
twenty-seven bunches of Grapes, all of which had, it was stated,
been grown without any artificial heat, a wonderful thing for so
cold and ungenial a summer as that of 1894. The varieties
included Alicante, Alnwick Seedling, Gros Colmar, and Lady
Downe’s, besides others.

THE JUDGES.

The following gentlemen very kindly acted as Judges on this
occasion, and the best thanks of the Society are due to them for
their labours: H. Balderson, W. Bates, Geo. Bunyard, T. Camp,
J. Cheal, J. Cranston, A. Dean, W. H. Divers, J. Douglas,
M. Dunn, T. Glen, W. J. Grant, J. Hudson, W. Iggulden,
W. Jetferies, Peter Kay, F. Q. Lane, H. Markham, J. McIndoe,
J. McKenzie, G.'T. Miles, E. Molyneux, G. Norman, G. Paul,
A. H. Pearson, T. F. Rivers, C. Ross, O. Thomas, A. ‘Turner,
J. Walker, J. Watkins, J. Willard, A. Weir, J. Wright, and Geo,
Wythes.

‘Toe LuncHnon.

It was most gratifying to see the large number of persons
who responded to the invitation for holding a gardeners’
luncheon in connection with the Show. It was held at 1.30 o’clock
on Saturday, the 29th, in the dining-room attached to the Garden
Hall. T.B. Haywood, Esq., presided, and was supported by many
well-known fruit growers as well as by gardeners, both amateur
and professional, to the number of about 110.

After the toast of ‘‘ The Queen ’’ had been duly honoured, Mr.
G. Bunyarp proposed “ The Crystal Palace Company,’’ coupled
with the name of Mr. Biges. In doing so he said there was no
better place in the world for holding such a grand horticultural
exhibition as that which they had that day.

BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 123

Mr. Biaas, one of the Directors, briefly responded on behalf
of the Company, and reminded those present that the Crystal
Palace was a great educational institution, and he ventured to
hope that the present magnificent fruit show was the first of many
successive ones.

Dr. Masters proposed the toast of ‘‘ The Royal Horticultural
Society,’ and remarked that he thought everyone present would
admit that the authorities of the Royal Horticultural Society
were deserving of their best thanks for providing such an exhibi-
tion. Twice in that week they had held exhibitions and con-
ferences, that at Chiswick, however, taking place under most
depressing circumstances. On this occasion a splendid show
was held in a magnificent building, and in wet or fine weather
the Royal Horticultural Society always does its duty alike.
If the Society did not always do what the public or its Fellows
thought should be done, it was not always the fault of the autho-
rities. He thought they ought not to part before sending a
telegram to the Rev. W. Wilks, whose absence through illness
they so much deplored, informing him of the success of the
Show.

Mr. Puinip CRrow1ey, Treasurer of the Society, in responding,
observed that the Royal Horticultural Society was at present in a
very satisfactory financial condition. Since its foundation ninety
years ago it certainly had seen some ups and downs, and at one
time it appeared to be about to merge into oblivion. Happily,
however, matters had changed for the better, and there were
now nearly 3,500 Fellows, 2,000 of whom had been elected during
the past four or five years. The periodical meetings held at
Westminster were very creditable indeed, and the Temple
Show of this May eclipsed those held in previous years. The
present Fruit Show at the Crystal Palace he regarded as a
magnificent one, there being exhibitors from all parts of the
kingdom. At Chiswick the trial of vegetables and other useful
work was being carried on, and the Journal of the Society had
reached large dimensions.

Mr. J.T. BENNETT-Poii briefly gave ‘‘ The Judges,” thanking
them for the very valuable services which they were at all times
so ready and willing to freely give to the Society.

Mr. Owen THomAS responded, remarking on the general

124 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

excellence of the fruit shown at the exhibition, which he said
could nowhere, he believed, be excelled.
Mr. A. H. Pearson proposed “The Press,” which was re-

sponded to by Mr. Rancugr Jounson, F.R.H.S., of the Morning
Post,

CONFERENCE.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1894.

THe Chair was taken by Mr. JAamus Dovauas, F.R.H.S., at
3.00 P.M.

Mr. Bunyard, when called upon by the Chairman, said that the
paper which he was about to read professed to have been pre-
pared by himself and the Rev. W. Wilks, Vicar of Shirley and
Secretary of the Society, whose absence through severe illness
no one regretted more than himself. But he wished it to be
quite plainly understood that, though the paper was in a sense a
joint paper, yet it was only so in the sense that Mr. Wilks had
done the lion’s share and he had contributed the tail.

\

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS.

By the Rev. W. Wiuxs, M.A., Vicar of Shirley, Surrey ; Secretary
of the Royal Horticultural Society: and Mr. Grorau
Bunyarp, F.R.H.S8., The Nurseries, Maidstone.

Tue three subjects selected for discussion on the afternoons of
this Exhibition of British-grown Fruit were not hastily determined.
In thinking of the many points connected with fruit-growing, to
which it would be well to draw attention, or on which the general
public required authoritative information, it was considered that
Fruit-growing, both for Cottagers and in tiny gardens, had been
sufficiently covered for some years to come by that admirable
little pamphlet published by our Society at the price of one half-
penny, entitled ‘‘ Fruits for Cottagers ’’—a special edition being

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 125

also published for Scotland and the northern counties of
England. It was thought, again, that fruit-growing in large
private gardens hardly required discussion, as by far the greater
number of such gardens are so admirably cultivated, and the
selection of their fruit stock has been made with such judgment,
and as the result of such long experience, that as a body the
heads of such establishments require no information or word of
advice from us, but rather are themselves the sources of much of
that knowledge which our Society endeavours from all sides to
collect in order to diffuse and utilise it for the general welfare of
the nation.

The subjects of Railway Rates, Public Markets, and Tenants’
Holdings were in turn considered, only to be set aside for the
present in favour of the two more practical and more generally
interesting ones of (1) ‘Small Gardens” and (2) “ Growing for
Market” (for our third day’s discussion on “Sorting, Grading,
Marketing, &c.,” is the necessary pendant upon ‘“ Growing for
Market”), and on these two subjects we know from almost
daily experience at the Society’s office that further information
will be gladly welcomed by many.

What, then, do we intend by the term “ smail gardens,” ag
distinguished from ‘“ cottagers’ gardens” and “large gardens” ?
We mean gardens in which from half an acre to an acre and a
half is set apart for fruit and vegetable culture. Terms are
always relative, and to dwellers in towns even half an acre of
such garden will seem “large,” whilst to the head of a really
large garden half an acre would seem all too small for Strawberries
and Raspberries alone. Therefore, simply for the sake of con-
venience, we will call gardens under half an acre “ tiny gardens,”
and those which have more than an acre and a half of kitchen-
garden “large gardens,” and all the intermediate sizes ‘“ small
gardens.”

Now if fruit is to be grown to any reasonable extent in a
small garden at ali—if, thatis, the gardener is expected to furnish
the dinner-table with relatively as much of fruit as he does of
vegetables—then rather more than half the space at his disposal
should be devoted to it. Owners very often do their gardeners a
great injustice from this cause. They (or the cooks, who in
England are so fearfully wasteful of vegetables) demand an
enormous supply of vegetables for the house—far more than is

126 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

really needed—so that three quarters of the garden, and of the
labour and attention, has to be given up to them, and then the
owners grumble at the gardener because they get so very little
fruit. Let me lay this down, then, as an axiom, that if you want
fruit and vegetables in proportionate quantities for the table you
must see that the total space set apart for fruit is never less than
half the garden. Many people I know will say, ‘‘ We don’t want
them in proportionate quantities. We must have the vegetables ;
the cooks won’t do without them; the fruit is more of a luxury,
and so we must be satisfied with a little, rather than have fewer
vegetables.” Well and good. If such be your wish tell the
gardener so, but don’t blame him afterwards because ‘‘ We get
so little fruit.” One thing at least let me urge, viz. that the
growth of Potatos should be strictly limited, and the extra
space given up to fruit. A few Ashleafs for early Potatos is
all, I think, that should be grown. The main stock and supply
can be bought nowadays at a relatively cheaper price than they
can be grown in such a garden as we are speaking of.

Another way in which a great economy of space can be made
in small gardens is by planting standard Apples and Plums
and early Pears (if they are wanted) and Cherries (if the birds
will let them ripen) in the pleasure-garden. An Apple-tree
planted in front of a couple of Evergreen Oaks and sur-
rounded with an undergrowth of Rhododendrons or Laurestinus,
&e., will make a lovely picture, worthy of any gentleman’s
garden. Or a half-standard Apple, with the lower branches
encouraged at first so as to sweep down upon the turf, is quite
as pretty as nine-tenths of the lawn-trees that one sees. Yellow
Ingestre makes a charming lawn Apple on account of its
beautiful drooping habit. A standard Williams’ Bon Chrétien
on the Pear stock (if an early Pear be wanted) will make a by
no means unlovely object. Bewrré d’Amanlis and Jargonelle are
both of handsomer foliage, and have much finer flowers than
Williams’ Bon Chrétien, but the flavour of Amanlis is not equal
to Bon Chrétien, and Jargonelle so very quickly rots.

Plums and Cherries will also clothe the garden with a
wealth of blossom in the spring, quite as beautiful as many of
our so-called ornamental trees, besides providing a wealth of
fruit in the autumn and adding immensely to the general
interest of the pleasure-garden. A Mulberry and a Medlar, if

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS, 197

they are had at all, should certainly be on the lawn—the foliage
of the Mulberry and its peculiar growth making it a good con-
trast to almost all other trees, and the massive white blossoms
of the Large Dutch Medlar and the glorious tints of its foliage
in autumn mark it out as a desirable ornamental tree without
considering its fruit, whilst its drooping habit renders it not
unfitted to cover a low summer-seat.

Roughly speaking, I should say that every third tree in any
pleasure-garden might, without any disfigurement or lessening
of the general effect, be a fruit-tree. It need hardly be said
that all fruit-trees in the ornamental garden should be grown
on the extension system, 7.c. be pruned but sparingly, the
leaders of all the branches being allowed almost free play,
cutting back only to balance the head when young, the side
shoots being clean cut out to a couple of buds if the inner growth
appears too dense.

Where the lie of the ground permits and there is space
sufficient, it is a good plan to lay out a tiny orchard of 10 to 14
standard trees between the lawn and the kitchen-garden. The
size of the plot of ground should be so arranged as to leave a
distance of 20 feet between the line of the stems of the outside
trees and the path or lawn adjoining. On those sides of this plot
which face the house or lawn, and at a distance of 8 or 10 feet
from the stems of the fruit-trees, plant a belt of Rhododendrons
or other low-growing bushy evergreen shrubs, and then between
the shrubs and the path or lawn you have ample space for a
grand wide border of herbaceous plants, interspersed with Dahlias,
&e., in the summer. Such a tiny orchard is a lovely object to
look upon from the house in spring, the fruit-trees wreathed
with blossoms pink and white, bending down as it were to
meet the dark-leaved Rhododendrons half-way, while in autumn
the burden of Apples and Plums makes a far from uninteresting
background to the broad band of Phloxes, Pentstemons, Dahlias,
Sunflowers, and Michaelmas Daisies below them; in fact the
whole forms a natural trophy sufficient to inspire a poet with the
theme of Flora half-reclining on the turf and Pomona stooping
down to kiss her sister goddess on the brow.

We turn now to the kinds of fruits to be grown and the
varieties of each to be preferred. The kinds will, of course, be
dependent on the likes and dislikes of the household, and every

128 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gardener should be prepared at once to conform to his employer’s
tastes. I was once told of a household where none of the family
liked Strawberries, and only a day or two ago I heard a young
lady say, when pressed a second time to take a piece of Pine-
apple, ‘But, indeed, I don’t like it a little bit.”” It would be
folly in such case to grow Strawberries or Pines. Hence it is
impossible to lay down any hard-and-fast rule as to what kinds
of fruit should be grown in a small garden and what not. Each
case must be settled by itself.

In the same way the proportion of the various kinds to one
another will depend to a great extent on the preferences of each
household. When I came to my present garden I found fifty
Red Currant bushes, occupying even more ground than was
devoted to the Raspberries; and as I hold very strongly the
peculiar notion that Red Currants were invented for only two
reasons, viz. (1) Currant jelly, with haunch of venison or
mutton, and (2) to utterly spoil Raspberry pies, I at once
reduced their number to ten, amply sufficient to make jelly,
and increased the proportion of the Raspberries, which to my
mind are, after Apples, the best cooking fruit we have. Some
people, again, love Quinces and Medlars, while others positively
dislike both.

So that both the kinds themselves and the proportionate
breadths devoted to each can only be decided after consult-
ing the preferences—likes and dislikes—of the household. This,
however, will be true in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred,
viz. that Cooking Apples are by far the most important fruit crop
in the garden. And setting aside individual cases, the order of
relative importance, from a household point of view, will pro-
bably be nearly this, viz. : 1, Cooking Apples; 2, Cooking Plums ;
8, Gooseberries; 4 Strawberries; 5, Raspberries; 6, Red
Currants; 7, Dessert Apples; 8, Dessert Plums; 9, Cherries ;
10, Black Currants; 11, Dessert Pears; 12, Stewing Pears;
18, Medlars; 14, Quinces; 15, Mulberries. I know that a very
large number of amateur gardeners will exclaim with horror at
my putting Dessert Pears so low down in the scale, but I do so
after the utmost consideration, being convinced that, whatever
may be the opinion of those many amateurs who make a hobby
of Pears (of whom I myself am one), the housekeepers would
by a large majority declare that they could more easily do

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 129

without Pears than any other of the fruits which I have placed
above them. I will, therefore, say a few words on each kind of
fruit in the order I have suggested. I do not intend to speak of
Peaches, Nectarines, or Apricots, which, though in a sense hardy
in the South of England, are to my mind far better grown in
an orchard-house,* if grown at all ina small garden, and the
wall-space they would otherwise occupy devoted to Pears and
Plums.

Before, however, speaking of the different fruits individually,
let me enunciate what seems to me to be another general axiom
for deciding on the varieties of each kind to be grown. In my
opinion the very reverse holds good in small gardens to what
should obtain in growing fruit for market. Growers for market
should plant as few varieties of any kind of fruit (in reason) as
possible, in order that they may be able to place a large quantity
at a time of one variety upon the market, and so lessen expendi-
ture and labour, and get a better price too, than for com-
paratively little parcels of a number of different varieties. In
small gardens, however, where all that is grown is intended for
the one household’s consumption, almost the exact opposite
(again in reason) should be the rule, in order that there may
always be a constant supply of each fruit in its season, and not
superabundance at one time and scarcity at another. It ig
better, therefore, if needs be, to plant an inferior variety which
ripens earlier or later than one we already possess, than a
superior one which ripens at exactly the same time. Bearing
this, then, well in mind, and also that throughout this paper I
am speaking of a “small garden,’ and contemplating an ordi-
nary household with no special hobbies, likes or dislikes, we will
proceed to consider each kind of fruit in turn.

1. Apples for Cooking.—In such a garden, 2.e. from half an
acre to an acre and a half of combined kitchen garden and
orchard, there should be from five to eight Cooking Apples, some
as standards in the tiny orchard patch or elsewhere, and one or
two as bush-trees on or about the lawn, and allowed to grow
freely into a large head. Great care should be taken in selecting
the varieties, so that the whole Apple season from the middle of
September to the end of March may be duly covered. For the

* For an article on ‘Orchard-house Trees” see R.A.S. Journal,
Vol. XV., p. 251.

K

130 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

earliest choose either Potts’ Seedling, Ecklinville, Grenadier, or
Lord Grosvenor. Hither of these will serve for September and half
of October. Ido not think earlier Apples than these are needed, as
windfalls will supply abundance of Cooking Apples during the
last half of August and the beginning of September. For your
second Apple, from mid-October to December, choose Warner’s
King (which makes a very pretty graceful half-bush half-tree upon
the lawn, if planted in bush form and allowed to extend) or Sterling
Castle. For the third or Christmas Apple have either Tower of
Glamis, Waltham Abbey, or, if you do not mind waiting a few years,
Blenheim Orange, which, although it does not bear in a young
state, is excellent either for cooking or dessert. The fourth, to
carry you well through January, should be Lane’s Prince Albertin
bush form, or as an alternative Wellington (a grand Apple where
it does well, but on my light soil it is one mass of canker) or New
Northern Greening, though this is said to split and spot on some
soils. The fifth, for February and March, should be either Bram-
ley’s Seedling, Newton Wonder, or Alfriston. Ifyou can manage a
sixth, have Bismarck or Golden Noble, either of which makes a
very pretty small standard tree, and would help your second Apple
to fill up November and December. For seventh I would have a
second out of the three I have named for the fifth place, so as to
make sure of late-keeping Apples; and if an eighth be possible,
Lord Derby (in bush form), which is perhaps the loveliest of
all Apples when in bloom, would be sure to be acceptable, and
come into use between your first and second. I would strongly,
very strongly, urge eight varieties (im my own garden I have
ten), and if you can possibly manage a ninth try Anme Hlizabeth,
the latest Apple of all, which keeps good up till May. In this
way, except for spring frosts, which no forethought can avoid,
you should have Apples the whole season through.

It must be borne in mind, however, that Apples require well-
gathering and well-keeping. It is impossible to say exactly when
any one variety will be fit to gather; it varies so with varying
seasons that to name a date would mislead as often as it guided
aright. They must be watched and tried from time to time from
the beginning of September onwards, and when they part easily
from the tree then they are fit to pick.

In gathering, the fruits must be handled very carefully; no
tumbling them into baskets, and no shooting them from one

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 181

basket into another. Each fruit should be deliberately placed in
the smaller basket used for gathering, and transferred (if needs be)
from it by hand carefully into a larger basket or, better still, big
tray, and thence again transferred by hand on to the store shelf.
What are known as “ trug baskets” or “bodges’”’ are far better
than wicker baskets, which are themselves apt to indent and bruise
the fruit. All bruised and diseased fruits should be put aside
with windfalls for immediate use, and should never on any
account be stored with good ones for keeping. The Apple-store
(if there be no proper* fruit-room) should be in a shed as equable
in temperature as possible, not exposed to hot sun or to extreme
cold. Facing north or east is best. A light thatch put on over
(outside) the roof and sides, and refreshed every third year or so, is
an admirable way of converting a common shed into a very fair
fruit-store. There should be no window, and the door must shut
very closely. Inside it should be entirely surrounded with tiers of
open shelves, not solid, but made of strips of wood about a third
of an inch apart to admit free circulation of the air. The Apples
should be laid stalk downwards upon these shelves, preferably a
single layer only upon each, but never more than three Apples
deep, all being placed carefully in position one by one. A little
extra care in this way will bea thousandfold repaid. Each variety
should be kept by itself, and plainly labelled, and a look should
be given every now and then over the different shelves, and any
- fruits showing symptoms of decay removed at once.

2. Plums for Cooking.—Of these five will perhaps suffice,
though I should prefer seven. Livers’ Harly Prolific, ripe the first
week in August, one of the finest-flavoured Plums known, should
be in every garden. The next, for mid-August, should be The
Czar. For the third, at end of August, choose either The Sultan
or Belgian Purple. For the fourth Victoria should certainly be
chosen. I have never known it fail, and it almost always gives
quite a heavy crop requiring to be thinned, and the thinnings
make excellent green plum jam about the second week in August.
For the fifth, to use in the middle and towards the end of Septem-
ber, take either Pond’s Seedling or Monarch. Then I would, if
possible, add a tree of Damson, either Farleigh, or Bradley’s
King which is grand in the last days of September, and one of

* For particulars of a good fruit-room see p. 145.
K2

132 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Shepherd’s Bullace, which, after the light frosts of early October,
cooks splendidly and makes very toothsome jam.

Wherever bullfinches abound a very sharp look-out should
be kept with a gun over the Plums from early in February
till they have done blooming, or the handsome red-breasted and
black velvet-capped gentlemen will strip the branches of almost
every single bloom-bud. For this reason it is well to plant
the Plums as near the house as possible, as bullfinches are
generally a little shy at coming near to traffic.

8. Gooseberries.—I am not at all sure I ought not to have
put these before Plums, they are so very valuable where there is
a family, and to an unjaded palate the ripe fruit is delicious. It
is astonishing to me why this fruit should of late years have been
so much neglected! How many bushes there should be it is hard
to say—there can scarcely be too many ; twenty-five to forty at
least, considering their twofold use for cooking and dessert.
There are so many good varieties that I almost hesitate to name
any, but every collection should include Whitesmith, Bobby,
Crown Bob, Pitmaston Greengage, Whinham’s Industry, Keep-
sake, Harly Sulphur, Warrington, Leader, Broomgirl, and
Leveller. Three bushes of each of the first three named and
two each of the others would make a good twenty-four, but so
fond am I personally of Gooseberries, and so wholesome are
they, that I would recommend a still larger number.

In gathering Gooseberries green for cooking, either a small
plantation of Whinham’s Industry or Keepsake (or of both)
should be grown specially for the purpose, or else care should be
particularly taken that all the bushes be thinned, and not entire
bushes stripped at a picking. Indeed, even if a special planta-
tion be grown for cooking, it is better to take a few from each
bush when any are wanted than all from one.

Gooseberries are often planted singly along the paths of the
kitchen garden, but in many country places the birds would not
leave us a single berry unless the bushes are netted both from
the time of pruning till the blooming is over, and then again
when the fruit is ripe. We, therefore, prefer to grow them in a
patch for ease of netting. Lines of flat-tramed bushes in hedge
form are recommended, as they are so easily netted, but I have
personally no experience of them. Very early fruit can be had
by planting cordons on a south or west wall, if it as to spare,

kite

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 183

whilst late fruit may be had in the same way on walls facing
east or north.

Those who are really fond of Gooseberries would do well to
try them as Cordons, trained upon fences like espalier Apples
and Pears, or in lines of not less than 5 feet apart. Any inner
fence might well be covered with cordon Gooseberries. This is
the mode of culture to make the most of the ground. Straw-
berries could be grown between lines of Gooseberries, thus
economising also the netting in use.

4. Strawberries—These, like Gooseberries, must in the
country be netted before they begin to colour, or the birds will
not leave one to ripen, and so they, too, are better planted in beds,
and not as a sort of edging to the paths, as is so often seen. In
order really to supply a family with Strawberries, a good-sized
piece of ground must be devoted to them. You should have at
least 350 plants, better still 500; but unless you have a hobby
for trying new varieties, only three, or at most four, need be
grown, but as to what they should be opinions would greatly
differ. For a light soil do not hesitate to plant Vicomtesse
Héricart de Thury for the earliest ; my experience of the earlier
sorts on light soil has been distinctly disappointing. For the
next gathering President is invaluable, but a new one called
fioyal Sovereign may perhaps supersede it. My third would be
Countess, im my opinion a grand Strawberry, but too little
known ; the berries are not very large it is true, but it is a fine
cropper and of glorious flavour. The latest I care to have is
either Gunton Park or Lord Suffield. I have never grown
Strawberries on a heavy soil, but I am much mistaken if the
same selection of varieties would not be best on it as well,
adding, perhaps, for an early crop a few of Noble, which
certainly has some flavour on clay lands, and for a late crop
Latest of All or British Queen. If other varieties are wanted,
Incas, Georges Leswir, and Filbert Pine are all first-rate. A
new Strawberry called Hmpress of India has lately been in-
troduced ; on my light soil it is a bad doer compared with its
two fine brethren Lord Suffield and Gunton Park, but its
flavour is quite wonderful. It is well worth trying on at all
heavy soils. Waterloo is a fine wet-weather Strawberry, but to
my mind its dark livid colour is greatly against it.

5. faspberries.—It is difficult to say exactly how much

134 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

space should be devoted to this most useful fruit, but for such a
garden and family as Iam contemplating a line of 100 or 120
yards in length will not be too much, and this should, of course,
for facility of netting from the birds, be broken up into
several shorter lines 6 feet apart. It isa great saving of space
to plant Raspberries in lines (not in clumps); it makes them
easier both to support and gather. The best method of support
is to strain two or three stout wires from end to end of each
row and tie the canes up to them. Many people are hardly
aware of how many varieties of Raspberries there are, but Red
Antwerp is still the best for flavour, though, considering the size
and prolific bearing of Superlative, it is, I think, to be preferred,
and in flavour it is not far behind Red Antwerp. It might be
well to grow half of each, and use Superlative for cooking, and
for dessert when Red Antwerp is over. Other good kinds are
Carter’s Prolific, and Norwich Wonder a very favourite Raspberry
in Kent. The white or yellow Raspberries I do not recommend
at all; nor the white Strawberries.

6. Red Currants.—A very few of these will suffice if plenty
of the better fruits are grown. About twelve bushes would be
enough, and I would advise half being of Red Dutch and half of
Raby Castle. Of White Currants, as of White Raspberries, to
plant them seems to me to waste good ground where better
things might be grown, but if they are required White Trans-
parent and Versailles are the best.

7. Apples for Dessert.—Five of these should, if possible, be
planted, and mostly in bush form. The first early Apple should
be Irish Peach or Devonshire Quarrenden, both ripening in
August. The next, for September and early October, should be
either Lady Sudeley, Gravenstein, or Worcester Pearmain. Then
should come three trees of Cox’s Orange, the prince of all Dessert
Apples,* and one that keeps fairly well. People often talk of the
fineness of the American Apple called Newtown Pippin, but the
best American Newtown Pippin ever grown is not to be compared
with a good British Cox’s Orange. In my opinion it is hardly
worth while in a small garden to grow later Dessert Apples than
Cox’s Orange, which will often keep till Christmas, according to

* A very promising new Apple has made its appearance since the above
was written, called Sowth Lincoln Beauty. The specimens shown at the

Society’s meeting on November 13, 1894, were of the highest excellence,
and I would advise all who can get it to try it.

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 135

the season, especially if you happen to have Blenheim Orange
among the cooking sorts, which is a very fair Dessert Apple in
December. If, however, later varieties be wanted they will be
best found amongst Sturmer Pippin, Duke of Devonshire, or
Flosemary Russet.

8. Plums for Dessert.—The number of these and of Dessert
Pears must depend greatly on the amount of wall-space or close
wooden fencing at command. Ali should be grown either on a
wall or fence or in bush form. Three or four would probably be
enough, as they are more of luxuries than other fruits. Deniston’s
Superb would be the first, followed by Rivers’ Harly Transparent,
and that again by Jejferson’s, ending the season with Coe’s
Golden Drop, which should certainly have a wall. Late Trans-
parent is also a very fine Plum, and thoroughly deserves a wall.
Where bullfinches abound Greengages should be avoided, as,
unless a very sharp look-out be kept, every bloom-bud will be
eaten.

9. Cherries.—Here again comes in the question of the birds,
but only with regard to the ripe fruit, and if they will let the
fruit ripen there is no fruit-tree which is prettier on a lawn
somewhat in the background than a Cherry or two; but I do
not myself think that in a small garden they are ever worth a
wall or the space a bush-tree takes, in which forms alone they
can be netted from the birds. The finest Cherries for dessert
are Harly Rwers (black) and Kent Bigarreaw (white) ; and for
cooking there is none to approach Kentish, which, when really
fully ripe, is also of grand flavour for dessert. Any north or
north-east wall can hardly be better used than by planting a
Morello against it.

10. Black Currants.—About ten or twelve bushes of these
should be grown, as they make excellent jelly, and one or two
puddings of them in the season are always appreciated in the
kitchen, even if they be considered too strong-flavoured a fruit
for the parlour. The best variety, I think, is Baldwin’s, or, if
that cannot be had true, Lee’s Prolific.

11. Pears for Dessert.—Considered from a housekeeper’s
point of view, Pears are of little value in an ordinary family,
where no great amount of company is kept and dinner parties
are not of constant occurrence. Where this is the case a “ large
garden ’’ will be required, and then Pears will be of great im-

136 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

portance. But although, no doubt, in any family a few Pears for
dessert are useful, yet generally speaking they can be well
spared. Nevertheless, so very many amateur possessors of small
gardens make a speciality or hobby of their Pears that I will not
even suggest how many should be grown, but will make a few
general remarks.

After many years’ experience (for I have grown Pears in
great variety for upwards of thirty years, and my father did so
before me) Iam convinced that it is nothing but space and labour
lost and vexation of spirit for nine people out of ten to attempt
to grow late Pears ; such, I mean, as Haster Bewrré, Beurré Rance,
Zepherin Gregowre, Doyenné d’Alencon, Passe Crasanne, and
such like. [also think it a terrible mistake to grow too many
varieties in a small garden, the watching over a few fruits, each
of a number of different varieties when ripening, being exceed-
ingly difficult and anxious work. Again, to grow very early
Pears appears to me unnecessary; they are not so toothsome
as an early Apple, and they rot in a few hours.

The earliest Pear I would advise is Williams’ Bon Chrétien,
and it may be grown either asa standard or bush tree. This
may be followed by Lowse Bonne, Beurré Hardy, Pitmaston
Duchess, and Durondeau, all of which do quite well as bush-trees
or as espaliers. All people have their peculiar likes and dislikes,
and to my mind Marie Lowise is a somewhat over-rated Pear—
sweet, buttery, and juicy, but wanting in piquancy of flavour,
and, if wall-space be limited, I certainly do not think Marie
Lowise should have any of it; indeed its flavour is better from
an espalier or bush-tree, in either of which forms it does fairly
well, although I admit the crop is not so constant.

The best of all Pears is Doyenné du Comice,* and if I had
only wall-space in my whole garden for three trees, one, if not
two, of them should be Doyenné du Comuce, and the other
Winter Nelis—an exquisite little December Pear. Only in very
favoured places are either of them of any use in bush form.

In a small garden you will certainly not be willing to spare

* Pears differ somewhat in different seasons. This year (1894) I have
not had any Pear equal in flavour to Bewrré Dumont—it has been superb.
I have also, since this paper was written, made the acquaintance of two
excellent Pears, not actually new I believe, but very seldom met with, and
at least new to me, Le Lectier and Beurré Dubwisson. Pear-fanciers
should certainly try them both.

&

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 137

room (unless you have a hobby for Pears, and I am not now writing
for such) for more than these, viz.: Williams’ Bon Chrétien as a
half-standard, Lowise Bonne, Beurré Hardy, Pitmaston Duchess,
Durondeau, and (?) Marie Louise as bush-trees or as espaliers,
and Doyenné du Comice and Winter Nelis on a wall or fence,
preferably with southern or western aspect, though I have one
plant of Comice which does admirably on a due east wall.

12. Pears for Cooking.—These, if grown at all, should be in
bush or espalier form, the fruits being so very heavy. Catillac
is the best for the purpose, the blossom also being really most
beautiful and ornamental.

13. Medlars.—lf any of the household like Medlars, the
variety called Large Dutch (syn. Monstrous) forms a very pretty
small lawn-tree; the curious Japanese-like contortions of its
branches, the large white solitary flowers, the drooping habit,
and most of all the exquisite colour of its autumn foliage, make
it highly ornamental. Few people seem to know how very
delicious Medlar jelly is.

14. Quinces.—If there be any odd damp corner, or an un-
occupied spot near a pond, a Quince-tree is always useful, either
to make jelly or to put a small slice of one in Apple puddings
and pies. The Pear-shaped variety should be preferred.

15. Mulberries.—This tree, again, may with great advantage be
planted as a lawn-tree in the South of England, its rounded
outline and dense heavy foliage forming a good contrast to almost
any other trees. It should be grown as a standard with as high
a stem as may be, in order that the grass of the lawn may grow
well underneath it and form a soft carpet for the ripe fruit to be
shaken upon, as ina small garden there will probably not be
labour enough to spare on the tiresome task of gathering
Mulberries. A tall stem also lifts the tree more out of the
influence of spring frosts.

I have endeavoured in most cases to give alternative varieties
of the different fruits, not because I do not know which I myself
should prefer, but because, happily, tastes differ, and it is not well
that all should grow exactly the same ; moreover, all varieties do

not succeed equally well at all places.

At this point I had intended my paper to close, but it has
been urged on me very strongly to make it more complete by

188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

adding some few directions for planting and pruning. And as
at the time of the issue of the leaflet on “ Fruits for Cottagers ”’
I took very great pains to draw up and condense into the smallest
possible compass some notes upon these subjects, which notes
were very kindly revised and approved by several members of our
Society’s Fruit Committee, it can do no harm to repeat them
in substance, as this paper may reach some who have not seen
the other.

The best time for planting all fruits is late October and
throughout November, except for Strawberries, which should be
planted in August or early in September.

Just digging a hole, cramming the roots in, shovelling the
soil over, stamping it down, and leaving it is the wrong way to
plant any trees, and can only result in failure.

The right way is :—

i. Break up all the earth to a depth of 18 inches, either
in a square or circle of at least 3 feet across, but without
bringing the bottom spit to the top.

ii. If the roots are in any way jagged or torn, cut the
points cleanly off with a sharp knife, and at the same time
shorten back all straight-downward roots, unless they will
easily bend out to right and left.

ili. Place the tree in the hole at such a depth that when
the planting is finished it will be at the same depth as it
was in the nursery, which will be easily seen by the soil-
mark on the stem. The depth should be such that the
uppermost roots will be about three or four inches below the
surface when the planting is finished.

iv. The roots will generally be found to be growing from
various parts of the stem. Spread out the lowest roots care-
fully on the soil in the hole and scatter a little fine earth
over them ; then spread out the roots next above these, add-
ing more soil; then those above them, and so on, giving a
little shake now and then te let the soil run in between the
fine roots. The object of this is that when all is finished
and done, the roots may lie in the ground almost at right
angles with the part of the stem from which they issue,
and tier above tier.

v. When all the roots are spread out and covered, give
the tree a good vigorous shake, add a little more soil, and

Pate: a

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 139

then tread it in firmly (not hard), and fill up the hole
slightly above the surrounding soil, as it will sink one or
two inches.

vi. Put a strong stake to the tree, and be sure that the
way the two are fastened together is such as to make it
impossible for the stem of the tree to chafe itself against
the stake when the winds blow. The fastening of all trees
should be undone and retied every spring to prevent choking
the rise of the sap. A wisp of hay or straw, or a bit of old
sacking, should be placed round the stem to prevent the
string cutting into the bark; and every spring, in retying,
it is as well to vary the spot slightly if possible, so as to
expose the previously covered up bark to the sun and air.
(See also page 164).

vii. Protect the trees from rabbits, cattle, and sheep.

It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of all the above
details of planting.

If the natural soil is very poor, a little better garden soil may
be brought for the operation described in paragraph iv., shaking
it in amongst the roots just to give the tree a good start, but
no dung whatever should be used wnder the ground, though a
thin layer over the surface when the planting is done will be
helpful.

It is very important not to plant too deeply (iii.), especially
in wet or heavy land. In very wet land it is far safer to plant
the trees almost on the surface, and to mound the earth up to
and over the roots.

It is very important to spread out all the roots down to the
smallest fibres (iv.), and none should be allowed to take a
directly downward direction. Let every one be duly spread out,
slanting very slightly, if at all, downwards from the point at
which they grow out of the stem.

It is very important that the soil should not be left loose
about the stem and roots (v.), but firm treading does not mean
hard ramming.

It is very important to fill up the hole 2 or 3 inches above
the level (v.), and not leave a hollow for stagnant water to fill.

It is very important to stake the tree (vi.) firmly, so that the
roots are not strained by the wind; but better not stake at all

140 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than so as to let the stake chafe through the bark, or the twine
to choke it and throttle it. (See page 164.)

It is better to lay the tree in, just lightly covering the roots
up with soil, for a week or so, than to plant in wet sticky
weather or in sharp frost.

In planting trees on the lawn or in meadow-land the turf
must not be relaid close up to the stems of the trees, but a little
round bed 8 feet across should be left over the roots. This
should be kept slightly stirred from time to time to a depth of
2 or 3 inches, and may be planted with any shallow-rooting
annuals or bedding-out plants that do not require deep holes to
be dug. These little round beds also make it very much easier
to water the trees the first summer if at all hot and dry, as the
turf edges prevent the water running away to a distance and
compel it to sink direct to the roots. After.about four or five
years, when the trees have got well hold of the ground, these
round beds should be turfed over.

It is very important the first summer to give the trees a good
soaking with water once every fortnight if the weather be hot
and the soil naturally dry. Too much water on a heavy soil
will be disadvantageous. It is a great assistance to young trees
to keep the surface-soil friable by frequent hoeing, so as to let in
sun and air; it also has the advantage of preventing excessive
evaporation.

It is also important the first spring after planting to look
over the young trees carefully as they are beginning to grow
into leaf, and pick off all caterpillars and grubs, by which they
are almost sure to be haunted. The leaves and the roots of a
tree are so mutually interdependent that many a good tree is
lost or crippled for life by allowing the grubs to eat up the
first year’s spring foliage.

In planting Strawberries it is very important that they be
planted neither too deep nor too shallow. If planted too deep
the crown eye in the centre of each will probably rot, whereas
if planted too shallow the roots which issue forth from the neck
as the plants grow will have no chance of forming. The collar
or neck, therefore, should be just, but only just, under the
ground. The plants should never be roughly dibbled in with a
dibber, as is so frequently done, but a little hole dug with a
trowel, and the roots carefully spread out all round, and the soil

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 141

firmly pressed down among them. Strawberries should always
be firmly planted, and, unless the season be wet, will probably
need frequent waterings. A new bed made in this way in the
middle of August, and kept thoroughly watered, will bear a very
fair crop of fruit the first season. Strawberries are far better
planted in rows than in groups of threes.

Raspberries, again, are much better in rows. In planting be
very careful to spread out the roots on all sides, and make the
soil firm. The canes should at once be shortened to a height
of 18 inches or 2 feet. They will not, of course, bear fruit
in this way the first summer, but they will throw up fine
fruiting canes for the year after. If allowed to remain their full
length, and to bear fruit the first year, the roots will receive a
check which they will be years in outgrowing. Many growers
bend the canes over in a “bow”; this form of training is very
pretty, and exposes the eyes more to the sun, and so the fruit ig
more freely produced.

The subject of Pruning is a very difficult one to treat of in a
small space. Standards and half-standards, and bush-trees planted
on the lawn and therefore presumably intended for extension,
will need very little pruning at all. The year of planting, unless
you have some knowledge of the subject yourself, or can get the
help and advice of some thoroughly reliable gardener, I am
strongly of opinion that you will do less harm to your trees
by leaving them all quite unpruned than to allow ignorant
experiments to be made upon them. Bush-trees intended to
be restricted in growth should, however, have the side shoots of
the branches well shortened back to three or four eyes every
year, and the leading shoots to eight or ten eyes. After the
first year’s growth has been made, standards and other un-
restricted trees will only need the removal of shoots that
cross one another and a few inches cut off the points of strong
shoots. I should, however, like to repeat what I have said
elsewhere, that with fruit-trees on the lawn the less pruning
they have the more ornamental will they become. The side
shoots, where the foliage is dense, should be cut right back
to an eye inAugust, but the leaders of all the branches should
be allowed almost, if not quite, free course.

When not wanted for fresh beds, the ‘“‘runners”’ of Straw-
berries should be cut off as they appear, so as to throw all

14y JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the strength into the main crown of the plant. Fresh beds
should be made every third year, as after that the old plants
are worn out, but the best plan of all is to renew a third part
of the beds every year, so as always to have one-third of your
plants in their first year, one-third in their second, and one-
third in their third year of bearing. Never permit the barbarous
plan of cutting all the Strawberry leaves off in the winter. It is
most detrimental.

Thin out the young growths of Raspberries in early summer
by pulling wp the superfluous ones, and then cut out the old
canes altogether as soon as ever they have done fruiting. Manure
should be laid over the roots; but the soil should never be dug
near the canes, as Raspberries are essentially surface-rooting
plants. The canes, when tied in, should be shortened to a con-
venient height, and if the bent-over system of training be
adopted you may take about one foot off the ends.

Red and White Currants should have the side shoots of the
last summer’s new growth shortened back to a couple of eyes and
the main leading shoots to five or six eyes, more or less, accord-
ing as it is wished to let the bush increase in size or not. The
centre of the bushes should be kept quite free from growths.
Black Currants should be pruned on the exactly opposite plan,
cutting out the old wood and leaving the young summer growths
their full length, only removing shoots in the centre to let in the
sun and air. The reason for this is that Red and White Currants
bear chiefly on the old wood; Black Currants on the new (ie.
last year’s) growth.

Gooseberries should have the side shoots of each year’s new
growth well thinned, cutting them almost all out to an eye, but
the leaders of the different branches should be little pruned till
the bushes have grown their full size. I prefer to prune Goose-
berries and Currants about the first week of February, and then
to net them at once from the birds, but in some places it may be
needful to net all the winter, in which case they may be pruned
in December. I am told that if a mixture of whiting made
with milk, with a little glue stirred in, be brushed over the
bushes with a long-haired brush immediately after pruning, it
will often be enough to keep the birds from eating out the buds.
If the colour is objected to, a little soot can be added to the
mixture just to darken it,

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 143

Wherever I have advised to cut out all the side shoots of
fruit bushes or trees, it is, of course, supposed that judgment will
be used where to leave one here and another there to form an
altogether new branch to extend and furnish the tree. The
object of cutting out the side shoots of the branches is to prevent
crowding and to let in plenty of air and light; it is, therefore, far
easier to prune before the leaves fall, when dark and crowded
places make themselves more apparent, than when only the bare
shoots are left.

It is a mistake to give young trees heavy dressings of manure,
as the ordinary soil of gardens is rich enough. For the first few
years aim at laying the foundation of a good tree; keep the
boughs rather thin, 7.e. well apart, not crowded, but fully exposed
to sun and air so as to ripen the wood, and thus form a sturdy
basis for future good crops. Some kinds will bear the second
year, and may then be assisted by manure laid on the surface
after the fruit is well set, or by waterings of liquid manure, or
soapy water, &c.,in summer; but fruit-trees, young or old, if they
are growing and healthy, should only have manure applied
when they are bearing a crop, so as to enable them to bring the
year’s fruit to perfection, and at the same time form fresh
blossom-buds for next year.

[Up to this point this paper has been written by the Rev.
W. Wilks, of Shirley, and revised by Mr. George Bunyard, of
The Nurseries, Maidstone. From this point to the end the
process has been exactly the reverse. Neither writer is
absolutely bound to the opinions of the other, although
agreeing in a general way. |

A critic wishing to exercise his skill may possibly object that
the foregoing paper deals only with the making of an entirely
new garden. This, of course, is easily replied to by pointing out
that in writing such a paper it is never supposed that any one
person will be able to carry out ali the details and suggestions
made. The idea rather is that the owner of a small garden
should have something to guide him, and towards which to work,
in all and any alterations he may be able to carry out. Never-
theless, as the majority of people enter upon the occupation of an
already existing garden, it seems well to add a word or two on

144 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

worn-out and dilapidated gardens. Perhaps the garden is such
a one aS we sometimes see advertised as “ fully stocked with
the choicest fruit-trees,’ &c¢., but on inspection these grand
examples are found to be (a) overgrown or (6) of unsuitable
varieties, and (c) the wall-trees are spurred and pruned to give a
neat appearance rather than a crop of fruit. If the owner enter
upon such a garden at Lady-day, he had better let things remain
as they are, and learn what trees to destroy from the results of
the summer and autumn, merely taking out the superfluous
inner shoots in August, and marking such trees as are unsuitable —
or those which do not bear, retaining, of course, those which are
desirable to keep for shelter or for a blind to neighbouring
windows. When the leaves have fallen the whole should be
thoroughly overhauled. ‘The condemned specimens should be
erubbed out, and care taken to get out of the soil all the old roots
and fibres, and, after the land has settled, new trees should be
introduced of the varieties already named. The remaining trees
should be carefully pruned. Wherever it is necessary to saw
out branches, the wound should be rounded off and the surface
smoothed with a sharp knife, to allow the young bark to creep
over and cover the exposed wood. The points of long shoots
should be shortened, and a winter dressing of surface manure be
given to those which have made but little growth. It too fre-
quently happens that trees in small gardens are planted by the
speculative builder, who has picked them up at some auction
sale, and, consequently, several trees of one variety are often
found in such gardens. Duplicates can be got rid of to make
room for new useful varieties. All prunings of trees should be
collected at once, and the small wood burned, to destroy insects,
&c., and the larger branches can be sawn up by the gardener
during frost and snow, when he cannot work outside.

If the entry be made at Michaelmas the latter part of this
routine need only be carried out. In the case of unsuitable
varieties, recourse should again be had to the lists already given,
which are reliable; and as but few trees in such gardens are
on stocks that will admit of root-pruning, it is best to clear them
out at once, and purchase fruiting trees from a reliable source.
As regards neglected wall-trees, overgrown Peaches and Nec-
tarines with coarse breastwood and wild shoots are better replaced
by Pears and Plums; but old Plums can be recovered by cutting

HARDY FRUITS FOR SMALL GARDENS. 145

-in the spurs, thinning out the trained branches, and, if strong
erowth is evident, root-pruning can be effectually carried out.
(A paper on this subject is given in the Royal Horticultural
Society’s Jowrnal, Vol. XV., page 211.)

Pears on walls are generally too crowded in the branches, and
cleaner fruit will be obtained if not only these, but the spurs also,
are reduced to about one half; and it is better to replant cordons
on the Quince stock of the varieties already named, which can be
bought in a fruiting state, than to plant espaliers again, as
the cordon system gives great variety in a small space, and fruit
of a larger size.

Bush-fruits are frequently too crowded in small gardéns, and
unless they are healthy, and show bold, clean young growth, had
better be rooted up at once, and a fresh stock be planted. The
existing beds of Strawberries and Raspberries can be tried for a
year, but some fresh plants should be introduced, especially in
suburban gardens, as these subjects seem to carry with them
something of the vitality and freedom of growth they have laid
up in the country.

Again, most old gardens are benefited more by the addition
of fresh turfy loam than by strong nitrogenous manure, as in
time all the holding qualities of the soilin town gardens seems
to vanish, and it assumes such a loose nature that the roots of
fruit-trees cannot duly perform their functions in it.

New Apple-trees should be upon the Paradise stock, and a
pretty form of standards called ‘“‘amateurs’ standards’”’ can now
be purchased where there is room for them, while cordons and
fancy trees, with pyramids, come into bearing at once.

The Quince stock is also preferable for Pears, except on
sandy and gravelly soils, when they should be on the free stock.

HOW TO MAKE A FRUIT-ROOM.
By Mr. Grorae Bunyarp, F.R.H.S.

Foundation.—First level the soil and dig out holes for the
corners large enough to admit brick piers 14 by 14, or stones
about 1 foot square ; fix an iron dowel in the centre to receive
the corner posts of the structure. Some provision for air (air

L

146 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bricks), or an aperture covered outside and inside with perforated
zinc, should be provided just above the ground line. If the room
is to be over 20 feet long an extra foundation should be put in
at the half distance. é

Main Posts.—Make these 6 feet long, 6 inches square, and pre-
pare a hole in the foot to receive the dowel mentioned in the last
paragraph; this will keep the framework firm. The main ground
plate should be 43 by 3, and the top plate of the same size.
Support and steady these in the usual way with quartering 45
by 8, and when this is fixed, choose a dry day and pitch, tar, or
cold creosote the lower plates and all the woodwork 2 feet up
from the ground, to protect from damp. The quartering should
show an even outside face.

Outside Covering—The cheapest material will be 2 match-
board, and it may as well be fixed on the rafters also. Pitch-
board 44 by 1, rafters 3 by 2.

Bonds from one side to the other should be 4} by 3; if stout
they are useful to hold planks, on which baskets can be placed
overhead in the roof. In order to receive the outside thatch, a
side board is attached 6 inches wide from the ground to the roof,
in which the thatch is placed upright, and it is kept in position by
lateral splines of wood 8 by 1,“which are shown in the figure.

The Thatch may be 18 inches thick on the roof, and 6 inches
at the sides. Where it can be procured, carex or reed is the
strongest and most lasting, but it may be of wheat straw or
of heather.

Doors.—An inside and outside door should be provided, and
they must be made to fit closely, to exclude draughts.

Windows.—In order that visitors may fully inspect the fruit,
windows of 21 oz. glass may be inserted, and this saves the use
of a candle at storing time, but outside shutters are provided to
keep the room as dark as possible; but a fruit-room is perhaps
really better without any windows at all.

Ventilation should be provided by an opening under the apex
of roof at each end, 1 by 9, a small opening being left between the
dairy shutters, which can be stopped by hay or moss in severe
weather; the inside should be protected by perforated zinc, fine
enough to keep out wasps and flies.

Thieves and Rats.—It has been suggested that, in order to
protect the contents, a half-inch stout wire netting should be

HOW TO MAKE A FRUIT-ROOM. 147

fastened to the matchboard outside, so that an entry would be
difficult. This is advisable also to keep out rats.

Inside Shelves, on which to lay the fruit, are readily fixed at
the sides. First place uprights 2 by 15 from the ground to the
roof, and then attach bearers 2 by < on this to the quartering.
I find 1 foot between the shelves a very convenient distance ; this
places the lowest shelf 6 inches from the ground, making six
in all up to the eaves. The shelves are made of # matchboard,

and need not quite meet each other, so as to allow a slight circu-
lation of air. Upon this we place lengths of clean wheat straw,
so that the fruit shall not quite touch the shelves. In the centre
of the fruit-room we have a narrow table with a raised edge,
made of three lengths wide of matchboard set on trestles ; this
is useful to set up exhibition collections or to show special
samples.

Names.—Get a slip of zine 4 inches long, turn up one end
linch at an angle of 45, and then slit this angle three times, and
bend it so that it will hold a neat card; the other end can be

slipped under the straw.
L2

»
148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Frwit must never be wet when stored, and should be
handled very carefully and laid singly on the shelves, but in the
case of small Apples (Russets, &c.) they keep well three or four
deep. Look over carefully from time to time and remove rotten
or specked fruit, and keep the floor always damp.

These few hints will enable growers to keep late Pears to
March, and Apples to May or June. It was from our fruit-
room, constructed on these lines, that we put up forty dishes of
fresh clean Apples at the Temple Show in London on May 28,
1894. Our house is constructed in the open, on the soil, and is
30 feet by 12 feet, outside measure, and easily takes 300 kinds of
fruit. The cost was about £30.

DISCUSSION.

The CHAIRMAN, in inviting discussion, said they often learnt
more from their failures than from their successes. He then
told the meeting of a gentleman who was taught by bitter experi-
ence, because, contrary to instructions, his trees were planted too
deep, and because a dead dog, a dead cat, and butcher’s offal
were placed at the roots of some Pear and Apple trees. Trees
could not live on such food, said the Chairman, who added that
as they would not go to a cheap grocer for their tea, so they
should go to none but the best sources for their fruit-trees.

Mr. Joun Wricut paid a high tribute to the Rev. Mr. Wilks,
whom they greatly missed at that Conference. He could easily
have imagined that the paper had been written by a professional
gardener instead of by an amateur. He could scarcely find one
fault with it; but there was one omission—Mr. Wilks did not
mention that grand old favourite among Strawberries, the Sar
Joseph Paxton.

Mr. Bunvarp said the flavour was not good enough.

Another gentleman in the hall suggested that it was ‘‘ worn
out.”

Mr. Wricut vigorously defended “ Sir Joseph Paxton” from
these onslaughts. He was glad to see the importance attached
by Mr. Wilks to the Gooseberry and the Raspberry. These were
the fruits for the amateur, as they gave an ample return for the
space allotted them. He told of aman who divided his allotment

HOW TO MAKE A FRUIT-ROOM. 149

from his neighbour’s by a hedge of Raspberries. The hedge was
some seventy-five yards long, but after consuming all he required
the grower sold between £3 and £4 worth each year. That
was an example of how to utilise ground which might have been
planted with a useless bush. If we only did justice to the soil
by the exercise of intelligence and due care, Englishmen could
produce fruit as good as was ever sent from any other country
in the world. It was only knowledge, judgment, and ordinary
business commercial care that was needed.

Mr. A. H. Pearson said he was very pleased Mr. Wilks had
taken up the subject of planting fruit-trees as ornamental trees,
and he could assure them, from having seen Mr. Witks’ own
garden, how lovely a lawn might be made by the fruit-trees,
both in the spring and the autumn.

Mr. Rivers alluded to the Times correspondence. He said
that if an orchard yielded a profit three years out of five they
ought to be satisfied. The remainder of the rent would be paid
by the bush-fruits. He would like to give to the meeting a
recipe for canker which had been made by Mr. Tonks, of Bir-
mingham. It had proved most successful, and was as follows :

Superphosphate of lime ; ; : . 385 Ibs.
Nitrate of potash . : j 4 : #020) 4;
Nitrate of soda . : ; F : ry: eee
Sulphate of lime . : : : : (ya: meee

A quarter of a pound to the square yard should be applied in the
autumn and spring.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Wilks and to the Chairman con-
cluded the proceedings of the first day.

150 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On the second day of the Conference, Monday, October 1,
the Chair was taken at 3.30 p.m. by Mr. Guo. Bunyarp, F.R:H.S.

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE.
By Mr. Cuaruzs D. Wiss, F.8.1., F.R.H.S.

Owr1ne to the great increase in the fruit-growing industry a good
deal has been written during the last few years on fruit-farming
and the enormous profits to be made. The bulk of these reports
are greatly exaggerated, although under certain conditions,
which I will endeavour to set clearly before you, fruit-growing
yields a fair return on capital expended. Many people think
that fruit-trees have merely to be planted, and that profitable
returns in due course are assured ; and it is only by experience,
and in many cases by loss of capital, that they find that fruit-
srowing is a business and a science, and that, as is the case in
other trades, the apprenticeship has to be gone through and the
business thoroughly studied—I do not say Jearned, as the fruit-
grower learns something new every day, and his lessons will
never be over. ~
Why do not farmers go in for fruit-growing ? This question
is asked again and again ; I think the simple answer is that, even
if they felt inclined to do so, they do not know how to set about
it, and not only do they not understand the business, but where
is the necessary capital to come from ?—and even should that be
forthcoming, it is not on every farm that land adapted for fruit-
culture is to be found.
We have also these important considerations :—
1. There are only selected areas where you can hope to
succeed so far as soil, shelter, and situation are concerned.
2. Fruit-growing, especially on a large scale, should
be within reasonable distance of a good market or rail-
way station.
3. The tenant must be prepared to stand out of his
capital for certainly four years, or perhaps longer, before a
fair return is obtained; and no tenant should plant on a
large scale except under a lease of at least twenty-one
years, and with compensation for improvements fully
assured at the end of his tenancy.

Given suitable soil and situation, with railway accommodation

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 151

at hand and security of tenure, I am of opinion that hundreds of
acres of land might be planted with fruit, to the advantage of
both landlord and tenant. ‘The landlord should give every en-
couragement to a tenant who wishes to plant fruit, either by
finding the trees or by giving him written permission to plant
under the Agricultural Holdings Act, which will entitle him to
obtain compensation at the termination of his tenancy. It is
most certainly to the interest of the landlords to meet tenants in
this way, as by the planting of fruit the value of their property
is enormously increased.

Under the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1883, a tenant is
entitled to compensation (taking into consideration the inherent
capability of the soil) for the planting of orchard fruit-trees and
fruit-bushes, provided such planting is done with the written
consent of the landlord. Market-gardeners and their landlords
have been much interested in the Market Gardeners Bill pro-
moted by Sir E. Lechmere, but which has been thrown out
during the past session. Market-gardeners contend that if they
plant land which they rent as market-garden land with fruit
stocks the written consent of the landlord for such planting is
not necessary, and that at the termination of their tenancy they
should receive compensation for all fruit-trees which they have
planted. They further contend that the landlord in letting land
as a market-garden presupposes that such land would be
’ planted as a market-garden, and their great point is, Does not
that supposition include the planting of fruit-trees ? It certainly
seems rather hard on the market-gardener if he is to obtain no
compensation for fruit-trees which he has planted and brought
to maturity, and by the planting of which (with his own
capital) he may have doubled the value of the landlord’s property.
Taking this view, if the landlord does not wish land, which he
lets as a market-garden, to be planted with fruit-trees, he would
make a special stipulation to that effect, and in the event of his
not doing so, at the termination of the tenancy, if the trees have
been well cared for and the plantations have been planted with
judgment, then the landlord or incoming tenant would pay a fair
valuation for all growing crops, including the fruit trees and
bushes. And if the trees have not been properly pruned and
cared for, and the plantation is unfavourably situated, the valua-
tion would be proportionately lower.

152: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I understand it was proposed to make the new Act retro-
spective for three years only; but the tenant, supposing he had
planted four or five years ago and quitted his holding at the end of
the fourth or fifth year, would have received practically no return
from his fruit-trees, and it therefore seems to me that the Act
should be retrospective for a longer period, taking into con-
sideration the number of years during which the different
varieties of fruit-trees growing on the land will remain in profitable
bearing after the termination of the tenancy. The question of
compensation to market-gardeners, and also to fruit-growers, is
a most important and difficult one, and should be fully discussed
by all interested parties.

We hear a great deal of what the Royal Commission on Agri-
culture is going to do for the tenant-farmer ; but I fear, unless the
tenant: farmers look after themselves, they will obtain very little
help from that quarter; and, although I do not say that fruit-
growing will be the salvation of the agriculturist throughout the
country, Ido maintain that on very many farms, if a certain
proportion of the acreage were under fruit, it would be to the
advantage of both landlord and tenant. A few acres should be
planted to start with, and as experience in management is gained
the acreage may be steadily increased until the 5-acre plantation
soon becomes 50 acres, and a good business is developed. Where
agriculturists have planted fruit, and the soil and situation are
favourable, we find that the plantations do increase in area, and
we may therefore conclude that the tenants are not losing money.
In the Evesham district, for example, the fruit-growing and
market-gardening industry is extending every year, and the
small allotment holders, instead of growing corn, are planting
their land with Asparagus or other vegetables and bush-fruit,
with one or perhaps two rows of Plum-trees or other standards
round the outside, according to the size of their holdings.

Soil—One of the first considerations before planting is
whether the soil which it is proposed to plant is suitable for the
growth of fruit. Most soils will grow fruit, a good strong deep
loam being preferable. Shallow soil on gravel or on chalk is the
least suitable, especially for standard or tree fruit, though
Strawberries may do well in certain seasons. The same remark
applies also to sandy land, for this class of land feels the drought
in a very dry season, which is fatal to fruit trees and bushes.

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE, : 153

Fruit-trees will never thrive on land which is water-logged,
and a most important point is to see that the land is thoroughly
drained before planting commences, though not over-drained, as
the trees as they grow older will take up a great quantity of
moisture from the land.

I am able to give the analysis of the soil taken from a planta-
tion in which Plums, Apples, Pears, Strawberries, Black and
Red Currants, Raspberries, and Gooseberries all grow exceedingly
well, and I shall point out to you presently the great advantage
to the grower of having an analysis of the soil.

ANALYSIS. Z
Silica or silicates insoluble in acids , : : . 74:20
Oxide of iron and alumina . : : : ; . 15°90
Lime . , : : : : , : : eriyoe
Magnesia - ; ; : Z ; q : ioe
Potash . : : ; : ; A ; 3 -. 00
Soda .: . : : : ‘ ; “. : . 40
Carbonic acid. , ' : , ' P F 2, OF
Phosphoric acid . . ; , : , , aoe
Sulphuric acid ; ‘ . 06
Organic matter and water of hydr ation . ; : an tae
Nitrogen . + “285

Including ehaeies acid, ree in 4 per
cent. solution of citric acid (v.e. readily
available phosphoric acid) : : . 004

Situation.—Given a suitable soil, we must consider whether
the site or situation is favourable. I think this point is the
most important of all, and yet it is frequently overlooked.
There are many acres of fruit-trees, planted in unfavourable
situations, which year after year yield no return whatever, and
it is such plantations as these which we hear of as being
erubbed up. We have all noticed in the early morning of a bright
spring day the mist hanging in the valleys, especially where
there is a stream, and if the observer is on rising ground, on the
side of the valley, he can often see over the mist to the further
side ; it is these mist-laden valleys that must be avoided. Why ?
Because it is in these low-lying situations that the frost takes
most effect. The height above sea-level of the fruit plantations,
some 600 acres in Gloucestershire, which I have the honour to
manage, varies from 180 feet to 480 feet, and the small propor-
tion of land which was planted at the lower level invariably
suffers from the spring frosts. This season the Plums and Apples

154 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were laden with fruit on the low-lying ground when the great frost
of May 21 came, and Plumsand Apples, all well set and nearly as
large as beans, were completely swept off the trees, and not only
was the fruit destroyed, but the young shoots on the trees were
scorched as if by fire. On the higher levels the trees escaped,
and from observations taken after a series of years I find that
plantations that are not lower than 250 feet above sea-level as a
rule escape frost, although the higher they are the better. Old
plantations on elevated sites are keenly contested for in our district,
if they come into the market through change of tenant or any
other cause, and I would urge all who plant not to plant in the
valley. Itis from plantations on the higher ground, well sheltered
from wind, that good annual returns are obtained, and when
spring frosts cut off the blossoms or fruit in the valley the
happy man onthe hillside reaps his reward. Shelter can be
obtained by planting belts of quick-growing trees, such as
Larch, Canadian Poplars, &c., and the fruit-trees themselves
soon shelter each other to a very great extent. The hedges
surrounding newly planted fields may be allowed to grow up
gradually to from 10 to 15 feet, and they then afford excellent
shelter.

Varieties.—With soil and situation favourable, the next im-
portant step is to decide what varieties of fruit to plant. In
making a selection it is best to observe which varieties do best
in the district, or if not a fruit-growing district, the old orchards
and gardens in the vicinity are a good guide. On no account
should I advise the beginner to have all his eggs in one basket.
If uncertain as to what will do best, he should try to commence
with two or three kinds of bush-fruit, and, say, four or five
varieties of Plums, Apples, and other tree-fruit. They will
soon answer the question themselves, and those which do best
can be gradually increased. On the Toddington Fruit Farm we
have over forty varieties of Plums and Gages, thirty-five of
Apples, seven of Cherries, and a large acreage under Black
Currants, Red Currants, Raspberries, and Strawberries, and the
crops vary considerably according to the seasons.

In the case of Plums and Apples, the number of different
varieties at Toddington is far too great, and I should not recom-
mend anyone to grow more than a dozen sorts of each.

Strawberries.—Taking Strawberries first, the most suitable

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 155

for market in our district are Vicomtesse Heéricart de Thury,
which is an early variety coming in a few days in advance of the
main crop, and Sir Joseph Paxton, President, and Stirling
Castle for the main crop. It is a great advantage in picking
and marketing to have a certain proportion of the acreage
planted with the early varieties. We plant 2 feet 6 inches row
to row, and 18 inches apart in the row, which takes 11,000
plants per acre, allowing plenty of room for the horse-hoes to
work. The usual method is to plant with a dibble; but I am
convinced, and have proved by experience, that if more time is
taken in planting, and a small 3-tine hand-fork used, the plants
will make a far better start, and the extra labour will be more
than repaid. Runners should be taken, if possible, from one- or
two-year-old plants, and if the weather is suitable, and the
eround is ready, they should be planted as soon as they are well
rooted. Many acres are planted in October and November if
the weather is open, and also in early spring, but on our land
we find planting in August or September answers best. Plants
cost from 10s. to 15s. per 1,000, and if half an acre is planted
and the runners are all left, the following summer there will be a
large stock of plants available. Assuming the plants are bought,
the cost of planting will be about £8 to £10 per acre, exclusive
of manure—that is, if the land is clean and in a good state of
cultivation. The land should be well rolled before planting.

The first summer after planting it does not pay to mulch the
plants ; all runners should be kept carefully cut off, except, of
course, where plants may be required. The second summer, if
the plants have made any early runners, they should be cut
after the last hoeing and before the straw is put down. We use
about 10 to 15 cwt. of straw per acre for mulching ; barley or oat
straw is preferred, as these kinds will cover more ground than
wheat straw, weight for weight. If near a town, stable manure
is procurable, and is put on after hoeing in the spring; the
manure is washed in and the straw acts as mulching.

As soon as the last picking is over the runners are cut, and
the straw and runners are raked up together with narrow iron
rakes made on purpose, and taken to the yards for litter. The
runners are cut with an ordinary sickle ; an old short one is best.
_ In some seasons the straw may be raked up with a horse-rake,
two or three of the teeth being removed at intervals to leave

156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

room for the plants to pass between. On light land a moulding
plough is run down the rows and the soil turned to the plants ;
this protects the crowns during winter, and a turn with the
scuffle in the spring levels it down again. An American imple-
ment, called the “ Planet horsge-hoe,’ is most useful in Straw-
berry fields, or, in fact, in any fruit plantation; it can be put
to so many purposes, and, although light and fragile to look at,
it is in reality wonderfully strong. 3

The price of picking varies from 3d. to 6d. per dozen lbs.,
according to the crop, and the average annual returns may be
taken at two tons per acre, at £20 per ton net. The beds last
five to six years, after which the plants begin to fail, and should
be grubbed up. Before planting the same crop again it is ad-
visable to have one year’s fallow ; a crop of Turnips can be grown
and fed off with sheep, or the Turnips may be ploughed in as
manure. The last two seasons’ fruit has sold at considerably
higher prices—last year owing to the drought, and this year to
the frost. The earliest crop is sent to market in punnets, the
main crop in peck baskets of 12 lbs. each; or, if for jam, they
are often sent in tubs, picked without the stalk. I have heard
this season of 170 tons of Strawberries being bought in one
district by a large jam-maker ; this shows the very large demand
that there is for this fruit. The foreigner has not yet been able
to place fresh Strawberries on our breakfast-table, and I do not
see how it will ever be possible for him to do so. Strawberries
for eating must be fresh gathered, and, if possible, picked in the *
early morning for consumption the same day; the growers near
towns have a great advantage, as they are able todo this. At
latest the fruit must be on the market the day after it is picked.

Strawberries are an expensive crop to cultivate ; the cultiva-
tion and manure, exclusive of picking, will amount to £10 per
acre, though it must be borne in mind that if the Strawberries,
or any other bush-fruit, are in a mixed plantation with tree-fruit
above, the whole of the labour must not be charged against the
Strawberries.

Raspberries.—Raspberries like a good friable loam ; they will
not thrive on a thin soil, nor do they do well on stiff clay land.
Carter’s Prolific, Semper Fidelis, and Superlative are all good
sorts for market. The first-named is a free cropper. Semper
Fidelis is more acid, a good cropper, and keeps on bearing late

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 157

in the season, and is liked by preservers. Superlative is a new
variety ; the fruit is large, and suitable either for dessert or
preserving. The canes should be planted as soon as possible in
the autumn after the leaf is off, and cut down to within 18 inches
of the ground ; this causes them to throw up good strong canes
the following summer. About three canes should be planted
together, and the distance from stool to stool should be 2 feet
6 inches in the row, and the rows 5 feet apart. Canes cost
about 20s. per 1,000, and, assuming they have to be bought,
planting will amount to about £14 per acre, exclusive of manure.
Picking costs 6d. per dozen lbs. for an average crop, and the
fruit is generally sent to market off stalk in tubs holding 56 lbs.
Cultivation and manure costs about £8 per acre, exclusive of
picking. If the soil is suitable Raspberries will stand ten to
fourteen years, and in many cases still longer. The average
crop may be taken as two tons per acre, according to the season,
at an average price of £25 per ton net. For the past three or
four years Raspberries have been more and more in demand, and
crops being short, the price has been higher, £30 per ton being
made, and at the end of the season even £40 per ton has been
realised. As soon as the canes have finished bearing they should
be cut out as soon as possible, which gives the young canes a
better chance to ripen. The young canes, as soon as the leaf is
off, should be thinned out to five or six, leaving the strongest,
and these are tied together about 3 feet from the ground, and
then left until the spring, when the tops are cut off, leaving the
canes about 4 feet high. The later they are topped the better,
as the lower buds will not start into growth so early, and they
thus escape the frost.

It is a mistake to cultivate too deeply amongst Raspberries,
as they root close to the surface of the ground. If the ground
must be dug 8-tine forks should be used.

Black Currants.-—Black Currants like a good strong soil.
Baldwin’s Black, Black Naples, Lee’s Prolific, and Carter’s
Champion are all excellent varieties. They may be planted
5 feet apart, which takes 1,750 per acre, and the bushes should
be cut down to within 6 inches of the ground after planting.
This makes them throw up good strong shoots the following
year, on which a small crop is obtained. Black Currants bear
on the young wood; they should be cut hard every year, all the

158 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

old black wood being cut out; plenty of young wood will then
be thrown up.

A stock of young bushes can soon be worked up by making
cuttings from the superfluous shoots, which can be thinned out
of the young bushes the following winter after they are planted.
Planting will cost about £12 per acre, including the purchase of
the young bushes at £4 per 1,000. Picking costs for an average
crop 3s. 6d. to 4s. per cwt., but if picked off the stalk, when they
are marketed in tubs for jam, an extra 2s. per cwt. is paid.

Pruning is usually done by the acre. The cost depends greatly
on the size and age of the trees; about 9d. per 100 is paid for
pruning strong well-established bushes. Exclusive of picking,
the cultivation, including manure, costs about £8 to £9 per acre,
and an average crop may be taken as about 2 tons per acre,
though I consider Black Currants uncertain croppers. The
price for Black Currants varies greatly ; this season they have
sold at low prices, down to £14 per ton, owing to the heavy
crops. The foliage being well advanced before the frost of
May 21, the crop practically escaped damage. : The average
price may be taken at about £25 per ton net on the stalk.

Red Currants.—Scotch Red is a very good early variety
with Raby Castle and Red Dutch for main crop. The bushes
should be planted 5 feet apart, and are best grown on a leg.
The leading shoots should be cut back to within three or four
eyes at planting, care being taken to cut to an outside eye, the
object being to get the tree as cup-shaped as possible. A stock
of bushes can easily be obtained by taking cuttings in the same
way as with Black Currants, but when the cuttings are put in
the lower buds must be rubbed off in order to grow the bushes
ona single stem. Young bushes may be bought at £3 per 1,000,
and the cost of planting should not exceed £10 per acre.
The cost of picking is from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per cwt., and double
these amounts if picked off the stalk.

In pruning a Red Currant the leading shoots are cut back
to two or three eyes, according to the strength of the shoots,
and the side-shoots should be cut back as close as possible, the
bush resembling the skeleton of an inverted umbrella (without
the stick) when pruned. The trees should also be gone over at
‘Midsummer, and the centres cleared out to let the sun and air
into the bush, and to throw vigour into the fruit-spurs for the

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 159

next year. The price of pruning varies according to the size of
the bush; 1s. 6d. per 100 for strong bushes is a fair price, and
£9 per acre may be taken as the cost of cultivation, including
manure. Red Currants are more regular croppers than Black,
but the average crop cannot be taken at more than 2 tons per
acre, although I have known 5 tons per acre grown two or three
years in succession. There does not seem to be any great de-
mand for Red Currants. Much depends on the Raspberry crop,
as the two fruits are so much used together, and in a good
Raspberry year Red Currants will be more sought after. The
average price for the past few years cannot be taken at more
than £14 per ton net on stalk.

Gooseberries.-—Of the many different sorts eee
Whinham’s Industry and Berry’s Karly are good early varieties,
with Crown Bob, Lancashire Lad, Warrington, Keepsake, and
Whitesmith to follow. The early varieties are all picked green,
and of the later sorts about one half of the fruit is picked green,
while the other half is left to ripen, Warringtons being the excep-
tion; they are rather a small red berry, grown principally for
jam-making, and they are all picked ripe.

Very heavy crops per acre may be grown; this season I
know of one plantation of Lancashire Lads in which 5 tons
per acre were grown, the price realised being £12 per ton.
The cost of planting may be taken at £13 per acre, the bushes
costing about £5 per 1,000. Pruning full-grown bushes costs
from 2s. 6d. to 8s. 6d. per 100. There are many systems of
pruning Gooseberries, some growers hardly cutting the trees at
all beyond keeping the centre open; but i advocate pruning
Gooseberries on much the same system as Red Currants, getting
the fruit on the spurs; by this system I think we get a heavier
weight per acre.

Picking costs from 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d. per cwt., and cultivation
about £10 per acre, including manure. On suitable land the
yield should average at least 8 tons per acre, if not 4 tons.
Gooseberries like a good soil, not too stiff, and on no account
should they be planted on wet land. They will bear heavy
dressings of manure. Green Gooseberries average about £14 per
ton, and ripe about £9 per ton.

Nuts.—The Kentish Cobnut is the best, if not the only Nut
to grow. At Toddington we have some twenty acres, planted in

160 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1885, which have cropped well during the past two years. They
will thrive on stony ground, but the better the ground the
larger the bushes grow, and Nuts will pay well for good treat-
ment. It is at least six years from the time of planting before any
return worth speaking of is obtained. They are always grown
on a leg, about 2 feet high, and the young bushes are usually
propagated from suckers or layers taken from the old bushes. .
After planting, the centre of the bushes should be cut out so as
to get them as cup-shaped as possible, but the main branches
should not be shortened back, so that after two or three years
they can be bent outwards and tied down to stakes firmly
driven into the ground ; this is considered a better method than
keeping the branches cut back each year, as a bigger bush is
obtained in a much shorter time. It is a mistake in pruning
to use a saw, as the boughs are more liable to die back to where
the branch was sawn off, than they are if a clean cut is
made with a knife. The small fine wood is the bearing wood,
and this must only be thinned out and shortened back where
necessary, always keeping the centre of the bush perfectly open.
About the middle of August the trees should be gone over and
the leading shoots broken off. Very great care has to be
taken in pruning Nuts; an inexperienced hand will soon ruin
the bushes. About 12 feet apart is a good distance to plant,
the remainder of the ground being planted with Currants,
Gooseberries, or other bush-fruit, which will yield a return until
the Nuts require all the ground. Young bushes cost about 380s.
per 100, and the cost of planting Nuts only would be about £5
per acre. The average crop may be taken at 10 cwt. per acre,
and the price 6d. per lb. The cost of cultivation with standard
trees, Apples or Plums, 36 feet apart, together with bush-fruit
planted among the Nut-trees, would be about £15 per acre, in-
cluding manure.

General Remarks on Planting Bush Frut.—In estimating
the cost of planting bush-fruit it is assumed that the land is in
good heart, clean and fit for planting ; if foul and poor the extra
cost of cleaning the land and manuring must be added. The
cost of cultivation does not include picking (the cost of which is
given separately), packing, carriage, commission on sales, rent
and rates; the amount of these items varies considerably, and
must be added. The wages of labourers in different districts

i”

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE: 161

will also affect any given statistics. or the purpose of rough
calculation we find 20 per cent. from the gross returns covers the
cost of packing, carriage, and salesman’s commission.

We now come to the planting of standard fruit-trees and
mixed plantations. |

Plums.—Plums, Gages, and Damsons are usually planted
15 feet apart, with two rows of bush-fruit (Currants and Goose-
berries) or five rows of Strawberries between. At Toddington,
out of the forty varieties of Plums I select Rivers’ Karly Prolific,
Czar, Violet, Pershore Egg Plum, Victoria, Black Diamond,
Burns, Orleans, Belgian Purple, Prince Engelbert, Cox’s Em-
peror, Pond’s Seedling, White Magnum, and Grand Duke as the
most profitable varieties to plant. The Pershore Plum is the
Plum of our district; by many it is considered as an inferior
Plum, but as a great and regular bearer we find it very profit-
able. Itis grown from suckers, and is one of the quickest Plums
to give a return after planting that I know. The other varieties
named are all excellent. Care should be taken to keep the sorts
together in planting, as the picking of the fruit is then greatly
simplified. A good return is obtained the seventh or eighth.
year after planting, and at twelve years the trees may be con-
sidered in full bearing. The following extract, taken from the
Evesham Journal, giving the prices of Plums at Smithfield
Market, Evesham, from 1886 to 1891, is interesting. Per pot of
72 lbs. :-—

1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891

Cee i se Ud. $id: Sal ids Se a@s Gah
Pershores . OE: 5 9 a 9 6 8 13-8 3 9
Orleans 5 a LE 9 1M in 6 19 9 re GO
Prolifics a8 14 6 13 «8 19 0 24 6 14. 2
Victorias . 5 0 it oO (a 19-5 0 23 8 6 O
Damascenes a 4 8 0 ef 9 0 20. 6 5 4
Damsons . a 2 8 6 8 2 S56 20 6 5 4
Prunes 4 0 a $ 2 9.6 27.9 icrol

For the years 1892-8-—4 the prices have been about the same
as in 1891.

The picking is done by the cwt.; about 8d. per ewt. is given
for a fair crop. I have known a plantation of Black Diamonds
—twelve-year-old trees—in a good year yield 10 tons per acre,
and although they only averaged £8 per ton net, the crop was,
needless to say, remunerative. ‘Two to three tons of Plums per
acre may be taken as an average crop, at £10 to £12 per ton.

M

162 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gages.—These should only be planted in a nice warm shel-
tered situation. The Old Greengage, Oullin’s Gage, Bryanstone,
Denniston’s, and Purple Gage are all good sorts, though pre-
ference should be given to the Old Greengage and Oullin’s Gage
(the latter always sells well). The other varieties named are
free croppers on our soil, Denniston’s especially.

Damsons.—Damsons form a good shelter, and do well
planted round the outside of fruit plantations. The Damascene
is largely grown in the Evesham district, and, like the Per-
shore, may be grown from suckers; it is a free cropper, and can
generally be relied upon fora crop. The Blue Prolific is a good
early variety, Shropshire or Prune Damson is one of the best,
and the Farleigh or Crittenden is a great cropper, and is also
grown from suckers. The picking varies from 10d. to 1s. per
cwt., and the crop may be taken at 2 tons per acre onan
average.

Apples and Pears.—Apples and Pears may be grown either
as dwarfs or standards. Dwarf or pyramid trees (Apples on the
Paradise stock, and Pears on the Quince stock) produce fine
fruit, and come into bearing far earlier than standard trees. At
five years a dwarf Apple on the Paradise stock yields a good
return, while it is ten or twelve years before a standard Apple is
in profitable bearing. Dwarf trees may be planted 8 feet apart
while standard trees should not be less than 30 feet apart. In
planting standard Apples or Pears, dwarf trees of the same
variety as the standards may be planted between. These are
eventually cut down when the standards want more space. In
the meantime they have been yielding good returns. Pears
crow best in nice sheltered spots, and do better in the Southern
Counties. Foreign supplies have enormously increased, and I
recommend planting good early varieties of cooking Apples,
which would come in about August, at a time when the foreign
supply is at its lowest. In 1882 Apples imported amounted to
2,386,805 bushels, valued at £783,906, or 6s. per bushel ; and in
1892 to 4,514,700 bushels (nearly double the quantity imported
in 1882), valued at £1,358,812, or 6s. per bushel. It is worthy
of note that although the foreign supply has nearly doubled in
the past ten years, the price remains the same, showing the
increased demand. There are many excellent varieties of
Apples and Pears; the following do best in our district :—

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 1638

Apples (Kitchen).—Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Lord
Suffield, Worcester Pearmain, Ecklinville, Grenadier, Cox’s
Pomona, Queen Caroline, Small’s Admirable, Lord Derby,
Hawthornden, New Hawthornden, and Warner’s King.

Apples (Table).—Devonshire Quarrenden, Irish Peach, Lady
Sudeley, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange, Blenheim Orange,
and Ribston Pippin.

Pears.—Clapp’s Favourite, Jargonelle, Williams’ Bon
Chrétien, Fertility, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise,
Beurré Diel, Pitmaston Duchess, Glou Morceau, Doyenné du
Comice, and Easter Beurré. ;

Mr. Bunyard, in his excellent work “ Fruit Farming for
Profit,’ gives the average crop of Apples as 130 bushels per
acre, at 2s. 24d. per bushel net, and Pears as rather more, but
the Toddington Apple orchards are too young for me to have
been able to work out any statistics.

Cherries.—Cherries are usually grown as standards, though
certain varieties do well on the Mahaleb stock as pyramids.
Standards should be planted not less than 380 feet apart; they
do well on grass land, but jigh standards should be planted in
any case, as the land, if not already pasture, will in all proba-
bility be seeded down eventually. Standards are about twelve
years before they come into profitable bearing, and when they
reach that age they are extremely prolific. Very large returns
have been, and still are, obtained from some of the old Cherry
orchards. For the best varieties to grow I would refer those
intending to plant to “ Hints on Vegetable and Fruit Farming,”
by Mr. Charles Whitehead, in which a list of the best sorts is
given. At Toddington we grow Bigarreau Napoléon, Kentish
Red, Governor Wood, Black Cluster, Purple Grape, May Duke,
Adams’ Crown, Morella (bush), Wye or Wild Morella (bush) ; of
these Bigarreau Napoléon, Kentish Red, Black Cluster, and
Governor Wood succeed best.

The cost of picking varies so enormously, according to the
age and size of the trees, that it would be impossible to give any
reliable figures.

General Remarks on Planting Standard Trees.—When pur-
chasing trees for planting I should recommend the buyer to go
to a first-class nurseryman ; he can then rely on the trees being

true to name and worked on suitable stocks. Cheap trees may
M2

164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be picked up at sales, but they do not pay in the long run. It
is impossible to be too particular in selecting good stocks for
planting, and growers seldom realise the loss they sustain by
the death of even one tree after it has been planted four or five
years, and should be by that time well established and just
coming into profit. Half-standard Plum-trees are undoubtedly
the best—z.e. with stems about 3 to 4 feet high; they require
no stakes, are easily pruned, and the fruit can be gathered with-
out long ladders. In fact, in big seasons we employ a large
number of women to pick the fruit from the half-standards and
low trees; this is an enormous advantage. If it is intended not
to lay down the land to pasture, half-standards of Apples and
Pears are also preferable. As soon as the trees arrive from the
nurseryman they should be carefully heeled in for fear of frost,
great care being taken that the different sorts are kept separate.
Good-sized holes, at least 8 feet in diameter, should have been
dug ready for the trees before they arrive. In planting care
must be taken not to plant too deep, and the collar of the tree
should be kept just above ground, some of the top soil being
used to fillin round the roots. On no account should a lot of
manure be put into the holes with the trees, as this only
encourages rank growth. If half-standards are planted, no
stakes will be necessary, which saves a heavy item in expense.
In staking standard trees the stakes should be driven in 9 inches
from the tree, straw bands made of wheat straw being used to
secure the tree to the stake. The straw bands can be made in
wet weather in the sheds; the straw is drawn out and twisted
by taking an end in each hand ; after it is twisted tightly in this
way it will remain twisted and ready for use. In putting it on,
it is first put round the tree, then round the stake, the two ends
being brought back towards the tree, all being tightly bound ~
round between the tree and the stake with cocoa-nut fibre string.
This method of tying the tree to the stakes is the best, and the
trees never get rubbed. The bands should either be renewed
each year, or moved a few inches up or down the stem of the
tree ; if this is not done injury will result. If possible, the stakes
should be creosoted at the bottom (say 25 feet up); a great
number can be done at a time by standing them upright in the
tank, and they will then last for years. Many trees are killed
by bad staking, and too much care cannot be taken to keep the

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 165

trees well away from the stakes, so that injury from rubbing is
impossible.

In selecting trees, choose nice young stocks; they will get
established and go on much more quickly than older ones. The
cost of planting varies considerably, owing to the different dis-
tances apart at which the trees are planted. Standard and
half-standard trees may be bought at from £5 to £6 per 100,
according to size.

The baskets in which the fruit is sent to market are the pot
(72 lbs.), bushel (56 lbs.), half-bushel (28 lbs.), and peck (14 lbs.).
Choice fruit should always be sent in pecks, and the commoner
varieties and Damsons in larger kinds. We might take’a lesson
from the French in packing and sorting our fruit ; a little extra
trouble in this way well repays us. I have observed over and
over again that the same quality of fruit will realise a better
price if sent in a small package than if sent in pots and bushels.

Plantations of Bush and Tree Frwt.—lt may be useful to
give a few examples of the way in which mixed plantations are
planted :—

1. Half-standard Plum-trees 15 feet apart (planted in tri-
angles), with Strawberries 25 feet row to row and 15 feet in
the row; or with two Currants or Gooseberries between each
tree, two rows of the same 5 feet apart between the tree rows,
and one row of Strawberry-plants 14 feet apart between the
rows of bushes, and two plants between each bush in the tree
row. As soon as the bushes want the room the Strawberries
are hoed up, but two or three crops can generally be taken.
Raspberries may be planted instead of the bushes, two rows
5 feet apart and 25 feet apart in the row, with five stools 25
feet apart in the tree rows; if Raspberries are planted it
hardly pays to plant the Strawberries as well—the canes the
second year after planting make such strong growth that the
Strawberry-plants would be smothered. Instead of planting
bush-fruit in the tree row, pyramids of the same varieties as the
standards can be planted one between each standard.

2. Half-standard Plums and half-standard or standard
Apple-trees planted alternately 15 feet apart; the Plum-trees
are pruned backasthe Apples begin to encroach upon them, and
are cut: down when the Apples want all the space. Cherries may

166 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

take the place of the Apple-trees, in which case they eventually
form the main crop. Bush-fruit may be planted as in No. 1.

8. Standard Plums, Apples, or Cherries, 86 feet apart, with
two Nut-bushes between each, and two rows of Nut-bushes 12
feet apart between the standard rows. Between the Nut-bushes
bush-fruit as in No. 1 may be planted (allowing for the difference
in distance of the standard trees), but care must be taken not to
let the Nut-bushes be overcrowded. It is best to plant standards
over Nuts, as the Nuts when full-grown are about 5 feet high.

When pyramids are planted it is necessary to put up wire
netting round the field to keep off hares and rabbits. Indeed,
it is cheaper in the end to put up netting round all plantations
where there are standard trees, though hares and rabbits may be
prevented gnawing the trees by painting the stems with a mix-
ture of clay, lime, soot, and cow-dung. This has to be renewed
three or four times during the winter, and especially in hard
weather, or if snow is on the ground. There are a number of
mixtures advertised for dressing the trees with to keep off
eround-game, and there is no doubt many of them will do so,
and probably kill the trees. Any mixtures containing tar or
tar oils is fatal to the trees, and it is far better to use a home-
made preparation such as I have given above. The netting
should be 5 feet wide, 14-inch mesh, and 17 gauge, the cost
of it being about £2 per 100 yards. In putting up the netting
let it into the ground 4 inches, and turn it 6 inches at the
bottom outwards, it should also be turned 6 inches outwards at
the top ; the rabbits will then be unable to scratch under or run
up it and get over.

Cost of Planting Mixed Plantations.—The cost of planting
depends on the state of the land, and also on what description of
trees or bushes it is proposed to plant. If the land is foul it
has first to be thoroughly cleaned. Nothing is more fatal than
to plant trees on foul ground ; it is impossible to clean it after the
bushes are planted. We assume, then, that the land is clean
and in good heart, and the cost of planting a mixed plantation,
such as I have described above, may be taken approximately at
£24 per acre ; but if Strawberries are planted between the bushes
a further sum of £5 per acre must be added, and again if
pyramids are planted between the standards, instead of bush-
fruit, £10 per acre must be added. ‘This does not include

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 167

manure nor the unexhausted value of any corn or cake which
may have been consumed on the land, and which would have to
be paid for on taking the land over from an outgoing tenant.
If the field is fenced in with wire netting, the cost of this would
also have to be added.

Cost of Cultivation.—The cost of cultivating the different
crops of bush-fruit has already been given. In mixed plan-
tations labour will amount to £12 per acre, and £20 to
£30 per acre should cover labour, picking, manure, rent,
rates and taxes, marketing, interest on capital, and proportionate
amount of capital to be written off each year. If £30 per
acre is the capital expenditure, with a twenty-one years’ lease,
after the first five years £2 per acre should be written off each
year, so that at the termination of the lease the capital account
is wiped off.

Pruwning.—In pruning Plum, Apple, and Pear trees the
great object should be to get a well-balanced head, and to let
plenty of light and air into the trees. Trees, when they are
planted, are best cut back in the spring to five or six eyes, care
being taken to cut to an outside eye. After the first year the
trees do not require cutting back so hard, though the leading
shoots will require shortening each year, and all cross-shoots
must be removed. As the trees grow older some of the larger
branches will have to be cut out to prevent overcrowding. By
judicious pruning finer fruit is obtained and the tree is kept in a
more healthy state. In pruning pyramid trees the same remarks
apply; this class of tree, as soon as it commences bearing, re-
quires less pruning than the standards.

Cherries will not bear pruning, and all that is necessary is
to cut the trees back the year after they are planted, and after-
wards to remove the cross-shoots each year.

A useful instrument for pruning standard trees is the
Standard Tree Pruner (price 7s. 6d. with 8-foot handle), to which
a longer handle may be fixed, enabling very tall trees to be
pruned from the ground.

If the trees make too luxuriant a growth they should be
root-pruned. This should be done with great care, and the
fibrous roots round the stem of the tree should not be disturbed.
A trench should be cut from 8 to 6 feet from the tree according
to its size, and the coarser or wood-forming roots cut through.

168 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Manuring.—Of all manures good farmyard manure is the
best ; but as this is not always obtainable, especially for a large
acreage, artificial manure has to be used. If possible, farmyard
or stable manure should be put on once in three years, and
about £5 worth of artificial per acre should be used on planta-
tions in full bearing the other years, and so on year after year.
It is here that we find an analysis of the soil so useful. For
example, if you refer to the analysis of the soil of a plantation,
which I have already given (made by Dr. Bernard Dyer), you
will observe that there is a fair amount of potash, but poverty
in lime. On this soil Dr. Bernard Dyer points out that very
acid manures should not be used. Bone-meal, guano, or super-
phosphate neutralised by mixing with an equal weight of bone-
meal would answer well, and a dressing of lime would do good.
It is better, if possible, to purchase all artificial manures with a
guarantee, and to have a sample analysed. In young planta-
tions it is a mistake to manure too heavily, as it only causes the
young trees to run to wood. In determining what manures to
use on the different crops, refer to the analysis of the soil and
note what particular properties are wanting ; then consider the
mineral constituents of the crop, and manure accordingly.
Shoddy, fish guano, leather dust, damaged decorticated cotton-
cake, dissolved bones mixed with superphosphate, dried blood,
horn and hoof, soot and Peruvian guano are all excellent
manures for fruit.

Picking and Packing.—In picking choice fruit care must be
taken with Apples and Pears not to bruise the fruit, and with
Plums to keep the bloom on; also to pick all fruit for market
when dry, and keeping the seconds as far as possible separate.
It is better to have all the fruit brought to one central packing
shed where the baskets are stored, and where a number of
men can be kept constantly employed in packing, and women in
sorting. Apples and Pears are usually sent to market in bushels,
but the choice Pears should be packed in half-bushels and pecks.
Plums are sent in half-bushels and pecks, choice Pluins in the
latter. Firsts and seconds should be distinguished by packing
with different coloured paper—say firsts with blue and seconds
with pink; this is a great assistance to the salesman when he
has some hundreds of packages to dispose of and handle ina
short space of time. As I have already said, we might take a

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. 169

lesson from the French in the way they pack and send their stuff
to market. It is a mistake to top up with selected fruit; let the
fruit be the same sample all through. Buyers will soon find out
those who pack fairly, and will always ask for their goods. For
this reason it is better for a large grower to use his own empties
entirely ; his mark is soon known on the market, and his fruit, if
packed fairly, will always be in request. A paper is to be read
to-morrow on packing, grading, and marketing, and it is there-
fore unnecesary for me to say much on the subject.

Markets.—In nearly all the large towns there is now a fruit
market, and as the fruit-growing industry and the demand
increase no doubt more markets will be opened up. A grower will
soon find out in which market the different varieties of fruit are
most wanted. As an instance of this, I sold Pond’s Seedling
Plums this season for exactly twice as much in one market as I
did in two or three others. A grower in sending to a market
should endeavour to keep up a regular supply, so that the sales-
man knows he can rely on a certain quantity daily; he is then
prepared to dispose of it, and has his customers ready. More
might no doubt be done in supplying shops direct, but this is a
trade of itself and requires much working up, and it takes some
years to get a good connection.

Injwrious Insects.—There are many insects injurious to fruit-
trees; in fact there is not a single fruit tree or bush which has
not its enemy, and as soon as the enemy appears let it be war to
the knife. The more fruit-trees we plant the more food do we
give to the insects which prey upon them, and we make it the
more difficult for Nature to assist us in keeping them down.
Artificial means must therefore be resorted to. It would take
up too much space in this paper to refer to all the pests in detail
which fruit-trees suffer from, and growers cannot do better than
refer to Miss Ormerod’s “‘ Manual on Insects Injurious to Fruit
Trees,’’ and some useful hints may also be obtained from the
‘* Report of the Evesham Committee on their Experiments to
Counteract the Ravages of Insect Pests,’ to be obtained from
Messrs. W. & H. Smith, Bridge Street, Evesham, price 6d.

Feturns.—We will assume a mixed plantation is planted this
next winter. Next summer the returns will be mil; the summer
following (1896), if Strawberries only have been planted with the
tree-fruit, they should pay expenses, Other bush-fruits which do_

170 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not come so quickly into bearing will not pay expenses until
1897, when bush-fruit of all kinds should give a good profit.
From a field planted with half-standard or standard trees, Black
Currants and Strawberries, the net return should be £20 per
acre, and the average annual return for mixed plantations may
be taken at that amount, though in some seasons it would be far
more.

General Remarks.—l have now, as far as time and space will
permit, touched briefly on some of the main points connected
with fruit-erowing on a large scale, though I have omitted the -
subjects of Bees, and Osier-growing. Both of these should be
adjuncts to a large fruit-farm. Nature requires assistance in
the fertilisation of blossom where large tracts of fruit are planted ;
the Bees will do this, and a profit should also be made from the
honey. Osiers can be grown on the damp wet spots, and will
come in for basket-making, and the grower will find that it is
far cheaper to grow his own Osiers and make them into baskets
than to buy baskets. |

If we turn to the Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom,
we find that the acreage of orchards, arable or grass land used
also for fruit-trees, in Great Britain, was in 1878, 165,415 acres ;
in 1892, 208,950 acres. Market gardens, in 1878, 37,2738 acres ;
in 1892, 88,081 acres.

Again, if we refer to the Trade Returns, we find that the
imports of fruit from foreign countries increase each year.. Take,
for example, the imports of Apples and Plums in August 18938
and August 1894 :-—

August 1893 August 1894
Apples . . 223,923 bushels 338,310 bushels
Plums . . 2EaST2’ 5, 422,866

”

The Apple crop in this country being short this year, the
increase in the import of Apples is not to be wondered at; but
when we see the enormous increase in the total quantity of
Plums imported, in spite of the heavy crop in this country, with
low prices, how can it pay the foreigner to ship them at a profit ?
The answer is, because the railway companies favour the
foreigner to such an extent that he can put his goods on the
English market at less expense than the home grower can. A
Times correspondent gives excellent proof of the systematic
manner in which the railway companies foster the Continental

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SCALE. LTE

fruit trade at the expense of the British grower :—“ The rate on
fruit in one-ton lots from Folkestone and intermediate stations
up to London is 25s. 7d., with an extra charge for returning the
empties. Should, however, the fruit be of French growth, and
the point from which it is despatched Boulogne, the rate is
12s. 5d.—less than one-half of what is squeezed out of the home
erower—and the empties are returned free. It is these pre-
ferential rates, and the oppressive manner in which they bear
upon the fruit-growers, that crush the heart out of whole dis-
tricts, and help to create the statistics quoted with wearisome
but necessary iteration against the food-producing capacity of
this country.” * The present preferential rates favéuring the
foreigner is a question of vital importance, and growers should
unite and do all in their power to induce the railway companies
to meet them and to re-adjust the rates.

Assuming that during the next twenty years the acreage
under fruit in Great Britain, and the imports, increase as rapidly
as during the past twenty years, the question arises as to whether
or no the supply will exceed the demand. If we look at the
enormous increase in the consumption of fresh fruit, and also of
jam, throughout the country (the number of jam factories with
their trade increasing each year), and the increase in the popula-
tion, it hardly seems possible that, at all events for many years
to come, fruit-growing can be overdone.

Jam is now within the reach of all classes, and if ‘only fresh
fruit could be distributed as easily, there would be no fear of
markets being elutted. Inalmostall the large towns throughout
the country there are fruit markets, and there are many towns
with no fruit market in which one might be advantageously held
Say once or twice a week. This season we have heard of Plums

* Extract from the Hvesham Journal.—[Editor’s note :—The Secretary
of the South-Eastern Railway, refering to the above, writes to us: ‘“ The
paragraph quoted from the Evesham Journal is absolutely incorrect.
The rates from Folkestone to London (station to station) are 15s. 1d.,
18s. 3d., and 21s. 4d. per ton, according to the kind of fruits. From inter-
mediate stations between Folkestone and London the rates are relatively
lower.

“The rates from Boulogne to London are 32s. 6d. and 40s. per ton (quay
to station), the larger proportion of the fruit paying at the rate of 40s.

- “ All empties are charged for, whether to local stations or to Boulogne.”

The Editors would point out that the writer of the paper is in no way
answerable for what appears to be a gross misrepresentation, but the editor
of the newspaper which gave publicity to the statement. ]

U2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being sold in Devonshire and other counties at 6d. per score,
and as being difficult to get in any large quantity even at that
price. Surely this points out the defects in the distribution of
fruit and the difficulties in bringing the consumer in touch with
the grower.

A large fruit merchant in Burnley (Lancashire) tells me that
there is ten times the quantity of fruit used in that town to what
was used twenty years ago. A Nottingham fruit merchant states
that until within the last twelve years the business in the fruit
trade was exceedingly small ; in fact, that local supplies satisfied
the demand, but since then there has been remarkable progress,
and he now sells forty packages where he sold one twelve years
ago. In Leeds, in 1828, the fruit market was held in the street ;
in 1854 there were only three wholesale fruit merchants; in
1877 buildings were erected, and there are now fifteen wholesale
fruit merchants in the market, all doing a large trade. These
three examples show the enormous strides which have taken
place in recent years in the fruit trade in large towns.

It would be a great advantage to growers if they could pulp
down some of their fruit in seasons of glut; this is not so diffi-
cult as some people imagine, and is quite worth consideration.
At Toddington we are fortunate in having a jam factory in the
centre of the fruit farm, and, practically, the whole of the bush-
fruit, comprising Strawberries, Black and Red Currants, Rasp-
berries, and Gooseberries, and the greater part of the Plums,
Gages, Damsons, and Cherries, are converted into jam by Messrs.
T. W. Beach & Sons, Limited. The fruit as it is picked, instead
of having to travel by rail, is carried direct from the bushes and
trees to the factory, where it is turned intojam. A very high-
class preserve is thus made from the fresh fruit. Another great
feature in Messrs. Beach’s business is their bottled fruits, which
are excellent.

Foreign competition (with the exception of Apples) ought not
to materially affect our fruit trade. Soft fruit from abroad cannot
be put on the market in as good a condition as the home-grown,
and as the public taste becomes more educated, the more demand
will there be for fresh fruit and pure jams. Jams made from
imported fruit and pulp cannot compare with that made from
fresh-gathered fruit,

FRUIT-GROWING ON A LARGE SUALE. 173

Discussion.

Mr. Suir, of Loddington, near Maidstone, opened the dis-
cussion. He said that of course great allowance had to be made
for different districts; as, for instance, in his district they had
no market for yellow Plums, and the Pershore variety so largely
erown in some places was practically worthless to him. He
strongly agreed with the writer of the paper, that only the best
trees should be planted. Cheap trees were the most unprofitable
things that anyone could buy.

Mr. Hammonp, of Pilgrim’s Hatch, Brentwood, said he
believed that at one time their Kentish friends imagined they
had got all the good soil available, and that the rest of the
country had the leavings. Whether that were so or not, he and
his family had for the last fifty years held their own at Spital-
fields and elsewhere. Fifteen years ago he had a dispute with
his landlord. He had planted a large area with fruit, and when
the lease ran out the landlord refused to renew it. After another
similar experience, he decided that farming under that gentle-
man would not pay, so he took another farm, which he had since
purchased. No one should plant under less than a twenty-one
years’ lease. Farming could then be carried on with greater con-
fidence and more interest. With regard to yellow Plums, the
secret with them as with all else was to grow only what there
was a market for. He had every reason to be satisfied, and he
was not going to throw up the sponge, despite foreign competition
or preferential rates. If they produced fruit as good as they
possibly could, and sent it to market in the best possible condi-
tion, and only used common sense in growing, they could hold
their own.

Mr. Basuam, of Bassaleg, Newport, Mon., said that he had
learnt a great deal from the paper. He had taken an interest in
fruit-growing for some years past. So far, he had been success-
ful, although he was living somewhere near the mountains of
Wales. Although in many parts of the country the past season
had been a failure, yet he had taken sufficient Apples from trees
which he planted last winter to pay for the cost of the trees, and
when he saw the exhibits that day he felt sorry that he had not
competed. It was not fair that the English farmer should have
to compete unfairly with the foreigner, but still he saw no hope

174 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in having protection granted, and he had come to the conclusion
that if they were to beat the foreigner at all it would be by pro-
ducing a better class of fruit than the foreigner was able to place
upon the market. Last year at the Drill Hall he saw an exhibit
from Nova Scotia. What he then saw was worthless compared
with his own produce. Mr. Wise considered that five tons per
acre of Gooseberries made a pretty good return, but during the
past season he had himself over eight tons per acre of splendid —
fruit. Pears had done remarkably well, and those referred
to by writers to the newspapers must have been grown on
trees that had not been properly pruned and manured. From
what he had seen that day he was determined to persevere.

Mr. Cunau, of Lowfield, Crawley, Sussex, alluding to the
Times correspondence already referred to, said they heard a very
different tale from men of practical experience. It was only the
disappointed who could find time to write to the papers. The
successful were far too busy at this time of year to be able to
spare any time for newspaper correspondence. He thought the
solid facts given in Mr. Wise’s paper would do a great deal of
good in contradicting many erroneous statements which had so
lately appeared in the daily newspapers. By exercising fore-
thought and care in planting he had no doubt but that fruit
cultivation was remunerative, but he warned novices against
rushing into fruit-farming without looking to the end; because
if they did not know what they were aiming at, they would not
know where to begin. Markets had to be considered, soil had to
be taken into consideration, and if this were done they would
hear far less about failures and unprofitable plantations, and the
doleful stories related in the Press. He considered that in the
preserving of fruit we had one of the most important operations
for the future, because up to the present in a season of glut fruit
was either wasted or sold at an unremunerative price. He
always endeavoured to have bottled fruit on his shelf. If the
fruit were properly bottled it could not be distinguished from
fresh fruit.

Mr. D. T. Fisu, of Bury St. Edmunds, said that in the
matter of cultivation he was sure that dealing with the tap-
roots was the very centre and keynote of modern fruit-culture.
The tap-roots had been the ruin of fruit-culture in thousands of
gardens and orchards; indeed, he was not quite sure whether

GRADING, PACKING, AND MARKETING FRUIT. 175

it was not owing to the tap-roots that so many writers in
the Times had lately been making such doleful misrepresenta-
tions. If the tap-roots of fruit-trees were allowed to make tracks
for Australia (to go down into a cold or ungenial subsoil), there
was no wonder that the Pears were but a little better than hard
sticks. Every tree was worth a stake, or it was not worth plant-
ing. He was quite in sympathy with the meeting on the ques-
tion of railway rates. The preserving of fruit was a question of
immense importance. Prices varied because fruit was so perish-
able.

Mr. Wiss, in responding to the vote of thanks, would not be
drawn into the subject of tap-roots. He, however, said that
he ‘‘believed that tap-roots should be stopped, and that if Mr.
Fish thought he used tap-roots instead of stakes for the trees at
Toddington he was greatly mistaken!”

Madame DE Satis asked whether the tap-roots should be
cut before or after the planting.

Mr. Fisu replied that they should be cut before planting.
The tap-root was antagonistic to the production of fruit, and
only went to the making of timber.

A vote of thanks to the Chairman closed the second day’s
Conference.

On the third day of the Conference, Tuesday, October 2, the
Chair was taken at 3.80 p.m. by Puiuip Crowtny, Esq., F.L.5.,
Treasurer of the Royal Horticultural Society and Chairman of
the Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

GRADING, PACKING, AND MARKETING FRUIT.
By Mr. GEorce Monro, F.R.H.S.

WuHeEN Mr. Wilks wrote asking whether Mr. Webber or I would
contribute a paper on packing and marketing, I at first declined;
but I found it was no use my doing so, for, as a great many of
you have no doubt found, if our Secretary sets his mind on any-
thing connected with the Royal Horticultural Society, it is almost

176 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL soctb'ry.

sure to come off. 1 quite think that it is mainly attributable
to his unceasing energy that we have such a magnificent
show here to-day ; and when our Secretary does so much, we
all feel we must help as far as lies in our power, and although
Mr. Webber is not speaking here to-day, it is not for want of
interest in the matter, but only because he found it impossible
to be present; but he has gone over the different points of
this paper with me, and his ideas agree with what I shall try
to lay before you. With this introduction I will at once proceed
to the subject.

1. I propose in the first place to note how we pack now
compared with, say, twenty years ago.

2. To compare our methods with foreign methods, in
respect of the same fruits.

3. To see if we can improve our methods, especially
where we fail in comparison with foreigners.

4. The great importance of keeping pace with the times,
in order to compete successfully with foreign trade.

1. Twenty years ago Grapes used to be brought to market by
erowers near London in punnets holding 2 lbs. to 4 Ibs., or sent
by rail in all sorts and sizes of boxes. But as the trade grew
it was found impossible to sell the quantity in this way, and at
the present time the handle basket, holding on an average 12 lbs.,
is found most suitable for Grapes that have to be transmitted by
rail, and the ‘‘shallow”’ in a “‘flat’’ for those grown near London
and sent in by vans. The grading is being continually im-
proved as the quantities increase, some senders making three
or four different samples of Grapes out of the same house, and
this is of the greatest help to the salesmen in obtaining the best
possible price, and in giving every customer the quality he re-
quires.

Peaches used to come in punnets from local growers, and
in all sorts and sizes of boxes; now we have a uniform box
containing from eighteen to thirty-six fruits, according to size,
and customers know how to order the sizes they want of dif-
ferent growers, and will often take them without even seeing
them. Before I leave Peaches I should like to make one
suggestion to growers for market, and that is, to bear in mind
that we want colour as well as size; the proportion of pale

GRADING, PACKING, AND MARKETING FRUIT. Li

and small Peaches increases every year, and the result cannot
possibly be satisfactory. I ought also to add that we think
wood-wool a very unsuitable material for packing Peaches.

Forced Strawberries still come in the flat punnets of 4 Ib.
or 1 lb., the old pottle being quite lost sight of, but with increas-
ing quantity growers find it pays best to sort into two or three
sizes, and by having uniform boxes containing so many punnets
it simplifies the sale very much; and when you consider that
we have to handle from half a ton to a ton of forced fruit
between 8 and 11 in the morning, you will see that every facility
or quick sale is necessary.

Cucumbers used to come in punnets of six each,-or all sizes
of boxes, but now in hampers containing two to three dozen
each, and it is no exaggeration to say there are sometimes up-
wards of 2,000 hampers received in Covent Garden Market daily
from March to July.

Tomatos were scarcely known on the market twenty years
ago, but the supply now is simply enormous, those grown near
London being packedin “strikes’’ or pecks, each containing 12 lbs.
The best growers grade into three or four sizes, so that each
‘“‘ strike ’’ contains as nearly as possible one uniform size ; those
coming by rail are packed in handle baskets. The baskets
should always be lined with paper, and the stalks cut off quite
close to the fruit, in order to prevent them wounding one
another.

The above comprise the staple market fruits grown under
glass, and I wish you especially to note that we have year by
year continually improved on the packing and grading of each.
We will now turn to outdoor fruits, and I will take them in
rotation as they ripen. a

Strawberries are sent in punnets from the smaller, and in
pecks from the larger growers, and I do not think we can improve
on the Kent method of a box containing sixty upright punnets
each. The pecks also are suitable, as the softness of the
fruit requires plenty of ventilation. In Strawberries we need
have no fear of foreign competition.

Cherries, Currants, and Gooseberries come next, and the
peck and the half-bushel used are to my mind the most suitable,
as they, too, need ventilation ; at the same time the French are
far ahead of us in the neat and stylish way in which they put

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178 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

theirs up, the finest Cherries being in small square baskets con-
taining 4 lbs. to 6 lbs., the basket being given in with the fruit
and their early Currants come in flat handle baskets holding
about 6 lbs. each. As the foreign Cherries and Currants are
naturally much earlier than ours, we do not feel the competition
so much as in the later fruits.

Plums come next. They also are packed in this country in
pecks or half-bushels, but as a rule with much less care than
those coming from the Continent, and although a half-bushel
should contain 28 lbs., it generally varies from only 24 to 26 lbs.
There is an unwritten law what each package of the different
fruits should weigh, but growers are very much afraid they should
exceed it, and consequently seldom reach it.

Apples and Pears are next in order, and these are what I
imagine we have principally to consider to-day. They are
sent in bushels and half-bushels; I cannot say packed, as
the bulk are simply just thrown i, without any grading or
packing being taken into consideration at all, in some cases only
a sheet of very thin paper being placed on the top, and nothing
else whatever to ‘prevent the fruit being bruised by the basket.
A customer of mine suggested the other day that a sample
looked as if they had been ‘gathered with a clothes-prop and
packed with a rake.” These fruits are certainly packed worse
now, on the whole, than they were twenty years ago, and as the
competition from abroad is keener every year, it is very impor-
tant that we should stop to consider whether we cannot improve
matters somewhat.

Having recounted our present British methods, I will now
compare them with the foreign ones. The hothouse fruits are
not much affected as yet by competition, mainly owing to the
enterprise of our market gardeners in this branch, who have
certainly up to the present led the world and kept pace with the
times. But when we come to hardy fruits, such as Cherries,
and more particularly Plums, Apples, and Pears, everyone,
whether in the trade or not, must at once confess that the
worst packed produce coming on any marketis the home-grown ;
and although we have continually improved where there is no
competition, we have degenerated to a great extent where there
is, and have so far played into the foreigners’ hands who study
the requirements of the trade, and try in every possible way to

GRADING, PACKING, AND MARKETING FRUIT. 179

meet them. There are, of course, some growers who pack
fairly, especially in Middlesex and Kent, but none of them, to my
mind, take sufficient care, neither can the best of them compare
with the foreigners. In Pears we are lamentably behind. Of
course I grant that the French have a great advantage over us
in climate, but, if you take an equal sample, the Frenchman
would grade into sizes and pack carefully in layers, with no
stint of paper, and would certainly net a far better price in con-
sequence ; and itis the same with nearly every fruit we get from
abroad. Even the Oranges and Lemons, when not worth more
than 2s. per bushel, are each wrapped up separately in paper,
which not only protects the fruit from bruising, but if one goes
rotten it is not so likely to affect the others. I wonder what our
growers would think if they had to take such trouble with Apples
at that price! Our methods did fairly well when fruit was all
consumed in London, but growers do not take into consideration
that, as quantity increases, a greater proportion must go by rail,
and must be packed accordingly; and they also appear to ignore
the fact that, ours being a damper climate, with frequent rains
while the fruit is ripening, it requires more care than if it had
been grown in a drier climate, where there is often no rain at
all during the ripening season.

It is quite clear that in the packing, &c., of outdoor fruit we
cannot compare with foreign growers. We will now see why this
is so, and if anything can be done to improve our methods. I
think a great deal of the bad packing is owing to the fact that
fruit-growers are not practical gardeners, but generally belong
to some other business, and think that no trouble or care is
necessary. When we get fruit from bond fide gardeners or
nurserymen there is much more care taken, as they understand
the necessity of it, though they often err in letting it get too ripe
to stand the journey. But as we get farther and farther afield,
as we do every year, we find the packing gets worse. It almost
seems as if farmers thought they had done everything when they
have just planted the trees. They do not seem to imagine that
there is any art or skill required in either the fruit-growing or
fruit-packing ; indeed, I often fancy that good packers, like poets,
are born, not made.

In regard to hothouse fruit, then, I think that we have kept.
steadily improving. The main thing to remember is to pack

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180 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

firmly, and not allow any room for oscillation, which damages
the fruit every time the package is moved.

Where “we most need improvement is in the packing and
grading of Plums, Apples, and Pears, and I think the bushel and
half-bushel baskets must in time be superseded by boxes, to be
sold with the fruit. At present the bulk of growers wait until
the crop is ready, and then expect their salesmen to be prepared
with an unlimited number of baskets at a day’s notice for each
crop, and it is a very rare event for a grower to give any idea
whether his crop will be a heavy one or not. This system is
becoming more and more impossible every year as orchards
increase. I think that growers ought themselves to be prepared,
according to the crop they are likely to ripen, with suitable
packages in which to market their fruit, and then we should not
hear of so much fruit being wasted whenever there is any great
quantity. In the case of Plums, I think that some other system
should be adopted in full seasons, such as drying or bottling, to
prevent the whole being put on the market in a few weeks, as at
present. It is unreasonable to imagine that it can all realise a
good price when itis forced upon the market in so short a space
of time. It often happens that by the time the trade in them
has been awakened they are already beginning to get over and
scarce. Growers should also study to have a succession of
popular varieties, so as to make the season as long as possible,
not earlier so much as later, to avoid clashing with the foreign
Plums. We are now (October 1), for instance, making 10s. per
bushel of Victorias, while the bulk were sold at 8s. All other
fruit-growing countries but ours are prepared with a system to
save part of the crop, and, as quantities increase amongst our-
selves, we too must study this question. I don’t think the surplus
can ever be all profitably used in the shape of jam, but there are
surely other ways of keeping such fruit as Plums.

I pass on now to packages for marketing, and I say that it is
impossible for salesmen to cope with the quantity, especially in
baskets, and I will endeavour to show the advantages of growers
finding their own unchargeable boxes.

First, they would always be able to get sufficient at a few
days’ notice for any crop they might have, so that no fruit need
be wasted on that account. A skilled basket-maker can only
make on an average eight bushel baskets a day, while boxes can

GRADING, PACKING, AND MARKETING FRUIT. - 181

be put together by the hundred by any unskilled labourer, from
wood cut into sizes by steam mills, and wood is cheaper every
year, and willows dearer.

Secondly, they could brand each box with their own name or
mark, and also with the name of the fruit, the particular variety,
and the size, and so give customers an opportunity of seeing
whose goods they were buying. This, I find, always affects sales
favourably, as retailers know better than salesmen how each
erower packs his goods.

Thirdly, they could obtain a cheaper rate of transit, and
also a cheaper commission, salesmen having no outlay to make
on baskets, and this outlay is becoming a greater expense every
year, and increases in greater proportion than the mere increase
of fruit, as after London is supplied all the remaindcr must go
away, and baskets are often months before they are returned ;
consequently it is frequently the case that a bushel or half-
bushel is only used once during the season, and then, perhaps,
warehoused for years.

Fourthly, to cash buyers cases are a great inducement, as
they can lay out all their money in fruit, and not, as at present,
have to leave from 25 to 50 per cent. deposit on the baskets, with
the trouble and expense of returning them. This is a great tax
on buyers at a distance. If you consider that we have, say, 1,000
cash buyers, with an average of £10 each, which they intend to
spend, at present they can only buy £6,000 to £7,000 worth
of fruit, the remainder being left on the baskets ; and so we lose
the sale of £3,000 to £4,000 worth of fruit, besides crippling an
industrious class, by compelling them to work part of their
capital at a loss, while every shilling is a great object to them.

Fifthly, without this inconvenience trade would develop far
more rapidly amongst the grocers, who already are a very great
help in distributing fruit, but who will not take up English fruit
because of the bother of returning and being responsible for
chargeable packages.

Sixthly, growers would be independent of any particular
market or salesman, as they could then send their fruit wherever
they thought they could do best with it, which they cannot do
now, owing to the difficulty of obtaining baskets.

Seventhly, Apples and Pears especially would travel much
better closely packed in cases, and would open out clearer, and ot

182 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a better colour, as they do not require so much ventilation as
softer fruit.

I am fully convinced that the advantages I have shown would
induce the buyers to give more money for fruit carefully graded
and packed in unchargeable boxes, and each grower would have
an opportunity of earning a name for packing which would half
sell his crop in the succeeding year.

In grading we have very much to learn from the foreigner,
and it is most important. If fruit be sent to market unsorted the
buyer of best fruit cannot give full price, as the small is of no use
to him; neither can the cheap buyer, because his trade does not
permit him to make full value of the best; but if it be graded
each customer can have the size to suit his trade, and so the crop
would realize far more. The Orange-packers have screens that
every fruit is put through. For instance, in Florida the boxes
are uniform, and each box contains fruits that do not vary an
ounce, and every buyer knows without seeing it exactly what a
200 or a 150 box will be as regards size. This system of grading
and numbering is also practised by the French in packing Pears.

The last suggestion I shall make is for the freer use of paper.
To see the immense quantity of good Pears and Apples spoiled in
England for lack of sufficient paper being used is perfectly heart-
breaking ; and yet paper is cheaper every year. When packed
in sieves there should be at least two thicknesses of stout paper
between the fruit and the basket, as well as between each layer,
and on the top. If I spoke all day I could not mention anything
more important, especially in packing Pears, than the free use of
paper. I will guarantee that every Apple and Pear at this show
came separately wrapped in paper, as well as gathered carefully
—not with the clothes-prop. And if necessary for a show, why
not to get them to the consumer, to reach whom they may have
to go, not one, but several railway journeys? Every ream of
paper used would earn its value ten times over. The French use
old newspapers, which are much better protection than the thin
miserable stuff our growers mostly use; and newspapers are
surely plentiful enough now. With a more liberal use of this,
and less of the damp packing so generally used, which causes the
fruit to rot more quickly, better prices would be made, especially
with soft fruit, such as Cherries and Currants.

In conclusion, I will say that all fruit is the better for care in

GRADING, PACKING, AND MARKETING FRUIT. 183

packing ; but no amount of care will make bad fruit good. There
is plenty of rubbish sent up to the market at present which only
spoils the sample, and is never fit for human food. If these
remarks of mine are taken any notice of, I am sure the fruit-
srower will reap a benefit, and the salesman will have a business
in which he could take an interest and pleasure, instead of, as at
present, dreading the time the outdoor fruit commences; and
last, not least, we should keep many hundreds of thousands of
pounds in this country which now go to the foreigner.

At the conclusion of his paper Mr. Monro read the following
letter, which he said he had just received from the manager of
one oi the finest retail fruit businesses in London :—

‘The arguments now so popular on the question of British-
grown fruit can hardly be said to be fairly contested without the
opinions of the retailers, and at the Royal Horticultural Society’s
show you may have an opportunity of putting before the growers
some of the difficulties we retailers have to contend with in the
purchasing of home-grown fruit. There are two essentials our
own growers have overlooked, the absence of which compels us
to depend much on the foreign markets for our supply. It can
never be doubted by those who have had much to do with the
foreign (especially the French) packers that they are far in
advance of our own people in this necessary art. There is so
wide a difference between the packing and sorting of our own
srowers and that of foreigners, that English outdoor fruit in the
high-class trade has actually become a by-word. I will give you
an instance of a practical change having been made in this direc-
tion. Until recently one of our large growers of Apples, who
could always in a fair season send to market large, handsome,
well-coloured fruit, put it into the ordinary bushel baskets, heap-
ing measure. The consequence was (and a common error too)
that this fine fruit when ripe for use showed cuts and bruises
unsightly for table use, thus disfiguring and destroying the beau-
tiful appearance of fruit which otherwise would have commanded
a far higher marketable price. This man has learnt his lesson,
and now adopts the plan of sorting and carefully packing into
the same baskets, but not with more than three layers or so of
the best fruit, according to their respective sizes, thus securing a
better profit to himself, and to the retailer as well. I know

184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

another grower who always takes the trouble to sort and pack
carefully his wall-fruit, with the result that, when occasionally
there have been very over-abundant crops, his fruit has always
been looked for by the retailers, and sold at as high a price as
in any of the previous short-crop years. The fault, I fear, is
generally due to the grower being so busy with other duties on
his farm that he pays no attention to the sorting and the packing
of his fruit ; and so it comes to pass that though so much is grown
yet we have great difficulty in purchasing any large quantities of
really fine and reliable fruit. The price, if the consumer requires
it, is no object, if only he can get his fruit regular in size to make
up his dishes for the table. In buying parcels of high-class fruit
we cannot afford to he hampered up with 75 per cent. of ‘chats,’
cripples, &c. The consumer little knows that what he thinks he
is paying a good price for are taken from the surface only of the
baskets purchased by us. Would it not be better, especially in a
heavy-crop season, for the grower to send only the cream or pick
of his growth, well sorted and packed, and get a fair price, and
let us be without the second-rate stuff we are now compelled to
buy. The grower, if he were to do this, could weli afford to let
his rough stuff lie upon the ground. It is want of prudence that
makes our markets glutted with so much rubbish, which we know,
after expenses of carriage, toll, &c., have been paid, often finds the
sender actually out of pocket. It is rather humiliating for an
English fruit-grower to own that fruit coming 8,000 miles arrives
in this country in a more perfect condition than that sent only
ten or twenty miles, but itis no less a fact. Ihave seen English
Pears sent in single-layer trays, packed on naked straw, with the
result that every single fruit bears marks upon it, as on the back
of the youth whom the grower has just flogged for stealing his
Apples. This, of course, is due to the lack of knowledge in the
art of packing.

‘¢ Another common mistake is for the grower to suppose that
he profits by ‘ feeling the market,’ i.e. by sending just a few
‘halves’ of his picked produce, thus preventing the retailer from
purchasing enough to make stacks of really choice stuff; he
can never depend on running on any large parcels, he must for
ever be picking up ‘odd lots’ to enable him to make any show at
all. How long this state of things is to last rests entirely with the
grower, if, at least, he can only be induced to pay greater atten-

FRUIT-SPRAYING. 185

tion to the sorting and packing. To supply the needs of the
high-class consumer he must keep pace with the times, and his
efforts in glass-house fruit have certainly prevented the foreigner
from sending to advantage at least Peaches and Grapes. In these
two importants items ‘ English’ is now a household word. How
long, then, will he blind his eyes to the fact that, in order to
make any material change with regard to outdoor grown fruit, so
much of which at present comes from abroad, he must take a
few lessons in grading, sorting, and packing? The cultivation of
the best varieties in our English orchards is no doubt an impor-
tant item, but how to deal with the crops in the way of sorting
and packing is a still greater one, and there can be no better
school for the English grower’s education in these two branches
of his work than to watch his neighbours on the other side of the
Channel, and learn to adopt their methods of careful and sys-
tematic grading, sorting, and packing.”’

FRUIT-SPRAYING.

[The following paper was picked up in the Conference Hall,
and as the presumption is that the writer had intended to read
it, we have given it a place in our record.—Ep1Tokr.|

FRUIT-SPRAYING among practical growers is now acknowledged
to be as essential almost as the annual pruning; in fact, those
growers who have adopted one or other of the various
methods of spraying with insecticides or washes, have already
found the advantages to be gained, not only in the increased
crops, but in the better prices obtained for their fruit in the
market.

It is only during the last few years that the large growers
have realised the advantages of having their orchards well
cleansed, and I can say that those who have seen the effects
now see the advantages of doing their trees well and often; in
- fact, they seem now more alive than ever to the necessity of
spraying, and any improvement brought out in this direction is
readily accorded a fair trial; and though there are now good

*

186 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIE''Y.

Spraying machines in the market, I feel convinced that the
various makers are all so keen for their own as well as their
customers’ interests that we shall see still further improvements
upon them. One thing is certain, unless we study this thing,
and quickly, we shall have our Colonial competitors cutting us
out in our own markets.

In Tasmania the Government have passed a law (52 Vict.
No. 16) making it a finable offence for a farmer to omit to
cleanse his orchard. ‘The Colony of Tasmania is divided into
thirty ‘fruit districts,’ to make better provision for the
destruction of the Codlin Moth (Carpocapsa Pomonana). Every
person who sells, or offers for sale, any fruit infected with the
moth is liable to a penalty of £5.

“Bandages to be placed upon the trunks of the trees not
later than December in each year.

“Warmers shall remove all rough and scaly bark from trees,
and burn or otherwise effectually destroy such bark as soon as
removed.”

Similar methods are in use in Australia. There are persons
appointed by the Agricultural Bureau in each district (I believe
there are eighty odd districts in Australia, and over thirty in
Tasmania) to see that the law is not evaded.

During the past summer of 1894, A. Cayley Smith, Esq.,
whose father is a large grower near Adelaide, has been over here
studying our various methods of fruit-spraying. This gentleman
also visited the orchards of California, where he informed me
they are far in advance of us here. Generally speaking, Mr.
Smith thought they had an advantage of us also in Australia, in
the sense that over there every fruit farmer is obliged to go in
for some method of washing his trees, whereas only a small
percentage of the growers here have made any attempt in this
direction. Of the various districts I have visited during the past
year, I certainly think in the counties of Worcestershire, Here-
ford, Gloucestershire, and Kent the greatest advance has been
made in this respect; and on the various fruit farms around
Evesham and Pershore spraying now seems to be the rule, not
the exception.

Some growers are prejudiced against fruit-spraying, owing to
having had the misfortune to scorch the foliage or young fruit
when so doing. Generally speaking, this is the result of a bad

FRUIT-SPRAYING. 187

insecticide, or the injudicious use of a good one, perhaps’ having
mixed it too strong. But amongst growers who are regular
users of insecticides one very seldom hears of this so-called
scorching, even when using Paris-green or London-purple—(these
two in particular should always be used with caution, and never
where there is a ground crop).

Again, many farmers object to the cost of the machines; but
surely this is false economy—it is better to invest in a good
machine and enhance the value of your crop.

The prices of machines vary according to the sizeof the orchards
they are required for ; but, generally speaking, a washer to hold
from sixteen to twenty-four gallons of liquid is about the handiest
size, especially where the ground is rough. These machines will
cost from about £9 up to £15.

Some growers use a small knapsack pump, a very handy
machine for spraying Gooseberries or young standards, but where
the trees are high it is almost impossible to reach the higher
branches with them.

Many farmers mix their own washes, such as paraffin and
soft soap, quassia and soft soap, &c., but there are now so many
well-known and well-tried insecticides in the market, which do
not cost more than home-made mixtures, that it is really quite
as economical to use them, and avoid all the trouble and expense
of boiling down for oneself.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. CHEAL, who opened the discussion, said the subject was
of the utmost importance to fruit-growers. Mr. Munro had not
laid too much stress upon it, and if growers would only follow
his advice the result would be most satisfactory. We could learn
a good deal from the French in these matters. The great thing
to be aimed at is to place the fruit before the consumer in the
same condition as when it left the grower. They had all seen
the mauling and mangling of fruit, and many growers could
scarcely recognise their own produce a few hours after it had left
their establishments. Some time ago he had the pleasure of
listening to Mr. Monro when this question was discussed in
another place, and he was very much struck by a remark made
by Mr. Monro to the effect that foreign fruit, although it came

188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

into the market before the English fruit was ripe, did not act
against our own growers. It only opened the way for the con-
sumption of the English product when it was ripe. Foreign
fruit competition was not, therefore, an unmixed evil. With
regard to the preservation of fruit, a lamentable waste of soft fruit
occurred, and he thought we were only just beginning to wake
up to the idea that it was possible to preserve fruit so that it
might be useful throughout the year—not only as jam, but for
other domestic purposes, to which bottled, dried, and candied
fruits could be put. He knew for a fact that their Chairman
(Mr. Crowley) had been most successful in drying Plums in an
ordinary kitchen oven.

Mr. ARCHIBALD WEIR (Ottery St. Mary, Devon) said :—I
was perhaps one of the first small growers in England to use
boxes for packing my fruit, and what led me to do so may
possibly interest you.

The variety of Apple that I principally depend on is Cox’s
Orange Pippin. Of my 500 established trees, planted in 1890, ~
about 250 bore more or less of a crop in 1898, the remainder
being worked on a less precocious and prolific stock. All the
more vigorous trees prospered greatly, and some of the fruit
attained a size and colour which I had supposed could be reached
only under glass. The fruit of a few dishes weighed 9 oz. each
on an average. Of course it matured six weeks earlier than
usual, owing to the hot summer, though happily it defied more
successfully than most sorts the attacks of wasps and birds.
The trees had their share of blight to contend with, but after a
thorough washing they recovered very readily. Ultimately I
succeeded in getting indoors a very fine crop of fruit; and, as
the best methods of packing and marketing first quality Apples
had formerly engaged much of my attention, I determined to
put to the test the system that I had worked out.

At the outset I was unable to find any sort of basket fit for
Apples to travel in. Apples require to be packed tightly, without
risk of rubbing against an uneven surface or against each other.
No basket is sufficiently rigid to obviate considerable attrition,
and all baskets present only knobby projections for the fruit to
press against. Boxes, on the other hand, can be made as rigid
as is necessary, and, with the help of a little suitable packing
material, they present a surface against which a sound Apple

FRUIT-SPRAYING. 189

can be safely and securely pressed. Boxes, too, can be fastened
easily ; they can, moreover, be made cheaply enough to be given
away with valuable fruit, on the supposition that it pays to spend
25 per cent. of the gross return on packing and freight. This
last supposition I accept unreservedly, in the belief that by no
other means can foreign competition be defeated. The propor-
tion, I imagine, would not seem extravagant to foreign growers.

As the Apples were brought into the fruit-room they were
sorted into three grades, of which the medium and most nume-
rous size ran on the average eighteen fruits to 5 lb. in weight.
It is this relation of number to weight which is the basis of my
packing and marketing. The box which I found cheapest to
buy and most convenient to sell, when dealing with dessert fruit,
is a shallow one with wire hinges, which holds eighteen Apples
weighing 5 lbs., when they are set on their bases. It will also
hold twenty-eight Apples of the third grade when they are set on
their sides; and these, too, weigh 5 lbs. or a trifle more. The
first grade includes all those Apples which are too large to be
packed properly in a 5 lb. box, and which are fine enough to sell
by the dozen. The packing material employed is wood wool, a
layer of which is placed at the bottom of each bcx. The Apples
are then placed on it, partially wrapped in slips of pink paper,
which cover the fruit as far as the sides come in contact with one
another. The paper slips, therefore, help to prevent the Apples
bruising one another, and also enhance the colouring. Finally,
another layer of wood wool is placed on the top of the fruit, so
as to fill up the box quite tightly, when the hinged lid is tied
down as firmly as possible with a single string. It is important
to remember that both the boxes and the wood wool must be
made of white or non-resinous woods. All the boxes are marked
by stencil plates with the grower’s mark and the name of the
fruit, and they are tied up in bundles of five for travelling.

Now, not only are the Apples so securely packed by this
method that they will remain for weeks in their boxes without
damage, but the article of commerce thus produced admits of
such exact definition that agreements to buy and sell can be
entered into between the grower and retailers without the help
of any market or salesmen. At first, negotiation must be
based on a sample box; afterwards, variations as to weight,
colour, ripeness, and blemishes can be specified in words.

190 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Further, the 5-lb. boxes are well adapted for selling across the
counter without breaking bulk. The fruit itself looks most
attractive when packed in this style; the size of the package
suits most ordinary households; and the box itself is decidedly
worth having. The retail price, too, would generally keep
within half-a-crown—a coin which no one would grudge for a
good sample of the article, but which many housekeepers would
hesitate to exceed. ‘To the retailer himself, selling without
breaking bulk saves so much trouble and loss that he can afford
to encourage the system by generous prices.

The extra large selected fruits, on the other hand, should be
sold by the dozen, and should be defined as being within certain
limits of weight. They are packed in large boxes—otherwise
used for cooking Apples—which will hold about three dozer
dessert Apples, averaging 7 oz. each. ach fruit is carefully
wrapped in soft paper, and abundant wood wool is placed
between the layers.

Mr. Archibald Weir went on to say that he had compared a

Kentish grower’s transaction with his own as follows:—
Statement of Sale of 50 5-lb. boxes | Kentish Grower’s Statement.
to Retail Trader. |
£ 8. d.
50 boxes, with complement

of wood wool, paper,

and string, including

cost of carriage from

London manufacturers

to Devonshire grower . 014 7
Labour of grading, pack-

ing, and marking . of A 10
Cartage to station . , Oa
Railway freight from

Devonshire to London. 0 5 35d
250 lbs. Cox’s Orange

Pippin, at 6s. per 20lbs. 3 15

o

Gross return by 50 boxes £5 0 O
at 2s. per box.
Net return, 6s. per 20 lbs.

£
| Packing and carting {ao
Commission and carriage 0
| 280 lbs. Cox’s Orange
Pippin, remarkably fine
and ripe, at 3s.per20lbs. 2 2 0

Gross return by 8 half- £2 11 0
sieves at 3s. 9d.. and6 ===>
half-sieves at 3s. 6d.

Net return, 3s. per 20 lbs.

The working expenses were certainly 25 per cent. of the

cross returns, against the 17 per cent. of the Kentish grower,
who did not trouble to pack and grade; but then the returns
were so much larger, being 6s. for 20 lbs. of fruit, whereas the

FRUIT-SPRAYING. 191

Kent grower only got 3s. per 20 Ibs. All the boxes should have
wire hinges, as screws and nails were a great drawback to the
salesman.

Mr. McInpos, gardener to Sir J. W. Pease, Bart., confirmed
all that Mr. Monro had said as to the way in which fruit was
damaged. They should remember that the carriage was the same
for well-packed as for badly-packed fruit, and as so much more
could be got for the former, the sooner everyone adopted it the
better.

Mr. 8. T. Wriaut, of Glewston Court, Ross, Herefordshire,
said that during the Fruit Show at Edinburgh he had endea-
youred to do a little business with some shopkeepers there, but
they would have nothing to do with the English fruit owing to
the way in which it was packed, preferring to get their supplies
from America. He had been making £1. 1s. per cwt. for Eck-
linville Seedlings, and 15s. for Worcester Pearmain; but when
. the foreigner could get men to work for 8s. per week, and had
perferential railway rates, the matter became very serious.

Mr. W. Rovurett said a friend of his once met a lad driving
a cart laden with Apples close to the Crystal Palace. On being
interrogated, the lad said no one at Covent Garden would
take the Apples, and a bargain was struck that the lad should,
on his own suggestion, sell the lot at 3s. 6d. ‘a whole bushel.”’
The Apples were graded and packed by his friend, who made
100 per cent. on the transaction. The principle adopted by the
lad’s father seemed to be to go round the country and buy up
what fruit he could on the trees. He would then gather all he
could; would shake down some more, and those he could not
shake down he would knock down. With regard to the pre-
serving of fruit, it was a mistake to suppose that cider could
only be made from cider Apples. Any hard, heavy Apples would
do. Excellent perry, preferable to a great deal of the wine we
get in this country, could be made from Pears. Mr. Roupell ~
also mentioned the pleasing fact that he had sent Muscat of
Alexandria Grapes to Chicago, and had been informed that they
arrived in excellent condition.

Mr. AssBzE spoke of the importance of grading, and said best
Strawberries would fetch, say 1s. 6d. a 1b., whereas if they were
lumped together with all the inferior ones, the whole lot might
be sold for only 43d. alb. A better return could be got for the

192 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-

better fruits alone than for the whole crop together. They could
therefore save time, labour, and expense, and give the worst fruit
to the pigs, and yet clear more by the transaction.

Mr. CotviLE Brown asked whether Mr. Monro could suggest
any means whereby small quantities of fruit sent from small
erowers might be placed on the market with better advantage ?

Mr. Monro observed that small quantities had not the same
opportunity as large oneson the market. Customers were always
in a hurry; they had so many things to select, that they had to
do it in a wholesale way; they had no time to inspect half a
dozen small lots.

Mr. RovuPELL, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Monro,
suggested that something more should be done to bring com-
paratively unknown varieties of the different fruits before the
London public.

The CHAIRMAN, replying to a vote of thanks, explained how
he dried Plums. He placed them in the kitchen oven. The
oven door was left open, and the Plums were placed on galva-
nized wire of 4-inch mesh, which took the place of the ordinary
oven shelf. They were kept in for about two nights and one day,
and were then put into bottles and corked. They kept exceed-
ingly well, and made an excellent fruit.

The proceedings then closed.

Be ad TX

——e >

PART I.

TREE CONFERENCE.

Alder, 32
Ash, 32
Aspect and exposure, 15
Austrian Pine, 20
Awards to Exhibitors, 67-98
Beech, 33
Birch, 34
Canker, Larch, 1
Chestnut, Spanish, 31
Coppices, 56

= thinning, 57

a with standards, 58
Corsican Pine, 20
Douglas Fir, 20
Elm, 33
Forest Trees, wants of, 23
obstacles to, 24
for commerce, 28
at Hatfield, 10 [12
» - 9) Situations suitable for,
Hedgerows, 58

“ pruning, 59
Hornbeam, 32
Kent, Woods of, 61
Land useless for Agriculture, 6
» profit from poor, 21

Larch, 40

| Larch Canker, 1 .

Oaks, 14, 32, 65
», onthe Wortley Estate, 14
Pasture Land, planting of, 43

| Plantations, management of, 35

ae gross value of, 54
ft returns of German, 55
2 mixed, 34, 37, 51
+ thinning out, 49
struggle for existencein,
$3 value of, 19 [45
Poplar, 31
Removal of Timber, 7
Spanish Chestnut, 31
Sycamore, 33
Trees, food of timber, 8
» Where to plant, 15
» on waste soils, 8
» for railway companies, 14
» to plant, 17, 39
» bulk of different kinds, 18
» how to plant, 20, 42
Woods, formation of, 64
» Scotch and English, 14
» ventilation of, 26, 48
» Of Kent, 61

PART II.

FRUIT CONFERENCE.

Agricultural Holdings Act, 151
Apples, 129, 134, 178
» gathering, 130
Bush fruit, 167
Canker, recipe for, 149

Cherries, 135, 177
Cucumbers, 177
Currants, Black, 135, 157
, Red, 133, 142, 158
- White, 142

ii

INDEX.

Foreign competition, 172
— growing on a large scale, 150

grading, 182
spraying, 185
marketing, 169
packed in boxes, 188
picking and packing, 168
pulping, 172
plantations, mixed, 166
preserving, 191
room, how to make a, 145
selecting, 190
kinds to grow, 127
trees, soil for, 152

» situation for, 153

» Mmanuring, 143, 168

»y pruning, 141, 167

» staking, 139, 164

», planting standard, 163

best time to plant, 75, 138

Gooseberries, 132, 142, 177
Grading fruit, 182

Grapes, 176
Insects, 169

_ Medlars, 137

Mulberries, 137

Nuts, 159

Packing, bad, 178
1» good, 179

ss English and French, 183

Peaches, 176
Pears, 135, 137, 178
» on walls, 145

| Plums, 129, 135

» pices of, 161

| Quinees, 137
| Railway rates, 171
| Raspberries, 133, 141, 156

Si, for hedges, 149
Small gardens, fruits for, 122
Staking fruit-trees, 139, 164 —
Strawberries, 133,141, 155, 179
TFaproots, 174
Tomatos, 177

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