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Seba tem caiesry bo capor nce Or fi siti eirienoinunee o iced fiat ae zb ins ey CORNELL LAB of ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY AT SAPSUCKER WOODS Illustration of Snowy Owl by Louts Agassiz Fuertes __ iy GAYLORD Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924090256888 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 50. Parr IT, Se HE” INC a> Lovers iG Sean oe WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICH. 1902, THE BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. BY ROBERT RIDGWway, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS, Part II. Family TANAGRIDA—The Tanagers. Family ICTERIDA—The Troupials. Family CEREBIDA—The Honey Creepers. Family MNIOTILTIDA—The Wood Warblers. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902. PREFACE, The present volume is the second of a series which will probably require eight volumes for completion. It contains the following fami- lies: Tanagride (Tanagers), Icteride (Troupials), Coerebide (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltidee (Wood Warblers). Part I, issued in 1901, included the Family Fringillide (Finches) alone. Part III, which is well under way, will include the Motacillide (Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinide (Swallows), Vireonide (Vireos), Ampelide (Waxwings), Ptiliogonatidee (Silken Chatterers), Dulide (Palm Chatterers), Laniide (Shrikes), Corvide (Crows and Jays), Paride (Titmice), Sittide (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Troglodytide (Wrens), Cinclide (Dippers), Chameiide (Wren-tits), and Sylviide (Kinglets, ete.), and will probably go to press some time during the present year. The remaining volumes are all in a more or less advanced stage of prepara- tion; and it is hoped that these may follow at the rate of two a year. Acknowledgments for the loan of material for use in the prepara- tion of the present volume are due to the persons and public institu- tions mentioned in Part I (pages xii, xii), and also to Dr. A. K. Fisher, Mr. William Palmer, and Mr. Paul Bartsch, of Washington, District of Columbia. Both Dr. Fisher and Mr. Palmer should have been mentioned in Part I in this connection, and the inadvertent omission of their names is much regretted. Most of the measurements of specimens for the present volume were made by Mr. J. H. Riley, Mr. Sidney S. Wilson, and Miss Frances E. Swett. Rogpert Ripeway. SEPTEMBER 6, 1902. % TABLE OF CONTENTS. Faminy Tanacrip&. The Tanagers Key to the Genera of Tanagridee..-.. 2.2.02. 22 00220 eee Genus 1. Chlorophonia Bonaparte...........22.222002.2.0202---2-2---- ee Key to the Species of Chlorophonia...........2. 22.0.2. 2 2c eee ec eee eee eee 1, Chlorophonia occipitalis (Du Bus) ........2..0.2.2.020222..-------- 2. Chlorophonia callophrys (Cabanis) Genus 2. Euphonia Desmarest ........2 222.002.0200 0 22 cee eee cece eee ee Key to the Species of Euphonia ...........02.22222.0 cece eee eee eee eee . Euphonia elegantissima (Bonaparte) 4, Euphonia musica (Gmelin)...-.....-..2..2020.2 20200222 ee eee ee eee 5. Euphonia sclateri Sundevall .........-.....22.2..--------------2--- 6. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparrman) ...-.....--....-.------2--------0-- 7 8 He OD . Euphonia annez Oassin ......-.-.-.-----.0- 2202200022 eee eee eee eee . Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater..............2..02220. 022222 eee eee eee 9. Euphonia gracilis (Cabanis)......-.-.-....2-2------------2---- eee 10. Euphonia luteicapilla (Cabanis) .....--...-...-.-.--.2-0----+-+-+-- 11. Euphonia affinis (Lesson) ..........-.-2-,--2--2--22-0 02-222 e eee ee 12. Euphonia minuta humilis (Cabanis) -.....-....--.--.-------------- 13. Euphonia godmani Brewster ..........-.-.--2--2--2-+-----2--2--2-0----- 14. Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte...........-.-..-2----+2-2-----2-- 15. Euphonia crassirostris Sclater......-..--.-2---.-2--2- 2220220222 ee- 16. Euphonia gouldi Sclater......... poy aes Ss eased a ER lc a Genus 3. Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte ..........-..---------------02-2 22 eee eee 17. Pyrrhuphonia jamaica (Linneus)...-....-...-----------1--+-------- Genus 4. Buthraupis Cabanis .......-......2---.---2-2- 222 e eee eee eee eee eee 18. Buthraupis arcei Sclater and Salvin .....--...-..----.-------------- 19. Buthraupis ceeruleigularis Cherrie .......-...---..-------.----++--- Genus 5. Calospiza Gray........------ 2-22 2- cee eee eee cee eee eee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Calospiza......-.-.-.-.-.-.--+--------- 20. Calospiza icterocephala (Bonaparte) .......-..-..------------------ 21. Calospiza florida florida (Sclater and Salvin) ........-.--.- "ge keane 22. Calospiza florida arceei Ridgway .........--------.-------.--------- 23. Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (Sclater) ..........-.--..------------ 24. Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater)........-.---.----------+----+---+-+--++-- 25. Calospiza gyroloides (Lafresnaye)......-.--.---------+++-++2+e2e+- 26. Calospiza lavinia (Cassin) -......-------------------2e eee eee eee eee 27. Calospiza dowii (Salvin) .....--.--------..---------- 2-2-2 ee eee eee 28. Calospiza larvata larvata (Du Bus)...-.......-.----.------------++- 29. Calospiza larvata fanny (Lafresnaye).........-.-----------+-++---+-- 30. Calospiza inornata (Gould) -.-.------.------.--------+-+-e- eee eee: 31. Calospiza cucullata (Swainson) -.-------------.-------+-2+----+-+-- 32. Calospiza versicolor (Lawrence) -------------------+---+---+---+-+-- Genus 6. Tanagra Linneeus---------------------.--- +--+ 2222 e eee tee ee VI VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Key to the Species of Tanagra........--.--------- 2-2-2202 ee eee eee e eee 83. Tanagra cana Swainson..-.-..--.----- ------ eee eee eee eee eee 34. Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (Sclater) .......------------------- 35. Tanagra abbas Lichtenstein.........-.-.--------+- 2 ee eee ee eee eee eee Génus 7. Spindalis Jardine and Selby......-.....--------------- 2-22-22 2--+ Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spindalis .......---------------------- 36. Spindalis nigricephala (Jameson) .......-..-----------2++-e- eee ee ee 37. Spindalis portoricensis (Bryant) ..........-.-..-------+++--++++++-- 38. Spindalis multicolor (Vieillot).-........-.---.--------+ eee e eee eee 89. Spindalis pretrei (Lesson)......-.-.-..-----------------+-----+- tes 40. Spindalis zena zena (Linneeus).......-.--.--------------------+- oes 41. Spindalis zena townsendi Ridgway-....-..----.----------.+----- se 42. Spindalis benedicti Ridgway .....-.--- SEK Gen ee eae ce 43. ‘Spindalis:salvini Cory: «<<< 2s canuscsussectesUigewes e+ eed decceecss Genus'8. Piranga: Vielllot.ccweeeesssdees esse eieseveceecteeees veeeced eeeeee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Piranga.........---.------------------ 44. Piranga rubra rubra (Linneeus)..-......--.---------------- 22-2 45. Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway........-.------------ 22-22 eee eee eee 46. Piranga hepatica Swainson ............-.------- 2-2-2 e eee eee eee ee 47, Piranga testacea testacea Sclater and Salvin......--..-..----.--+----- 48. Piranga testacea figlina (Salvin and Godman).......--..-....------- 49. Piranga erythromelas (Vieillot) -..........---.----.--------------- 50). Piranga ludoviciana (Wil80n) ..-. 2.6. seceeceaseseaeea eee sees ncccis 51. Piranga bidentata bidentata Swainson.-......--......---.--- suede 52. Piranga bidentata flammea Ridgway ......-...-.-----..--------+--- 53. Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta (Lafresnaye) -...-....--...-------- 54. Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis Cabot............--.--------0-0-- 55. Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele Ridgway.....---....--.----+---+-+--- 56. Piranga leucoptera leucoptera Trudeau ........-.--....------------- 57. Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway ..--...-.. --....--.-------- 58. Piranga erythrocephala (Swainson)......-.-.---.-.-.-------------- Genus 9. Heterospingus Ridgway ......:-..---..-------- 22-0. e eee eee ee eee Key to the Species of Heterospingus.........-..-22-22--- 2022.2 ee eee ee eee 59. Heterospingus xanthopygius (Sclater) -.........-.......-0..2..2.-- 60. Heterospingus rubrifrons (Lawrence) ..............--.----.-------- Genus 10. Hemithraupis Cabanis.......--..-..---....20--.2---2--0----2---- 61. Hemithraupis chrysomelas (Sclater and Salvin)...............-----. Genus 11. Ramphocelus Desmarest _..._.........--.---.------02--02 2222 eeee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ramphocelus..................---.--- 62. Ramphocelus passerinii Bonaparte.................-.......-------- 63. Ramphocelus costaricensis Cherrie.-......-.--.--....-2.0222------- 64. Ramphocelus chrysopterus Boucard..............2..22222---------- 65. Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte ............2..20.2222-2-00---- 66. Ramphocelus inexpectatus Rothschild...........-..........-..----- 67. Ramphocelus festee Salvadori-............2202 2.2220. 02-22 cee ee eeee 68. Ramphocelus dunstalli Rothschild 69. Ramphocelus luciani Lafresnaye..............2.2.222222--02022---- 70. Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lafresnaye 71. Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway 72. Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus (Bangs) ...............-...-..2--. 73. Ramphocelus uropygialis Bonaparte...............-.-....---.------ .Genus 12. Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin........-...2-.-.......22-- 2. 74. Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta (Lesson) .............2222.2022200--- Genus 13. Lanio Vieillot...-....2.2.2.2. 0.0002 eee eee eee TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ix Page. Key to the Species of Lanio........ piheraivted ahakaue Mein Ce Utd So dinracameadee 122 75. Lanio aurantius Lafresnaye.............2..2..-.. Dae arene 123 76. Lanio leucothorax Salvin.............22-2--202-0 022 - cece eee ee eee 124 77. Lanio melanopygius Salvin and Godman ..............--...--.----- 125 ‘Genus 14. Pheenicophilus Strickland............22.22.0.22.2-...----------- 126 Key to the Species of Pheenicophilus ..................2-2222.2------------ 127 78. Pheenicophilus palmarum (Linnus)...............2...--2--------- 127 79. Pheenicophilus poliocephalus (Bonaparte)..... ......--...--.----- 128 Genus 15. Tachyphonus Vieillot ...-.......2.2.2..220202002202220202 2-2 eeee 129 Key to the Species of Tachyphonus........-.....02.2.020.222200- eee ee eee 130 80. Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert) ....-........-....2222222-22222---- 130 81. Tachyphonus luctuosus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny.............---- 132 82. Tachyphonus axillaris Lawrence...-......... - dus tuteis ld tues oes hag pstie 134 83. Tachyphonus nitidissimus Salvin -.........-...- Peon a eae ees. 136 84. Tachyphonus delattrii Lafresnaye................2..2.02--222------ 136 Genus 16, Eucometis Sclater......-..2.-22.22.222222 2222-2222 c eee eee ee 138 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eucometis........-..-.-----2---2-+-+-- 138 85. Eucometis cristata (Du Bus) .....-.....-.---2------2--- 22222 e eee ee 139 86. Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala (Bonaparte) ..-....--.------ 139 87. Eucometis spodocephala pallida Berlepsch ........-..-.----------- 140 88. Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax Berlepsch......-...---------- 141 Genus 17. Phcenicothraupis Cabanis...........-.--.---.--------2 Piss 8 drape 141 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pheenicothraupis .......-...----.----- 142 89. Phcenicothraupis rubica rubicoides (Lafresnaye) ......-...-..------ 144 90. Phoenicothraupis rubica nelsoni Ridgway ........-..--.----------- 145 91. Pheenicothraupis rubica vinacea (Lawrence) ....-..--.------------ 146 92. Pheenicothraupis rubica affinis (Nelson) -...-.-. "nabs Guargeeeeaeaee 147 93. Phoenicothraupis rubica rosea (Nelson) ...-..-....---------------- 147 94. Pheenicothraupis salvini salvini Berlepsch......-...--------------- 148 95. Phoenicothraupis salvini littoralis (Nelson) .._...-......----------- 149 96. Phoenicothraupis salvini discolor Ridgway...-..-.--.-------------- 150 97. Phoenicothraupis salvini peninsularis Ridgway....-...-.------------ 151 98. Pheenicothraupis salvini insularis (Salvin).-.......-.-------------- 152 99. Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda Cabanis .......--.-.-------+-------+--+- 152 Genus 18. Chlorothraupis Ridgway.-..-.-.-.---------------+--+- eee eee eee 154 Key to the Species of Chlorothraupis -......---...---------++-++--++-+--+---- 154 100. Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin) ......-.-.-------,-----+-++++-++-- 154 101. Chlorothraupis carmioli (Lawrence) ...-....----------+----------- 155 Genus 19. Nesospingus Sclater .....--.---------------- +220 eee eee eee eee eee 156 102. Nesospingus speculiferus Lawrence. -..-..-.---.----------------- .. 156 Genus 20. Chlorospingus Cabanis.......-.----------------------------+-+-- 157 Key to the Species of Chlorospingus .-.-..------------------------+++-+----- 158 102. Chlorospingus olivaceus (Bonaparte) ......--..-------+----+-+-+----- 159 103. Chlorospingus postocularis Cabanis.....-.-.----------------------- 160 104. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Du Bus) ..-..-.-.------------------- 160 105. Chlorospingus sumichrasti Ridgway .-.-.-------------------+-++--- 162 106. Chlorospingus albifrons Salvin and Giodman....---------------,--- 162 107. Chlorospingus albitempora (Lafresnaye) ..----------.------------- 163 108. Chlorospingus pileatus Salvin.....---.------------+---+----++-+++-- 165 109. Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin......-..--.---..--- .. 166 110. Chlorospingus olivaceiceps Underwood........-.-..----.-+--+++-+- 166 111. Chlorospingus hypopheus Sclater and Salvin..---..-...------.---- 167 Genus 21. Mitrospingus Ridgway.-...-.-------------+--- 20 ere ee eee ee 167 112. Mitrospingus cassini (Lawrence) .-..------------+++++-+-2++e sees 168 x TABLE OF CONTENTS. Faminy Icrertpm. The Troupials.......-...---.---------- 0-2 e eee eee eee Key to the Genera of Icteridee .....-.-------------- 2-2-0 ee eee eee eee eee Genus 1. Zarhynchus Oberholser.........--.------------0--2ee eee cree cece 1. Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri (Gray).......-.----------------------- 2. Zarhynchus wagleri mexicanus Ridgway ..-..-..-.------------+----- Genus 2. Gymnostinops Sclater .....-..----------------- +222 eee eee eee eee Key to the Species of Gymmostinops......----.-------------+- ------------ 3. Gymnostinops montezuma (Lesson) ........----------------++ ---- 4. Gymnostinops cassini Richmond........--.-.--.--.---------------- 5. Gymnostinops guatimozinus (Bonaparte) -......-.---.-.--.--------- Genus. Ostinops Cabanis:.2.4.02 saccscuewies + ecmacseunceawenede ss evan 6. Ostinops decumanus (Pallas) ......-----.-------------------------- 8. Cacicus microrhynchus (Sclater and Salvin) ..........---.---------- Genus 5. Cassiculus Swainson ........-.----------- 2 eee eee eee 9. Cassiculus melanicterus (Bonaparte) .-......--.--------------+-+--+--- Genus'6:, -Amblycerous Cabanissiceccjcese-cebeese oc = 4a sdaeSteeUae eeu 10. Amblycercus holosericeus (Lichtenstein) .........-...-.-.-2----+---- Genus:7. Cassidix: Lesson ss 2's sgaenundimeteecke bie seeds eds s eteeeeeseteecs Key to the Subspecies of Cassidix oryzivora..........-.----2-2++225-2--22+5- 11. Cassidix oryzivora violea Bangs..........2...0 - 2-2 22-22--2- ee ee eee 12. Cassidix oryzivora mexicana (Lesson)........-----.----------+----- Genus 8. Callothrus Cassin -.....-.--.--.---------+- 202-02 eee eee eee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Callothrus........-....-...----------- 13. Callothrus robustus (Cabanis) -..........-..--2----+-.-2-+----2--2-- 14. Callothrus eeneus eeneus (Wagler).......-...---------2--.-------0-- 15. Callothrus eeneus assimilis Nelson.............--------------------- Genus 9. Molothrus Swainson.........-.----------- eGo s a ae a aaa Key to the Species and Subspecies of Molothrus..................------+-+-- 16. Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert)...........-..-.---------2--------+- 17. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin)..-........-.-2.--..-2.2.-02-222-- 18. Molothrus atronitens (Cabanis) ..........-..2.---------2-2-------- Genus 10. Quiscalus Vieillot........2...22020 0002.0 eee eee eee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Quiscalus._..4...........2.2.2.22222--- 19. Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linneeus) .....-.-....-...------------- 20. Quiscalus quiscula agleeus (Baird) ..............-...2.2.2---2-2----- 21. Quiscalus quiscula eeneus (Ridgway)..............22--22-222--20-ee Genus 11. Holoquiscalus Cassin ......-.2.2....222.0220222 2 ee ee eee eee Key to the Species of Holoquiscalus ...... 2.2.2.2... 222.222-22220---- Bocas 22. Holoquiscalus gundlachii (Cassin) .............222.22.22.--.-2------- 23. Holoquiscalus jamaicensis (Daudin) ..............0...22.-.--2----- 24. Holoquiscalus niger (Boddaert) ...............22...---2-2---------- 25. Holoquiscalus brachypterus (Cassin)..............2-...------------ 26. Holoquiscalus caymanensis (Cory) ..........-.-2-.-2-2----.-------- 27. Holoquiscalus fortirostris (Lawrence)..........2.2.2-2.0---e2eeeeee 28. Holoquiscalus inflexirostris (Swainson) 29. Holoquiscalus martinicensis Ridgway ............2...0..------- 2-0 30. Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis (Lawrence) 31. Holoquiscalus luminosus (Lawrence) 32. Holoquiscalus rectirostris (Cassin).............-.022.---------- ee Genus 12, Megaquiscalus Cassin..-..--......2.... weieele abe aiacerts lo wo sie TABLE OF CONTENTS. xI Page Key to the Species and Subspecies of Megaquiscalus ..........-.------------ 235 33. Megaquiscalus major major (Vieillot)................-2------------ 236 34. Megaquiscalus major macrourus (Swainson).............----------+ 238. 35. Megaquiscalus major obscurus (Nelson).............-.------------- 241 36. Megaquisealus major graysoni (Sclater) _..... subbelinenpall AAs cia aamelge 241 37. Megaquiscalus major nelsoni Ridgway ................--.-----+---- 242 38. Megaquiscalus tenuirostris (Swainson) .......... ..-.-222+2e-+2+--- 243. 39. Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis (Salvin and Godman) ..._.....-.------ 244 Genus 13. Scolecophagus Swainson ._............2...2022-20222020-2 0-02-20 244 Key to the Species of Scolecophagus.............2..0.22020.20-220022-20-eee 245 40. Scolecophagus carolinus (Miiller)...............22.22..20222-22-2-5- 246 41. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagler) .................22..-2------ 248. Genus 14. Ptiloxena Chapman __-..-......0.......220-20200-222 cee eee eee 251 42, Ptiloxena atroviolacea (D’Orbigny)................-..2------------ 252 Genus 15; Dives Cassini... oseis oes daciemaee 2 2d-s5 otcesemnnes Yeseecdeecke 253. 483. Dives dives (Lichtenstein) ................22222. 2202222222 e ee eee L254 Genus 16. Icterus Brisson.......-...-.--2 222202220 eee eee eee eee 255- Key to the Species and Subspecies of Icterus -__--...-.....-.----....------- 257 44, Icterus icterus (Linneeus) .........2-.-2------2-2222eeec sees eeeeee 263. 45. Icterus oberi Lawrence .....--..------------2 0-222 e eee eee eee eee 265- ’ 46, Icterus maculi-alatus Cassin ..........2222-2222002022022 22-02 e ee eee 265. 47. Icterus northropi Allen ..._.....2...22..2.20..222--220---2--20005- 266. 48. Icterus wagleri Sclater _.....-...----.--- 2222-2 eee ee eee eee -- 267 49. Icterus prosthemelas (Strickland) _......-..--.-.--.-2-2--------2+---- 269 50. Icterus hypomelas (Bonaparte)...........--..---..------.20--2---- 271 51. Icterus portoricensis (Bryant) ....-...-..-.--2---2-2----220222 eee 272 52. Icterus dominicensis (Linnzeus) ...........-.----------2-- 2-2 eee eee 273. 53. Icterus laudabilis Sclater _.._........2--2-2 222200202 eee ee ee eee eee ee 274 54. Icterus spurius (Linneeus)..........-2.2----2--2-. 22-22-2220 e eee 275- 55. Icterus bonana (Linneus).........-..-.--.02----22 222-2 e ee eee 279° 56. Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus (Wagler).......--.-------- 280: 57. Icterus melanocephalus audubonii (Giraud) .............--..-22---- 282° 58. Icterus pectoralis pectoralis (Wagler) .-...--....---. .------------- 283 59. Icterus pectoralis espinachi Ridgway..-......-...---.2..-2-2-2-2----- 284. 60. Icterus gularis gularis (Wagler) .......-..-.---.2--2-----22-------- 284 61. Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ridgway ....--.-.---.--.------------- 286 62. Icterus gularis yucatanensis Berlepsch ._...........-.----2---.----- 287 63. Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Swainson ._........-.---.------------- 287 64. Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway........-...-..-----------+------ 289: 65. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway .--....--.---------------+------- 290 66. Icterus cucullatus igneus Ridgway ..-.....-..--.--------+---2-+------ 291 67. Icterus cucullatus cozumelze Nelson .._-.....--------------------4-- 292 68. Icterus cucullatus duplexus Nelson...........-.--.--.----2+2------- 292° 69, Ieterus:giraudii Cassin <. 2.022.242 20c02 222. seeseeecseeceeseeuee sss 293. 70. Icterus gualanensis Underwood.-.........-.------------+----+--+-+-- 295, 71. Icterus pustulatus (Wagler)......--...------------------- 2-2 e eee 295- 72. Icterus sclateri Cassin.....-.--.--------------------+ +22 eee eee eee 297 78. Icterus graysonii Cassin ....-.--.-----------+------- 22-02-22 ee eee 298. 74. Icterus auratus Bonaparte ..........2/--2222--22 22-022 eee eee ee eee 299 75. Icterus xanthornus xanthornus (Gmelin) -......-.-...-22-.-2.2---. 300: 76. Icterus xanthornus curasoensis Ridgway .....-.-...---2------+--+-- 303. 77. Icterus leucopteryx (Wagler)....----..---------+-+-2+---22-------- 303. 78. Icterus lawrencii Cory ..--: <2: s2 Three specimens. Specimens vary in average measurements according to local- ity, as follows: Depth iddl Locality. ‘Wing. | Tail, E*Posed) of pin | Tarsus,| Middle culmen.|o+ pase. toe. MALES, Three adult males from Bogota ...........2...2.2+. 63.8 | 37.3 99) 64] 127] 114 Three adult males from Santa Marta (2) and lower Magdalena Rs Q)csiciccsiwasacmeeearmuandaenesiey 60.5] 34.3 9.4 5.8 | 15.7 1.2 Four adult males from Isthmus of Panama ........ 62,2 35.1 8.6 5.3 15,2 10.2 One adult male from Chiriqui.............2.2..20.. 61.7 | 35.1 8.1 6.1] 15.2] 107 FEMALES, Two adult females from Santa Marta .............. 62 36.1 BAG) eee 15.2] 112 One adult female from Isthmus of Panama..... soc! ONE 383 a eee 15.2 12.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29 Euphonia laniirostris Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1879, 119 (Atanques, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 2,700 ft.; crit.); 1880, 119 (Atanques); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 262, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui, Bugaba, and David, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora, and Cordillera de Tolé, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru?).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 76, part, excl. syn. part (Costa Rican and Colombian localities and references).— Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica). Ph[onasca] laniirostris CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 331; 1861, 90. Euphonia crassirostris ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 277 (Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1859, 19 (Bogota, Colombia); (?) 1860, 275 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av., Tanagr., 1856, 103; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 58, part (Bogota; Babahoyo?; Caracas, Venezuela?).—Scuater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Lion Hill; Panama R. R.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (David, Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Bovucarn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Cartago, Costa Rica).—Brr.epscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 289 (Bucara- manga, Colombia).—Rosinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1891, 161 (Magdalena R., Colombia).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia), 179 (Palomina, prov. Santa Marta); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 28 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 170 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta; crit. ). Euphonia crassirostris? Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui; crit.). E[uphonia] crassirostris Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 91 (Bogota; crit. ); iii, 1891, 351 (crit.). Euphonia hirundinacea (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Euphonia sp.? Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tolé, Veragua). EUPHONIA GOULDI Sclater. GOULD’S EUPHONIA. Adult male.—Forehead (sometimes forepart of crown also) yellow, the feathers with partially exposed central triangular spots of dusky; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, the feathers with broad metallic inargins, producing a strong metallic sheen to the plumage; remiges and rectrices dusky with olive-green or yellowish olive-green edgings; lores dusky, becoming black along upper margin next to yellow of forehead; sides of head (except lores) and neck, chin, throat, and chest plain yellowish olive-green, without metallic gloss; sides and flanks olive-green, the feathers with broad margins of yellow; median portion of breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts uniform deep tawny; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 86.4—102.9 (92.7); wing, 50.8-57.9 (55.1); tail, 25.1-31.5 (29.5); exposed culmen, 8.1-9.4 (8.4); depth of bill at base, 5.38-5.6 (5.5); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); mid- dle toe, 9.7-11.7 (10.7).* Adult female.—Forehead dark rusty or chestnut, the feathers with darker central spots, partly exposed; rest of upper parts plain olive- 1 Fourteen specimens, 30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. green, the feathers with broad semimetallic margins, producing a dis- tinct metallic gloss or sheen to the plumage; remiges and rectrices dusky with olive-green edgings, narrower and more yellowish on primaries; under parts deep olive-yellowish, darker (more yellowish olive-green) on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts deep ochraceous or tawny; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 83.8-99.1 (95); wing, 49.5-58.7 (54.6); tail, 22.482 (28.2); exposed culmen, 7.9-8.6 (8.4); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.8 (5.8); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); middle toe, 9.9-11.7 (10.9).? Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Santecomapan), Oaxaca, etc., and southward to Costa Rica (Angostura; Valza; Tucurriqui; San Carlos; Jiménez; Pacuare; Dota Mts.). Euphonia ? ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 303 (Mexico). Euphonia gouldi Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxv, 1857, 66, pl. 124 (Guate- mala; coll. J. Gould), 229 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz; Mosquito coast, Nica- ragua); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 2d ser., xx, 1857, 319; Journ. fir Orn., vi, 1858, 73; Cat. Am. Birds, ii, 1862, 60 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 81 (Choctum and Kamkhal, Guatemala; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Valza, Costa Rica).—Scuarer and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1860, 194 (Coban, Guatemala); 1872, 315 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Frant- zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica).—Bov- CARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Satvin _and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 263.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Zs.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Jiménez, Costa Rica).—RicuMonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). [Euphonia] gouldi Sctater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18. Euphonia gouldii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, Pacuare, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (hot region, Vera Cruz). : 1 Twelve specimens. Specimens vary in measurements according to locality, those from Costa Rica and Nicaragua being the smallest. The series examined is not sufficient, however, to show whether there are constant local differences in either measurements or colora- tion. Following are average measurements: Depth iddl Locality. Wing.| Tail. |EXPosed) of hill | Tarsus, Middle culmeN.|ot pase. toe. MALES. Two adult males from eastern Mexico.............. 56.4 31 9.1 5.6 15.5 10.7 Five adult males from Guatemala.................. 55.9 29.7 8.6 5.6 15.5 11.2 Three adult males from northern Honduras........ 56.4 29.7 8.4 5.3 16.5 10.4 Two adult males from southern Honduras.......... 2D |enewseye 8.1 5.3 15 9.9 One adult male from Nicaragua.................-.. 51.6 26.1 8.1 5.3 14.7 9.7 One adult male from Costa Rica.................... 538.6 27.9 8 Gg Eenereee 14.7 10.9 FEMALES. One adult female ‘from Mexico...............2.---- 56.1 29.7 8.4 5,6 15.2 10.7 55.1 29.2 8.4 5.8 15.5 10.9 65.4] 29.5 8.4 5.3] 15 11.2 50 23.6 8.1 4.8] 15 9.9 55.6 26.7 8.1 6.1 16.2 11.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31 Genus PYRRHUPHONIA Bonaparte. Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 423; Rev. Zool., iii, 1851, 187. (Type, Fringilla jamaica Linneens, ) Similar to Huphonia but bill much stouter, its depth at base equal to its width at rictus and greater than distances from nostril to tip of - maxilla, gonys very strongly ascending terminally, its basal angle very prominent; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch indistinct! and without smaller notches or serrations posterior to the notch. Coloration.— Uniform, slightly metallic, greenish gray above, paler gray beneath, becoming yellowish on abdomen. Fange.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) PYRRHUPHONIA JAMAICA (Linneus). JAMAICAN EUPHONIA, Adult male.—Above uniform greenish plumbeous, witha strong gloss of metallic bluish green; remiges dusky, with greenish plumbeous edg- ings, broadest on tertials; beneath much paler gray, without greenish tinge or metallic gloss; abdomen light yellow (canary yellow or pale lemon yellow); anal region and under tail-coverts pale cream-buff, the latter with central or median portion duller, sometimes pale gray; axillars pale yellow (primrose or pale sulphur); under wing-coverts white; maxilla black with portion below nostril bluish gray (grayish blue in life?); mandible bluish gray for basal half or more, blackish terminally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 101.6-114.3 (105.9); wing, 66-66:5 (66.3); tail, 39.4-40.1 (39.6); exposed culmen, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 17.5-17.8 (17.7); middle toe, 10.9-12.7 (12.2).? Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck greenish gray, with a slight metallic gloss; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, slightly more yellowish posteriorly; under parts pale gray, paler and duller medially; abdomen buffy whitish; otherwise like the male; length (skins), 101.6- 113 (107.2); wing, 64.8-66 (65.3); tail, 38.6; exposed culmen, 8.9-9.4 (9.1); depth of bill at base, 7A; tapstis, 17. 8; middle toe, 12.2-19.7 (12.4).° Island of Jamacia, Greater Antilles. [Fringilla] jamaica Linn.xvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 323 (Jamaica; based on Grey Grosbeak Brown, Illustr., 62, pl. 26).—Gmstin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 920.—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 443. Euphonia jamaica Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 238; Ilustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 59.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 73; Cat. ‘Am. Birds, 1862, 60.— Ausrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 194 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. L,, 1889, 81.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 180. 1The notch is by no means wanting, as-stated on page 53 of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, vol. x1. ; * Three specimens. 5 Two specimens. 382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Euphona] jamaica Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 233. (Euphonia] jamaica Scuater and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18. E[uphonia] jamaica Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. Euphonia jamaice Scrater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 91. Euphonia jamaicensis ScuareR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 280 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 106. [Euphonia] jamaicensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Pyrrhuphonia jamaica Bonaparte, Rev. Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 137.—Scvarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 85 (Moneague, Metcalf Parish, and St. Ann’s, Jamaica).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 118, 130. Euphonia cinerea Larresnaye, Rev. Zool., ix., Aug., 1846, 277 (‘‘Columbia”’).— Sciater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 91. E[uphonia] cinerea Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17. [ Euphona] cinerea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 235. Genus BUTHRAUPIS Cabanis. Buthraupis! Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29. (Type, Tanagra cucullata Jardine.) Large, short-billed, Tanagers, with the plumage chiefly blue and yellow, wing rather long and pointed, and tail much shorter than wing, even, or very slightly rounded. Bill short (length of maxilla from nostril not more—usually much less—than half the length of the tarsus), stout (both depth and width at base equal to or exceeding gonys), usually deeper than broad, rapidly tapering to the distinctly uncinate tip; culmen gently convex, its terminal portion sometimes more strongly curved and produced into a distinct uncinate point, with a distinct tomial notch behind it; gonys about equal to length of maxilla from nostril (or sometimes a little shorter), gently convex, strongly ascending, contracted and strongly ridged terminally; commissure nearly straight or (usually) slightly sinuated. Nostril exposed, nearly circular, occupying most of anterior end of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles rather distinct. Wing rather long (three and one-half to four and one-fourth times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth longer than third); primaries exceeding secondaries by not more (usually less) than length of tarsus. Tail a little more than half (B. arce and B. cwrulecgularis) to nearly five-sixths (B. ewimia) as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle claw. Coloration.—Uniform dull blue or green above, the remiges and rectrices (except sometimes on margins) blackish, the head also some- times black; chin, throat, and chest black or very dark blue, the remaining underparts yellow, or else yellowish olive with an orange- yellow pectoral patch. Range.—Costa Rica to Bolivia, Peru, and western Ecuador, in mountains. “Von fov¢ zur Bezeichnung der Grosse und Spavzic, nom. prop.”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 33 There is great difference in the form of the bill between B. cucullata, B. montana, B. arewi (and its close ally B. cwruleigularis) on the one hand and B. chloronota and B. extmia on the other, the two last named having this member much shorter and proportionally deeper at the base, the extreme abbreviation existing in B. ewimia. In the last-named species the gonys is sharply ridged, and there is a very slight development of the uncinate tip to the maxilla, which in B. chloronota is quite as well developed as in B. cucullata, the gonys at the same time lacking the well-defined ridge of B. eaimia. On the other hand B. arcet and B. ceruleigularis, with even a more slender bill than B. cucullata, have the tip of the maxilla even less uncinate than B. eximia. It will be seen, therefore, that the genus can not be subdivided on the shape of the bill alone without making four groups, the first to include B. cucullata and B. montana, the second B. arcwi and B. ceruleigularis, the third B. chloronota, and the fourth B. eaimia. The first-mentioned of these groups is further characterized by having the plumage of the upper parts (the head excepted) remarkably glossy. The others have the upper plumage normal in this respect, except that represented by B. eximza, which has the pileum glossy and the rump partially so. The group containing 3. arcez and B. cerueigularis (B. edwardsi also?) bas the tail very much shorter in proportion to the wing than the others. It may eventually prove necessary to separate one or more of these groups on account of the characters mentioned, but for the present I prefer to leave the genus with usually assigned limits. BUTHRAUPIS ARCZEI Sclater and Salvin. ARCE’S TANAGER, Adult male.—Above dull grayish indigo blue, the wings and tail blackish with dull indigo blue edgings; lores, chin, and throat dull blackish, tinged with dull indigo bluish; rest of under parts rich yellow (saffron or indian yellow on chest, gradually fading to lemon yellow on under tail-coverts), the sides and flanks mottled or clouded with dusky; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with concealed dusky spaces on outer webs; bill blackish; legs and feet horn brownish; length (skin), 147.3;' wing, 85.6; tail, 72.6; exposed culmen, 15.2; depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 22.4; middle toe, 16. Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu; Calobre). Buthraupis arcei ScuaTer and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 439, pl. 31 (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Cordillera del Chucu).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 276 (Cordillera del Chucu and Calobre, Veragua).—Scrarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 149. [Buthraupis] arcei ScuaTER and SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 20. 1The total length is actually much greater, the skin being greatly shortened, 3654—voL 2—01 3 34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BUTHRAUPIS CA!SRULEIGULARIS Cherrie. CHERRIE’S TANAGER. Similar to B. arce?, but larger; sides and flanks extensively and uniformly dusky bluish; chin and throat dull indigo blue, scarcely darker than pileum, and under wing-coverts light yellow without con- cealed dusky spots. Adult male.—Head (all round), hindneck, sides of neck, entire upper parts, sides, and flanks, uniform dull indigo blue, the larger wing- coverts, remiges, and rectrices, however, dull black, except on edges; chest and breast (except laterally), belly. anal region, and under tail- coverts bright yellow, changing gradually from rich indian yellow on the chest to lemon yellow on the under tail-coverts; axillars canary yellow; under wing-coverts mixed primrose yellow and white; inner webs of remiges dull brownish gray, paler on edges, these becoming whitish toward base; thighs uniform dusky indigo blue; bill entirely black; legs dusky horn color; feet dull blackish; length (skin), about 142.92 (tail imperfect); wing, 86.9; exposed culmen, 15.2; depth of bill at base, 8.9; tarsus, 21.6; middle toe, 15.2. Although apparently very different from £&. arcaz in the exten- sively and uniformly dusky sides and flanks, this form is so closely similar in other features of coloration that possibly it may oniy repre- sent an extreme variation of that species. At any rate, additional specimens will be necessary to establish its validity. Central Costa Rica (Buena Vista). Buthraupis ceruleigularis CHERRIE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 956, Oct. 28, 1893, 609 (Buena Vista, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Genus CALOSPIZA Gray. Calliste (not Callista Poli, 1791) Born, Isis, 1826, 974. (Type, Tanagra tricolor Linnezeus. ) Aglaia (not of Renier, 1804, nor of Eschscholz, 1825) Swainson, Zool. Jour., iii, 1827, 347. (Type, Tanagra tatao Linneus. ) Calospiza Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 44. (Type, Tanagra tricolor Linnzus.) Callospiza (emendation) CaBanis, Wiegman’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, 317. Gyrola ReicHenBacn, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 77. (Type, Tanagra gyrola Lin- neeus. ) Tatao Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 80. (Type, Tanagra tatao Lin- nus. ) Chrysothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 142. (Type, Tanagra (Aglaia) aurulenta Lafresnaye. ) Ixothraupis Bonaparts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 148. (Type, Tanagra punctata Linneeus. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35 Chalcothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144. (Type, Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides Lafresnaye.) Euschemon Scuatrer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra flava Gmelin. ) Euprepiste Scatrr, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra brasiliensis Linneeus. ) Small, very brilliantly colored Tanagers with the bill shorter than middle toe without cluw, the tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw and more than one-third as long as tail; if not brilliantly colored in adult plumage, the lesser wing-coverts glossy bright blue. Bill small (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus, sometimes a little more or less), varying from rather stout, with decidedly curved culmen and basal depth equal to basal width (equal also to length of gonys), to rather slender, with culmen nearly straight and basal depth much less than basal width or than length of gonys; commissure nearly straight, the maxillary tomium more or less distinctly notched near tip; gonys nearly (sometimes quite) equal to length of maxilla from nostril, slightly convex, and decidedly ascending terminally, the tip of the mandible acute. Nostril partly (sometimes almost entirely) concealed by frontal plumules—rarely fully exposed—nearly circular, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles minute, often obsolete. Wing long (about three and one-third to four and one-fourth times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth to sixth primaries longest, the ninth usually longer, rarely shorter, than fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly (sometimes quite) the length of the tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by length of tarsus or (usually) more, usually more or less emarginate, sometimes even, the rectrices rather narrow, with firm webs and rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly (sometimes very much) longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw or slightly beyond; hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit. Coloration.—Usually extremely brilliant and varied, in many cases beyond any other known birds, thus fully entitling the genus to the name by which it has usually been known (Cadlzste, i. e., most beauti- ful), but which unfortunately can not be retained. Only one of the sixty-odd species is plainly attired, this (well named C. znornata) being plain gray (paler below), with lesser wing-coverts bright glossy blue. The sexes are usually alike in color, or nearly so, but the young are quite different, being very plain, never streaked. Range.—Tropical America, from southern Mexico to southern Brazil and Peru. Wanting from the West Indies, except in St. Vincent and Grenada. Although very marked variations in the shape of the bill and in other details of external structure occur among the numerous species of this genus, I am unable to subdivide it into groups with definite 36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. characters. The species may be conveniently assorted according to their style of coloration, as has been done by Dr. Sclater, though I would give some of his groups different limits. For example, C. florida, which ‘both he and Messrs. Salvin and Godman consider most nearly allied with C. schranki and place in the same subdivision (true Caddiste). seems to me to bea typical ‘‘ Chrysothraupis,” having exactly the same pattern of coloration as C. aurulenta, C. pulchra, etc., but with their brilliant orange and yellow replaced by glossy green. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALOSPIZA. uw. Back streaked with black or dusky. b. Under parts green or yellowish, without streaks or spots. c. General color yellow, the throat pale silvery buff or grayish. (Costa Rica to Heuador::) sccsss ccsccscsaseacemiemssmanhan etic Calospiza icterocephala (p. 37) cc. General color green, including throat; a large black auricular patch. ( Calo- spiza florida. ) d. Larger (wing of adult male 68.1, tail 43.7); general color purer green; adult male with a large occipital patch of pure yellow. (Costa Rica.) Calospiza florida florida (p. 39) dd. Smaller (wing of adult male 64.5-66.5, tail 40.1-41.1); general color more yellowish green; adult male without distinct, if any, occipital patch of yellow. (Veragua.).....--.------------- Calospiza florida arcei (p. 40) bb. Under parts white or pale greenish blue, spotted with black anteriorly. c. Smaller (wing of adult male 68.6); lesser wing-coverts green, with central spots of black; pileum green, the feathers with central spots of black. (Costa Rica to Ecuador, etc.) --------- Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (p. 40) cc. Larger (wing of adult male 86.4); lesser wing-coverts plain blue; pileum black, the feathers margined with blue. (West coast of Guatemala.) Calospiza cabanisi (p. 42) aa. Back without streaks. bv. Back bright green. c. Head (except throat) bright rufous-chestnut or orange-maroon. d. Rump, throat, and breast blue; outer webs of primaries green; anterior lesser wing-coverts yellow; hindneck green, except a narrow band at pos- terior margin of chestnut hood (sometimes obsolete). (Costa Rica to BONING) ono rcccencuiceceecmeateead Calospiza gyroloides, adults (p. 43) dd. Rump, throat, and breast green; outer webs of primaries cinnamon-rufous; anterior lesser wing-coverts green; whole hindneck saffron yellow. (Nicaragua to Isthmus of Panama.) ....Calospiza lavinia, adults (p. 46) cc. Head green. d. Under wing-coverts white or whitish. ...Calospiza gyroloides, young (p. 46) dd. Under wing-coverts brownish gray .-.-... Calospiza lavinia, young (p. 46) bb. Back not bright green. c. Back black, dusky, or dull grayish green; rump blue or green. d. Head mostly black; under parts of body light cinnamon; back greenish black or dusky. e. Lesser wing-coverts ultramarine or cobalt blue; rump bright yellowish green, changing to bluish green; back greenish black. (Costa Rica; Meme Ua) es aa rceiaeiicnle evar Calospiza dowi, adults (p. 46) ee. Lesser wing-coverts greenish blue; rump dull grayish green; back dusky. Calospiza dowi, young (p. 47) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 37 dd. Head not black; under parts of body not light cinnamon; back not green- ish black nor dusky. e. Head changing from golden buff to silvery yellowish green, the forehead and cheeks blue, the lores and chin black; back deep black; rump bright blue; chest and sides of breast black. ( Calospiza larvata, adults. ) f. Deeper colored (sides bright ultramarine, becoming bright cerulean or turquoise blue on flanks, the throat cinnamon-rufous); greater wing- coverts, remiges and rectrices more broadly edged with greenish; slightly larger. (Southern Mexico to northern Honduras. ) Calospiza larvata larvata, adults (p. 47) ff. Lighter colored (sides cerulean blue, becoming pale greenish blue or bluish green on flanks, the throat orange-buffy or ochraceous); greater wing-coverts, remiges and rectrices more narrowly edged with green- ish (the edgings sometimes wanting on greater wing-coverts); slightly smaller. (Southern Honduras to Isthmus of Panama. ) Calospiza larvata fanny, adults (p. 49) ee. Head grayish green, becoming whitish on throat; back dull or grayish green, clouded with blackish or dusky laterally; rump dull green; sides of chest and breast grayish or dusky. Calospiza larvata larvata, young (p. 48) Calospiza larvata fanny, young (p. 49) ec. Back neither black, dusky, nor dull green; rump neither blue nor green. d. Pileum, back, scapulars, and rump plain slate-gray; under parts pale gray, becoming whitish on abdomen; lesser wing-coverts bright blue. (Veragua to central Colombia.)....-..----.------ Calospiza inornata, adults (p. 51) dd. Pileum.rufous-tawny to very dark chestnut; back, scapulars, and rump opalescent, dull greenish or buffy; under parts dull buffy or greenish, more or less opalescent; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish or bluish green. e. Smaller (wing 70.4-75.2); coloration darker, the pileum dark chestnut. (Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Venezuela. ) Calospiza cucullata, adults (p.52) ee. Larger (wing 75.7-78.7); coloration lighter, the pileum light chestnut to rufous-tawny. (Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. ) Calospiza versicolor, adults (p. 53) CALOSPIZA ICTEROCEPHALA (Bonaparte). SILVER-THROATED TANAGER. Adult male.—Pileum, nape, sides of head, and whole rump plain glossy deep saffron or indian yellow; back and scapulars similar but rather paler yellow (sometimes slightly tinged with greenish), broadly streaked with black; wings and tail black, the lesser and mid- dle wing-coverts broadly tipped with yellow or greenish yellow, the greater coverts, remiges, and rectrices edged with yellowish green; chin, throat, and malar region and rather indistinct collar across hind- neck pale buffy greenish or greenish buffy, more or less changeable with different inclinations to the light; under part of body and under tail-coverts plain saffron or indian yellow, slightly tinged with olive- greenish laterally; anterior portion of lores and a streak from rictus along lower edge of suborbital and malar regions (widening more or 38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. less at posterior extremity) black; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 109.2-187.2 (124.2); wing, 69.6-80 (74.7); tail, 44.7-53.1 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7 (9.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tarsus, 17-19.1 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-12.7 (12.2).* Adult female.—Similar in color to the adult male and not always distinguishable, but usually more or less duller in color; length (skins), 127-132.1 (129.5); wing, 70.1-78.2 (72.6); tail, 43.9-53.1 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.8 (5.3); tarsus, 17.3-18 (17.8); middle toe, 11.9-12.2.* Young male.—Much duller in coloration than the dullest adult females; above olive-green, slightly tinged with yellow on sides of head, more decidedly yellowish on rump; feathers of pileum with small triangular or sagittate central spots of blackish, the interscapulars and scapulars with large dusky markings of similar position and shape; wings and tail blackish with yellowish green edgings; malar region, chin, and throat dull greenish buffy; rest of under parts buffy yellow (naples or maize), medially more yellowish, more olive-greenish laterally. Young female.—Similar to the young male but still duller in color. Costa Rica (San José; Dota; Turrialba; Barranca; Candelaria Mts.; Naranjo; Orosi; Cartago; San Marco, etc.), southward through Colom- bia to Ecuador (Punta Playa, near Quito; Nanegal; Pasto; Napo; Bois de Bagnos; Tongaragua, etc.). Calliste icterocephala Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Punta Playa, near Quito, Ecuador).—Sctarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 53, pl. 70, fig. 1; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 251 (monogr.; Punta Playa, Ecuador); 1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 77; Monogr. Cal- liste, 1857, 37, pl. 17 (Quito, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 65 (Nanegal); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 110 (Nanegal, Pasto, and Napo, Ecuador; Frontino, Colombia; Volcan de Chiriqui; Santa Fé, Calovevora, and Cor- dillera de Tolé, Veragua; San José, Dota, Turrialba, and Barranca, Costa Rica).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 188 (Cordillera de Tolé and Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chiriqu{; Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del Chuca, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Lawrence, Ann. 1Seven specimens. ? Four specimens from Costa’ Rica. Costa Rican and Ecuadorean males compare in average measurements as follows: Depth Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. Exposed of bill | Tarsus.| “2 culmen. at base. toe. Four adult males from Costa Rica ...........-...+0+ 6.6) 814 10.2 5.3 | 18.3 12.4 Three adult males (two with sex doubtful) from CUS O Ore gaa ceetoereraistslanctooniciiquidenkeetmeptaldsts ane 72.1| 46.7 9.7 5.3) 17.3) 11.9 Iam not able to detect any color differences, and the determination of sex being in some cases open to question, the apparent-difference in size may prove inconstant. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39 Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Dota, Turrialba, Barranca, and San José, Costa Rica).—Franrzzus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Candelaria Mts., etc., Costa Rica).—Scuarer and Satyiy, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 498 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Boucarn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Naranjo and Orosi, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 269 (Vivalva, Calobre, etc., Veragua; etc.).—Zrtzpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota).— Currris, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (San Marco). [ Calliste] icterocephala Scrarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. Chrysothraupis icterocephala BoNAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851, 129 (Bois de Bagnos, Tonguaragua, Ecuador), 445; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 17. . Callispiza icterocephala Satvaport, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 175 (Costa Rica). Callispiza (Chrysothraupis) frantzii Capanis, Journ. fir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 87 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.). Calliste franiziti Scuater, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Costa Rica); 1868, 72, in text (Costa Rica; crit.). CALOSPIZA FLORIDA FLORIDA (Sclater and Salvin), EMERALD TANAGER, Adult male.—General color above pure yellowish green (nearly apple green), the back and scapulars broadly streaked with black; lower anterior portion of lores and a large quadrate oblique patch across auricular region black; entire occiput pure lemon yellow; rump plain bright greenish yellow, more decidedly yellow below; lesser wing-coverts bright yellowish green with black (mostly concealed) bases; rest of wings black, the middle coverts broadly tipped with bright yellowish green, the greater coverts broadly and secondaries more narrowly edged with the same; tail black with narrow green edgings to middle rectrices; under parts plain light green (duller and less yellowish than upper parts), the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts light maize or naples yellow; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skin) horn color; length (skin), 130.8; wing, 68.1; tail, 43.7; exposed culmen, 10.1; depth of bill at base, 4.8; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 10.7.7 Adult female.—Similar to the male, but rather duller in color and without the yellow occipital patch. Costa Rica (Carrillos, on Rio Sucio). Calliste florida ScLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 416, pl. 28 (Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica) .— Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part, pl. 17, fig. 1 (Costa Rica).—ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica). [Calliste] florida ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. Calospiza florida florida Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr., 1901, 149, in text. 1Qne specimen, no. 108276, U. 8. Nat. Mus., from Rio Sucio (Carrillos), 1884; M. Carranza. 40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CALLISTE FLORIDA ARCZI Ridgway. ARCE’S EMERALD TANAGER. Similar to C. f. florida, but smaller, with larger feet; adult male without a distinct occipital patch of yellow (sometimes with none), and feathers of pileum marked with a distinct central V-shaped spot of black or black beneath the surface (partly exposed), and with the gen- eral green color of upper parts slightly more yellowish; adult female slightly duller and less yellowish green than the male, with pileum and rump less yellowish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 101.6-104.1 (102.9); wing, 64.5-66.5 (65.5); tail, 40.141.1 (40.6); exposed culmen, 8.1-9.7 (8.9); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 5.1; tarsus, 17.3-17.5; middle toe, 10.9- 11.4 (11.2). Adult female.—Length (skins), 104.6-106.7 (105.7); wing, 61-63.5 (62.2); tail, 36.8-39.4 (38.1); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 17.3-17.5; middle toe, 11.2-12.4 (11.7).* Veragua. Calliste florida (not of Sclater and Salvin) Sciarsr, Ibis, 1876, 409 (Veragua); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Veragua).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part (Veragua). Calospiza florida arcei Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 149 (Veragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). CALOSPIZA GUTTATA CHRYSOPHRYS (Sclater)?. YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER, Adult male.—Upper parts bright yellowish green, becoming more yellowish on forehead, superciliary, suborbital, and auricular regions, and sides of neck, the anterior portion of forehead, supraloral region, and eyelids pure canary yellow; lores black; feathers of crown, occiput, sides of head, back, and scapulars with central spots of black, these large and very conspicuous on back and scapulars, the latter with margins of bluish green or greenish blue; wings and tail black, the smaller wing-coverts broadly margined with light bluish green (mala- chite green), the greater coverts and remiges edged with the same, the primary coverts with narrower and more bluish edgings; rectrices black edged with yellowish green, the middle pair mostly green; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast glaucous-white, each feather (except on chin and throat) with a median elliptical spot of black, the throat with small and inconspicuous streaks of the same; abdomen white anteriorly, passing posteriorly into light yellow on anal region and 1 Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41 under tail-coverts, the latter with central wedge-shaped or sagittate spots (mostly concealed) of dusky; flanks plain yellowish green, tinged with yellow; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish or horn color with dusky tip; legs and feet horn color or dusky in dried skins; length (skins), 119.4-142.2 (130.8); wing, 68.6-70.6 (69.6); tail, 52.1; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.4; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.3): middle toe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7).* Adult female (?).—Similar to the adult male, as described above, but duller in color; head much less yellowish (quite concolor, in fact, with back, etc.), without pure yellow on forehead, supraloral region, or eyelids; black spots on scapulars and interscapulars much less distinct; length (skins), 107.2-115.6 (110.7); wing, 64.8-71.1 (68.8); tail, 45.7- 53.8 (50); exposed culmen, 9.4~10.2 (9.9); depth of bill at base, 4.8— 5.1 (5); tarsus, 17.8-18 (17.9); middle toe, 11.7-12.4 (12.2).? Immature?) male.—Similar to the adult female, as described above, but wing-coverts margined and edged with yellowish green, contrast- ing strongly with the greenish blue edgings of remiges; feathers of throat with large and distinct central spots of black; length (skin), 125.7; wing, 66.8; tail, 49.5; exposed culmen, 10.7; depth of bill at base, 5.6; tarsus, 19.3; middle toe, 11.7.* Having a very small and unsatisfactory series of this species for examination, I am in doubt as to the proper name which the birds from Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panama should bear. The only “specimen I have been able to examine is from Dota, Costa Rica, and, judging from the loose texture of the plumage, seems to be an imma- ture, though full-grown, bird. Itismarkedasamale. If the birds of this species are the same from Costa Rica to Venezuela, then it so hap- pens that all the Colombian specimens which I have seen (three from ‘*Bogota”) are females, for none of them have yellow about the head, while all of those seen from Venezuela (only two in number, however), are males, the head being bright yellowish green (much yellower than the back), becoming pure canary yellow on the anterior portion of the forehead and thence backward to and including the upper eyelid, the lower eyelid also being pure yellow; the black spots on back and scapulars being at the same time far larger, more sharply defined, and deeper black. Four specimens from Trinidad agree in all these char- acters with the two Venezuelan specimens, but have shorter wings and are easily distinguished by the larger and relatively broader black spots on the chest. I have not seen examples from British Guiana, but these (the true C. guttata) are said by Salvin and Godman to be distinguished by having the under parts ‘‘ much less spotted, the spots 1Two specimens from Venezuela. 2 Three specimens from ‘‘ Bogota,’’ Colombia. 3 One specimen from Dota, Costa Rica. 42 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. being almost confined to the chest, the throat and abdomen being plain.” Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Angostura; Dota; Turrialba) and south- ward through Colombia to Ecuador (Valle de Mindos), Venezuela (Caracas; Puerto Cabello; San Cristobal) and Trinidad. Calliste chrysophrys ScLatER, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 24, 54, pl. 69, fig. 2 (Venezuela; coll. P. L. Sclater). Calliste guttulata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Mindos, n. w. Ecuador).—Scuater, Tanagr. Cat. Specif., 1854, 11; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 19, part (Venezuela; Trinidad. ) Ixothraupis guttulata Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 18. Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 249, part (monogr.; Venezuela; Trinidad; Bogota, Colombia; ‘‘Ecua- dor);’? Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 75; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 21, part, pl. 10 (Trididad; Caracas, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; valley of Mindos, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 64 (Venezuela; Trinidad; Anolaima, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit: Mus., xi, 1886, 105, part (Puerto Cabello, Cara- cas, and San Cristobal, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; s. slope Volcan de Chiriqui; Tucurriqui and Angostura, Costa Rica, etc.).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad).—Scuater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1875, 237 (do.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, Turrialba, and Dota, Costa Rica).—Franrzrus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica).—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 579 (Trinidad ).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 ( Volcan de Chiriqui).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Ocafia, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part (Turrialba, etc., Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui; Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela; Trinidad).—Brr.uersca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 289 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Zrtepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Turrialba).—Caapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 29 (Trini- dad) . [Calliste] guttata ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19, part (Vene- zuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Costa Rica). C [alliste] guttata Dusois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (5) (crit.). [ Calliste punctata] var. a. guttata Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874 (7), part (Venezuela; Trinidad). CALOSPIZA CABANISI Sclater. CABANIS TANAGER, Adult (male?).—“Above greenish blue; wings and tail black, mar- gined with blue; interscapulium green; cap black, margined with blue; beneath pale greenish blue, middle of belly whitish; breast-feathers spotted with black; bill black, at base plumbeous; feet black; whole length, 144.8; wing, 86.4; tail, 58.4. ‘* Hab. —Costa Cuca district of Guatemala. ‘‘The characters are taken from the unique specimen in the Museum of Berlin, which I examined in 1868.” (Sclater.) ? Original measurements given in inches and tenths. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43 The above very imperfect description may be supplemented hy the following, taken from the colored plate cited: Pileum with feathers black centrally, margined with light blue, becoming light green on nape; interscapular region light green, the feathers with black central spots (partly exposed); wings black, the greater coverts and secondaries edged with blue, the lesser coverts wholly blue (more greenish along posterior margin); beneath very pale greenish, the feathers of lower throat and sides of chest (not the breast, as in the description quoted) with large central spots of black; lores black. Calliste s. Callispiza sclateri (not Calliste sclateri Lafresnaye) CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., xiv, May, 1866, 163 (Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus.). Calliste cabanisi Scuater, Ibis, 2d ser., iv, Jan., 1868, 71, pl. 3 (Costa Cuca, w. Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 123.— Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271. [Calliste] cabanisi ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. CALOSPIZA GYROLOIDES (Lafresnaye). BLUE-RUMPED GREEN TANAGER, Adult male.—Head, except throat, uniform bright reddish chestnut or bay; general color of upper parts bright yellowish grass green, separated from bay of head by a more or less distinct nuchal band or half-collar of yellow; rump cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathers green immediately beneath surface, gray basally; lesser wing-coverts mostly yellow; under parts cerulean or turquoise blue (the feathers green immediately beneath surface and gray at base), passing into yel- lowish green on upper part and sides of throat, the sides and flanks more or less tinged with green; under tail-coverts and posterior por- tion of flanks clear yellowish green; thighs cinnamon; bill blackish brown, becoming paler on basal portion of mandible; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 121.9-141 (128.8); wing, 71.1-82.6 (77); tail, 47.5-54.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 9.9-12.2 (10.7); depth of bill at base, 4.8-6.1 (5.6); tarsus, 16.5-19.6 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-12.7 (11.9).* Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the adult male, but much duller; head much duller chestnut, sometimes strongly olivaceous on pileum, the color without the sharp definition of the male; blue of rump more restricted, sometimes obsolete; lesser wing-coverts with less yellow, sometimes merely tinged with yellow; blue of under parts paler, more greenish (nile blue, more turquoise on breast); length (skins), 121.9-139.7 (131.8); wing, 69.6-76.2 (73.2); tail, 47.8-50.8 1 Fifteen specimens. 44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (48.8); exposed culmen, 9.7—-10.9 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 16.5-18.3 (17.8); middle tee, 11.7-12.7 (11.9).* Immature female.—Entirely green above, including head and neck, the color duller than in the adult female; beneath pale green, broken by more or less exposed buffy whitish, this forming a subterminal spot or bar to each feather, the middle portion of feathers of chest more grayish, with a darker grayish bar between the light gray and the green tip; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white, tinged with pale green. Immature male.—Similar to immature female, but green of head interspersed with orange-chestnut feathers and abdomen largely pale blue. Costa Rica (Guaitil; Turrialba; Barranca; Dota; Savanilla de Pirris; Navarro; Cartago; San Marcos; Sarché de Alajuela, etc.) and south- ward through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru (Chyavetas; Cosnipata; Rio Javarri; Mapoto), western Bolivia (Mapiri) and upper Amazons (Ega; Maribatanas). Aglaia gyrola (not Tanagra gyrola Linneeus) Larresnaye and D’Orsieny, Mag. de Zool., 1837 (Synopsis Avium, i, p. 32). Tanagra gyrola (not of Linneus) D’Orsiany, Voy. Amer. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 272. Callospiza gyrola Tscxupi, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1844, 286 (Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 202. Aglaia peruviana (not Tanagra peruviana Desmarest) Swainson, Anim, in Menag., 1838, 356 (Peru; coll. W. Hooker). C[alliste] eyanoventris (not Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot) Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366. 1 Nine specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows: Depth . Locality. Wing. | Tail. |EXP0Se4| of bill | Tarsus. manos . “Jat base. H MALES. Four adult males from Costa Rica .........------+-- 80 52.8 11.4 5.8 18.5 12.2 Three adult males from Veragua and Panama..... 756.7 51.1 10.9 5.6 18.3 12.7 Five adult males from Colombia (Bogota).......... 77.5 51.8 10.2 5.1 17.5 11.9 Three adult males from eastern Ecuador.-.......... 72.9 48.5 10.4 5.1 17 11.2 FEMALES, Two adult females from Costa Rica.......-......-.- 74.9 49.8 10.7 5.8 18 12.4 Two adult females from Veragua and Chiriqui..... 73.2 48.8 W064 |nccesee- 18 12.4 Four adult females from eastern Ecuador .......-.. 72.6 50.3 10.4 5.3 17.3 12.2 One adult female from Peru..............-2-2.-2-2-. 69.6 47.8 10.2 5.8 17.8 12.2 Adult males from Ecuador and Colombia appear to have the yellow nuchal hall- collar much more distinct than those from Panama, Veragua, and Costa Rica, waile those from eastern Ecuador are of rather a greener blue below than those from Colombia and northward. It is possible the species may require subdivision, but a much larger series of specimens will be necessary to determine the question. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 Gyrola cyanoventris Bonaparts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 139; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 18. Aglaia gyroloides LarresnayE, Rev. Zool., x, Sept., 1847, 277, in text (Central America). C[alliste] gyroloides Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 17. [Calliste] gyroloides Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 234.—Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. Calliste gyroloides Scuaver, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 67; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 115 (prov. Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 158 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 142, 255 (monogr.); 1857, 264 (up. Amazon); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador), 453 (Zamora, e. Ecuador); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador); 1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 81; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 57, pl. 26 (David, Chiriqui; Bogota; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; wood region e. Peru; e. base Bolivian Andes); Cat. Am. Birds; 1862, 67 (Bogota; e. Peru); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 117 (Guiatil and Turrialba, Costa Rica; Santa Fé, Calovevora, Veragua, Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Bogota, Remedios, and Con- cordia, Colombia; San José, Sarayacu, and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Ega, up. Amazon; e. Peru).—Cassin, in Gilliss’s Rep. U. 8. Astr. Exp., ii, 1855, 182, pl. 19, fig. 1 (Peru).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 98 (Barranca, Guiatil, and Dota, Costa Rica).—Sciarer and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Panama R. R.); 1867, 749 Chyavetas, e. Peru); 1873, 185 (Cosnipata, e. Peru), 261 (Rio Javari and Chyavetas, e. Peru); 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia), 599 (Bolivia).— Frantzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 298 (Savanilla de Pirris, etc., Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 325 (bet. Bucaramanga and Rio Magda‘ena, Colombia).—PxrLzeLn, Orn. Bras., 1871, 207 (Maribatanas, up. Amazon).—Taczanowsxi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 514 (centr. Peru); 1882, 11 (Huambo, Ecuador); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 463.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro, Costa Rica).—Brr.Epsce, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 289 (Bucaramanga, Colom- bia).—BrriepscH and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 545 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 270.—Taczanowski and Brruepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 78 (Mapoto, centr. Ecuador).—Zr.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Sarché de Alajuela, and Los Anonas de San José, Costa Rica).—A.ten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 71 (Quito, Ecuador), 81 (Mapiri, Bolivia).—Currte, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Pozo Azul del Pital and San Mar- cos, Costa Rica).—Satvaport and Frsra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 15 (San José and Valle del Zamora, e. Ecuador; Gualea, w. Ecuador; crit.). C[alliste] gyroloides Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (6), (erit.). [Calliste gyrola] var. a. gyroloides Dupors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874 (8). Callispiza gyroloides Sauvapori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 174 (Costa Rica). te gyroloides Stonn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibaque, centr. Colombia). 46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CALOSPIZA LAVINIA (Cassin). LAVINIA’S TANAGER, Adult male.—Head, except chin and throat, bright glossy orange- maroon, or madder brown; rest of upper parts mainly bright glossy yellowish grass green, or parrot green, the feathers of the hindneck broadly tipped with saffron yellow, producing a more or less con- spicuous half-collar; wings yellowish grass green, the middle and greater coverts tinged with rusty, the remiges (except tertials) edged for basal half or more with orange-brown or rufous; under parts, including throat, clear bright yellowish green, the abdomen turquoise blue; chin turquoise blue, or tinged with that color, margined ante- riorly with brownish red; thighs russet; maxilla horn brown, man- dible paler; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 120.7-185.9 (125); wing, 69.9-71.9 (70.6); tail, 45.2-47.2 (45.7); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.6-6.6 (6.1); tarsus, 17.3-18 (17.5); middle toe, 12.4-12.7." Adult female.—Much duller than adult male, and without the brownish red head; above plain glossy yellowish grass green, some- times tinged anteriorly with dull orange, especially on pileum; edges of remiges more or less tinged with yellowish olive basally; under parts light green, changing to light turquoise or nile blue on ahdo- men; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 114.3; wing, 65.8-66.8 (66.3); tail, 43.2-43.4; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 16.5-17.8; middle toe, 1.04-12.7 (11.4).?: Nicaragua (Chontales) to Isthmus of Panama (Rio Truando, etc.). Calliste lavinia Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., x, 1858, 178 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); 1860, 142, pl. 1, fig. 1 (do.).— Scrarer, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Isth. Panama); 1876, 409 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Veragua); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 116 (do.).—Saxvix, This, 1872, 315 (Chontales; crit.).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica). , [Calliste] lavinia Sctarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,“1873, 19. Calliste lavinie Sauvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271. CALOSPIZA DOWII (Salvin). DOW'S TANAGER, Adults (sewes alike).—Head, neck, and chest black, the feathers of the latter broadly margined with light green (becoming more ochra- ceous posteriorly, especially on sides of chest), producing a conspicu- ously scaled appearance; feathers in center of occiput tipped with russet, forming a small spot; feathers of hindneck, sides of neck, and auricular region tipped with light green (changing to pale buffy), these markings larger on hindneck; back and scapulars plain greenish 1 Four specimens. * Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA. 47 black; rump bright opalescent green, changing to blue on upper tail- coverts, all the feathers blackish beneath the surface; lesser wing- coverts rich blue (varying from cobalt to light smalt); rest of wings and tail black with blue edgings; under parts of body, and under tail- coverts, plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler next to squa- mately marked feathers of chest; maxilla black, mandible , blackish terminally, horn color basally (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Young (first plumage).—Head, neck, back, and seapulars dull black, broken on sides of neck and on auricular region by pale greenish buffy or buffy greenish tips to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish blue; rest of wings and tail dull blackish with greenish blue or bluish green edgings; rump and upper tail-coverts dusky olive, the feathers tipped with pale dull greenish; under parts of body and under tail- coverts plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler on chest, where spotted with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 137.2-144.8 (141); wing, 68.6—70.6 (69.6); tail (one specimen), 49; exposed culmen (one specimen), 9.1; depth of bill at base, 5.6-5.8; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 12.2-12.4.' Adult female.—Length (skins), 129.5-132.1 (131.3); wing, 68.6-70.1 (69.3); tail, 46.5-49.3 (48); exposed culmen, 9.4; depth of bill at base, 5.1-6.1 (5.6); tarsus, 18.8-19.6 (19.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.2 (12.1).? Costa Rica (San José; Rancho Redondo; Turrialba; Navarro; Guad- alupe; Cartago; Irazi; Quebrada Honda) and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu). Calliste dowii Savi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 168 (‘San José,” i. e., Rancho Redondo de San José, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin-Godman?) ; 1870, 187 (Cor- dillera del Chucu, Veragua); Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xiii, 1864, 104.—ScLarer, Ibis, 1863, 451, pl. 12 (San José, Costa Rica).—Law- rencE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San José, Turrialba, and Navarro, Costa Rica).—Franrzrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Guadalupe and San José, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro, Costa Rica).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago? and Rancho Redondo de San José). [Calliste] dowti Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. Calliste dowi Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 272 (Irazt, etc., Costa Rica, etc.).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886; 124 (Que- brada Honda, etc., Costa Rica, etc. ). CALOSPIZA LARVATA LARVATA (Du Bus). GOLDEN-MASKED TANAGER, Adult male.—Anterior portion of forehead and malar region, chin, lores, and eyelids black; posterior portion of forehead, suborbital region, and most of malar and auricular regions campanula blue, with a narrow posterior margin of light greenish blue (nile blue); crown, 1Two specimens. * Three specimens. 48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck golden buff, changing from deep orange-buff to oil green, according to inclination of the light; throat cinnamon-rufous, usually separated from black of cbin by a narrow line of pale bluish; back, scapulars, chest, and sides of, breast uniform deep black; lesser wing-coverts rich campanula blue, the middle cov- erts bright nile blue; rump glossy light blue (changing from nile blue to turquoise); upper tail-coverts black, broadly margined with light bluish green; wings (except lesser and middle coverts) black, the greater coverts edged with light blue and greenish, the remiges and rectrices with light yellowish green, more buffy on tertials; abdomen and median portion of breast white; anal region and under tail-coverts pale buffy, the latter with concealed central portion dusky; sides rich campanula blue, passing into light greenish blue (turquoise or nile blue) on flanks; bill black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 116.8-132.1 (122.9); wing, 68.1-72.6 (71.1); tail, 45.7-50.8 (48.8); exposed culmen, 8.9-10.2 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 16.3-18.5 (17.5); middle toe, 10.4-12.7 (11.7).? Adult female.—Very similar to the adult male and apparently not always distinguishable, but usually slightly duller in coloration; length (skins), 116.8-132.1 (123.2); wing, 65.5-69.9 (67.8); tail, 45.249.5 (47.2); exposed culmen, 10.2; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tar- sus, 17-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.4 (10.9).” Young, first plumage.—Head and neck (except chin and throat) dull light green (chromium green), each feather with a small central spot of dusky; lores, eyelids, anterior portion of malar region, and chin dusky; throat, median line of chest (narrowly), median portion of breast, and abdomen dull whitish, slightly tinged with yellowish; a patch on each side of chest and breast greenish dusky; sides dull gray- ish, becoming more buffy on flanks; anal region and under tail-coverts pale buffy; back dull dusky greenish, with a blackish patch on each side; lower back and rump dull greenish; lesser wing-coverts dull, light greenish blue; middle coverts dusky basally, dull light bluish. green terminally; rest of wings and tail dusky, with yellowish green edgings. 1 Ten specimens, those from different areas averaging as follows: Depth Locality. Wing.) Tail, JExposed) of bil) pareus,| Middle base. MALES. Four adult males from southern Mexico............ 71.9 49.8 9.4 5.1 a7 11.4 Five adult males from Guatemala (some of doubt- Sil EY asst -seiatesaleata ciebierd otemienercaseeneseeeemoceee 70.6] 47.2 9.9 5.1| 17.8 17 One adult male from northern Honduras .......... 71.6 50.3 QO) screacarsinid| 18.3 IL4 * Three specimens, all from southern Mexico. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49 Southern Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Ocuilapa; Palenque) and Tabasco (Teapa), to northern Honduras (Rio Blanca; Rio Chamelecon; San Pedro). Calliste larvata Du Bus, Esquiss. Orn., 1845 (?), pl. 9 (Tabasco, s. e. Mexico).— Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 260; (monogr.; Tabasco; Rio Chamelecon, Honduras); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 86; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 81, pl. 36; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 70 (Choctum, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 124, part.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Rio Chamelecon); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 467 (Yzabal, Guatemala).— Savin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Yzabal, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Tabasco, s. Mexico; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Yzabal, Choctum, and Chisec, Guatemala; Rio Chamelecon and San Pedro, Honduras). [Calliste larvata] Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19, part (s. Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras). C[alliste] larvata Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.—Duso1s, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (8), (s. Mexico). Tatao larvatus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851, 42; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 16. Calliste larvata typica ScuaterR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text. ; [Calliste larvata] a. subsp. typica Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in list of specimens (localities in Guatemala, Brit. Honduras, and Honduras). [Calliste larvata] var. fanny (not Aglaia fanny Lafresnaye) Dusotrs, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (8), part (Guatemala). (?) Calliste lavinie (not C. lavinia Cassin) Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 1896-97 (1899) , 223 (Santo Tomas, Guatemala). CALOSPIZA LARVATA FANNY (Lafresnaye). MRS, WILSON’S TANAGER. Similar to C. /. larvata, but averaging slightly smaller, colors of head and sides paler, and greenish edgings to remiges, rectrices, and greater wing-coverts less distinct, sometimes altogether wanting on tail and greater wing-coverts; general color of head lighter golden buffy with more pronounced greenish and less pronounced reddish hue in opposite positions to the light, and not conspicuously darker on throat; blue of forehead and cheeks paler; that of sides and flanks also paler, with very little purplish blue anteriorly (sometimes none); blue of rump and smaller wing-coverts also paler. Young, first plumage.—Head and neck light bluish green (mala- chite), the feathers dusky grayish basally, producing a minutely mot- tled appearance; back and scapulars dusky grayish green, becoming nearly black on outermost scapulars; rump light bluish green (mala- chite); under parts dull whitish, becoming grayish laterally, the throat and chest freckled with grayish; anal region and under tail-coverts pale brownish buffy; wings and tail as in adults, but lesser and mid- dle wing-coverts light grayish green instead of blue. 3654—voL 2—01——4 50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105.4-130.8 (118.1); wing, 66.8-71.4 (69.6); tail, 45.5-50.3 (47.5); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.4 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.8 (5.1); tarsus, 16.3-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 11.2- 12.2 (11.7).3 Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-123.2 (117.3); wing, 64.3~-70.4 (66.3); tail, 43.9-46.7 (45.2); exposed culmen, 8.4-10.2 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 4.6-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 15.7-16.8 (16.5); middle toe, 10.4-11.7 (10.9).? Southern Honduras (Rio Segovia) to northern Colombia (province of Antioquia). Aglaia fanny Larresnayr, Rev. Zool., x, Mar., 1847, 72 (Colombia; coll. Lafresnaye). Cfalliste] fanny Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.—Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (7), part (crit. ). [Calliste] fanny Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236.—Dres Murs, Icon. Orn., 1876, pl. 56, fig. 1. [Calliste larvata] var. fanny Dusors, Bull Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874, 8, part (Colombia). Calliste larvata var. fanny Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 242, no. 7560 ( Veragua). Calospiza larvata fanny Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). Calliste francisce Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142, 261 (David, Chiri- qui); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 87; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 83 (Chiriqui); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298, 332 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, San José, and Turri- alba, Costa Rica).—Scuiater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tolé and Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Laguna del Castillo, and Calovevora, Veragua) .— Franrzivs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica). ! Twelve specimens. * Eight specimens. Specimens from different areas average as follows: Ex- Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. — culmen.|at base. . MALES. Three adult males from Nicaragua.........--.-.--- 69.9] 48.5 9.4 5.38 | 17.3 li4 Three adult males from Costa Rica...............-- 71.1 47.5 10.2 5.8) 17.3 1.9 Three adult males from Veragua and Chiriqui..... 69.9 47.8 9.7 5.1 17.8 17 Three adult males from Isthmus of Panama ....... 67.8 | 45.7 9.7 4.8] 17 ig FEMALES, Three adult females from southern Honduras (Se- GOvia River) cascsseeees ncaa deaedwsiseewatncdeccewan 65.8 | 44.7 9.7 5.3] 16.5] 109 Two adult females from Nicaragua................. 67.3 45.2 9.9 4.8 16.3 10.9 One adult female from Costa Rica...............2.. 68.6] 46.7 |.....2... 5.1] 16.8] 109 One adult female from Isthmus of Panama .......- 64.5 44,2 8.4 4.6 16.8 10.9 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51 Calliste francesee Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 176 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua). Calliste larvata francesce ScuatEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text. [Calliste larvata] b. subsp. francescx Scuarer, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in list of specimens (Chontales, Nicaragua; Turrialba and Angostura, Costa Rica; Cordillera de Tolé, Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha, Santa Fé, and Castillo, Veragua; Panama and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia). Callispiza francisce Sarvavoni, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 175 (Costa Rica). Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Scuarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 64 (Chi- riqui; Veragua).—Cassin, in Rep. U. 8. Astr. Exp. (Gilliss), ii, 1855, 182, part, pl. 18, fig. 2 (Central America; Colombia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Bovucarp, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Na- ranjo, Orosi, and San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Scuarer and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia).—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, and Colombian localities and references).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 124, part.—ZeLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago, Jiménez, Trojas de Puntarenas, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 585 (Segovia R., Hon- duras).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). : CALOSPIZA INORNATA (Gould). PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER. Adult male.—Above plain slate-gray, paler and more bluish on ramp and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts bright cerulean or tur- quoise blue, more purplish blue on lower portion and along posterior margin; rest of wings and tail dull black or dusky, with slate-gray edgings; sides of head and neck like pileum, etc.; lores, apex of malar region, and anterior margin of chin blackish; lower chin, throat, chest, sides, and flanks dull light gray, the first inclining to white; median portion of breast and abdomen white, the lower portion of the latter tinged with buffy; under tail-coverts dull white or pale buffy, the longer feathers with concealed portion mostly grayish; maxilla black; mandible grayish with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 109.2-130.8 (119.4); wing, 66.5-68.1 (67.3); tail, 45.2- 48.3 (46.5); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.4 (8.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1— 5.6; tarsus, 16-17.8 (16.8); middle toe, 11.7-11.9 (11.8).* Adult female.—Similar to the male and not always distinguishable, but usually (?) very slightly duller in color; length (skins), 114.3- 119.4 (116.8); wing, 63-64 (63.5); tail, 41.7-43.2 (42.4); exposed cul- men, 8.9; depth of bill at base, 5.6; tarsus, 16-16.8 (16.3); middle toe, 11.9-14 (18).’ : 5 : 1 Five specimens. Two specimens. 52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Veragua to central Colombia (Bogota; Remedios; Nichi; Bucara- manga, etc.). Calliste inornata Gouin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 158 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. J. Gould).—Sciarmr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 258 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 84; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 103, pl. 45; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 121 (Veragua; Panama, Lion Hill, and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Bogota, Remedios, Nichi, and Antioquia, Colombia).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill); 1879, 499 (Antioquia).—Sa.vrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1883, 273.—Brruerscu, Journ. fir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara- manga, Colombia). [ Calliste] inornata ScuaterR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. Calliste ornata [lapsu] Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi, 1861, 332 (Panama R. R.; crit.). : Calospiza inornata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). CALOSPIZA CUCULLATA (Swainson). HOODED TANAGER. Adult male.—Pileum uniform very dark chestnut or rich seal brown; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the feathers sometimes indistinctly tipped with dull grayish blue; hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain buffy, with golden gloss, or grayish green, according to position with reference to the light; wing-coverts grayish green (nearly french green), the lesser coverts somewhat more bluish (terre-verte green); remiges and rectrices black edged with green (broadly on secondaries and rectrices, the outer webs of tertials almost wholly green); chin and upper throat light greenish buffy, the bases of feathers dusky; lower throat and chest grayish blue changing to silvery buff, the color becoming gradually more cin- namomeous posteriorly, the under tail-coverts being wholly light cinnamon; maxilla blackish, mandible horn brownish (in dried skins) with blackish tips; legs and feet- dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 128.3-141 (134.6); wing, 73.2-73.9 (73.4); tail, 52.6- 52.8; exposed culmen, 11.7-12.2 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 19.6-20.6 (20.1); middle toe, 13.2.1 Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum lighter, inclin- ing more to chestnut (sometimes bright chestnut); back, scapulars, etc., much greener (bright grayish green, lighter and sometimes slightly more buffy on lower rump; under parts dull greenish, with little if any of the blue and violet sheen of the adult male; length (skins), 123.2-143.5 (187.2); wing, 70.6-75.2 (73.2); tail, 51.8-52.8 (52.6); exposed culmen, 11.7-11.9 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.6-7.1 (6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.1 (19.6); middle toe, 12.2-18.5 (13).? L} 1Two specimens, both from island of Grenada. * Six specimens, all from the island of Grenada. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53 Venezuela * (Angostura); island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. Al[glaia] cucullata Swanson, Orn. Drawings, 1841, pl. 7. C[alliste] cucullata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366. [Calliste] cucullata Bonararrs, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 234.—Scnarmr and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. Calliste cucullata Bonaparte, Rev. et’ Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 140; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 14.—Sciater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 63 (“ Brazil’’); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 253 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 79; Monograph Calliste, 1857, 45, pl. 20 (Angostura, Venezuela); Ibis, 1876, 410; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886 113, part (Venezuela).—BurMetsrEr, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 183 (‘‘Brazil’’).—Cory, Cat. Birds W. Tig 1892, 114, 151 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles). Calliste versicolor (not of Lawrence, 1878) Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 269 (Grenada); ix, 1886, 613 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eges).— ScuaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, part (Grenada; Venezuela). [Calliste] versicolor Cory, List Birds W. L., revised ed., 1886, 11, part. CALOSPIZA VERSICOLOR (Lawrence). ST, VINCENT TANAGER, Similar to C. cucudlata, but larger and lighter colored, the pileum clear light chestnut or chestnut-tawny instead of very dark chestnut or seal brown. Adult male.—Pileum clear, bright, light chestnut or tawny-chestnut; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the last with feathers tipped with dull green or grayish green; hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump opalescent, changing from light silvery green to golden buff or even pinkish, according to direction of the light; upper tail-coverts dull grayish green; lesser and middle wing-coverts dull grayish bluish green; outer webs of greater coverts similar but more decidedly green; remiges and rectrices black broadly edged with dull green or grayish green, the outer webs of tertials and the middle rectrices almost wholly of this color; chin and upper throat pale greenish grayish, the feathers darker basally, producing an indistinctly freckled appearance; rest of under parts opalescent, changing from blue to lilac and golden accord- ing to direction of the light; under tail-coverts cinnamon, and more or less of this color showing on under parts of the body where plumage is disarranged; maxilla brownish black, mandible horn color (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 144.8-157.5 (149.4); wing, 76.7-78.7 (77.5); tail, 54.4- 55.9 (55.1); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.2 (12.7); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.9; tarsus, 20.8-21.3 (21.1); middle toe, 1414.7 (14.5).” Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum lighter, more tawny; hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump dull opalescent. green, changing to bright yellowish green and golden buffy; under parts 1T have not seen specimens from Venezuela; they may, or may not, be identical with Grenada examples. ?Four specimens. 54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mainly dull light green, without the blue, lilac, or strongly golden changeable hues of the adult male; edgings to wings and tail more yellowish green; length (skins), 149.9-160 (154.2); wing, 75.7-T7.7 (76.5); tail, 53.6-54.6 (54.1); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.4 (12.2); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 7.6; tarsus, 20.8-21.16 (21.3); middle toe, 14,2- 15.2 (14.7)." Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Calliste versicolor Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, June, 1878, 153 (St. Vin- cent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 190, 487 (St. Vincent).—Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 82 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 134, 151.—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, part (St. Vincent). [Calliste] versicolor Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11 (St. Vincent). Calliste cucullata (not Aglaia cucullata Swainson) ScuaTErR and Savin, Ibis, 1878, 357 (crit.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 195 (St. Vincent); v, 1888, 157. [Calliste] cucullata Cory, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 11 (St. Vincent). Genus TANAGRA Linnezus. Tanagra Linnazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 3138. (Type, by elimination, 7. episcopus Linneeus or T. sayaca Linneeus.) Thraupis Borg, Isis, 1826, 947. (Type, Tanagra archepiscopus Desmarest, = T. ornata Sparrmann. ) Medium-sized Tanagers with exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one-third as long as tail, maxillary tomium nearly straight, and with the head unicolored. Bill varying from slenderly conoid (Z: ornata) to turgid conoid (7. bonartensis), but usually intermediate between these extremes; exposed culmen more than half as long as tarsus, nearly straight for basal half or more, more or less strongly convex terminally, the tip slightly uncinate; gonys a little shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, slightly convex or nearly straight, more or less ascending terminally; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium slightly convex or nearly straight; width of bill at base equal to or exceeding its basal depth. Nostril exposed, small, nearly circular or horizontally oval, with narrow anterior and superior membrane. Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing rather long (a little more than four to about four and three-fourths times as long as tar- sus), rather pointed (ninth to sixth primaries longest, ninth longer than fourth, sometimes longer than sixth); primaries exceeding sec- ondaries usually by more than length of tarsus (by less in 7. darwini). Tail shorter than wing by about or more than length of tarsus, even or slightly emarginate, the rectrices of medium width, with rounded tips. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe with claw; 1 Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55 lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw: bind claw decidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage silky, blended. Coloration.—(1) Plain bluish gray, with blue or greenish wings and tail; (2) purplish olive or grayish, with light-colored wing-coverts and black remiges; (3) with bluish head and greenish-yellow lesser wing- coverts, or (4) with blue head and yellow or orange rump and under parts. Range.—Continental tropical America, from southern Mexico to Argentina and Peru. Notwithstanding the great difference in the form of the bill between T. ornata and T. bonariensis, other species are so variously intermedi- ate in this respect that, taking into consideration also the fact that other considerable differences between the various species (both as to structure and style of coloration) are not correlated with one another, Iam unwilling to subdivide the genus as here defined. I must, how- ever, expunge the Aglaia cyanocephala D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, usually placed in Zanagra, on account of its narrow nostrils with broad superior operculum, broad and depressed bill, shorter and more rounded wing, and longer tarsus.! KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TANAGRA. a. Wings and tail blue, blue-green, or green; under parts pale gray, grayish blue, or grayish green. (Southern Mexico to Venezuela, and northern Peru. ) Tanagra cana (p. 55) aa. Wings and tail blackish, at least in part; under parts olive (sometimes glossed with purplish blue). , b. Lores pale gray; bases of remiges light olive; adults without blue on head or neck. (Costa Rica to Amazon Valley. ) Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (p. 58) bb. Lores black; bases of remiges yellow; adults with head and neck blue. (South- ern Mexico to southern Honduras.) ....-...--.------ Tanagra abbas (p. 60) TANAGRA CANA Swainson. BLUE TANAGER, Adult male.—Head, neck, and under parts plain pale grayish blue, sometimes faintly tinged with greenish; back and scapulars darker grayish blue, usually more or less strongly tinged with glaucous-green, the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but brighter; lesser and middle wing-coverts bright campanula blue; rest of wings greenish blue (intermediate between glaucous-blue and turquoise), the tertials 'This I have made the type of a new genus, for which I inadvertently used (Auk, xv, July, 1898, p. 226) Cabanis’s name Hemithraupis, afterwards (Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, pp. 330, 331) correcting the error and renaming the genus Sporathraupis, but unfortunately committing another in giving a false derivation (at secondhand) for the name. . 56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. more greenish and the terminal portion of primaries blackish; tail greenish blue, like wings, with black shafts; maxilla black, mandible more grayish (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); legs and feet black- ish or blackish gray (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 146.1-161.3 (153.7); wing, 83.6-91.9 (89.4); tail, 59.2-67.1 (65); exposed culmen, 11.7-13 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 6.6-8.1 (7.1); tarsus, 19.1-20.3 (19.8); middle toe, 14.2-15.5 (14.7).” Adult female.—Similar to adult male and not always distinguishable, but usually duller in color, more decidedly greenish, with lesser wing- coverts less purplish blue (cerulean or light cobalt instead of cam- panula); length (skins), 142.2-165.1 (152.1); wing, 82.3-88.1 (83.8); tail, 58.2-63.8 (61.5); exposed culmen, 11.2-13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 6.6-7.6 (6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.8 (19.8); middle toe, 13.2-16 (14.7).? Immature.—Similar to adults, but colors much duller; upper parts (except wings and tail) greenish gray, brighter or more decidedly greenish posteriorly; wings and tail bluish green, or glaucous-green, the lesser wing-coverts cerulean blue; under parts pale grayish green, tinged with yellowish. Young (first plumage).—Plain greenish gray, paler beneath; wings and tail dull green (bice green or chromium green), the edges of pri- maries more bluish; lesser wing-coverts greenish gray or grayish green. : Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba; Cordova), and southward through Central America to Venezuela, western Hcua- dor, and northern Peru. T [anagra] cana Swainson, Ornith. Drawings [Birds of Brazil], part iii, 1834, pl. 37. (Locality not given.) 1 Twelve specimens. 2 Twelve specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows: Ex-_ | Depth ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. aoe culmen.jat base. MALES. One adult male from Mexico (State of Vera Cruz)..| 86.1 65.3 12.7 8.1 19.8 14.5 Two adult males from Honduras..................- 87.6 62.2 12,4 6.6 19.3 14,2 One adult male from Nicaragua.................... 91.7 64 12.7 TA 20.3 14.7 Three adult males from Costa Rica....-........ cee-{ 89.7] 65.5 12.2 71] 20.1 14.7 One adult male from Panama ...............22...2. 90.7] 66.8 12.2 6.6| 19.6 16 Four adult males from Colombia..................- 90.2 | 65.3 12.2 6.9 | 20.1 14.7 FEMALES, Three adult females from Mexico ................-- 87.1 | 60.7 12,2 71{| 20.1 15 Two adult females from Honduras ................. 85.9] 61 12.4 6.9] 19.6 14.5 One adult female from Nicaragua.................. 87.9 | 68.8 18.2 2.6) 201 15.2 Two adult females from Costa Rica ................ 83.8] 62.5 18 71| 19.8 14.7 One adult female from Panama .................... 86.4] 61.2 13.2 7.4] 19.6 14.2 Three adult females from Colombia................ 85.1] 61.7 12.7 7.4 | 20.8 14.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57 Tanagra cana ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 232, part (Venezuela?; Bogota); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); 1860, 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 58; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75, part (Venezuela?; Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia; Pallatanga and Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156, part (s. Mexico to Venezuela and n. Peru).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, Colombia).—Lawrencr, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Tathinus Panama); ix, 1869, 236 (Puna L., Guayaquil, w. Ecuador). —Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Colombia, up to 8,000 ft.).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San José, Costa Rica).— SciaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 500 (Antioquia, Colom- bia).—Satvin and Goopmay, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 277.—Brr.Epscu and TaczANowskt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 545 (Chimbo and Guayaquil, w. Ecuador); 1884, 290 (Cayan- deled, w. Ecuador).—Brrueprscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1884, 486.—Taczanowsk1 and Beruerscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Yaguachi, w. Ecuador).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580, 585 (Truxillo and Segovia R., Honduras).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Alajuela, San José, Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota, Costa Rica).—Cnerrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488- (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; food).—Roginson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Barranquilla to Honda and Guaduas, Colombia).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 17 (Vinces and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).—AL.LEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 169 (Bonda, etec., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia). : [Tanagra] cana Scuater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21. (2?) Th [raupis] cana Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Venezuela). (?) T [anagra] celestis (not of Spix) Swarnson, Ornith. Drawings, 1841, pl. 41 (= young). Tanagra swainsont Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364. Tanagra episcopus (not of Linneus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala; descr.).—(?) Casanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Gui- ana, iii, 1848, 670: Tanagra sayaca (not of Linnzeus) Bonaparte, Rev. Zool., 1851, 170; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 21. Tanagra cyanoptera (not Saltator cyanopterus Vieillot) Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 320 (n. Peru). Tanagra (Aglaia) diaconus Lesson, Rev. Zool., vy, June, 1842, 175 (Realejo, Nicaragua) . C[alliste] diaconus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366. Tanagra diaconus ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (David, Chiriqui), 233 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala; Realejo, Nicaragua; Chiriqui; Santa. Marta, Colombia; monogr.); 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras; Belize, British Honduras; Peten, Guatemala), 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 173 (City of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 59; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75 (Colom- bia; Honduras; Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156.—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Isth. Panama); 1870, 886 (Honduras).—Satvin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Duefias, Guatemala).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).—Cass1n, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (San José, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. 58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 99 (San José and Angostura, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187; Ibis, 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (hot region, Vera Cruz, up to 3,350 ft.).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica. ) Tanagra cana diaconus Ripaway and Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 391 (La Palma, Costa Rica; habits).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., y, 1883, 499 (San José, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 399 (Los Sébalos, Nica- ragua).—Banas, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.); Auk, xviii, 1901, 32 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama). Tanagra diacomus [typographical error] Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). é Thraupis diaconus CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 330 (Costa Rica). TANAGRA PALMARUM MELANOPTERA (Sclater). BLACK-WINGED TANAGER, Adult male.—General color plain glossy olive, glossed with purplish blue, darker on back and scapulars, and passing into light olive- greenish on forehead and crown, the auricular region also inclining to the same color; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts tinged with yellowish olive; lores, chin, and anterior portion of malar region pale gray; lesser wing-coverts dull grayish purplish blue, passing into yellowish olive on middle and greater coverts; primary coverts dull blackish or dusky, edged with greenish olive; remiges brownish black or sooty, faintly edged (especially on primaries) with olive, the basal portion abruptly and more or less extensively light greenish olive or yellowish olive in strong contrast; tail brownish black or sooty, with greenish olive edgings; bill blackish; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 157.5-175.3 (166.6); wing, 89.9-99.3 (95.5); tail, 68.8-78.2 (72.4); exposed culmen, 12.7-14.5 (18.2); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 20.1-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 15- 17.5 (16.8):3 Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish- able, but usually with less of the purplish blue or violet gloss, the back lighter olive, the yellowish olive of forehead and crown less dis- tinct, and the remiges more distinctly edged with olive; length (skins), 157.5-175.3 (166.9); wing, 90.9-96.5 (93.7); tail, 63.8-72.9 (69.3); 1Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 exposed culmen, 13-13.2 (13); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.1 (6.6), tarsus, 19.8-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 14.7-17.5 (16.5)." Young (in first plumage).—Plain, rather light, olive, slightly paler, and decidedly tinged with yellow on under parts; remiges, primary coverts, and tail brownish black or sooty, the former indistinctly light olive basally. The series of specimens examined is much too imperfect to enable me to define very accurately the geographic range of this form. Indeed, Iam doubtful whether the bird from Colombia and Costa Rica is really the true 7: palmarum melanoptera, the type locality of which is eastern Peru. The National Museum possesses two specimens from that coun- try (headwaters of the Rio Huallaga). These have the wing and tail decidedly longer than any specimen seen from other localities. In coloration they agree closely with some specimens from the Lower Amazon (Diamantina), both having the back darker and the general violet gloss stronger than in any examples from Colombia and Costa Rica with which I have been able to compare them. One perplexing circumstance is the occurrence in the same locality in the Lower Amazon district of specimens representing, as to colora- tion at least, both the typical 7. p. palmarwm and T. p. melanoptera. Eastern Nicaragua (Greytown) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Naranjo; San José, Santa Rosa; Angostura; Turrialba) southward through Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, etc., to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Amazon Valley, and Trinidad. Tanagra olivascens (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) D’Orsieny, Voy. Amer. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 274.—Tscuup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 204.—(?) L&oraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, -295. 1 Kleven specimens. - Specimens from different localities average as follows: Ex- | Depth A F : ° Middle lity. Wing. | Tail. osed | of bill | Tarsus. es 2 aulaen) at base. — "MALES. Three adult males from Costa Rica........------.-+ 94.2 71.1 13.0 6.9 20.8 16.8 One adult male from Panama .......---------+--++- 93.5 73.4 132) eadsceecrs 20.3 16.8 Two adult males from Trinidad ............-..----- 94 70.6 14 6.9 20.6 16 One adult male from British Guiana .........------ 97.5 72.9 13 6.9 20.6 17.3 Three adult males from Lower Amazon........---- 94.7 71.4 13.2 6.1 20.8 17.3 Two adult males from Upper Amazon (Rio Hual- TASB) oy iiccin ci datotasipayaiad edmentedemaeceaealsadeces 98.6 | 76.7 17! econo 20.3 17 FEMALES, Three adult females from Costa Rica....-.-----+++- 93.7 67.6 18 6.6 20.3 16.8 One adult female from Panama ......--.----++++++ 92, 2 67.6 13 6.9 21.3 14.7 Two adult females from Lower Amazon........---- 94,7 72.6 13 6.1 21.3 17.5 60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tanagra palmarum (not of Maximilian) ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 177 (Bogota, Colombia) ; 1856, 234, part (Bolivia); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 60, part (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76, part (do.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 159, part.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 185 ‘ (s. Peru), 262 (upper and lower Ucayali, etc., e. Peru; habits); 1879, 500 (Antioquia, Colombia), 600 (Bolivia).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (Naranjo and San José, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 279, part (mostly).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 13 (n. e. Peru).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad).—Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago).—RicHMonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Greytown, Nicaragua). [Tanagra] palmarum Scuiater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part. Thraupis palmarum Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 580 (Trinidad). Tanagra melanoptera ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 235 (e. Peru; Bogota, Colombia; ex Hartlaub, manuscript); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador); 453 (Ecuador); 1860, 292 (Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Bogota, Colombia; Esmeraldas and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Trinidad).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad).—Sciarer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1866, 180 (Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 749 (Huallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 627 (Venezuela).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, .171.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’1867, 138 (Santiago, Veragua).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Santa Rosa, Angostura, and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 298 (Santa Rosa, Angostura, Turrialba, and Tucarrique, Costa Rica) .— PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 209 (Forte de Rio Branco; Forte de Rio Negro; Rio Murio).—Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Bucaramanga, Aguachica, and Ocaiia, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 513 (centr. Peru). Tanagra palmarum melanoptera Brriepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara- manga, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 486.—CHaPMAN, Auk, vii, 1890, 267 (Santarem, lower Amazon; crit.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 30 (Trinidad; habits).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 677 (Margarita I., Venezuela).—Baneas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasb., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL. ii, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).—Auuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 169 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia). [Tanagra palmarum] b. subsp. melanoptera Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 160, in list of specimens (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Santiago, Veragua; Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R.; Minca, Santa Marta, Remedios, and Bogota, Colombia; Rio Napo, Sarayacu, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; .Yquitos and Sarayacu, e. Peru; Cangalli, Bolivia). (?) Tanagra palmarum violilavata Bertersca and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador). TANAGRA ABBAS Lichtenstein. ABBOT TANAGER, Adult male.—Head and neck dull purplish (campanula) blue, becom- ing much paler and duller (more grayish) blue on throat; lores black; back olive (with a bluish gloss in certain lights), the feathers dusky centrally, producing a spotted appearance; scapulars, rump, and upper BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61 tail-coverts plain yellowish olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts more or less tinged with gray; under parts (except throat) lighter, much more yellowish, olive, more or less glossed with purplish blue anteriorly and laterally; lesser wing-coverts olive-bluish; middle and greater coverts yellowish olive, the former with slightly bluish tips; alula, primary coverts, and remiges black, the first’ two edged with bluish olive or olive-bluish, the last (except outermost and one to three innermost primaries) extensively and abruptly clear light yellow (sul- phur or light canary) basally, that on secondaries mostly concealed by greater coverts; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with a broad exterior border of bluish olive or olive-bluish; tail blackish, with dark olive edgings, broader basally; bill black, the mandible grayish basally; legs and feet dusky (grayish in life?); length (skins), 157.5- 175.3 (168.1); wing, 94-102.4 (97.8); tail, 64-73.4 (68.3); exposed cul- men, 11.2-12.7 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 20.8— 29.6 (21.8); middle toe, 14.7-17.3 (16). Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but blue of head and neek slightly duller, especially on throat, under parts less strongly tinged with blue, and black of wings and tail rather duller; length (skins), 163.8-167.6 (166.4); wing, 93.5-96.5 (95.3); tail, 65-68.8 (66.8); exposed culmen, 12.2-13 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.1 (8.1); tarsus, 20.8-22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 15.2-16 (15.5).? Young (first plumage).—No blue on head or neck; upper parts, except wings and tail, plain grayish olive, darker on back; under parts much paler olive, tinged with yellow posteriorly; wings and tail as in adults, but remiges, etc., and rectrices duller black, or dusky, the sec- ondaries with the basal yellow less pure and less sharply defined. Southern Mexico, in states of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cordova; Orizaba), Mexico (valley of Mexico), Oaxaca, etc., 1Ten specimens. » Four specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows: Ex-_ | Depth Middle i Wing. | Tail. osed | of bill | Tarsus. ne guinen, at base. toe. MALES, Six adult males from eastern Mexico........------- 99.8 70.1 11.7 7.9 2261: 16: 5 Two adult males from Guatemala ...........-.----- 94,2 65.8 11.9 7.9 21.3 16.7 Two adult males from Honduras ........-+----+++++ 96 66 12.7| 7.6] 28) 15 FEMALES. : ’ Two adult females from eastern Mexico........---- 95.3 66.5 12.2 7.9 22.1 15.7 Two adult females from Honduras .....------------ 95 66.8 13 8.1 21.6 15.5 I am unable to discover any color difference between specimens from extreme points of the range of the species. 62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. southward through Guatemala, British Honduras and Honduras to the Segovia River. Tanagra abbas LicHTENsreIn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Mexico; coll. Berlir Mus.) ; Journ. tiir Orn., 1863, 57.—ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856. 235 (monogr.; Cordova and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Honduras; Guatemala), 303 (Cordova); 1858, 358 (Lake of Yojoa Honduras); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378 (Teotalcingo and Villa Alta, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (valley o1 Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Mexico) Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 162 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Cahabon, Coban, Chisec, Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guate- mala; San Pedro, Honduras).—Sumicnrastr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (hot and temperate regions Vera Cruz, up to 4,000. ft.).—Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras) .—Law- RENCE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 189 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 278.—Frrranri-PereEz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras), 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa). [Tanagra] abbas Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21. Tanagra (Aglaia) vicarius Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1831, 206, pl. 68 (Mexico). Tanagra vicarius BonapaRTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala) ; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 238; Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 171; Note sur tes Tang., 1851, 22.—ScuaTeR and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 16, pl. 5, fig. 1, egg (Duefias, Guatemala; descr. eggs).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Belize, British Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Lake Yojoa, Honduras). Th[raupis] vicarius CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Mexico). Genus SPINDALIS Jardine and Selby. Spindalis JARDINE and SELBY, Illustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pl. 9. (Type, 8. bili- neatus JARDINE and SeLsy, Tanagra nigricephala Jameson. ) Spizampelis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 253. (Type, Tanagra pretrei Lesson. ) Medium-sized to rather small Tanagers, with exposed culmen decid- edly shorter than middle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one- third as long as tail, and maxillary tomium distinctly sinuated; adult males with head conspicuously striped with black and white, the plumage otherwise varied with black, yellow, orange (sometimes tawny or chestnut), and white; females with wing-coverts and second- aries edged distinctly with whitish or pale olive. Bill rather short (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla less than that from same point to anterior angle of eye), varying from stout to rather slender, triangular in vertical profile; culmen distinctly (usually strongly) convex; gonys slightly convex, shorter than length of maxilla to nostril, about equal to or a little less than width of mandible at base; depth of bill at base less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium rather distinctly notched subterminally, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63 then nearly straight or faintly concave, more or less convex beneath nasal fossee; mandibular tomium first a little concave, then more or less convex to about the middle, thence nearly straight to the slight subbasal angle. Nostril exposed, broadly horizontally oval, with rather broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obvious but not conspicuous. Wing a little less than four to about four and one-third times as long as tarsus, rather pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth to fifth primaries longest, the ninth longer than fifth); primaries exceed- ing secondaries by a little less to a little more than length of tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by less than length of tarsus, slightly divari- cate and emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow, with firm webs and rounded or very slightly pointed tips. Tarsus less than twice as long as exposed culmen, equal to or slightly exceeding middle toe with claw; lateral claws scarcely reaching to base of middle claw; hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit, strongly curved. Coloration.—Adult males with head black, relieved by broad super- ciliary and malar stripes of white; wings and tail black, conspicuously marked with white; under parts with more or less yellow or orange, or both, sometimes with chestnut on chest; throat black laterally, white or yellow centrally or medially. Females and young much duller, with black replaced by olivaceous, the head without conspicu- ous (if any) stripes. Range.—Greater Antilles (Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Grand Cayman) and Cozumel Island, Yucatan. S. pretrei bas been separated generically, doubtless on account of its slender bill, which is very different in form from that of S. nigri- cephala and S. benedicti; but other species are intermediate, and I can see no good reason for subdividing the genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPINDALIS. u. Head black, with conspicuous white superciliary and malar stripes. (Adult males. ) b. Rump yellowish olive-green, similar to back, but slightly more yellowish; inner webs of lateral rectrices not extensively white. c. Larger (wing 92.2-100.6); hindneck olive-green, like back; lesser wing-coverts black; abdomen and flanks yellow. (Jamaica. ) Spindalis nigricephala, adult male (p. 64) ce. Smaller (wing 82.5-87.6); hindneck orange, forming a sharply defined col- lar; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; abdomen white, flanks grayish olive- green, indistinctly streaked with darker. (Porto Rico.) Spindalis portoricensis, adult male (p. 65) bb. Rump rufous-orange, orange-rufous, or chestnut very different from color (olive-green or black) of back; inner webs of lateral rectrices extensively white. c. Bill more slender (depth at base much less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); nuchal collar yellow or rufous-orange; whole rump rufus-orange or orange-rufous. d. Nuchal collar yellow; upper tail-coverts chestnut or chestnut-rufous; chest chestnut. (Haiti.) -.--- Penne Spindalis multicolor, adult male (p. 67) 64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dd. Nuchal collar rufous-orange; upper tail-coverts rufous-orange, like rump; chest rufous-orange. (Cuba; Isle of Pines. ) Spindalis pretrei, adult male (p. 68) ce. Bill stouter (depth at base nearly equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); nuchal collar chestnut, at least the upper portion; upper rump olive-green or black, like back; lower rump chestnut. d. Smaller (wing 73.4-81.0, tail 57.9-65.0) ; bill much narrower (depth at base 6.1-7.9). (Spindalis zena. ) e. Back and scapulars uniform black (rarely very slightly mixed with olive- green). (Bahamas, except Abaco island. ) Spindalis zena zena, adult male (p. 70) ee. Back and scapulars dark yellowish olive, or at least much mixed with this color or olive-yellowish. (Abaco Island, Bahamas. ) Spindalis zena townsendi, adult male (p. 72) dd. Larger (wing 76.2-86.4, tail 63.0-68.1) ; bill much stouter (depth at base, 7.6-8.9) ; back and scapulars always yellowish olive. e. Median throat-stripe lemon yellow; lower rump chestnut. (Cozumel Island, Yucatan) ........-------- Spindalis benedicti, adult male (p. 73) ee. Median throat-stripe ‘‘yellowish orange;’’ lower rump ‘‘brownish orange.’’ (Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea. ) Spindalis salvini, adult male (p. 74) aa. Head olive-grayish, without distinct (if any) white superciliary or malar stripes. (Adult females.1) b. Larger (wing 97.8, tail 74.7); abdomen yellow. Spindalis nigricephala, adult female (p. 65) bb. Smaller (wing less than 85.1, tail less than 66); abdomen not yellow. c. Under parts streaked.....-.-.---- Spindalis portoricensis, adult female (p. 66) cc. Under parts not streaked. d. Larger (wing 76.2-81.5, tail 59.9-63.5) ; bill stouter (depth at base 7.6-8.1). Spindalis benedicti, adult female (p. 73) dd. Smaller (wing 68.6-76, tail 53.3-60.7); bill more slender (depth at base not more than 7.4). e. Larger (wing 71.1-76.4, averaging more than 72.4; tail 53.3-60.7, averag- ing 55.6 or more); bill stouter, averaging 7.1-7.4 in basal depth; color less strongly olivaceous. a GYaYeR aac.d ia titra Samia te Spindalis zena zena, adult female (p. 71) Sf. More olivaceous......-..- Spindalis zena townsendi, adult female (p. 72) ee. Smaller (wing 68.6-71.1, averaging 70.1, tail 50.8-54.1, averaging 52.6); bill more slender (averaging 5.6 in basal depth); color more strongly OliVaCCOUB scene sweseevesemsuees Spindalis pretrei, adult female (p. 69) SPINDALIS NIGRICEPHALA (Jameson). JAMAICAN SPINDALIS. Adult male.—Head and upper neck black, relieved by a broad super- ciliary stripe (extending to nape), a broad malar stripe, and a patch covering chin and upper throat, of white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, more yellowish poste- riorly; under parts deep saffron or indian yellow, deepening into orange, or cadmium orange, on median portion of chest and foreneck, 1 Females of S. multicolor and §. salvini have not been seen by me. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65 slightly tinged with olive laterally, especially on flanks; anat region and under tail-coverts white, the feathers grayish basally; axillars and under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with yellow; wings and tail black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the other secondaries and the primaries narrowly, margined with white; inner webs of lat- eral rectrices with a large terminal blotch of white on inner half; max- illa black, mandible bluish gray with blackish tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 165.1-186.7 (177); wing, 92.2-100.6 (97.3); tail, 71.6-79.2 (75.7); exposed culmen, 12.2- 14 (13.5); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.4); tarsus, 21.8-23.9 (22.6); middle toe, 15.2-16.8 (16.8). ! Adult female.—Pileum and sides of head plain dull olive-grayish, the feathers with indistinctly darker margins; chin, throat, and sides of neck plain light brownish gray; otherwise like the adult male, but lesser and middle wing-coverts greenish olive, black of greater coverts, remiges, primary coverts, and tail duller (the last with middle pair of rectrices dusky brownish gray), yellowish olive-green of upper parts duller, and yellow of under parts slightly less intense; white terminal patch of inner web of lateral rectrices smaller; length (skin), 181.6; wing, 97.8; tail, 74.7; exposed culmen, 13.5; depth of bill at base, 8.1; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 16.8. ? Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Tanagra nigricephala Jameson, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., xix, 1835, 213 (Jamaica); L’Institut, iii, 1835, 316.—Gossz, Illustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849, pl. 56. [Spindalis] nigricephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.—Sciarer and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Spindalis nigricephala ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 230(monogr.) ; 1861, 74; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 56; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 77, excl. syn. part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 166 (Moneague and Spanishtown, Jamaica).— Auprecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 198 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 85; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 1830.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 180. S[pindalis] nigricephala A. and E, Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. Spindalis bilineatus JARDINE and Sexy, Illustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pl. 9. Tanagra zena (not Fringilla zena Linneeus) Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 231. Tanagra zenoides Des Murs, Icon. Orn., 1847, pl. 40. SPINDALIS PORTORICENSIS (Bryant). PORTO RICAN SPINDALIS, Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a white superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a white malar stripe (some- times also a small white spot in middle of forehead); a large black space on each side of lower throat; back, scapulars, rump, and upper 1 Five specimens. ? One specimen. 8654—voL 2—01 5 66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail-coverts plain olive-green, more yellowish posteriorly; a conspicu- ous collar of orange, commencing at posterior end of the white malar stripe and extending thence across sides of neck and hindneck; lesser wing-coverts chestnut-rufous; middle coverts olive-green; rest of wing dull blackish or dusky, the greater coverts and secondaries (especially the tertials) edged with grayish white, the secondaries sometimes edged with olive-greenish basally; outer webs of primaries more or less extensively white at base, this sometimes entirely concealed by primary coverts, sometimes extending beyond them; tail olive-dusky (the middle pair of rectrices paler, more olive or olive-grayish), with edges of rectrices olive-greenish basally, grayish terminally; inner webs of lateral rectrices usually edged terminally with white; chin and sides of upper throat white, flecked with black; median portion of throat (more or less broadly) clear yellow, passing into cadmium orange on median portion of foreneck (between posterior half, approxi- mately, of the lateral black spaces); chest, breast, upper abdomen, and anterior portion of sides yellow (lemon or gamboge) tinged with olive laterally; rest of under parts white medially, light grayish olive or olive-grayish laterally, the flanks indistincly streaked with darker; under tail-coverts with a central (mostly concealed) sagittate space of olive-grayish; maxilla black, mandible grayish (bluish gray or plumbeous in life); iris dark reddish brown’; legs and feet grayish dusky (plumbeous in life’); length (skins), 147.8-168.9 (157); wing, 82.6-87.4 (84.6); tail, 61.7-68.6 (64.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-13 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.9 (8.1); tarsus, 18.8-91.6 (20.1); middle toe, 14-15.5 (15). Adult female.—Very different from the male. Above plain gray- ish olive, the rump, upper tail-coverts, edges of rectrices (basally), lesser wing-coverts, and edges of secondaries (sometimes also an indistinct collar across hindneck and sides of neck), yellowish olive- green; greater wing-coverts brownish gray, edged with pale olive- grayish or pale olive-greenish, passing into whitish terminally; rest of wings darker brownish gray, or dusky, the tertials edged with pale olive-grayish or olive-whitish, the other secondaries with yellowish olive-green, the primaries (more narrowly) with olive-whitish or pale olive-grayish or olive-greenish; sides of head plain grayish olive or olive-grayish like pileum, sometimes with a very indistinct supercil- lary stripe of paler; a broad whitish malar stripe, usually flecked with olive-grayish; beneath this, on sides of lower throat, a more or less extensive and distinct patch of olive-grayish; under parts whitish, more or less tinged with yellow on chest and breast and shaded with olive-grayish across chest and on sides and flanks, more or less dis- tinctly streaked with dusky, except on lower abdomen and anal region; bill, iris, legs, and feet as in male; length (skins), 147.3-154.9 (150.9); wing, 78.7-84.3 (81.5); tail, 59.2-65 (62.5); exposed culmen, 11.4- *C. W. Richmond, manuscript. *Seven specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67 13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.6); tarsus, 20.1-99.1 (20.6); middle toe, 18-15.2 (14.5).! Immature male.—Similar to the adult male, but black of head replaced by olive, more or less blotched or mixed with black; white head-stripes less distinct, less purely white; orange patch on foreneck absent or slightly indicated, and yellow of breast, etc., paler; orange nuchal collar narrower, more yellow; wings and tail much as in adult female. Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Tanagra portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, 252 (Porto Rico). [Spindalis] portoricensis Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Spindalis portoricensis GuNDLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 311; 1878, 159, 168; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 188.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 197 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 84 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 132.— Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 167. Tanagra (Spindalis) portoricensis Sunpuvauy, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 596. SPINDALIS MULTICOLOR (Vieillot). HAITIAN SPINDALIS. Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a super- ciliary stripe and broader malar stripe of white, the former extend- ing to the nape; chin and upper throat also white; entire hindneck and sides of neck rich yellow (indian yellow); back yellowish olive- green, the scapulars similar but darker and somewhat mixed with dusky anteriorly; whole rump orange-tawny, becoming yellowish next to olive-green of back, the upper tail-coverts rather deeper orange- tawny, sometimes inclining to yellowish chestnut; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; rest of wings black, the middle coverts narrowly margined with olive-green, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with white, the other secondaries and the primaries more narrowly edged with white, the latter (except the outermost) white at base of outer web, forming a more or less extensive patch; tail black, the outermost rectrix with about the terminal half of inner web white (except at tip), the corresponding part of outer web also mostly white; next rectrix with a similar but slightly shorter patch of white on inner web; third with a large terminal or subterminal spot of white; median line of lower throat canary yellow, bordered along each side by a large patch of black (narrow and pointed anteriorly, broad and rounded posteriorly), extending posteriorly much beyond the yellow, or as far as the pos- terior extremity of the white malar stripe; space between posterior half of these black patches, extending considerably upon median por- tion of chest, chestnut; sides of chest, whole breast, and upper abdo- men bright yellow (lemon or gamboge); lower abdomen, anal region, 1 Seven specimens, 68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and under tail-coverts white, the last with concealed basal portion of the feathers abruptly gray; flanks light grayish olive, indistinctly streaked with darker; maxilla black; mandible paler (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 157.5; wing, 83.1-86.4 (S4.6); tail, 69.9-71.9 (70.9); exposed culmen, 10.7—-11.2 (10.9); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 5.8; tarsus, 20.8-21.1; mid- dle toe, 13.7." Adult female.—‘* Olive on the back and yellowish on the rump; under parts grayish, whitening at the vent” (Cory). ‘‘Above olive; back slightly striated; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with olive; outer margins of wing-coverts whitish; beneath grayish white, clearer on the belly, with blackish shaft-stripes on the breast” (ScLATER). Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. T(anagra] multicolor Viettuor, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 775 (‘‘ Florides, les iles Baha- ma et de Saint-Domingue’’). Tanagra multicolor ViE1LLot, Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 100, pl. 76. [Spindalis] multicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.—ScLatEr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Spindalis multicolor ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 230 (monogr.); Synop. Ay. Tanagr., 1856, 57; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 167.—SaLu%, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231.—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 54, pl. (7); Auk, iii, 1886, 196 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 83 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 131.—Cuerrig, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13 (Catare and Aguacate, Santo Domingo; crit.). Tanagra dominicensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 92 (St. Domingo; crit. ). SPINDALIS PRETREI (Lesson). CUBAN SPINDALIS. Similar to S. mudtécolor, but bill still more slender; adult male with nuchal collar rufous-orange (instead of yellow), lower rump rufous- orange (instead of deep orange-tawny), chest tawny-orange instead of chestnut, middle wing-coverts more broadly tipped with olive-green, greater coverts more broadly edged with white, and black stripe on sides of throat much narrower. Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a white superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a still broader white malar stripe; chin white (confluent laterally with white malar stripes); median portion of throat clear rich yellow (canary or indian yellow), mar- gined on each side by a black stripe (narrow and pointed anteriorly, broader and rounded or subtruncate posteriorly); whole chest, lower foreneck (between posterior portion of lateral black throat-stripes), sides of neck and band or collar across hindneck orange-tawny or deep tawny-orange, that on the chest fading posteriorly into clear lemon yellow on median portion of breast and upper abdomen; sides and flanks pale olive-grayish; lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail- —— 1Two specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69 coverts white, the last with concealed basal portion of longer feathers abruptly gray; back and scapulars plain yellowish olive-green; rump tawny-orange or orange-tawny, more yellowish toward back; upper tail- coverts black basally, gray and olive-greenish terminally; lesser wing- coverts orange-chestnut; middle coverts black, broadly tipped with olive- green; rest of wings black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with white, the other secondaries more narrowly edged with white or pale yellowish, the primaries still more narrowly edged with white or very pale grayish, the longer primaries with basal portion of outer webs white, forming more or less of a patch beyond tips of primary coverts; tail black, with more than terminal half of inner web of lateral rectrix white, the second with a little less white (about the terminal half), the third with a large white terminal space; inner webs of middle rectrices broadly edged with white; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray; legs and feet blackish gray (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 132.1-147.3 (138.2); wing, 70.6-74.9 (73.4); tail, 58.8-58.2 (56.1); exposed culmen, 10.7-11.4 (10.9); depth of bill at base, 5.6-6.4 (5.8); tarsus, 17.5-19.6 (18.8); middle toe, 13.2-14.5 (13.5). Adult female.—Very different in coloration from the male. Above (including pileum, sides of head, and hindneck) plain olive, becoming slightly lighter on rump; beneath much paler olive, slightly tinged with yellowish, the chin and a broad but not very distinct malar stripe whitish; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, tinged with yellowish, the last with concealed portion abruptly brownish gray; wings and tail dusky, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged with white, very pale gray, or olive-whitish, the secondaries edged with light olive, the primaries very narrowly edged with pale gray, and the rectrices rather broadly edged with greenish olive; inner webs of two lateral rectrices with an indistinct paler space or blotch near tip; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 133.4— 142.2 (140); wing, 68.6-71.1 (70.1); tail, 50.8-54.1 (52.6); exposed cul- men, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); depth of bill at base, 5.8-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 17.5- 19.6 (18.3); middle toe, 12.7-14 (13.5).” Island of Cuba (including the Isle of Pines),* Greater Antilles. ’ Seven specimens. * Five specimens. * Three adult males from the Isle of Pines, although in somewhat worn plumage, appear to be identical in coloration with Cuban specimens, but are somewhat larger. Average measurements are as follows: Depth + «, |Exposed A Middle i Wing. | Tail. of bill | Tarsus. Locality. 8 culmen.| Oise. toe. Seven adult males from Cuba..........----+----++++ 73.4 56.1 10.9 5.8 18.8 13.5 Three adult males from Isle of Pines.......--..---- 75.7 58.4 11.9 6.1 19.1 13.7 With the exception of a pair from Monte Verde, all the specimens examined are from western Cuba. No females from the Isle of Pines have been seen by me. 70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tanagra pretrei Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1831, 122, pl. 45 (‘‘ Brazil”’).—LaFrusnayg, Rey. Zool., 1839, 103 (Cuba; crit.). Tl anagra] pretrei Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365. [Spindalis] pretrei Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 248. Spindalis pretrei GuNDLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476; 1861, 328; 1862, 189; 1872, 419; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 237.—Brewsr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 196 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. L., 1889, 83 (do.).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (Trinidad, Cuba). Spindalis pretrii ScuaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 168 (San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 129. [Spindalis] pretrii SctareR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Tanagra (Spindalis) pretrei GuNDLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 266, 275. Tanagra zena (not Fringilla zena Linneeus) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, Dec., 1827, 441 (Cuba).—D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 65, excl. syn. part, pl. 11. T[anagra] zena Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365 part. Spindalis zena Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 231 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 57, part (Cuba). SPINDALIS ZENA ZENA (Linnzus). BLACK-BACKED SPINDALIS, Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a broad superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a still broader malar stripe of white; chin white; a band across hindneck (extending across sides of neck to posterior extremity of white malar stripe) chestnut, becom- ing lighter and more yellowish (sometimes dull orange-yellow) pos- teriorly; back and seapulars uniform black (rarely slightly intermixed with olive-greenish); upper rump dull yellowish (gallstone or ocher yel- low), passing into bright chestnut on lower rump; upper tail-coverts black; wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts partly dark chestnut; greater coverts and tertials very broadly edged with white, the other secondaries less broadly and primaries very narrowly edged with the same, the last with basal portion of outer webs white, forming a more or less extensive spot or patch; inner webs of middle rectrices edged (more or less broadly) with white; inner web of outermost rectrix with more than terminal half white, the next with nearly the terminal half white, the third usually with a terminal white spot of greater or less extent; throat with two broad lateral stripes of black (narrower and more or less pointed anteriorly, much broader and rounded or sub- truncate posteriorly), these inclosing a median stripe (of varying extent) of rich yellow (indian yellow or rich lemon yellow); space between broad posterior extremities of black lateral throat stripes, and more or less of chest, chestnut; sides of chest, breast, and upper por- tion of abdomen yellow, usually more or less suffused with chestnut; flanks pale olive-grayish, sometimes broadly streaked or longitudinally BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 71 clouded with blackish, rarely with these broad black streaks very heavy; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the last with concealed subbasal spots of dusky; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray with blackish tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 187.2-152.4 (147.3); wing, 73.4-81 (77.5); tail, 57.9-65 (61.5); exposed culmen 9.7-13 (11.4); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.9 (6.9); tarsus, 18.3-20.3 (19.8); middle toe, 13-15 (14.2). Adult female.*—Ahove plain, rather light, olive or olive-grayish, the feathers of the pileum very indistinctly darker centrally; wings and tail dusky, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged with dull whitish or very pale olive, the secondaries more narrowly edged with pale olive, the primaries with outer webs narrowly edged with pale grayish or grayish white and abruptly white at base, forming a more or less extensive spot or patch; rectrices edged (quite broadly toward base) with light greenish olive; sides of head like upper parts, sometimes with an indistinct paler superciliary stripe, the auricular region with narrow paler shaft-streaks; under parts very pale olive or olive-grayish (sometimes faintly tinged with yellowish), the chin, malar region, lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts whitish (the last sometimes inclining to buffy); throat sometimes with a median space of pale dull yellowish; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish with dusky tips; legs and feet grayish dusky; length (skins), 129.5-149.9 (143.8); wing, 72.4-76.5 (74.2); tail, 53.8-60.7 (56.9); exposed culmen, 10.9-12.7 (11.7); depth of bill at base, 7.4-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 17.8-20.3 (19.6); middle toe, 18-15 (13.5).° 1 Eighteen specimens. ? The female of this species is very similar in coloration to that of S. pretrei, but is decidedly grayer and has the bill much stouter. 3 Eight specimens. Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows: Depth : n ., |Exposed . Middle Locality. Wing.| Tail. of bill | Tarsus. canyy: 8 culmen| Oise. toe. MALES. Seven adult males from New Providence Island ...! 77.2 61.2 11.4 6.6 20.1 14.2 Eight adult males from Eleuthera Island .....-.--- 11.7 62 11.9 yi 19.6 14 Three adult males from San Salvador (Cat Island).| 76.7 60.5 11.2 6.6 20.1 14,2 FEMALES. Five adult females from New Providence Island...| 74.2 56.6 11.7 7A 19.6 13.5 One from San Salvador (Cat Island) ...-...-------- Weel | BUD |ssnessesabeaesners 19.1 18 One from Green Cay .....2.0.ee.eeecec cere ee eeeeeeee 73.7) 56.6 11.9 7.4] 20.3 15 One from Eleuthera Island ..........---.---++--+00 74.9 57.2 V4 pase iseesc 19.8 1B. 2 I regret the necessity of reducing to a synonym of S. zena zena the S. z. stejnegert of Cory, but can not avoid it. Among eight adult males from Eleuthera Island only three show the characters of the supposed subspecies, even in part, while of seven from New Providence three are nearly typical S. z. stejnegeri. 72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bahama Islands, except island of Abaco. (Recorded from Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Long Island, Green Cay, and Mariguana islands.) [Fringilla] zena Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 320 (based on Bahama Finch, Fringilla hahamensis Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 42). Tl anagra] zena Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365, part. Tanagra zena Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 111 (New Providence, Bahamas). [Spindalis] zena Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.—SciaTEr and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Spindalis zena Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 231, part, excl. syn. part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 169 (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas) .— Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 92; Auk, ili, 1886, 195 (synonymy; descr.) ; viii, 1891, 294 (New Providence), 295 (Berry Islands); ix, 1892, 48 (Mariguana) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 82 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114,127 (Berry Islands, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Long I., Green Cay, and Mariguana, Bahamas).—Norrarop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I.; food, etc. ).—Ripe- way, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera I.), 337 (Cat I. or San Salvador), 339 (Green Cay). Spindalis zena stejnegeri Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348, 351 (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas; coll. C. B. Cory); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 126, 152 (Eleu- thera; San Salvador?). SPINDALIS ZENA TOWNSENDI Ridgway. ABACO SPINDALIS. Similar to S. z. zena, but adult male with back either wholly olive or much mixed with that color, instead of uniform black, the adult female more decidedly olive or olive-greenish. Adult mule.—Length (skins), 149.9-162.6 (154.7); wing, 74.2-78.7 (76.7); tail, 61.2-62.7 (62); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.2 (11.9); depth of biil at base, 5.8-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 18.5-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 13.7-14.5 (14).1 uldult female.—Length (skins), 141-147.3 (144); wing, 71.1-73.7 (72.9); tail, 53.8-57.9 (55.6); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.7 (11.2); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.1 (7.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.8 (19.1); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.2). Island of Abaco, Bahamas. Spindalis zena townsendi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, Apr. 25, 1887, 3 (A-aco Island, Bahamas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ); Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).—Cory, Auk. y, 1888, 157; viii, 1891, 298, 350 (Great Bahama; Abaco); Birds W. I. 1889, 292; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 127, 152 (Abaco; Great Bahama; Andros?), SPINDALIS BENEDICTI Ridgway. COZUMEL SPINDALIS, Similar in coloration to 8. zena townsendé (the back and scapulars always olive) but much larger and with much thicker bill. 1 Five specimens. *Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 73 Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a broad superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and broader malar stripe of white; chin white; throat with a median stripe of bright yellow, inclosed between two broad lateral stripes (narrower and more pointed anteriorly, broader and rounded or subtruncate posteriorly) of black; space between posterior portion of these black lateral throat-stripes, more or less of the chest, sides of neck, and band across hindneck chestnut, the nuchal collar broken below by deep olive-yellowish tips to the feathers; back and scapulars deep yellowish olive-green, passing into olive-yellowish on upper rump and this into chestnut on lower rump; feathers of lower hindneck and upper back with a concealed black transverse spot or bar, separating the terminal yellowish olive- green or olive-yellowish portion from the basal gray part; scapulars sometimes partly blackish; upper tail-coverts black, with tips some- times extensively gray or olive; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; middle coverts black, narrowly margined at tips with yellowish olive-green; rest of wing black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the other secondaries more narrowly, the primaries very narrowly, edged with white; primaries (except outermost) with outer webs abruptly white at base, forming a more or less extensive spot or patch; tail black, the outer webs of rectrices very narrowly edged with white, inner web of middle pair broadly edged with white, and inner webs of two outer- most extensively white terminally (nearly the terminal half on outer- most rectrix), the third sometimes with a white spot at tip of inner web; outer web of lateral rectrix mostly white; breast and upper abdomen rich yellow (lemon, sometimes approaching indian, yellow); lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white, the last with a large concealed spot of grayish on each web; sides and flanks light grayish olive; maxilla black, mandible grayish (bluish gray in life ?) with dusky tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life 4); length (skins), 152.4-165.1 (159); wing, 76.2-86.4 (81.5); tail, 63-68.1 (66); exposed culmen, 12.2-12.4 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.9 (8.1); tarsus, 20.6-22.6 (21.1); middle toe, 14.5-15.2 (15).’ Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the same sex of S. zena townsend, but larger and bill much stouter. Above plain olive; wings dusky, the greater coverts and tertials edged with whitish or very pale olive, the other secondaries edged with light greenish olive, the primaries with pale grayish; primaries with basal portion of outer webs white, forming a small spot; tail dusky or dark olive-grayish with light greenish olive edgings, the inner webs of lateral rectrices margined terminally with white; under parts pale olive, paler and more grayish on chin and malar region, the abdomen, anal region, and under tail- coverts whitish or yellowish white, the longer under tail-coverts largely pale olive or light grayish brown; Dill, legs, and feet as in the 1Six specimens. 74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. male; length (skins), 144.8-165.1 (153.7); wing, 76.2-81.5 (78.2); tail, 58.9-63.5 (61.5); exposed culmen, 12.2-12.9 (12.7); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 19.3-21.6 (20.6); middle toe, 14.5-15.2 (14.7).} Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. Spindalis benedicti Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii (pub. Mar.), 1885, 21 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 567 (detailed descr. ). Spindalis exsul Satviy, Ibis, 5th ser., iii, Apr., 1885, 189, pl. 5 (Cozumel; coll. Salvin and Godman). SPINDALIS SALVINI Cory. SALVIN’S SPINDALIS. Similar to S. benedict, but median throat-stripe ‘‘ yellowish orange” instead of yellow, and lower rump ‘‘ brownish orange” instead of chestnut. Adult male.—*Top of the head and cheeks black; a supercilary and malar stripe of white; a patch of yellowish orange on the upper throat, separated from the white malar stripe by a line of black which reaches the breast; chin dull white; lower throat and breast chestnut; back dark olive, separated from the black of the head by a chestnut collar; lower back yellowish; a patch of chestnut on the carpus; rump brownish orange; belly and under tail-coverts dull white; tail black, the two outer feathers heavily marked with white; the third feather tipped with white on the inner web, the two central feathers narrowly edged with white on the inner webs; bill horn color, feet slate brown. General appearance of Spindalis pretrii, but having the bill heavier and throat markings unlike those of that species, besides other minor differences. ‘Length, 139.7; wing, 85.1; tail, 69.9; tarsus, 17.8; bill, 12.7.” Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea (near Cuba). This form I have not seen. Judging from the description it seems to be more like S. benedicti than any other, and to differ from that species chiefly in the more orange median throat-stripe and paler (‘brownish orange” instead of chestnut) lower rump. A direct com- parison should be made. Spindalis salvini Cory, Auk, ili, Oct., 1886, 499 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v. 1888, 157; Birds W. I., 1889, 289; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 129, 152 (Grand Cayman). 1Six specimens. * Original description; measurements in original given in inches and tenths. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 75 Genus PIRANGA Vieillot. Piranga Viert.o0r, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, p. iv. (Type, Muscicapa rubra Linnezeus. ) Pyranga (emendation) Vriertiot, Analyse, 1816, 32. Phenisoma Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284. (Type, by elimination, Tanagra rubra Linneeus,= Pyranga eyrthromelas Vieillot. ) Phenicosoma (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24. Medium sized or rather small Tanagers with exposed culmen not shorter than middle toe, without claw; bill rathcr stout to very stout, more or less swollen, the maxillary tomium with more or less of a median tooth or else the plumage unicolored (red in adult males, yel- lowish in adult females and young); adult males with at least the head red. Bill subconical, decidedly longer than broad or deep at base, the culmen more or less strongly curved and uncinate at tip; exposed culmen less than two-thirds to nearly as long as tarsus, distinctly ridged, gradually convex from base or nearly straight for basal half or more; gonys nearly (sometimes quite) twice as long as mandibular rami, nearly as long as maxilla from nostril, nearly or quite straight; maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally, then gently con- cave or nearly straight, usually with a more or less distinct tooth- like projection in or near middle portion; mandibular tomium nearly straight, or somewhat convex near tip, the basal portion rather abruptly deflected, or sometimes even distinctly angulated. Nostril exposed, rather large, oval or roundish, sometimes slightly pointed anteriorly, in anterior end of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles obvious but not conspicuous. Wing moderate or long (about three and two-thirds to five and one-third times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to seventh or sixth primaries longest, the ninth longer than sixth) or rounded (eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth); pri- maries exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus, except in round-winged species. Tail ‘shorter than wing by not less than half length of tarsus, sometimes by much more than length of tarsus; emarginate, even or slightly rounded, slightly divaricate terminally, the rectrices of medium width, rounded at tips. Tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw, or falling slightly short; hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit, strongly curved. Coloration.—Adult males with more or less of red (sometimes wholly red) with or without black wings and tail, the wings sometimes with white, yellow, or reddish bands. Adult females with red replaced by olive-greenish above, yellowish beneath, the wing pattern as in the male. Young streaked beneath (always?) in first plumage. 76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range.—Temperate North America southward through Mexico and Central America and tropical South America to Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. The species with longer and more sointed wing comprise all except P. leucoptera, P. ardens, P. erythrocephala,and P. roseo-gularis. These latter differ further in having a shorter and more turgid bill, especially the two last named; but Iam not inclined to consider the differences sufficient to justify generic separation, especially since P. bidentata is intermediate with respect to the wing-formula. P. rubrais the longest winged member of the genus, and is the only one without a commis- sural tooth, though this is indicated by a more or less obvious convex- ity of the maxillary tomium where the usual tooth-like projection is located. P. erythromelas comes next in length of wing, and the com- missural ‘‘ tooth,” though present, is less developed than in any other species except P. rubra and P. ludoviciana, the latter agreeing with P. bédentata in having the bill more slender than other species, with the culmen nearly or quite straight for the greater part of its length. The commissural tooth is most developed in P. hepatica, P. testacea, and their allies. The wing- tip i is at least as long as the tarsus and usually much longer in all the species except those with rounded wing and short, turgid bill, in which the distance from the tip of the shortest secondary to that of the longest primary is very much less than the tarsus, in fact but little if any more than half the length of the exposed culmen. In these, too, the tail is much longer in proportion to the wing, but this is due more to abbreviation of the wing than elongation of the tail. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PIRANGA. a. Wing more than four times as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary longer than fifth. b. Back not streaked. ec. General color red, or at least the head red. (Adult males.) d. Under parts entirely red; back reddish. e. Wings and tail dull red; back duller or darker red than under parts; under wing-coverts red or pinkish. f. Maxillary tomium without a distinct median ‘tooth;’’? color pure vermilion below, dull vermilion above. (Piranga rubra.) g. Smaller and darker colored; wing averaging 95.5, tail 72.4, exposed culmen 17.5. (Eastern United States, south in winter to Peru, Cted)' saiqusccadesecek osc Piranga rubra rubra, adult male (p. 79) gg. Larger and lighter colored; wing averaging 100.3, tail 80.5, exposed culmen 19.3. (Southwestern United States and western Mexico.) Piranga rubra cooperi, adult male (p. 83) The National Museum collection contains several specimens in which this so-called tooth is very distinctly indicated. *'Very rarely indicated. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 77 ff. Maxillary tomium with a distinct median ‘‘tooth;”’ color orange-red, or dull orange-vermilion below, grayish red or brownish red above. g Wing 100.6 or more, averaging 102.6; back grayish red or reddish gray; under parts light orange-red or flame scarlet. (Southwestern United States and plateau of Mexico. ) Piranga hepatica, adult male (p. 84) gg. Wing not more than 99.1, averaging less than 95.2; back brownish red; under parts deep dull orange-red. ( Piranga testacea. ) h, Coloration darker, with ear-coverts deep brownish red like pileum; wings and tail shorter (wing averaging 91.9, tail 75.4). (Nic- aragua to Colombia, etc.). Piranga testacea testacea, adult male (p. 86) hh. Coloration lighter, with ear-coverts more grayish than pileum; wings and tail longer (wing averaging 96.5, tail 78.2). (Guate- mala to Honduras. )..Piranga testacea figlina, adult male (p. 87) ee. Wings and tail black; back pure red, like under parts; under wing- coverts white, becoming black on edge of wing. (Eastern North America, south to northern South America in winter. ) Piranga erythromelas, adult male in summer (p. 88) dd. Under parts of body yellow; back not reddish. e. Back black. (Western United States and British Columbia, south to Guatemala in winter.) Piranga ludoviciana, adult male in summer (p. 91) ee. Back yellowish olive-green. (Colombia; accidental in California?) Piranga rubriceps, adults (extralimital') cc. General color olive-greenish above (back sometimes black), yellow below; no red, except sometimes a tinge on forepart of head. (Females and young males. ) d. Back olive-green or grayish. e. Wings without yellow bands. Jf. Under wing-coverts yellow, without dark outer margin. g- Bill light brownish, the mandible paler; maxillary tomium without distinct median tooth. (Piranga rubra. ) h. Smaller and deeper colored; wing averaging 91.9, tail 70.1, exposed culmen AS Jece ee 22 eer Piranga rubra rubra, adult female (p. 79) hh. Larger and paler; wing averaging 98.5, tail 78.9, exposed culmen a Piranga rubra cooperi, adult female (p. 83) gg. Bill dusky, the mandible more bluish gray; maxillary tomium with a distinct median ‘‘tooth.” h. Back olive-grayish or light grayish olive-green; under parts pale yellow, becoming pale olive-grayish on flanks. Piranga hepatica, adult female (p. 85) hh. Back bright yellowish olive-green; under parts deep olive-yellow, the flanks light olive-green. (Piranga testacea.) i, Ear-coverts yellowish olive-green, like pileum; wings and tail shorter (wing averaging 84.6, tail 73). Piranga testacea testacea, adult female (p. 87) wi. Ear-coverts more grayish than pileum; wings and tail longer (wing averaging 87.1, tail 78.7). Piranga testacea figlina, adult female (p. 87) 1 Pyranga rubriceps Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364, pl. 89; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 192. (A Colombian species said to have been taken in California; Bryant, Auk, iv, 1877, 78.) 78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. J. Under wing-coverts white, with olive, dusky, or black exterior border. g. Wings and tail black. Piranga erythromelas, adult male in winter (p. 89) gg. Wings and tail dusky grayish with olive-greenish edgings. Piranga erythromelas, adult female and immature male (p. 90) ee. Wings with two yellow (or one yellow and one white) bands. f. Back and tail black. ..Piranga ludoviciana, adult male in winter (p. 92) J. Back olive-greenish or grayish, tail grayish brown with yellowish olive- green edgings...-...-.--.-- Piranga ludoviciana, adult female (p. 92) bb. Back streaked with black. (Piranga bidentata. ) c. General color red or orange (darker above). d. Head, neck, and under parts cadmium orange. c. Smaller (wing averaging 96.3, tail 79.5; white at tip of inner web of lat- eral rectrices more extended. (Western Mexico. ) Piranga bidentata bidentata, adult male (p. 95) ee. Larger (wing averaging 97, tail 80.7); white at tip of inner web of lat- eral rectrices more restricted. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. ) Piranga bidentata flammea, adult male (p. 96) dd. Head, neck, and under parts orange-red or scarlet. (Hastern Mexico to Chiriqui.)...-.------ Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta, adult male (p. 96) cc. “teneral color yellow, more olive-greenish on upper parts. d. Paler, the back more grayish olive-green; yellow of under parts lighter. e. Smaller (wing averaging 93, tail 77.5, exposed culmen 16; white tip to inner webs of lateral rectrices broader. Piranga bidentata bidentata, adult female (p. 95) ee. Larger (wing averaging 93.7, tail, 80.7, exposed culmen, 17.5; white ter- minal margin to inner web of lateral rectrices narrower. Piranga bidentata flammea, adult female (p. 96) dd. Deeper colored, the back more yellowish olive-green. Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta, adult female (p. 96) aa. Wing less than four times as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary shorter than fifth. b. Lores grayish; a whitish orbital ring; sides of head, breast, sides, back, and rump gray. (Piranga roseo-gularis.) c. Pileum, wings, and tail brownish red; throat and under tail-coverts pinkish red. (Adult males. ) d. Red of pileum brighter; wing longer (averaging.79.5), tail shorter (aver- aging 65.5). (Yucatan.) Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis, adult male (p. 98) dd. Red of pileum duller; wing shorter (averaging 79.2), tail longer (aver- aging 68). (Island of Cozumel.) Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele, adult male (p. 99) cc. Pileum, wings, and tail dull olive-greenish; throat and under tail-coverts pale yellowish. (Females and immature males. ) d. Olive-green of pileum and yellow of throat brighter; wing averaging 78, tail 62.5. Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis, adult female and immature male (p 98) dd. Olive-green of pileum duller, yellow of throat paler; wing averaging 75, tail 64. Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele, adult female and immature male (p. 99) bb. Lores black or dusky; no white orbital ring; sides of head and neck red or olive-green (ear-coverts sometimes grayish), breast and sides red or yellow; rump red, olive-greenish, or olive-grayish. ¢, Wing with two white bands; edge of wing dusky. (Piranga leucoptera.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 79 d. General color bright red; wings, scapulars, tail, forehead, lores, and orbits (usually chin also) black. e. Wing-bands narrower, the anterior one 3~4.6 wide, the posterior one incomplete (on innermost greater coverts only). (Southern Mexico to British Honduras and Salvador. ) Piranga leucoptera leucoptera, adult male (p 99) ee. Wing-bands broader, the anterior one 5.1-7.6 wide, the posterior one com- plete (extending across all the greater coverts). (Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua.) ...._. Piranga leucoptera latifasciata, adult male (p. 101) dd. General color olive-green above, yellow below; wings, scapulars, and tail dusky grayish, more or less tinged or edged with olive-green. e. Wing bands narrower. -Piranga leucoptera leucoptera, adult female (p. 100) ee. Wing bands broader. .Piranga leucoptera latifasciata, adult female (p. 101) ce. Wing without white bands; edge of wing yellow. (Piranga erythrocephala. ) d. Pileum scarlet; throat and sides of head pinkish red; rest of plumage yel- lowish olive-green above, bright yellow below. (Mexican plateau. ) Piranga erythrocephala, adult male (p. 102) dd. Pileum yellowish olive-green, rest of upper parts duller (more grayish ) olive-green; under parts dull yellow, much paler posteriorly. Piranga erythrocephala, adult female (p. 102) PIRANGA RUBRA RUBRA (Linneus). SUMMER TANAGER. Adult male (summer and winter).—Above plain dull red (dark dull poppy red), brighter or clearer on pileum, rump, and upper tail- coverts; remiges, primary coverts, and alula grayish brown (hair brown) edged with dull red; under parts clear rich vermilion or poppy red, the axillars and under wing-coverts paler, more pinkish; bill light brownish with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 162.6-182.9 (170.7); wing, 92.5-99.6 (95.5); tail, 71.1—74.7 (72.4); exposed culmen, 16.8-19.3 (17.5); depth of bill at hase, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 18.3-19.8 (19.3); middle toe, 12.7-14.7 (14).! Adult female (summer and winter).—Above plain yellowish olive- green, more yellowish on pileum, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts, the back and scapulars sometimes tinged with grayish; primaries grayish brown with light yellowish olive-green edgings; lores pale yellowish gray; an indistinct orbital ring of light dull yellow; under parts dull yellow (wax yellow or dull maize yellow), the under tail- coverts purer yellow (chrome yellow); bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 165.1-189.9 (173.5); wing, 88.9-95.8 (91.9); tail, 66.5-73.9 (70.1); exposed culmen, 17.5-18.3 (18); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 18.5-19.8 (18.8); middle toe, 13.2-14 (18.5).? Young male in first wtumn.—Similar to the adult female, but more richly colored, the under tail-coverts deep chrome or pale cadmium yellow, the general color of upper parts more ochraceous, with pileum, upper tail-coverts, tail, and edges of primaries tinged with dull orange or orange-ochraceous. 1 ght specimens. 2 Five specimens, 80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young mate in nestling plumage..—Pileum and hindneck dull olive- buffy, distinetly and broadly streaked with dusky; back and scapulars more olivaceous, more broadly and less distinctly streaked with dull grayish dusky; rump pale dull buffy, changing to a more fulvous hue on upper tail-coverts, both distinctly streaked with dusky; tail cinnamon-brown, the edges of the feathers more reddish; middle wing- coverts grayish dusky, broadly margined with light yellowish buff; greater coverts dull grayish, edged with olivaceous and broadly tipped with light yellowish buff, producing a distinct band across wing; secondaries olivaceous, their terminal margins paler and more yellow- ish, the inner webs dusky; primaries similar, but outer webs becom- ing orange-brownish basally; auriculars uniform olivaceous; sides of neck dull light buff, streaked with dusky grayish, like nape; under parts white, stained here and there with buffy yellowish, and every- where streaked, most conspicuously on chest, breast, and sides, with grayish dusky; lower tail-coverts orange-buff, with narrow dusky mesial streaks. Young female in nestling plumage.—Similar to the young male, as described above, but tail olivaceous and edgings to primaries without reddish tinge. [The only seasonal difference of color in this species is the greater intensity of the colors in autumn and winter, the opposite extreme being represented in midsummer specimens. Immature males are variously intermediate in plumage between the plumage of the adult female and that of the adult male, the relative proportion of red and yellowish varying according to age, several years being required for attainment of the full plumage. Adult females not unfrequently show touches of red, sometimes a considerable amount of this color, but such females may be distinguished from immature males by the duller color of the red. ] Eastern United States in summer, breeding from the Gulf States (Florida to eastern Texas) north to southern New Jersey and south- eastern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, central Indiana (north to Vigo, Parke, Vermilion, and Franklin counties), central Illinois, southern Iowa, etc.; casual or occasional visitant north to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick (Grand Manan), Maine (Wiscasset), Connecticut (Port- land; Saybrook), Ontario (Hamilton; Listowell), etc.; in winter south to Bahamas (New Providence and Andros islands), Cuba, eastern Mexico, Central America, and to Ecuador (numerous records), eastern Peru (Rio Huallaga), Trinidad, and British Guiana (Roraima). [Fringilla] rubra Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 181 (based on Summer Red- bird, Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 56, pl. 56.) [Muscicapa] rubra Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 326. ‘Described from no. 2084, coll. C. W. Beckham, Bardstown, Kentucky, June 21, 1886, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81 Piranga rubra Viriior, Ois. Am., Sept., i, 1807, p. iv.—AmeErican ORNITHOLO- cists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 610.—Ferrrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix., 1886, 140 (Chietla and Huexotitla, Puebla, Dec., Nov. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 198 (West Indian references); Birds W. I,, 1889, 85 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 131 (New Providence, Bahamas; Cuba) .— Durcer, Auk, iii, 1886, 442 (Long Island records).—BrckHam, Auk, iii, 1886, 487 (Bardstown, Kentucky; descr. young male).—ZeLspon, Anal. Mus. Nac., Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Jiménez, San José, San Mateo, Alajuela, etc., Costa Rica; Chiriqui; Panama).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 324 (Tarpon Springs, s. w. Florida, breeding; Key West and Punta Rassa, migr. ).—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 55 (Highland Falls, s. e. New York, 1 spec., May 12, 1883).— Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 125 (Chester County, South Carolina, up to 2,000 ft.).—Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 252 (West Chester, 3 specs., May 25 and Oct. 10).—Norrurop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I., Bahamas, 1 spec., Apr. 19).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 499 (summer resid., rare in w. part).— McIiwarairra, Birds Ontario, 1892, 335 (near Hamilton, 1 spec., May, 1885).— Kzuts, Trans. Canad. Inst., iii, 1892, 35 (Listowell, County Perth, Ontario, rare).—Cuerrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 7 to Jan. 10).— Sacz, Auk, x, 1893, 303 (Portland, Connecticut, 1 spec., Apr. 28, 1893).— Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, late Oct. to Apr. 13).—CuHApman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 30 (Trini- dad).—Cuarx, Auk, xii, 1895, 306 (Saybrook, Connecticut, 1 spec., Apr. 27).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 12, pl. 19.—Knicur, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 104 (Wiscasset, Lincoln County, Maine, 1 spec. ).— Butter, Birds Indiana, 1897, 988 (north to Vigo, Parke, and Vermilion counties; Brookville).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia). P{iranga] rubra Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454. Tanagra misisippica Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., 1783, 214 (based on Tangara, du Mississippi Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 741). [Tanagra] mississippiensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 889 (based on Tangara, du Mississippi Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 741).—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 421.— Licntenstern, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 30.—Bream, Handb. Stub. u. Hausvog., 1832, 392. Plyranga] missisippensis Maximiuian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 272 (crit.; habits). Tanagra coccinea Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 46 (based on Tangara, du Mis- sissippt Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 741). P{yranga] coccinea Gray, Gen. Birds, ur, 1844, 363. (Loxia] virginica Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 849 (based on Yellow-bellied Gros- beak Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 1783, 125; =male in transition plumage). Loxia virginica Daupin, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 383. [Tanagra] astiva Guewin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 889 (based on Summer Red-bird, Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 56, pl. 56).—Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 422. Tanagra estiva Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 95, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4. —Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 53; Ann. Lye. N. Y., li, 1826, 205.—Licuten- STEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56).— Avupugon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 232, pl. 44; v, 1839, 518.—Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 469. Pyranga exstiva Vitiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 2d ed., xxviii, 1819, 291; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 799.—Bonaparts, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 35.—Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 136; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 222, pl. 208,—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist, 38654—voL 2—01——6 82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 76.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, 90 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); xii, 1860, 140 (Turbo, n. Colombia, Apr.).—JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1850, 67 (Bermudas).—ScbaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 123 (monogr.), 142 (Boquete, Chiriqui), 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 73 (Ecuador), 358 (Honduras); 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 377 (Oaxaca); 1860, 65 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador), 293 (Esmer- aldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 47; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 80 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador; Colombia; Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 182 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Cozumel I., Yucatan; Duefias, Choctum, Chisec, Tactic, Savana Grande, and Livingston, Guatemala; San Pedro, Hon- duras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Nicoya, Atiro, and Irazi, Costa Rica; Chiriqui; Calovevora and Santa Fé, Veragua; Chépo and Panama, Isth. Panama; Santa Marta, Medellin, prov. Antioquia, and Bogota, Colombia; Sarayacu, Rio Napo, and Pallatanga, Ecuador; Roraima, Brit. Guiana).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 301; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 221; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (San Antonio and Browns- ville, Texas, etc.).—Scuater and Satyin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Rio Dulce, Yzabal, Quirigua, Duefias, etc., Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1879, 502 (Colom- bia).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Guwpvaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 328 (Cuba); 1872, 421 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 237.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); ix, 1868, 99 (Costa Rica); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Chihuitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Nov., Jan.).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 479 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).— Léoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 290.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187 (localities in Veragua); 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—ButcHEr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, Aug. ).—Ripeway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 130 (crit.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 164.—Frantzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz).—Maynarp, Naturalists’ Guide, 1870, 109 (Massachusetts); Birds, E. N. Am., 1885, 87.—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Colombia).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 108; 2d ed., 1882, no. 155; Birds N. W., 1874, 82, part.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 20, figs. 5, 6.—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877. 27 (Connecticut; Rhode Island).—McCautey, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 662 (Wolf and Canadian rivers, n. Texas).—PuRDIE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (near Providence, Rhode Island; one spec. ).—Srennerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 14 (Hidalgo, Texas, Apr., May); v, 1879, 388 (Lometa, Texas, breeding).— Merriz1, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 126 (Ft. Brown, Texas, breeding).— Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 213 (Chester, South Carolina, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Trorrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 235 (accidental near Philadelphia).—Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1879, 200 (Atanques, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 4,000 ft., Feb.); 1880, 121 (Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 289.—Nenr.ine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 12 (s. e. Texas; breeding).—BatcuEtper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 249 (Grand Manan, New Brunswick, 1 spec., May 12 or 14, 1881).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (Valladolid, Yucatan ).—BrErLerscH and Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador, Oct. to Dec.).—Bzrtersca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—McIuwrarra, Auk, i, 1884, 390 (Hamil- ton, Ontario, 1 spec., May 20).—Taczanowski and Beruerscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Machay, centr. Ecuador, Feb. ).—TaczaNowskl, Orn. du BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83 Pérou, ii, 1885, 494.—Sanvaport and Fasra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 18 (Pun, e. Esuador, Feb.; Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador, Nov.). [Pyranga] xstiva Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241, part.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 111.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part.— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Plyranga] estiva Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104 (n. e. Illinois; rare summer resid.).—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2c ed., 1884, 318. [Piranga] xstiva Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6836. Pyranga xstiva var. estivt Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, i, 1874, 441. [Pyranga xstiva] a. wstiva Couxs, Birds N. W., 1874, 82 (synonymy). [Pyranga exstiva cooperi) a. xstiva Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 353 (synonymy). Pyranga xstiva xstiva Goovr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 339. [Phoenisoma] aestiva Swanson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284. Phoenisoma aestiva CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 329 (Costa Rica). Ph([oenicosoma] aestiva CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25. Phoenicosoma aestiva Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 477 (Cuba); 1861, 409 (Cuba). [Phoenicosoma] aestivum GirpeL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 109. [Tanagra] variegata Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 421 (based on Tunagra missis- sippiensis and Loxia virginica Gmelin; =male in transition plumage) . Pyranga livida Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 438 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico). PIRANGA RUBRA COOPERI Ridgway. WESTERN SUMMER TANAGER, Similar to P. r. rubra, but decidedly larger, with coloration paler; adult male dull vermilion above (clearer on pileum, rump, and upper tail-coverts), clear light vermilion beneath; adult female pale olive- grayish above, tinged with olive-yellowish on back and scapulars, pale chrome or pale gamboge yellow beneath. Adult male.—Length (skins), 167.6-190.5 (179.6); wing, 93-106.2 (100.8); tail, 75.7-85.9 (80.5); exposed culmen, 18.3-19.8 (19.3); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.9 (10.4); tarsus, 18.3-21.3 (20.3); middle toe “with claw, 14-15.5 (15).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 177.8-199.4 (188.5); wing, 96.5-102.1 (98.6); tail, 74.9-82.8 (79); exposed culmen, 19.3-20.3 (19.8); depth of bill at base, 10.7; tarsus, 19.8-21.1 (20.6); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.2).’ Southwestern United States, from middle Texas through western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to the lower Colorado Valley, Cali- fornia; south through western Mexico to the state of Colima; north, casually (?) to Colorado (Denver). Pyranga xstiva (not Tanagra exstiva Gmelin) Woopnovuse, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Colorado, 1853, 82, part (Texas; New Mexico).—Hznry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 312 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 106 (do.).—Hzrrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 1, 1859, 17 (Texas).— Cooprr, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1861, 162 (Ft. Yuma, Arizona).—Covss, Ibis, 1865, 159 (New Mexico); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (Ari- zona).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., i, 1870, 338 (Mazatlan). : ee 3 1Jen specimens. Six specimens. 84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pyranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71, part (Los Pifios, New Mexico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 508 (Tucson, Arizona; descr. nest and eggs). Pyranga cooperi Ripaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, June, 1869, 130 (Los Pifios, New Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 142 (Ft. Mojave, California; Los Pifios; Mazatlan, Colima).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 20, figs. 1, 2.—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 290 (Mazatlan; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Colima).—Scuatsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 184 (Presidio). [ Piranga] cooperi Gray, Hand-tist, ii, 1870, 61, no. 6847. Pyranga estiva . . var. cooperi Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 108a.—HEnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 60 (Denver, Colorado), 108 (Gila R., Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 239, pls. 2, 3 (Denver; Gila and San Francisco rivers, Arizona). Pyranga xstiva, var. cooperi BArrD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 444. Pyranga xstiva var. cooperi Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 278 (Mazatlan). [Pyranga estiva] b. cooperit Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 82 (synonymy). Pyranga exstiva cooperi Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 352, part (excl. synonymy under ‘‘a. wstiva’’); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 156.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 164a.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 147 (near Tucson, Arizona; Rio Grande and Gila R., New Mexico; measure- ments, etc.); Auk, ii, 1885, 198 (Camp Lowell, Arizona; descr. young, etc.). P [yranga] afestiva] coopert Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318. Piranga rubra cooperit Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTs’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 610a.—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Cl., no. 2, 1887, 50 (Yuma, Arizona).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 30 (Tucson, Riverside, Florence, Mineral Creek, San Pedro Valley, and Sierra Santa Catalina, Arizona, up to 4,000 ft.). P [iranga] rubra cooperi Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454 PIRANGA HEPATICA Swainson. HEPATIC TANAGER, Adult male in summer.—Pileum dull scarlet or orange-vermilion, brightest on forehead and superciliary region, duller toward hindneck; back and scapulars light grayish brown, tinged with red; lesser wing- coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts more reddish than back (dull brownish orange-red); wings grayish brown with pale reddish edgings (nearly vinaceous-cinnamon on greater coverts and tertials, dilute orange-rufous on primaries); tail light brown with edgings of light dull orange-red; lores dusky grayish; auriculars light reddish gray (mv ch like color of back and scapulars) with narrow shaft-streaks of whitish anteriorly; under parts flame scarlet, passing into pale reddish gray on flanks; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish (light bluish gray in life?); iris brown, legs and feet horn color in dried skins, bluish gray in life. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Plumage softer; back and scap- ulars more strongly tinged with brownish gray; red of under parts less BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85 bright, rather pale vermilion than orange-scarlet, some of the feathers (especially on breast) with paler tips. Adult female in summer.—Pileum yellowish olive-green, becoming yellow on supraloral region, passing gradually into dull olive-grayish on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the last more tinged with olive-yellowish; wings darker brownish gray with paler edgings, these pale olive-grayish (tinged with yellowish) on greater coverts and tertials, light yellowish olive-green or almost yellow on primaries and proximal secondaries; tail dull grayish olive with yellowish olive-green edgings; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dull grayish; under parts mainly yellow, brightest (gamboge or chrome) on throat, palest (canary yellow) on under tail-coverts, the sides tinged with grayish olive, passing into light yellowish gray on flanks; bill, feet, etc., as in adult male. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the summer female, but plumage softer and coloration rather brighter. Young, nestling plumage.—Conspicuously streaked beneath with dusky ona pale buffy ground, more indistinctly streaked above on a grayish olive ground; middle and greater wing-coverts margined ter- minally with buff; otherwise like adult female.* Adult male.—Length (skins), 175.3-198.1? (186.2); wing, 100.6- 104.9 (102.6); tail, 79.2-85.6 (81.5); exposed culmen, 16.8-18.5 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 9.9-11.4 (10.4); tarsus, 22.4-23.9 (22.6); middle toe, 15.2-17.5 (16).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 175.38-196.9 (186.9);¢ wing, 97.8-101.8 (99.3); tail, 74.7-84.8 (79.8); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 21.8-23.4 (22.6); middle toe, 15.5-16.8 (16).° Mexican plateau, and northward to northwestern Arizona (confluence of Beaverdam River and Rio Virgin) and southern New Mexico; highlands of Guatemala. Pyranga hepatica Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 438 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 124 (monogr.); 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 377 (Talea, Villa Alta, and Choapam, Oaxaca); 1864, 373 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 48; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 186.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. ix, 1858, 302 (Zufii and Fort Thorn, New Mexico); ed. 1860 (‘‘ Birds N. Am.’’), atlas, pl. 31; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 222.—KEn- NERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 30, pl. 31 (San Francisco Mts., Ari- zona).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala)—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. 1 The specimen described lacks the head. 2Length before skinning about 208.3 3 Seven specimens, from Arizona and New Mexico. *Length before skinning about 198.1-205.7. 5 Five specimen, from Arizona and New Mexico. 86 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 109; 2d ed. 1882, no. 157; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 355.—Ripeway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 132 (crit.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 163.—Sumicuraszr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (Vera Cruz, from coast up to 10,000 ft. )— Duais, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).—Coopzr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 144 (Arizona, ete.).—LAwreEnce, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (Sierra Madre, bet. Mazatlan and Durango); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca, Sept.; Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 440, pl. 20, figs. 9, 10.—HENsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 108 (Apache, etc., Arizona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 237 (Apache, Willow Springs, Rock Cafion, Bowie 4 gency, Camp Crittenden, etc., Arizona; habits; descr. nest).— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 68, (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona); vii, 1882, 146 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; measurements, etc.); Auk, ii, 1885, 197 (Santa Rita Mts.; descr. young female).—Satvsn, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 192 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 291. [Pyranga] hepatica ScuarEr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.—Couvss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 112. P[yranga] hepatica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318. [Piranga] hepatica Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6838, Piranga hepatica AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 609.— Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Tezuitlan, Puebla, Noy.).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 30 (Sierra Santa Catalina, oak belt, 5,000 ft.; remarks on plumage, etc.).—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 260 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding in pine belt).—AnrHony, Auk, ix, 1892, 366 (Apache, s. w. New Mexico).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 779 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco, Mar. 10).—FisHrer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 109 (con- fluence of Beaverdam and Rio Virgin, n. w. Arizona).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 17.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.). PLiranga] hepatica Rripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455. [Pyranga hepatica] var. hepatica Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434. Ph[oenicosoma] hepatica CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25 (Jalapa). [Phoenicosoma] hepaticum G1EBeL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110. Pyranga azare (not of D’Orbigny) Woopnouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 82 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona). PIRANGA TESTACEA TESTACEA Sclater and Salvin. BRICK-RED TANAGER, Adult male.—Above uniform rich brownish red,’ most intense on pileum; remiges dusky grayish brown, edged with lighter red (dragon’s blood); under parts bright orange-vermilion, shaded laterally and (more slightly) across chest with darker brownish red; lores dull brownish gray; eyelids light red; maxilla blackish with paler tomia; mandible grayish, becoming dusky at tip; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 175.3-188 (181.6); wing, 89.4-93.5 (91.9); tail, 72.4-77 (75.4); exposed culmen, 18.3-18.8 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.4 (11.2); tarsus, 20.6-22.6 (21.3); middle toe, 13.5-15.7 (14.7). 1 About intermediate between madder brown and burnt sienna. ? Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87 Adult female.—Above bright yellowish olive-green, below yellowish olive-green laterally and on chest (the latter paler and more yellowish), the throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts clear yellow (lemon yellow), the first sometimes tinged with orange; length (skins), 157.5-177.8 (169.4); wing, 81.3-88.1 (84.6); tail, 66.8-74.9 (72.4); exposed culmen, 16.5-20.1 (18.5); depth of bill at base, 10.2-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 20.3- 22.9 (21.3); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5). Nicaragua (Chontales) to Colombia (*‘ Bogota »). (South to central Peru and Bolivia ?*) Pyranga hepatica (not of Swainson) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santa Fé, Veragua). Pyranga testacea ScuaTER and Sayin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 388 (Chitra, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1879, 502 (Antioquia, Colombia).— Rineway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 133, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua).—SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, and Calovevora, Veragua).—ZrLepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 7.—Satvyin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 292, part, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, Costa Rica; localities in Veragua; Colombia).—ScLarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 184, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Chitra and Santa Fe, Veragua; Concor- dia and Antioquia, Colombia). [Pyranga] testacea ScuateR and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 22. [Pyranga saira] var. testacea Rripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua). Piranga testacea ZetEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago and Cartago, Costa Rica). P[iranga] testacea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455. [Phenicosoma] testaceum Grepet, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 111. PIRANGA TESTACEA FIGLINA (Salvin and Godman). BELIZE TANAGER. Similar to P. ¢. testacea, but wing and tail longer and coloration duller; adult male with red of upper parts lighter (approaching chestnut-rufous), that of under parts lighter and duller (approach- ing orange-rufous), with the darker shading on chest and sides less pronounced; auricular region more or less brownish, with fine shaft- streaks of paler, instead of uniform or nearly uniform dark red, like pileum; adult female rather lighter yellowish olive-green above, with auricular region much duller and with fine shaft-streaks of whitish, instead of uniform yellowish olive-green, like pileum. Adult male.—Length (skins), 170.2-182.9 (174.8); wing, 88.4-99.1 (94.7); tail, 70.9-79.5 (76.7); exposed culmen, 17.8-19.3 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 21.1-22.6 (21.3); middle toe, 15.2-16.3 (15.7).° 1Six specimens. ?J have not seen specimens from south of Bogota, but there are rather numerous records for Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. I suspect that the bird from Chontales, Nic- aragua, may be P. t. figlina, or at least an intermediate between the two forms. 5 Seven specimens. 88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-177.8 (171.7); wing, 80.8-95.8 (87.1); tail, 64.3-78.7 (70.6); exposed culmen, 17-17.5 (17.3) depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 20.8-21.3 (21.1); middle toe, 15-15.2 (15.2)." Guatemalan specimens have the wing and tail longer, average measurements being as follows: = Ex- Depth 8 Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. Moots culmen. | at base. Mes MALES. Five adult males from central Guatemala ........ 96.5 78.2 18.3 10.9 21.6 15.7 One adult male from British Honduras (Manatee SRE) iestaicmeis inicio ystas ee dies eeclaneeecee a ecemeeeies 92.2 73.9 18.8 10.9 22.4 15.2 One adult male from southern Honduras (Sego- WAGURE) pos qcaconmnadenman sain te ecammmaaebeaaseens 88.4 70.9 17.8 10.9 22.6 15.7 FEMALES. One udult female from central Guatemala........ 95.8 78.7 17 10.4 20.8 15,2 Two adult females from southern Honduras (Se- : POV AR.) scseccsennesatenaresecsseeneeenemeeeees 82.8 65.5 17.5 10.9 2151 15 Central Guatemala (pine-ridge of Poctun) to southern Honduras (Segovia River).? Pyranga testacea (not of Sclater and Salvin) Rrpaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 133, part (Rio Manati and Belize, British Honduras).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33. [Pyranga} testacea ScuateR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 22, part (Honduras). [Pyranga satra] var. testacea Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434, part (Rio Manati and Belize, British Honduras). Pyranga figlina Savin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 37, Dec. 1883, 293 (Manati R., British Honduras; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 185 (pine-ridge of Poctun, Guatemala). Piranga figlinu Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras) . Pliranga] figlina Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455. PIRANGA ERYTHROMELAS (Vieillot). SCARLET TANAGER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Uniform intense scarlet or scarlet-vermilion,’ the scapulars, wings, and tail uniform deep black;* under wing-coverts white (sometimes tinged with scarlet), with a broad 1 Three specimens. * While the specimens from Segovia River have decidedly shorter wings and tail than those from Guatemala, the coloration of the examples seen is decidedly that of the present form. ; *The red varies considerably, being sometimes of a flame-scarlet or almost orange hue; more rarely the red is replaced by orange-yellow. ‘The middle wing-coverts aré sometimes marked with red, orange, or yellow, rarely forming a broad and conspicuous band. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89 outer margin of black; bill (in life) grayish blue basally, dull yellow- ish green terminally; iris brown; legs and feet (in life) pale lavender gray or lilaceous grayish blue. Adult male in fall and winter. —Wings and tail black, as in summer; rest of upper parts yellowish olive-green, more yellowish on forehead and crown; under parts yellow (gamboge), shaded with olive-green laterally. Adult female in spring and swummer.—Ahbove yellowish olive-green, usually somewhat more grayish on back and scapulars, especially the latter; wings (except lesser coverts and tail) dusky brownish gray with olive-greenish edgings; under parts light yellow (about interme- diate between citron or sulphur and canary), shaded laterally with olive-greenish; under tail-coverts clear canary yellow; under wing- coverts grayish white (sometimes slightly tinged with pale yellow), with broad outer margin of grayish olive-green or dull olive-grayish; bill (in dried skins) horn color, the mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet (in dried skins) grayish horn-color (bluish gray in life 2). Young male in first autumn.—Similar to adult female but yellow of under parts rather clearer, and middle and greater wing-coverts mar- gined terminally with light yellow; the black first appearing (by mid- dle of September) on lesser and middle wing-coverts and scapulars. Young male, nestling plumage.—Above olive-greenish, faintly mot- tled with dusky; wings and tail grayish dusky with olive-green edg- ings, the middle wing-coverts and outer webs of greater coverts tipped with olive-yellowish, producing two rather distinct bands; under parts white, tinged with sulphur yellow posteriorly (the under tail- coverts canary yellow), the chest, upper breast, and sides broadly streaked with grayish dusky. Adult male,—Length (skins), 158.8-171.5 (163.6);* wing, 91.9-99.8 (95.8); tail, 65-71.6 (68.3); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15.2); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.4); tarsus, 19.6-20.8 (19.8); middle toe, 13.2- 15.5 (14).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 157.5-170.2 (165.1);* wing, 87.6-94.5 (92.7); tail, 64-70.4 (67.1); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.4 (8.9); tarsus, 17.8-20.8 (19.6); middle toe, 13-14.7 (13.7).* Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, north to New Brunswick (Grand Falls), Nova Scotia, northern Ontario (Parry Sound, Muskoka, etc.), Manitoba (Winnipeg, Assiniboine River, etc.), breeding southward at least to Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, etc. (in Allegheny Mountains to South Carolina); in winter migrating south- ward to West Indies (Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Barbados; Antigua), and through Mexico, Central America, and northern South America ‘Length before skinning, about 184.2-190.5. ? Fourteen specimens. ®Length before skinning, about 7-7.25. *Ten specimens. 90 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to Bolivia (Pillon) and central Peru; west, casually or occasionally to eastern Colorado and Wyoming; accidental in Bermudas. Average measurements of eastern and western specimens are as follows: Ex- Depth ” Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. Minols culmen, | at base. e MALES. Seven adult males from Atlantic States........... 95.8 68.6 15.2 9.4 19.8 14 Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley ....-.-. 95.5 68.1 45.5 9,1 19.8 14 FEMALES. Six adult females from Atlantic States............ 92.7 67.3 15.2 8.6 19.6 13.7 Four adult females from Mississippi Valley..-..-. 92.5 66.5 16 8.9 19.8 13.7 [Tanagra] rubra (not of Fringilla rubra Linneeus, 1758) Linnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 314 (based on Cardinalis canadensis Brisson, Orn., iii, 48 pl. 2, fig. 5).— Boppaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 10 (ex Pl. Enl., pl. 156, fig. 1).—Gmemin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 889.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 420. Tanagra rubra Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 42, pl. 11, figs. 3, 4.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 53; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 105.— Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 465.—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 465.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 388, pl. 354, figs. 3, 4. Pyranga rubra Swarnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.—Am., ii, 1831, 273.—Jar- DINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 192.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 35.—Avupuzon, Synopsis, 1839, 136; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 226, pl. 209.—D’Orzieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 78.— Gossg, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 235.—Jarp1nz, Contr. Orn. 1850, 67 (Bermudas).— Woopuouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 82 (Indian Terri- tory and Texas).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota, Colom- bia); 1856, 123 (monogr.); 1858, 73 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 47; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 80 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; . Bogota); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi., 1886, 188 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; Vera Paz, Guatemala; Irazi, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R.R.; Bogota and Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Columbia; Sarayacu and Quito, Ecuador; Pillon, Bolivia).—Maximitian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 270 (upper Missouri R.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 300; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 220.—Wruuis, Smithsonian Rep. for 1858 (1859), 283 (Nova Scotia).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 215 (Bermudas).—BrewEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 99 (San José, Costa Rica).—Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 328 (Cuba); 1872, 421 (do.); Repert Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 238.—ALBrEcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197 (Jamaica).—Manrcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 296 (Jamaica).— Scrater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ); 1879, 501 (Colombia), 601 (Bolivia).—(?) Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 479 (El Paso, Texas, breeding; very doubtful!) —McIuwrarra, Proc. Essex Inst. v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (Vera Cruz).—Franraius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 229 (San José, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Calovevora, Veragua); 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota).—Cowurs, Check List, 1873, no. 107; 2d ed. 1882, no. 154; Birds N.W., 1874, 82; Bird Col. Val., 1878, 350, footnote (synonymy ).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (e. Kansas).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 91 Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 435, pl. 20, figs. 7, 8.—Taczanowsk1, Proce. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1874, 514 (centr. Peru).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (San José, Costa Rica, Apr.); 1883, 443 (Yucatan).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (plumages of adult male).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 161.—CHamBeruarn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 111 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick ).—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 287.—Bickne.i, Auk, i, 1884, 326 (song).—Brruepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 292 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1 and Brr- LEpscH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Machay, centr. Ecuador, Dec. )— Acrrspore, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding. ) [Piranga] rubra Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6835. [Pyranga] rubra Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 111.—Scuatrer and Saxvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11. Plyranga] rubra Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.—Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 318. Piranga rubra Merriam, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 283 (Bermudas, 1 spec., Apr. 18, 1881). P[henisoma] rubra Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 284. Ph{oenicosoma] rubra CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24. Phoenicosoma rubra GuNDLACH, Journ. ftir Orn., 1855, 477 (Cuba). [Phoenicosoma] rubrum GinpeL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110. Pyranga erythromelas VrE1tLotT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 293, pl. 22, fig. 1 (based on Tanagra rubra Latham, ete. ). Pyranga etythromelas [err. typ.] VierLiot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 800. Piranga erythromelas AMERICAN ORNiTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List., 1886, no. 608.—Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 110 (mountains of w. North Carolina, breeding up to 5,000 ft. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 199 (West Indian references; Cuba; Jamaica; Barbadoes); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua); Birds W. I., 1889, 86; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 114, 152 (New Providence and Andros, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Tortola; Barbados).—ZrLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Dota, and Barranca, Costa Rica).— Bonn, Auk, vi, 1889, 341 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 2 specs., May 28).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 324 (Tarpon Springs, s. w. Florida, migr.; Key West, Apr. 27 and 29); x, 1893, 180 (Jamaica).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 215.— Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 125 (mountains of South Carolina, breeding above 2,000 ft.); viii, 1891, 329 (Greenville Co., South Carolina, 2,000 ft.); x, 1893, 154 (remarks on plumage).—THompson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 608 (Winnipeg, Assiniboine R., etc., Manitoba, rare summer resident) .— Goss, Birds, Kansas, 1891, 497 (summer resid. e. and mid. Kansas).—Ricu- monD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 27; Rio Frio, Costa Rica, Mar. 1, both in scarlet and black plumage!) .— Nenriine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 2, pl. 25, fig. 1.—Cooxe, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 167 (near Newcastle, Colorado, 2 specs. spring, 1892; Del Norte Valley, 1 spec. Sept., 1883).—Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 42 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, common summer resident). Pliranga] erythromelas Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454. PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA (Wilson). LOUISIANA TANAGER, Adult male in summer.—Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black, the first sometimes slightly mixed with yellow; posterior row of lesser wing-coverts, middle coverts, broad tips to outer webs of greater coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, hindneck, and under parts of body 92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. yellow (lemon or gamboge to canary yellow), the tips to greater wing- coverts usually paler yellow, sometimes whitish, and the hindneck sometimes tinged with red; head (at least anteriorly), all round, red (varying from orange-chrome to almost crimson on pileum, paler on throat);! under wing-coverts light yellow; bill (in life) dull wax yel- lowish, darker and more brownish toward culmen; iris brown; legs and feet (in life) bluish gray. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male but with head yellow (or but slightly tinged with red), more or less obscured on occiput and hindneck with olive-greenish or dusky tips to the feathers; feathers of back usually more or less distinctly margined with yellow- ish olive; tertials broadly margined terminally with white or pale yellow, the rectrices also more or less broadly margined at tips with white.’ Adult female in summer.—Above olive-greenish, the back and scapu- lars usually more or less tinged with gray, the rump and upper tail- coverts more yellowish; wings grayish dusky with light olive-greenish edgings (usually more grayish on primaries, primary coverts, and alula); middle coverts broadly tipped with light yellow and outer webs of greater coverts broadly tipped with paler yellow or white, forming two distinct bands; tail grayish brown or olive, with yellowish olive-green edgings; under parts dull yellowish (varying from pale buffy yellow to almost gamboge), the under tail-coverts clear canary yellow or lemon yellow; anterior portion of head sometimes tinged with red; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male. Young male in first autumn.—Similar to the adult female, but clearer yellow below, and rump more decidedly yellowish. Young female in first autumn.——Much duller in color than the adult female, the upper parts more brownish olive, the under parts much obscured by light brownish olive; wing-bands much narrower, pale yellowish buff, instead of yellow. Young male, first plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-green; wings dull blackish, the middle and greater coverts margined terminally with yellow, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with olive-green, the alula, primary coverts, and primaries narrowly edged with grayish olive, the olive-green on edges of tertials passing into white terminally; tail grayish dusky, with outer webs of rectrices edged with olive-green; lores, orbits, malar region, and chin pale olive-yellow; throat and chest pale grayish, the latter much tinged with olive-yellow; under 1 Usually the red of the throat is of an orange hue and does not extend beyond the throat; but sometimes (in specimens from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains) it is of a bright, poppy red hue and extends over the chest. ? These white or pale yellow markings on tertials and rectrices are also present in spring, or until worn off by exposure. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93 tail-coverts sulphur yellow; rest of under parts white, stained with sulphur yellow, the breast streaked with dusky grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 157.5-176.5 (167.9); wing, 94.2-97.3 (95.8); tail, 67.1-75.7 (71.4); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.7 (15); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 19.6-21.3 (20.3); middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 160-175.3 (169.2);1 wing, 89.9-98.6 (92.7); tail, 68.1-73.4 (70.6); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (14.7); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 20.1-20.8 (20.6); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).° Western United States, from eastern base of Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast, northward to British Columbia (Vancouver Island), Atha- basca (Lake Athabaska; Chippewyan), Idaho, Montana, and western Dakota. South in winter over greater part of Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Duefias; Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego; Alotenango). Straggling eastward during migration to more northern Atlantic States (Lynn, Massachusetts, January 20, 1878; Fort Montgomery, New York, December 21, 1881; New Haven, Connecticut, December 15, 1892; Bangor, Maine, October 1, 1897), and near New Orleans, Louisiana (March 19, 1898). Tanagra ludoviciana Wi1son, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 27, pl. 20, fig. 1 (‘‘Louisiana,”’ i. e., some part of the territory at that date thus designated ).—BonaparrtE, : Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 54 (crit.); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 105.—Nurtrauu, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 471.—OrniTHoLocicaL Commirrer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.).— Aupuson, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 385; v, 1839, 90, pl. 354, figs. 1, 2, and pl. 400, fig. 4:-Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 154. Pyranga ludoviciana Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v, 1837, 175.— Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Mexico); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 35; Nuov. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bologna, ii, 1839, 344.—Aupuzon, Synop., 1 Length before skinning, about 190.5. ? Twelve specimens. 5 Eight specimens. Specimens from the Rocky Mountain district have, as a rule, larger wings and tails than those from California, and brighter coloration. Average measurements are as follows: Depth ; 3 : Cul- A Middle Locality. Wing.| Tail. of bill | Tarsus. y. 8 men. | at base. toe. MALEs. Six adult males from Rocky Mountain district... --. 96.3 72.9 15 8.4 20.3 14.7 Six adult males from California........-..--.------- 95.3 69.9 15 8.1 20.1 14.7 FEMALES. Five adult females from Rocky Mountain district..) 93.5 71.4 14.2 8.4 20.8 14.7 Five adult females from California..........-.------ 92.5 69.1 15.7 8.1 20.6 14.5 94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1839, 137; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 231, pl. 210.—ScLaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 124 (monogr.); 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 377 (Oaxaca); 1862, 19 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Southern United States); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 191 (Vancouver I.; Orizaba; off San Blas; Duefias, Guatemala).— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 303; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 223.—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).— Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 52 (Posa Creek and Tejon Valley, California).—Sciarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Alotenango, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, alt. 5,000 ft., and Vera Paz, Guatemala).— Cooper and Suckey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 182 (Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound, etc., Washington; habits).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 110; 2d ed., 1882, no. 158; Birds N. W., 1874, 83, 232; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 358.— Browy, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Cooprsr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 33 (e. base Rocky Mts., Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 145.—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (Vera Cruz).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 487, pl. 20, figs. 3, 4.—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spee. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 78 (Garland and Rio Grande, Colorado, up to 10,000 ft.}, 107 (Neutria, New Mexico; Apache, Gila R., Goodwin, etc., Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 235 (Provo, Utah; localities in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; habits).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Ishautlan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan. ).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 454 (localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, song, ete.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 162.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1878, 304 (Lynn, Massachusetts; 1 spec., Jan. 20, 1878); Ibis, 1878, 205 (do.).— Savin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 192 (Guatemala).—W1tuiams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding).—Brewsrter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 146 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, May 18).—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 297.—Br.tp1ne, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 (Victoria Mts. and La Paz, Lower California, winter). [Pyranga] ludoviciana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 112.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11 (Cuba). Plyranga] ludoviciana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds. 2d ed., 1884, 319. [Piranga] ludoviciana Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 60, no. 6839. Piranga ludoviciana AmericAN OrniTHOLoGIsts’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 607.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec.).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 29 (Santa Catalina and Pinal Mts., s. Arizona, breeding in pine belt; habits).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 222 (South Concho R., Texas; Black Hills, Dakota, breeding); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 167 (breeding in Colorado above 6,000 ft., in n. e. Wyo- ming down to 4,500 ft.).—Mzarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 55 (Fort Montgomery, s. e. New York, 1 spec., Dec. 21, 1881), 260 (Mogollon Mts.. Arizona, breed- ing in pine belt).—Paumer (T. 8.), Auk, vii, 1890, 310 (Chehalis R., w. Washington, Aug. 15).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 104 (Lost R. Mts., ete., Idaho).—Frint, Auk, x, 1893, 86 (New Haven, Connecticut, 1 spec., Dec. 15, 1892).—Krtioae, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kan- sas, May 20, June 1).—Nexruine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 8, pl. 20, fig. 3.—RicumonD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamau- lipas, Jan., Feb.).—Kyiaut, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 104 (near Ban- gor, Maine, 1 spec., Oct. 1, 1889).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 198 (Okanogan Co., e. Washington, summer resid.).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., 1897-’99 (1900), 108 (near New Orleans, 1 spec., March 19, 1898), P[iranga] tudoviciana Ripeway, Man, N, Am. Birds, 1887, 456, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95 [Phoenicosoma] ludovicianum Giepet, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110. Pyranga erythropis Virttuor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., 2d ed., xxviii, 1819, 291 (based on Wilson, Am. Orn., pl. 20, fig. 1); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 799. Tanagra columbiana Jarvine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 317 (Columbia R. ). Tanagra columbianus BrEwrEr, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1840, 207. PIRANGA BIDENTATA BIDENTATA Swainson. SWAINSON'’S TANAGER, Adult male.—Head, neck, and under parts cadmium orange, the pileum more intense (nearer orange chrome, sometimes tinged with flame scarlet), the hindneck more or less tinged or clouded with olive, the color of under parts fading posteriorly to pale orange or orange- buff on under tail-coverts; lores and orbits pale dingy yellowish; auricular region much duller and lighter orange, obscured by olive or dull grayish, with a dusky spot or bar across posterior margin; back and scapulars light olive, more or less tinged with orange-yellowish, broadly streaked with dusky; rump plain light olive; upper tail- coverts orange-olive; wings dusky grayish brown with pale olive edgings, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white (usually more or less tinged with orange, especially on middle coverts), forming two distinct bands across wing; outer webs of tertials termi- nating in a white spot (unless worn off); tail grayish brown with light yellowish olive edgings, the inner webs of three outermost rectrices tipped with white (about 1 inch in extent on outermost rectrix); under wing-coverts and axillars pale buffy orange; maxilla blackish with light grayish tomia; mandible dark grayish (pale bluish gray in life‘); legs and feet dusky horn-color (bluish gray in life’); length (skins), 167.6-185.4 (178.3); wing, 96-96.5 (96.3); tail, 76.2-81.8 (79.5); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 20.8-21.6 (21.1); middle toe, 14.2-15.2 (14.7).* Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but orange replaced by yellow (lemon or gamboge on under parts, more tinged with olive on pileum and hindneck), the rump, wing edgings, etc., olive-greenish; length (skins), 175.3-185.4 (180.3); wing, 91.9-94 (93); tail, 77-78 (77.5); exposed culmen, 16-16.3; tarsus, 20.8-21.1; middle toe, 14.7- 15.2 (15).? Southwestern Mexico, in States of Mexico (Temascaltepec), Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra), Sinaloa (Plomosas), etc. Pyranga bidentata Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 428 (Temascaltepec, Mexico).—SciarTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 126, part (Temascaltepec) : Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 50, part; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 82, part (in syn onymy); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (in synonymy ).—FInscH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., ii, 1870, 338 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part (Temascaltepec). [Pyranga] bidentata ScLarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part. 1 Three specimens, 2Two specimens, one of them immature. 96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Plyranga] bidentata Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part. Piranya bidentata Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 779 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco). —Nexson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157, 158 (crit. ; description and synonymy). P[iranga] bidentata Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456, part. ‘ [Phoenicosoma] bidentatum GieBeL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part. PIRANGA BIDENTATA FLAMMEA Ridgway. TRES MARIAS TANAGER. Similar in coloration to /?. 6. bédentata, but with white spaces at tips of inner webs of lateral rectrices much more restricted (not exceeding 0.80 in length on outermost rectrix and usually much less), and size decidedly greater. Adult male.—Length (skins), 182.9-193 (190); wing, 95.8-98 (97); tail, 78-83.3 (80.8); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 21.6-23.4 (22.9); middle toe, 15.2-16.3 (15.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 188-193 (190.2); wing, 91.7-94.7 (93.7); tail, 78.2-80.3 (79.2); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.4); tarsus, 29.6-23.9 (23.1); middle toe, 15-15.5 (15.2).” Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. Pyranga bidentata (not of Swainson) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 281 (Tres Marias).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (Tres Marias).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part (Tres Marias).—Sc.atTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (Tres Marias). Pfiranga] flammea Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 457 (Tres Marias Islands, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). Piranga flammea Riveway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614. PIRANGA BIDENTATA SANGUINOLENTA (Lafresnaye). LAFRESNAYE’S TANAGER, Similar to P. 6. bédentata, but much darker and richer in color; adult male with head, neck, and under parts orange-red or scarlet’ (deeper on pileum and hindneck), the ground-color of back and scap- ulars, in full plumage, also the rump and upper tail-coverts, brownish red (orange-rufous to dragon’s blood red); wing-bands more or less tinged with pinkish, sometimes decidedly pink, especially the one on middle coverts; adult female with ground-color of back, scapulars, and rump olive-green, the last also streaked with dusky. Adult mule.—Length (skins), 162.6-190.5 (179.6); wing, 94-102.9 1Six specimens. * Four specimens. 5 Younger individuals of this form are often hardly distinguishable in color from true P. hidentata, being of a similar orange hue; but adult males in full plumage are always easily distinguished by their much more intense or redder coloration, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 97 (97); tail, 78.5-87.6 (81); exposed culmen, 16.3-17.3 (16.8); depth of bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 19.8-22.4 (21.1); middle toe, 14-16 (14.77)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-177.8 (177.3); wing, 90.2-93 (91.7); tail, 76.2-80.5 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.5); depth of bill at base, 9.4-9.7; tarsus, 21.8-22.4 (22.1); middle toe, 14.5-14.7.? Eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador), and southward through Central America to Chiri- qui and Veragua. Pyranga bidentata (not of Swainson) ScuaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 126, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1857, 205 (Jalapa); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 50, part; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 82, part (Jalapa; Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 190, part (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Volcan de Fuego, Duefias, and Barranca Honda, Guate- mala; Irazti and Parita, Costa Rica; s. slope Volcan de Chiriqui, Chi- riqui).—Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Volcan de Fuego, 5,500 ft. )— Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (Costa Rica).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Dota Mts., Birris, San Jose, and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica).—Satvaport, Atti Roy. Ac Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (temperate region, Vera Cruz).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Dota Mts., Rancho Redondo, San José, Candelaria, and Cervantes, Costa Rica).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Volcan de Chiriqui).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (Navarro and Volcan de Irazi, Costa Rica).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 495 (Irazi, Costa Rica).—Sanvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 296, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Volcan de Fuego, Barranca Honda, and San Gerénimo, Guatemala; Dota Mts.; Rancho Redondo, Barranca, San José, Candelaria, Cervantes, and Birris, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui). [Pyranga] bidentata ScLarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part. Plyranga] bidentata Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part. Pliranga] bidentata Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456, part. Piranga bidentata. Ze.evon,; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (San José, Cartago, El Zarcero de Alajuela, Volcan de Irazti, and Monte Redondo de San José, Costa Rica).—Cuerrriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica; resident).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa; song, etc. ). Ph{[oenicosoma] bidentata Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Jalapa). "Seventeen specimens. * Three specimens, from Costa Rica (2) and Chiriqui (1). Average measurements of adult males from different localities are as follows: Eex- Depth Middl lity. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. 2 Logalisy sf culmen.| at base. toe. Seven adult males from Vera Cruz (5) and Nuevo TreOnh (2) as generis. siete ansaid nalvtea sade satiowe sees 95.3] 82.0 17.0 94] 21.6 15.2 Three adult males from Guatemala............--- 97.3 81.3 16.8 9.4 20.6 14.5 Seven adult males from Costa Rica (5) and Chi- TUG (2) cicest eect ect eae Spears we at 95.8 80.0 16.5 9.7 21.3 14.5 The most richly colored specimens seen are from Jalapa, Vera Cruz. 38654—voL 2—01 7 98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Phoenicosoma] bidentatum Girsen, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part. Pyranga sangwinolenta Larresnay®, Rey. Zool., 1839, 97 (Mexico; coll. Charles Brelay).—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241. Plyranga] sanguinolenta Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364. Piranga sanguinolenta Netson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157, 158, 159 (crit.; descer.; synonymy). PIRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS ROSEO-GULARIS Cabot. ROSE-THROATED TANAGER, Adult male.—Pileum dull brownish red;’ wings grayish brown with broad edgings of brownish red (nearly brick red), the lesser coverts nearly uniformly of this color; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish red (similar to color of wing-edgings); hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump brownish gray, the back and scapulars more or less tinged with dull red; sides of head and neck brownish gray (rather lighter than color of hindneck), becoming paler on malar and orbital regions, the eyelids dull white; anterior portion of chin dull white; lower part of chin, throat, and upper part of chest light red (intermediate between peach-blossom pink and flesh color); under tail-coverts and anal region paler, more flesh colored; rest of under parts light brownish gray, becoming dull white on abdomen; maxilla horn brown, paler along tomia, mandible much paler; legs and feet horn brownish; length (skins), 144.8-160 (153.2); wing, 76.7-82.6 (80); tail, 63.5-69.3 (67.1); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.2 (15); depth of bill at base, 8.9-10.2 (9.7); tarsus, 20.6-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 12.2-14 (13).’ Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but the reddish of pileum, wings, and tail replaced by yellowish olive-green, that of throat by pale yellow (naples yellow), the under tail-coverts pale buffy; length (skins), 150-154 (152.1); wing, 76.2-79 (77.4); tail, 62-64.8 (63.3); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 20.3-21 (20.8); middle toe, 12.7-15 (18.9).° Immature male.—Identical in coloration with the adult female. Peninsula of Yucatan (Chichen Itza; Calotmul; between Chemax and Yalahoo; Izalam; Chem Jonat forest; La Vega; Puerto Morelos). Pyranga roseo-gularis Casot, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, Dec., 1846, 187 (between Chemax and Yalahoo, Yucatan; coll. 8. Cabot, jr.); Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., v, pt. ili, 1846, 416; Am. Journ. Sci., iii, 1847, 486; Ann. and Mag. N. H., xx, 1847, 143. Pyranga roseogularis Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 6; Ibis, 1873, 125, pl. 3.—Scuater and Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 15. Pyranga roseigularis Ripaway, Ibis, 1873, 126 (description of type).—SALVIN, Ibis, 1874, 327 (crit.).—Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. 1 There is no hue in my Nomenclature of Colors which closely approximates this olor; that nearest to it is perhaps madder brown, though a mixture of madder brown and poppy red would probably come much nearer to it. 2 Seven specimens, from Chichen Itza and Calotmul, Yucatan. 5 Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 99 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 434.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, 1882, 247 (description of female).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (Izalam, n. Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 293.—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 187, part (Chem Jonat forest and Izalam, Yucatan).—Cnapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 279 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; song). [Phoenicosoma] roseogulare GieBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110. P{iranga] roseigularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455, part (Yucatan). Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 149, in text. PIRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS COZUMEL Ridgway. COZUMEL TANAGER. Similar to P. r. rosco-gularis, but with shorter wing, longer tail, and larger bill and feet; adult male with red of pileum, wings, and tail duller, that of throat and under tail-coverts much paler, and the back with little, if any, tinge of red; adult female with olive-green of pileum duller, yellow of throat and under tail-coverts much paler, and gray of lateral under parts browner. Adult male.—Length (skins), 153-161 (156.7); wing, 78-80 (79.2); tail, 65-70 (68); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.2); tarsus, 21-23 (22); mid- dle toe, 14-15 (14.5).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 152-155 (153.5); wing, 75; tail, 64; exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.5); tarsus, 21-23 (22); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5).? Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. (Also Mugeres Island ?)* Piranga roseigularis (not of Cabot) Satyr, Ibis, 1885, 190 (Cozumel I.), 258 (Meco, Mugeres, and Cozumel islands; crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 293, part (Cozumel, Mugeres, and Meco islands).— Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 187, part (Cozumel). Piranga roseigularis Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 568 (Cozumel I.). P{iranga] roseigularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 455, part (Cozumel I.). Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 149 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; U. 8. Nat. Mus.). PIRANGA LEUCOPTERA LEUCOPTERA Trudeau. WHITE-WINGED TANAGER, Adult male.—General color bright vermilion or poppy red, some- times inclining to scarlet; forehead (more or less broadly), lores, orbital region, anterior portion of malar region (sometimes chin also), scapu- lars, wings, and tail black; middle and innermost greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands, that across middle coverts about 3 to 4.6 mm. wide; axillars and under wing-coverts white; maxilla blackish, mandible bluish gray (light grayish blue in Four specimens. *Two specimens. See Salvin, Ibis, 1888, 258. The birds from Meco Island are said by Mr. Salvin to be ‘‘somewhat intermediate, being nearer to that from the mainland.” 100 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 193.9-147.3 (131.3); wing, 65.3-73.7 (68.1); tail, 55.4-60.7 (58.4); exposed culmen, 10.9-13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7 -6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 18-20.3 (18.8); middle toe, 10.7-12.4 (11.4).* Adult female.—Above (including sides of head and neck) yellowish olive-green, more decidedly yellowish on head and neck; scapulars dark olive-grayish; wings and tail dusky grayish, the latter with olive-green, the former with paler grayish edgings (more olive-green on secondaries); middle and innermost greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming one distinct and one indistinct band; under parts bright yellow (gamboge), slightly tinged with olive on sides and flanks; lores dusky; bill and feet as in the male; length (skins), 116.8-137.2 (128); wing, 64.3-68.1 (66.3); tail, 54.6-57.7 (55.6); exposed culmen, 12.4-14 (18.2); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.4 (7.9); tarsus, 17.8-19.1 (18.3); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.4).? Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Jalapa; Orizaba; Cordova), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), and Chiapas (Tumbala; Ocuilapa); Guatemala (Volcan de Agua; Savana Grande; Retalhuleu; Chisec; Rasché; Barranca Honda); Salvador (San Salvador); British Honduras (Belize)?. Tanagra erythromelas (not Pyranga erythromelas Vieillot, 1819) LicurTenstern, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Lagunas, Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57. Pyranga erythromelena Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 126 (monogr.; Lagunas, Orizaba, Jalapa, and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala), 303 (Cor- dova); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tan- agr., 1856, 50; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Jalapa; Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 189, part (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Volcan de Agua, Savana Grande, Retalhuleu, Chisec, Rasché, and Barranca Honda, Guatemala; ? Belize, British Honduras).—Sciater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Pacific slope and Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 100 (Pacific slope, Guatemala); 1861, 147 (mountains of Rasché, Guatemala); Cat. 1 Fourteen specimens. ? Seven specimens. I can discover no difference between Mexican specimens (of which, however, the series examined is very unsatisfactory) and those from Guatemala and Salvador. Their average measurements are as follows: Ex- | Depth Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus.|" jo, culmen.| at base. MALES. Four adult males from Vera Cruz.................. 69.3 58.9 12.7 7.9 19.3 11.2 Three adult males from Chiapas.............-..-. 70.4 | 60.2 1.7 7.6 18.5 IL.9 Seven adult males from Guatemala............... 66.5 | 57.2 12.4 7.6] 188 | 12 One adult male from Salvador .............222.... 7i.6 60.5 12.7 7.9 19.1 12.4 FEMALES. “ 4 One adult female from Vera Cruz................. 70.1 58.9 12.4 7.9 18.8 11.9 One adult female from Chiapas................... 66.0 57.7 12.7 7.6 | °18.5 10.9 Seven adult females from Guatemala............. 66.3 55.6 13.2 7.9 18.3 11.4 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 101 Strickland Coll., 1882, 192 (Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 549 (temperate region Vera Ctuz, 2,000-4,000 feet).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 295, part (Mexican and Guatemalan references and localities; ? Belize, British Honduras). [Pyranga] eryihromelena Scuater and Sauyin, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 22, part. [Pyranga erythromelena] var. erythromelena Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part. [Phoenicosoma] erythromelas GreBeL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part. Pyranga leucoptera TrupEau, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 160 (Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241. P{iranga] leucoptera Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 454. Piranga leucoptera Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Pyranga bivittata Larresnaye, Rev. Zool., v, 1842, 70 (no locality given). Ph[oenicosoma] bivittata Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 24 (Jalapa; excl. syn. Phoenicosoma ardens Tschudi). PIRANGA LEUCOPTERA LATIFASCIATA Ridgway. BROAD-BANDED TANAGER. Similar to P. 1. leucoptera, but white wing-bands much broader, the anterior one 5.1-7.6 wide, the posterior one extending across tips of all the greater coverts instead of the innermost only. Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-135 (129); wing, 67-72 (70); tail, 57.2-60 (58.5); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.7); depth of bill at base, 7.1-1.4; tarsus, 18-19 (18.4); middle toe, 11-12 (11.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-130 (126.6); wing, 65-68.5 (66.6), tail, 54-57 (55.2); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.5); depth of bill at base, 77.5 (7.2); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.7); middle toe 11-12 (11.3).? Costa Rica (Barranca; Dota Mountains; Navarro; Tucurriqui), Chiri- qui (Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui), and Veragua (Calovevora; Calobre). Pyranga erythromelena (not P. erythromelas Vieillot, nor Tanagra erythromelas Lichtenstein) Sarvaport, Atti. Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Barranca, Dota Mts., and Navarro, Costa Rica).—Franrzivus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Volcan de Chiriqui; Calovevora, Veragua).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 295, part (Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica; Calobre, etc., Veragua).— ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 189, part (Dota, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui; Calovevora, Veragua). (Pyranga] erythromelena ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22, part. [Pyranga erythromelexna] var. erythromelena Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433, part. [Phoenicosoma] erythromelas G1rEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110, part. Pliranga] leucoptera latifasciata Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 457 (Costa Rica; Veragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614. Piranga leucoptera (not of Trudeau) Zeepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).—Cuerriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica). 1Seven specimens. ? Four specimens. 102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PIRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA (Swainson.) RED-HEADED TANAGER, Adult male.—Pileum bright red (vermilion or orange-vermilion); rest of upper parts uniform bright yellowish olive-green, the edges of primaries and rectrices more decidedly yellowish; lores blackish; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, chin, and throat pale vermilion or pinkish red, with a silvery gloss; rest of under parts rich lemon yellow, becoming paler posteriorly (under tail-coverts canary yellow), the sides and flanks tinged with olive-green; edge of wing lemon yellow; bill blackish, the mandible more grayish (bluish gray in life?), legs and feet dusky (in dried skins), length (skins); 147.3-148.6 (147.8); wing, 67.3-74.4 (70.1); tail, 683-69.3 (65.5); exposed culmen, 11.9-12.2; depth of bill at base, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 19.3-20.1 (19.8); middle toe, 11.7-12.4 (12.2.)* Adult female.—Pileum yellowish olive-green, becoming yellow (saffron or dull gamboge) on supraloral region; hindneck, back, scapu- lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts grayish olive-green, more strongly tinged with gray posteriorly; wings and tail clearer olive-green than back, etc., the edges of primaries almost yellow; lores dusky grayish; lower eyelid whitish; auricular region dull grayish; malar region, chin, throat, and chest dull lemon or gamboge yellow, the breast and upper abdomen similar but rather paler; flanks light grayish brown; under tail-coverts and anal region pale buffy; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 182.1-142.2 (138.7); wing, 65.3-68.6 (67.1); tail, 58.9- 60.7 (59.7); exposed culmen, 12.7-14 (13); depth of bill at base, 7.6; tarsus, 19.1-20.1 (19.6); middle toe, 11.7-12.7 (12.9.)? Young female, nestling plumage.—Similar to the adult female, but plumage of looser texture, and colors duller; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts more brownish olive; yellow of under parts much duller, tinged with olive. Western Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Juquila; Totontepec), Mexico (Temascaltepec; Valley of Mexico), Guanajuato, Jalisco (San Sebas- tian), Sinaloa (Plomosas), Chihuahua (Trompa), ete. Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 437 (‘Temas- caltepec, Mexico). P[yranga] erythrocephala Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Apr., 1851, 178; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 29.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433. Pyranga erythrocephala Scuatrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 125 (monogr.); 1859, 377 (Juquila and Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 192 (Juquila).—Dv Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1845(?), pl. 32.— Dueks, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato).—SaLvin and GopMay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 294, pl. 17, fig. 2—Ripeway, Ibis, 1883, 400 (crit.). [Pyranga] erythrocephala ScuaTer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 22. P[iranga] erythrocephala Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 456. 1 Three specimens. ? Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 103 [Phoenicosoma] erythrocephalum Grepet, Thesaurus Orn., iii, 1876, 110. Pyranga cucullata Du Bos, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, pt. 2, 1847, 105 (Mexico; ’ coll. Brussels Mus.); Rev. Zool., 1848, 245.—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241. Genus HETEROSPINGUS Ridgway. Heterospingus Ripaway, Auk, xv, no. 3, July (pub. May 13), 1898, 225. (Type, Tachyphonus rubrifrons Lawrence. ) Similar to Tachyphonus, but nasal fossx densely feathered, concealing the nostrils; tail relatively much shorter, wing more pointed, tarsus shorter (scarcely exceeding middle toe with claw), and sexes either alike in color or nearly so in pattern of coloration. Exposed culmen about six-sevenths as long as tarsus, straight for more than basal half, then strongly curved to the slightly uncinate tip; gonys much shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, slightly convex; depth of bill at base equal to decidedly more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, about equal to its basal width; maxillary tomium concave anteriorly and subbasally, faintly convex between, distinctly notched subterminally and slightly deflected ba- sally; mandibular tomium straight, the basal portion slightly convex and deflected. Nostril concealed by dense feathering of nasal fosse, horizontally oval. Rictal bristles scarcely obvious. Wing long (about four times as long as tarsus), slightly rounded (eighth to sixth pri- maries longest and nearly equal, ninth a little shorter than fifth); pri- maries exceeding secondaries by nearly the length of the tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by length of tarsus, slightly double-rounded, the rectrices broad, with compact webs and rounded tips. Tarsus stout, very slightly longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw, the inner toe a little shorter than the outer; hind claw shorter than its digit—all the claws strongly curved and sharp. Coloration.—Rump bright yellow, underwing-coverts and patch on each side of breast white; rest of plumage black, with orange-red supra-auricular tufts (ZZ. vanthopygius, adult male), or dark slate-gray above, lighter gray beneath (ZZ. wanthopygius, female, and both sexes of H. rubrifrons). Range.—Costa Rica to Colombia. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HETEROSPINGUS. a. General color black, more sooty beneath; supra-auricular tufts orange-red. (Colombia and western Ecuador.) ' Heterospingus xanthopygius, adult male (p. 104) aa. General color slate-gray above, paler gray below; no supra-auricular tufts. (Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica. ) Heterospingus rubrifrons, adult male and female (p. 104) Heterospingus xanthopygius, female.! ‘Not having seen the female of H. xanthopygius, I am unable to state in what Particulars, if any, it differs from H. rubrifrons. 104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HETEROSPINGUS XANTHOPYGIUS (Sclater). ORANGE-BROWED TANAGER. Adult male.—Above black, relieved by a prominent and conspicuous supra-auricular tuft of orange or orange-red, composed of stiff, hair- like feathers, and a triangular patch of lemon yellow on rump; under parts more sooty black, more grayish sooty on under parts of body, relieved by a white patch on each side of breast, confluent with white of axillars and under wing-coverts; bill blackish; legs and feet (in dried skin) dusky; length (skin), 172.7; wing, 96.5; tail, 71.1; culmen (tip of bili broken off); depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 21.1; middle toe, 15.2.1 , Northwestern and central Colombia and western Ecuador; north to the Rio Truando. Tachyphonus xanthopygius ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 158, pl. 69 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Brit. Mus.; = female); 1855, 83, pl. 90 (Bogota; adult male, figured); 1856, 116 (monogr.; Bogota); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 40; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 209, part (Bogota and Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 142 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia).—ScuaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 503 (Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).—BERLEpscH and TaczANowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 547 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Satvin and Gop- man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 311, part (Rio Truando, Colombia). T[achyphonus] xanthopygius ScuatER and Satvin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 68. [Tachyphonus] xanthopygius ScLarrr and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 23, art. pr auritus Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xxii, Feb., 1855, 153 (Colombia). HETEROSPINGUS RUBRIFRONS (Lawrence). LAWRENCE'S TANAGER, Adult male.—Above plain sooty slate-color,’ relieved by a large triangular patch of lemon yellow on rump; wings and tail more black- ish, with brownish slaty edgings, except on lesser wing-coverts, alula, and primary coverts; upper tail-coverts yellowish olive-green, or much tinged with this color; sides of head and neck and under parts dull slate-gray, tinged with olive-yellow posteriorly, especially on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts, axillars, and a patch on each side of breast, white; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color; length (skins), 147.3-160 (151.9); wing, 81.3-83.3 (82.3); tail, 59.7-63 (61.5); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.3); depth of bill at base, 7.1-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 19.8-20.8 (20.3); middle toe, 13.2-13.5 (13.2).° 1 One specimen, from Rio Truando, Colombia, the only example I have seen of this species. The adult female is described as being similar to both sexes of H. rubrifrons. 2In the type most of the feathers of the crown are tipped with a spot of dull brownish red, whence the specific name; but as no other of the six adult males examined show a trace of this feature, it must be considered as accidental. ‘Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105 Adult female.—Similar to the male, but gray of under parts duller and rather lighter and less tinged with olive-yellow posteriorly, the under tail-coverts usually with very little of this color, sometimes none; length (skins), 144.8; wing, 77.7-82.6 (80); tail, 57.2-61 (59.2); exposed culmen, 16.5-17.3 (16.8); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.4 (7.9); tarsus, 19.8-20.1 (19.8); middle toe, 12.4-13.2 (12.7).! Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica (Angostura; Reventazon); south to the Panama Railroad. Tachyphonus xanthopygius (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1864, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scrarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 311, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 209, part (Panama; Vera- gua).—ZELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica). T [achyphonus] xanthopygius Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 109, in text (crit.). Tachyphonus rubrifrons LawRence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 106 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat, Mus., xvi, 1893, 610, 611 (Angostura and Reventazén, Costa Rica; crit.). T [achyphonus] rubrifrons ScLareR and Satyin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 68. Heterospingus rubrifrons Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 29 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). Tachyphonus propinquus LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 94 (substitute for T. rubrifrons, considered inappropriate as being based on an accidental character); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (Angostura, Costa Rica).— Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1870, 109 (crit. ). Genus HEMITHRAUPIS Cabanis. Hemithraupis* Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 21. (Type, Nemosia ruficapilla Vieillot. ) Similar to Zachyphonus, but bill much more slender, its depth at base decidedly less than half the length of exposed culmen; wing more pointed (outermost primary longer than fifth); tail relatively shorter, tarsus relatively much longer, toes weaker, and style of coloration very different. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw, nearly straight to near the tip, where gently decurved; gonys decidedly shorter than maxilla from nostril, straight; maxillary tomium with slight subter- minal notch, straight or very faintly concave 40 beneath anterior end of nasal fosse, thence gently deflected to the rictus; mandibular tomium straight to the decided though not abrupt basal deflection. Nostril exposed, broadly oval, with rather broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles distinct, but not conspicuous. Wing rather long (nearly to more than four times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth or seventh primary longest, ninth not shorter than fifth, sometimes equal to seventh); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly to much more than length of exposed culmen. Tail shorter than wing by about two- Three specimens. 2«Von 71, halb und Spavzi6, nom. prop.”’ 106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. thirds to much more than length of tarsus, slightly rounded, even, or faintly emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow, with compact webs and rather pointed tips. Tarsus slender, decidedly longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit, strongly curved. Coloration.—Adult males with more or less of yellow, varied in uni- form areas with black, rufous, or olive-green, or with all these; females and young very different—plain olive or olive-green above, yellowish beneath. Range.—Costa Rica to Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. Although having the bill a little more slender, /7. chrysomelas (the only species known to occur north of the Isthmus) differs far less from some of the species of Hemispingus than certain of the latter do from one another, and I have no doubt that here is its proper position. It certainly is far more out of place in Zuchyphonus, to which it was originally assigned and where it has by common consent been kept. Hemithraupis differs from Nemosia* in relatively longer wing and tail, more slender bill with straight instead of distinctly convex gonys, and very different style of coloration. HEMITHRAUPIS CHRYSOMELAS (Sclater and Salvin). BLACK AND YELLOW TANAGER. Adult male.—Entire head, neck, rump, and under parts clear, rich yellow, rather paler (lemon yellow) below, sometimes inclining to orange on pileum and hindneck; a narrow orbital ring of black, broadest beneath posterior half of eye; back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail uniform deep black; inner webs of rectrices edged with light yellow; under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; axil- lars and edges of inner webs of remiges white, usually tinged with pale yellow; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color; length (skin), about 114.3; wing, 64.3-68.6 (66.8); tail, 47-49.5 (48.5); exposed culmen, 11.9-12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 16.5-17.3 (16.8); middle toe, 10.2-10.4. . Adult female.—Above plain yellowish olive-green; wings dusky grayish brown with broad yellowish olive-green edgings; under parts gamboge yellow medially, shading into yellowish olive-green (lighter than that of upper parts) laterally; under tail-coverts’ pale buffy; under wing-coverts whitish; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins), dusky horn color; length (skin), 106.7; wing, 60.7; tail, 41.4; exposed culmen, 11.4; tarsus, 17.8; middle toe, 10.4.° Costa Rica (Talamanca) and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu). Tachyphonus chrysomelas ScLATER and Saxvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 440, pl. 82 (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Savy, 1 Nemosia Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Tanagra pileata Boddeert. ) ? Three specimens. 5 One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 107 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Cordillera del Chucu).—Sanvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 311, pl. 21, fig. 1.—Scrarmr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 210.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica). [Tachyphonus] chrysomelas Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 23. Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest. Ramphocelus Dusmarust, Hist. Nat. Tang., 1805, p. 5, sub pls. 28, 29. (Type, Tanagra brasilia Linnzeus. ) Rhamphocelus (emendation) Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21. Ramphopis Viztuiot, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Tanagra jacapa Linnzus.) Jacapa Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 178. (Type, Tunagra jacapa Linnzeus. ) Medium sized Tanagers with outermost (ninth) primary shorter than third, plumage of forehead stiff, erect, and plush-like, and with man- dibular rami more or less enlarged and swollen, longer than gonys; adult males richly colored with black and crimson, scarlet, orange, or yellow, Bill shorter than head, elongate-conical in vertical profile; culmen usually about two-thirds as long as tarsus or a little more (consider- ably less in 2. passerinti and allies), nearly straight for basal half or more, distinctly convex terminally, the tip of the maxilla obviously uncinate; gonys decidedly shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, less convex than terminal portion of culmen; commissure nearly straight; mandibular rami remarkably enlarged (less so in 2. passerinit and allies), much longer than gonys (except in the species mentioned), developed into a broad thickened plate, more or less rounded behind, usually differently colored (whitish or pale blue) from rest of bill. Nostril small, nearly concealed by plush-like frontal feathers. ictal bristles not obvious. Wing rather short (about three and one-half to three and four-fifths times as long as tarsus), rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than third); primaries exceeding second- aries by less than lengthof exposed culmen. Tail nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices rather broad, with firm webs and rounded tips, less than the basal half overlaid by upper coverts. Tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit—all the claws well- curved, sharp. Plumage soft, velvety; feathers of forehead erect, somewhat stiffened, plush-like. Coloration.—Adult males black and scarlet, black and maroon, black, crimson, and scarlet, or black and yellow, in large unicolored areas; females and young much duller, with the black replaced by brown, brownish-gray, or olive, the brighter colors obsolete or faintly indicated. Range.—Continental Tropical America, from southern Mexico to southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. 108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RAMPHOCELUS. a. Wings and tail black. (Adult males. ) b. Under parts of body entirely black. c. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts scarlet. d. Smaller (wing averaging 74.9). (Southeastern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama.) ..-.--------------- Ramphocelus passerinii, adult male (p. 109) dd. Larger (wing averaging 79.0). _ (Southwestern Costa Rica.) Ramphocelus costaricensis, adult male (p. 111) cc. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellow or orange. d. Rump, etc., orange. e. Under wing-coverts black. (Colombia. ) Ramphocelus chrysonotus, adult male (extralimital) (p. 1121) ee. Under wing-coverts orange?? (Isthmus of Panama.) Ramphocelus chrysopterus, adult male (p. 112) dd. Rump, etc., lemon yellow. (Isthmus of Panama to Ecuador.) Ramphocelus icteronotus, adult male (p. 113) bb. Under parts of body partly red or yellow. c. Under parts, except chin, abdomen, and thighs, yellow. (Isthmus of Panama.) Ramphocelus inexpectatus, adult male (p. 114) cc. Under parts, except chin, throat, chest, and abdomen, red, or else black with a red band across chest. : d. Head and neck velvety black without any reddish tinge; under parts black with a red band across chest and the anal feathers red. (Chiriqui.) Ramphocelus feste, adult male (p. 115) dd. Head and neck dark garnet red, or at least tinged or washed with that color; under parts mostly red. e. Red feathers of rump and under parts and tail-coverts without central spots of black. f. Back black or but slightly tinged with dark garnet red. g. Under parts of body scarlet (‘‘ orange-crimson’’) anteriorly, passing into rufous-orange posteriorly; basal half of feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts white. (Isthmus of Panama?) Ramphoceius dunstalli, adult male (p. 115) gg. Under parts of body blood-red or orange-red laterally, black medi- ally; basal half of feathers of ramp and upper tail-coverts yellow, white, and gray, successively. h. Rump, tail-coverts, and lateral under parts orange-red or scarlet; throat and chest dark brownish red, the first sometimes nearly black. (Isthmus of Panama to northeast coast of Colombia. ) Ramphocelus luciani, adult male (p. 115) hh. Rump, tail-coverts, and lateral under parts bright poppy red or blood red; throat and chest crimson-maroon. (Eastern Peru.) Ramphocelus melanogaster, adult male (extralimital) (p. 116*) Jf. Back crimson-maroon, like head, neck, and chest. (Ramphocelus dimi- diatus, adult male.) g. Abdomen extensively and distinctly black or dusky; general colora- tion darker; greater wing-coverts entirely black. h. Colors brighter, the abdomen deep black; tail shorter (averaging 69.0). (Colombia north to coast of Chiriqui.) Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus, adult male (p. 116) 1 Footnote. * The original description of this supposed species is so vague that, in the absence of specimens, it is almost impossible to tell what its characters really are. 3In text and in footnote. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109 hh. Colors duller, the abdomen brownish black or dark brown; tail longer (averaging 73.9). (Isthmus of Panama. ) Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, adult male (p. 118) gg- Abdomen with dusky (not black) area much restricted, sometimes obsolete; general coloration lighter; greater wing-coverts edged with dusky red. (San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.) Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus, adult male (p. 119) ee. Red feathers of ramp and under parts and tail coverts with central spots of black. (‘‘Guatemala.’’) Ramphocelus uropygialis, adult male (p. 119) aa, Wings and tail dusky with lighter (grayish, brownish, dull reddish or light olive or olive-greenish) edgings. (Adult females and immature males. ) b. Throat grayish or pale brownish; rest of under parts yellowish olive or light tawny-olive. c. Rump and upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive. Ramphocelus passerinii, adult female and young male (p.-110) cc. Rump and upper tail-coverts orange-rufous. Ramphocelus costaricensis, adult female and young male (p. 111) bb. Throat not grayish; under parts of body not olive. c. Throat, under parts of body, and rump yellow (lemon or sulphur). Ramphocelus icteronotus, adult female and young male (p. 113) ce. Throat brown or maroon; under parts of body brownish red or ochraceous- orange. d. Rump and under parts ochraceous-orange; back light olive; head and neck (all round) olive. Ramphocelus luciani, adult female and young male (p. 116) dd. Rump and under parts brownish red; back reddish brown; head and neck (all round) warm sepia brown or dark reddish brown. e. Throat maroon; back deeper reddish brown; rump and under parts of body deeper brownish red. Ramphocelus melanogaster, adult female and young male (p. 1161) ee. Throat dark sooty brown or seal brown; back lighter reddish brown; rump and under parts of body lighter brownish red. jf. Head and neck dark sooty brown, the general coloration darker and richer. Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus, adult female and young male (p. 117) ff. Head and neck seal brown, the general coloration lighter and duller. g. Larger (wing averaging 75.9, tail 72.1, tarsus 21.3). Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, adult female and young male (p. 118) gg. Smaller (wing averaging 74.4, tail 66.5, tarsus 20.1). Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus, adult female and young male (p. 119) RAMPHOCELUS PASSERINII Bonaparte. PASSERINI'’S TANAGER. Adult male.—Uniform glossy black; entire lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright, intense scarlet, the feathers white for basal half, with yellow between the white and scarlet; bill light blue in life (grayish in dried skins) with tip black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky grayish in dried skins (grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 148.6-165.1 (157.2); wing, 71.4-78.2 (74.9); tail, 64-74.2 (68.3); exposed culmen, 12.4-14.7 (13.5); depth of bill at base, 7. 4-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 91.3-93.4 (22.4); middle toe, 13.5-16.8 (15).” 1In footnote. 2 Twenty-four specimens. 110 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck plain brownish gray or gray- ish brown; back and scapulars deep yellowish olive, the feathers indis- tinctly darker centrally; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts lighter, more yellowish olive, inclining to dull gallstone yellow; wings and tail dusky with yellowish-olive edgings; sides of head and neck similar to pileum and hindneck, but paler and rather browner, the chin and throat still paler (very nearly hair brown); under parts light yellowish olive, brightest on chest,’ duller on abdomen, where some- times inclining to hair brown; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 154.9-179.7 (160.3); wing, 72.1-78.7 (74.7); tail, 66.8- 73.4 (69.6); exposed culmen, 12.7-15.2 (13.7); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 21.6-22.9 (22.6); middle toe, 13.7-16 (14.7).? Young male (first year).—Exactly like the adult female. Immature males variously intermediate in coloration between the adult male and female, according to age.® State of Tabasco (Teapa), southeastern Mexico, eastern Guatemala (Yzabal, Tucuru, Cahabon, etc.), and southward to Isthmus of Panama. Ramphocelus passeriniti Bonaparte, Antologia, 1831, no. 130, p. 3 (Mexico or Cuba); Isis, 1833, 755 (‘‘Cuba’’); Consp. Av., i, 1850, 242 (‘‘Bolivia’’).—Les- son, Rev. Zool., 1840, 133, excl. syn.—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 1380 (monogr.; ‘‘Columbia River, Oregon’’; ‘‘Mexico’”’; Guatemala; Nicaragua) , 142 (Chiriqui); 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 54; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Nicaragua; Honduras).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 467 (Yzabal, Guatemala); 1870, 187 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Mina de Chorcha, Ver- agua) ; 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—ScuaTer and Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 5, 16 (Yzabal, Atlantic coast, and Cahabon, Vera Paz, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 278 (Mosquito coast, Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, 1 The chest and upper tail-coverts sometimes more or less tinged with orange. * Twelve specimens. Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows: Locality. wing.| Tait. | posea | of bil | Tarsus, Middle culmen.) at base. 2 MALES, Five adult males from Guatemala ................ 71.2 72.4 18 8.1 22.6 15 Five adult males from Honduras ..............-.- 74.4 68.1 13.5 7.9 22.1 15 Four adult males from Nicaragua ...............- 73.2) 66.3 13.7 7.9 21.8 14.5 Four adult males from Costa Rica .............-.. 74.2 67.3 13.5 TA 22.6 16.7 One adult male from Veragua ................2--- a 7.6 22.4 16.3 Five adult males from Isthmus of Panama....... 74.4] 68.1 u 8.1 22.6 15.2 FEMALES. Four adult females from Guatemala.............. 76,2 70.9 18 7.6 22.9 15 Three adult females from Honduras.............. 73.41 70.4 13.5 8.1 22.4 14.5 Two adult females from Nicaragua............... 73.2 67.8 15 7.9 22.4 14.7 Two adult females from Costa Rica..............- 78.7) 69.1 13.7 7.6 | 15.7 One adult female from Panama................... 73.9 | 69.1 TS le carseteuts 28.1 16 *The male requires several years to attain the perfect adult plumage, and breeds in the plumage indistinguishable from that of the adult female. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 111 Honduras).—Sauvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Yzabal).—Caxanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330 (Costa Rica).—Tayror, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Atlantic coast Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua) ; ix, 1868, 99 (Angostura, San Carlos, and Navarro, Costa Rica).—Srimpson, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. , 1, 1868, 128, pl. 16.— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Angostura, San Carlos, Navarro, Orosi, Sarapiqui, and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (San Carlos and Naranjo, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Navarro de Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Jiménez, and Esparto, Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 489 (Rio Escondido; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Nurtrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 391 (bet. San José and Punta Arenas, Costa Rica) 499 (San José). [Ramphocelus] passerinii Scuater and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21. Ramphocelus passerinit Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (David, Chiri- qui).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. Gaut., 1878, 33.—N urtinG, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi., 1883, 399 (Los SAbalos, Nicaragua ;habits). Rhamphocelus passerinii Sarvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 281, pl. 18, fig. 1 (Belize and Belize R., British Honduras; Tucuru, etc., Guate- mala; Barranca, etc., Costa Rica; Vivala, etc., Veragua; etc. ).—ScLaTErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 176. S Rhamphocelus passerinii Larresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1837, 2° classe, not. 81 (p. 3) (description).—Satvaporr, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 177 (Costa Rica). Ramphopis passerinii Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 52. Rhamphopis flammigerus (not of Jardine and Selby) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (‘‘Columbia R., Oregon’’). ? RAMPHOCELUS COSTARICENSIS Cherrie. CHERRIE’S TANAGER. Similar to PR. passerinii but larger; adult female and immature male very different from those of J. passerindi, having the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, as well as the chest ‘‘ ochraceous-rufous” or rufous-orange, the chest sometimes orange chrome. Adult male.—Intense velvety black, the whole lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright, pure, intense scarlet, the feathers with basal half pure white and with a yellow bar between the white and scarlet; bill grayish blue, with black tip; legs and feet grayish blue (dusky in dried skins). Adult female.— Above, whole head varying from a dusky slate black to a slate gray; back and scapulars dusky yellowish olive; rump and upper tail-coverts ochraceous-rufous of varying intensity in the different specimens. Wings dusky brownish black, inner webs of quills darkest; tail blackish. Below, chin and throat grayish; breast ochraceous-rufous like the rump; the rest of lower parts yellowish olive, darker along the sides. Bill black with plumbeous base. Feet, dark plumbeous.” (Cherrie.*) 'The description quoted is given for both the adult female and the immature (at that time erroneously supposed to be the adult) male. 112 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Immature male.—Similar in color to the adult female.t Wing, 77.7-80.3 (78.7); tail, 67.3-72.9 (70.4); exposed culmen, 14. 7-16 (15.5); nostril to tip of maxilla, 12.7; tarsus, 22.1-23.4 (22.9).” Adult female.—Wing, 77.5-79.8 (78.5); tail, 69.6-74.2 (71.1); exposed culmen, 1+.7-16 (15.2); nostril to tip of maxilla, 12.7; tarsus, 21.6-23.9 (22.6).* Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul; Boruca; Palmar; Buenos Aires; Navarro). Ramphocelus costaricensis CHERRIE, Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 62 (Pozo Azul, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. Costa Rica Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 531 (Navarro, Costa Rica; crit.). Ramphocelus costaricensis CHERRI£, Auk, x, 1893, 278 (Boruca, Palmar, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; habits, song, etc.; descr. adult male). RAMPHOCELUS CHRYSOPTERUS. Boucard. GOLDEN-WINGED TANAGER, Adult male.—‘* Upper and under side velvety black; tail and wing, brownish black underside [of wings and tail?], rump and upper tail- coverts magnificent topaz orange; bill, bluish. Total length, 158.7; wing, $2.5; tail, 76.2; bill, 19.” (Original description.*‘) Isthmus of Panama. It is quite impossible to tell from the very unsatisfactory description quoted above just what the characters of this species are. Judging from the name it would seem that there must be some orange or yellow about the wings, but the description does not say so; possibly by “underside” (second mention of this term) is meant the under wing- coverts. Should there be really yellow on the wings, even on the underside, the species would be distinct enough. Otherwise, it seems to resemble &. chrysonotus,’ from central Colombia, which, however, has the wings and tail wholly black, even on the “‘ underside.” Ramphocelus chrysopterus Boucarp, The Humming Bird, i, no. 7, July 1, 1891, 53 (State of Panama, Colombia; coll. A. Boucard). 1 According to Mr. Cherrie the bird breeds in this plumage. An immature male in the collection of the United States National Museum differs from Mr. Cherrie’s descrip- tion in having the head hair brown (much deeper on pileum) instead of slate-black or slate-gray, in having the breast dull orange chrome instead of ochraceous-rufous, and the rump light yellowish olive, with tips of the feathers broadly dull orpiment orange, the upper tail-coverts being uniformly of a rather deeper shade of the latter color. ?Three specimens (breeding birds) ; two from Pozo Azul, measured by Mr. Cherrie, the other from Navarro. ’Three specimens from’ Pozo Azul, measured by Mr. Cherrie. +The measurements converted from inches. 5 R[amphocelus] chrysonotus Lafresnaye, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, v, June, 1853, 246 (Colombia).—Rhamphocerlus chrysonotus Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 177 (Antioquia, Colombia). Adult male similar to that of R. icteronotus, but much larger and with the rump and upper tail-coverts rich cadmium yellow, tinged with orange, instead of lemon or canary yellow; wing, 88.9; tail, 73.7; exposed culmen, 15.2; tarsus, 22.4. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 118 RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS Bonaparte. YELLOW-RUMPED TANAGER. Adult male.—Intense glossy black; whole lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich pure lemon yellow, the yellow feathers with basal half pure white; bill pale blue (darker, more plumbeous in dried skins) with black tip; iris red;* legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish in life); length (skins), 147.3-190.5 (169.9); wing, 78.7-88.6 (84.1); tail, 69.6-78.7 (73.9); exposed culmen, 1+.7-16.8 (15.2); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.4 (8.9); tarsus, 22.9-24.9 (23.9); middle toe, 15.5-17.3 (16.5).? Adult female.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars dusky olive, the scapulars and interscapulars, in fresh plumage, margined with yellowish olive; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clear yellow (lemon or canary), the feathers with basal portion grayish; wings and tail dusky, the wing-coverts and tertials margined with light olive or yellowish olive; underparts yellow (canary or sulphur), deeper (lemon or deep canary) on chest, paler (sometimes dull whitish) on chin; bill, iris, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 159.4-174 (160.3); wing, 75.7-82.8 (79.2); tail, 69.3-79 (72.4); exposed culmen, 13-15.5 (14.7); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.6 (8.1); tarsus, 22.1-24.4 (23.4); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16).° Young male in first year. —Exactly like the adult female in colora- tion. Immature male.—V ariously intermediate, according to age, between the adult male and female. Veragua (Santiago) through western and central Colombia to west- 1 According to Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 139. ? Ten specimens. 3 Five specimens. Specimens from western Ecuador average larger than those from the Isthmus of Panama, but the difference is by no means constant, and I am not able to detect any constant difference in coloration, though some adult males from Guayaquil have the rump paler yellow (canary yellow) than any examined from the isthmus. Average measurements are as follows: Ex- Depth Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. aot culmen.| at base. i MALES. Six adult males from Isthmus of Panama....----- 82.8 72.6 15.0 8.6 23.4 16.3 Four adult males from western Ecuador (Guaya- QU) pee ciguctieacan Seaud dete sdes beware ccaen nese 86.4} 76.2 15.7 8.9 24.6 17.0 FEMALES. Four adult females from Isthmus of Panama..... 78.5 70.6 14.5 8.1 23.1 16.0 One adult female from western Ecuador (Guaya- QUID) 2, oa wiwnameeuiee senteeseeeeesmieee sie etcese 82.0 | 79.0 15.2 8.1 23.9 15.7 38654—voL 2—01——8 114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ern and central Ecuador (Guayaquil; Pallatanga; Babahoyo; Nanegal; Chimbo; Cayandeled; Pinampunga; Santa Rita; Quito), and central Peru. Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 121 (‘‘ Mexico and South America’’); Rev. Zool., i, 1838, 8 (redescribed).—LAFREsnaye, Rey. Zool., ix, 1846, 365, 366 (redescribed; crit.; Colombia, Bolivia ?).— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 131 (monogr.; Buenaventura and Choco Bay, w. Colombia; Guayaquil and near Quito, Ecuador); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); 1860, 65 (Pallatanga), 86 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador), 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tan- agr., 1856, 55; Cat. Am. Birds,1862, 80 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador).—Cassm, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, Rio Atrato, and Rio Truando, n. w. Colombia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—ScLatEeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 250 (Lion Hill).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 332 (centr. Peru).— Roszinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Puerto Berrio, n. Colombia). R[hamphocelus] icteronotus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 26 (Colombia). Ramphocelus icteronotus Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santiago, Veragua).—SciaTeR and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 501 (Antio- quia, Colombia).—Brr.Erscn and Taczanowsxi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.); 1884, 298 (Cayandeled and Pinam- punga, w. Ecuador).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 71 (Quito, Ecuador). [Ramphocelus] icteronotus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21. Rhamphocelus icteronotus Sauvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 282.—SciarEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 177 (Santiago, Veragua; Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R.; Choco Bay, Sallango, ‘‘ Bogota,”’ Remedios, and Medellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia; Guayaquil, Pallatanga, Nanegal, and Santa Rita, w. Ecuador).—Srons, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibague, centr. Colombia).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. etc., Torino, xv, no. 257, 1899, 18 (Gualea, Vinces, Intac, and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador; crit.). R[amphopis] icteronotus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363. Ramphopis icteronotus Du Bus, Esquiss. Orn., 1845, pl. 15 (Guayaquil). Ramphoceles icteronotus Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador). Ramphocelus varians LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., x, 1847, 216, part. RAMPHOCELUS INEXPECTATUS Rothschild. ROTHSCHILD’S TANAGER. Adult male.—“ Chin, sides of neck, head, hind neck, interscapulium, wings, with upper and under coverts, tail, center of abdomen, and thighs black; rest of plumage bright yellow. This yellow is much darker than that of the rump in 2A. ccteronotus, Bp., but not orange as in Lh. chrysopterus, Bouc. On the occiput are a number of scat- tered feathers bordered with yellow; this may or may not be the remains of immature plumage. Total length, 155 mm.; wing, 82; tail, 70; culmen, 16; tarsus, 20. ‘* Habitat.—Panama.” (Original description.) Rhamphocelus inexpectatus Roruscuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xlii, Feb. 27, 1897, p. xxxii (Panama; coll. Tring Mus. ?). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 115 RAMPHOCELUS FESTAE Salvadori. FESTA’S TANAGER, Adult male.—Velvety black; lower back, rump, and upper tail- coverts scarlet; upper breast with a broad transverse semilunar band of dull red; sides tinged with red; anal feathers scarlet; bill plum- beous, feet black. Total length, 165; wing, 80; tail, 72; culmen, 15; tarsus, 22. Habitat.—Chiriqui, Central America. Similar to Ramphocelus passerinii, but much smaller, and distin- guished by the transverse band of red on upper breast, the sides tinged with red, and the anal feathers red. (Translation of original descrip- tion.) Rhamphocoelus festae Sauvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, xi, no. 249, July 4, 1896, 1 (Chiriqui; coll. Turin Mus.). RAMPHOCELUS DUNSTALLI Rothschild. DUNSTALL'S TANAGER, Adult male.—‘‘ Head, neck, and throat black, washed all over with a dull crimson flush. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brilliant crimson orange; these feathers with their basal halves white. Wing- coverts, wings, and tail black. Chest orange-crimson. Abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts rufous orange; the center of abdomen has the appearance of being intermixed with black, as the feathers ’ there have black instead of white bases, and a few also black tips. Thighs black. Wing, 80; tail, 73.7; tarsus, 20.3; culmen, 16.8. ‘Received from Mr. K. Dunstall, after whom I have named it. By the make of the skin it evidently came from Central America, and probably from Panama.” (Original description.*) Rhamphocoelus dunstalli Roruscuiup, Novit. Zool., ii, no. 4, Dec., 1895, 481 (Panama?; coll. Tring Mus. ). RAMPHOCELUS LUCIANI Lafresnaye. BONAPARTE'S TANAGER, Adult male.—Head and neck all round, upper part of chest, back, scgpulars, wings, tail, abdomen, and median portion of breast, chest, under wing-coverts, and axillars black, the neck (sometimes whole head also) and back more or less tinged with dusky red or maroon, some- times the whole head, neck, upper chest, and back wholly maroon, except on concealed portion of the feathers; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, under tail-coverts, and lateral portions of under side of body (broadly) uniform glossy scarlet or scarlet-vermilion; maxilla black; mandible pale bluish gray, with terminal third (approximately) black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 157.5-160 1The measurements converted from inches and tenths. 116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (158.8); wing, 78.7-81.3 (80); tail, 72.4-74.2 (73.2); exposed culmen, 14-14.5 (14.2); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1; tarsus, 21.6-22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 14.7-15.2 (15).} Adult female.—Head, neck, and upper chest uniform sepia brown; interscapulars, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts dusky, broadly margined with lighter sepia brown, the back tinged with tawny olive; greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices dusky, edged with light sepia brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts orpiment orange; under parts of body light buffy orange, slightly paler on abdomen, deeper (inclining to orpiment orange) on under tail-coverts; bill bluish gray basally, dusky terminally; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 152.4; wing, 79.8; tail, 72.4; exposed cul- men, 14.5; greatest width of mandibular rami, 3.8; tarsus, 21.6; mid- dle toe, 15.’ Northern Colombia (Cartagena) to Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill station, Panama Railroad). I have not been able to examine a specimen from the type locality of this species (Cartagena), but the original description applies fairly well to the Panama bird. The birds from eastern Peru, usually referred to this species, however, are very distinct, and should proba- bly bear the name Lamphocelus melanogaster Swainson.* Rhamphocelus luciani LarresnayR, Rev. Zool., i, Apr., 1838, 54 (Cartagena, Colom- bia; coll. Lafresnaye).—BonapaRte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 242.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 130 (monogr.; Cartagena); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 54.—Lawrenceg, Ann. Lyc. N.Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, PanamaR. R.). Tanagra (Rhamphocelus) luciani LarREsNAYE, Mag. de Zool., sér. 2, 1839, Ois., p. 1, pl. 2. Rhamphocelus luciani Savin and GopMaN, Biol.-Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1888, 284, part (Lion Hill; Colombia).—SciateEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 178, part (Panama; Colombia). R[amphopis] luciani Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363. RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS DIMIDIATUS Lafresnaye. CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER, Adult male.—Head, neck, upper chest, back, and scapulars plain dark crimson-maroon, the feathers gray basally and more or less broadly black medially, the subbasal black somewhat exposed on scap- ulars; wings and tail uniform black; lower back, rump, upper tail- coverts, and under parts of body (except abdomen) blood red; abdomen black; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray (paie blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 149.9- 154.9 (151.9);* wing, 75.7-81.3 (77.5); tail, 66.8-71.6 ‘69.1); exposed 1 Two specimens, both from Panama. ? One specimen, from Panama. * Ramphopis melanogaster Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 359 (Peru; coll. sir W. Hooker). *Six specimens. . BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 117 culmen, 12.7-15.2 (13.7); greatest width of mandibular rami, +.8-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 19.8-22.4 (20.6); middle toe, 13.5-15.2 (14). Adult female.—Head and neck uniform dark seal brown, darker (almost brownish black) on pileum and hindneck, the forehead and lores slightly tinged with dusky reddish; interscapulars and scapulars dusky centrally, broadly margined with dark brownish red or reddish brown; lower back, rump, and upper: tail-coverts brownish red (dull vermilion, coral red, or dull poppy red); wings and tail blackish brown, the wing-coverts with distinct brown or reddish brown edgings, the remiges and rectrices with narrower and less distinct edgings of the same, sometimes obsolete or altogether wanting; under parts of body and under tail-coverts dull brownish red; bill blackish, with mandibular rami grayish or brownish; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length, (skins), 145.3-163.6 (154.9); wing, 74.4-78.2 (76.2); tail, 66.3-74.7 (70.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-14.7 (14); greatest width of mandibular rami, 4.65.1 (4.8); tarsus, 20.3-21.8 (21.1); middle toe, 13-14.7 (14). Young.—Similar in color to adult female, but texture of plumage very different (loose and ‘‘ woolly”). Colombia (Bogota; Santa Marta; Cartagena; ete.*), northward along Caribbean coast to Chiriqui. Ramphocelus dimidiatus LarRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., sér. 7, 1837, classe ii, not: Ixxxi, pl. 81 (Cartagena, Colombia).—Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 242.—SciatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 129 (monogr.; Cartagena, Santa Marta, and Bogota, Colombia; Chiriqui?; Veragua ?; ‘‘ Nicaragua’’), 149 (Venezuela); 1858, 73 (Rio Napo, e. Ecua- dor); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 53; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Colombia).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, n. Colombia.—(?) Law- RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui).—Scuarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1870, 780 (do.).— (?) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187, part (Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui).—Wvyarr, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Colombia; descr. nest and eggs).— Rosinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Magdalena R. and Guaduas, Colombia).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia), 159 (Puebla Viejo, prov. Santa Marta), 179 (Palomina and San Miguel, prov. Santa Marta).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 168 (Cacagualito, prov. Santa Marta). 1Ten specimens. ?Seven specimens. *Specimens from central Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’’) average larger than those from the northern coast district, average measurements being as follows: re Ex- widt! ‘ . Middle ity. Wing.| Tail. | posed -]of man-| Tarsus. einai = culmen.} dibular toe. rami. Three adult males from Bogota..........--.------ 79.8 70.4 14.7 5.1 21.1 14.7 Seven adult males from Santa Marta and lower Magdalena River.............-.2--2--2-seeeeeeee 76.5 68.6 13.2 5.1 20.3 13.0 118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ramphocelus dimidiatus (?) Satvtn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138, part (David, Chiriqui).—Sciarer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 501 (Antioquia, Colombia). [Ramphocelus] dimidiatus Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part. Rhamphocelus dimidiatus Sauvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 283, part.—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 172 (San Antonio and Remedios, prov. Antioquia, etc., Colombia; Zulia, Venezuela, etc. ).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 191 (Bogota).—Brruepscu, Jour. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucaramanga, Colombia). R{hamphocelus] dimidiatus Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 25 (Colombia). Rhamphocelus dimidiatus Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ambalema and Ibague, centr. Colombia). R{amphopis] dimidiatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363. Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901, 150, in text. RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS ISTHMICUS Ridgway. PANAMA CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER. Similar to R. d. dimidiatus, but tail longer; adult male with colors less bright, the red not so pure, the black abdominal patch more brown; adult female with head and neck decidedly lighter brown and coloration in general decidedly lighter and duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 156.2-160 (158); wing, 78.7-79.2 (78.7); tail, 72.4-75.9 (73.9); exposed culmen, 13.5-14 (13.7); greatest width of mandibular rami, 4.8-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 20.3-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.5).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 152.4-170.7 (163.1); wing, 73.7- 78.7 (75.9); tail, 68.3-78.7 (72.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-15.2 (14.2); greatest width of mandibular rami, 4.3-4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 20.8-22.1 (21.3); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.5).? Isthmus of Panama (Frijole and Lion Hill stations, Panama Rail- road; Panama). Ramphocelus dimidiatus (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scrarer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill).—(?) Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187, part (Castillo, Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua). (?) Ramphocelus dimidiatus Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé, Veragua). Rhamphocelus dimidiatus Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). [Ramphocelus] dimidiatus ScuaTer and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part. Rhamphocelus dimidiatus Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 283, part (Paraiso Station, Panama, etc., Panama R. R.). Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 150 (Frijole Station, Panama R. R.; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). 1 Four specimens. 2 Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 119 RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS LIMATUS (Bangs). SAN MIGUEL TANAGER. Similar to &. d. ¢sthinicus, but smaller; adult male with head, neck, and back lighter crimson-maroon, lesser and middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with crimson-maroon, greater coverts and _tertials edged with a duller shade of the same, dusky of abdomen more restricted, sometimes obsolete; adult female similar in coloration to R. d. esthmicus, but averaging rather paler and decidedly smaller, especially the tail. Adult male.—Length (skins), 148.6-152.4 (151.1); wing, 75.7-78.7 (77); tail, 64-69.3 (67.1); exposed culmen, 13.2-14.7 (13.7); greatest width of mandibular rami, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 19.1-20.8 (20.1); mid- dle toe, 13-14 (13.2).* Adult JSemale.—Length (skins), 146. 1-147.3 (146.6); wing, 73.2-75.7 (74.4); tail, 64.8-68.6 (66.5); exposed culmen, 14-14.7 (14.2); greatest width of inducible rami, 4.1-4.6 (4.3); fare, 19.8-20.6 (20.1); mid- dle toe, 12.4-13.2 (12.7). Island of San Miguel, Bay of Panama. Rhamphocelus limatus Banas, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 31 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Hause, RAMPHOCELUS UROPYGIALIS Bonaparte. MAROON-HEADED TANAGER, Adult male.—“‘Above brownish black; lower part of rump and upper tail-coverts bright crimson; head and neck all round dark crimson; abdomen bright crimson, with a central patch on the belly and slight flammulations on the sides black; thighs black; bill black; lower man- dible except the tip bluish white; feet brown; whole length, 172.7; wing, 83.8; tail, 78.7.° “‘ Habitat.—Guatemala. ‘* This species is most like &. luctand, but at once recognizable by the biood-red uropygium and upper tail-coverts, the rest of the back being dark brownish black. The type specimen is at present unique.” (Sclater.) (?) Ramphocelus afinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., iii, 1840, 1 (Mexico). (?) R[amphocelus] afinis Lesson, Rev. Zool., iii, 1840, 133 (Colombia; fuller description) . Ramphocelus uropygialis Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Apr., 1851, 178 (Guatemala; coll. P. L. Sclater); Note sur les Tang., 1851, 29. = Scare, 1 Seven specimens. 2 Two specimens. 3 Measurements converted from inches and tenths. 120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 130 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 54; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 79 (Guatemala).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1866, 193. [Ramphocelus] uropygialis ScLavER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21. Rhamphocelus uropygialis Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 284, pl. 18, fig. 2.—Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 173 (Guatemala). Genus PHLOGOTHRAUPIS Sclater and Salvin. Phlogothraupis! ScuaTErR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21,155. (Type, Tana- gra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson. ) Similar to Ramphocelus, but bill different and sexes alike in color. Culmen broad, rounded, not ridged; maxilla deeper than mandible, its tip slightly uncinate but not notched; mandibular rami much shorter than gonys, truncate posteriorly. Wing rather long (about four and one-third times as long as tarsus), but rounded, as in Ramphocelus. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices rather broader and more pointed at tips than in Ramphocelus. Coloration.—Black, with broad ring around neck (widening on chest) and extending over top of head to center of forehead), and tail-coverts blood-red; bill pale blue or bluish white. Range.—Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. (Monotypic.) PHLOGOTHRAUPIS SANGUINOLENTA (Lesson). CRIMSON-COLLARED TANAGER. Adults (sees alike).—General color deep black, with a faint bluish gloss, most apparent on back, scapulars, and margins of wing-coverts; occiput, greater part of crown, hindneck, sides of neck, entire chest, lower rump, and upper and under tail-coverts, blood red; under wing- coverts vermilion red; bill pale grayish blue in life, whitish basally, dark grayish terminally, in dried skins; iris red;? legs and feet grayish dusky (in dried skins). Young (first plumage).—Sooty black, without gloss; blood-red areas of the adult replaced by more broken areas of brownish red or dull vermilion, the chest with only scattered feathers with broad red tips; under wing-coverts pale brownish red; bill pale horn-color (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 160-186.7 (174.8); wing, 85.9-94.2 (88.6); tail, 72.1-82 (79); exposed culmen, 15.2-17 (15.5); depth of bill at base, 8.4-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.8); middle toe, 15.2- 17.3 (16.3).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 166.4-193 (178.8); wing, 83.1-88.9 (87.4); tail, 72.4-81.3 (79); exposed culmen, 15-15.7 (15.5); depth of 1“ Bdoyos, flamma et Soaadx1s, nom. propr.”’ °C. C. Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 400. ’ Eleven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 20.8-22.1 (21.6); middle toe, 16.5 (16).? 121 15.2- Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Cordova, Valle Real, Motzorongo, etc.), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente), and Tabasco (Teapa) southward through Central America to Costa Rica (Cartago, Navarro de Cartago, Angostura, Orosi, San Carlos, Sarapiqui, etc.). Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 107, pl. 39 (Mexico). T{achyphonus] sanguinolentus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 365. [Ramphocelus] sanguinolentus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 242. R{hamphocelus] sanguinolentus Cazanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 26 (Mexico). Ramphocelus sanguinolentus Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 182 (monogr.; Valle Real and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Coban, Guatemala; Camalacan R., near Truxillo, Honduras), 303 (Cordova); 1859, 59 (Honduras and Guatemala), 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 377 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 56; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 80 (Honduras; Vera Cruz).—Scuarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859,16 (coast Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 278 (Mosquito coast, Nicaragua); 1870,836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Peten, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc., N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Navarro and Type now in collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 165 Laguna, Naranjo, and Navarro, Costa Rica).—Satvix and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 315.—Brruepscn, Journ, fir. Orn., 1884, 293 (Bucaramanga, Colombia; crit.) —Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 513.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (La Palma de San José and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Sanvanort, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xii, 1897, 6 (San Lorenzo, Argentina). [Chlorospingus] albitemporalis Scuvrer and Satvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 24, part. Ch{lorospingus] ophthalmicus (not .Lrremon ophthatmicus Du Bus) Canants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 139, footnote (Colombia). [Pipilopsis] ophthalmicns Boxxpanry, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 485, part (Colombia). CHLOROSPINGUS PILEATUS Salvin. SOOTY-CAPPED CHLOROSPINGUS, Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, auricular region, suborbital region, and lores dark sooty slate-color or very dark sooty brown; a conspicuous broad white stripe beginning above eye (but separated from it hy a narrow space of dusky) and extending backward ‘to sides of hindneck; rest of upper parts plain olive- green; malar region, chin, and throat white, or grayish white, the lower margin of the former marked with a dusky streak, the adjacent portion of the throat faintly flecked with dusky; rest of under parts light yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowish, the median portion of breast and abdomen grayish white; bill black; legs and feet horn color (in dried skin). Adult male.—Length (skins), 133-143 (138); wing, 67-72 (69.6); tail, 58-63.5 (61.1); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6-6.5 (6.2); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.7); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.8).! sldult female.—Length (skins), 180-139 (135); wing, 62.5-72.5 (67.4); tail, 56-64 (59.7); exposed culmen, J1.5-12 (11.8); depth of bill at base, 6.5; tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.5); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).” Young.—Head as in adults, but the dusky color duller and the white stripe on sides of occiput and nape less purely white and less sharply defined; back, etce., much duller and grayer olive-green; under parts mostly pale grayish, the sides and flanks slightly tinged with light olive-green, the chest very faintly tinged with pale buffy olive and obsoletely streaked laterally with grayish; throat, etc., as in adults, but more grayish; mandible wholly light colored (buffy whitish in dried skins), and maxilla with pale edge, except toward end. Highlands of Costa Rica (Volean de Cartago; Volcan de Jvazi; Volean de Pods; Rancho Redondo; Pirris), and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). Chlorospingus pileatus SALvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 581 (Volcan de Car- tago, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Lawrencs, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. 1Seven specimens (five from Chiriqui, two from Costa Rica). 2 Five specimens from Chiriqui. 166 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 316, pl. 22, fig. 2 (Irazti, Pods, and Rancho Re- dondo, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 412 (Pirris, Costa Rica; descr. young, etc.).—Scuartrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 241.—ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).—Cuprriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 531 (Volean de Irazi and Volcan de Pods, Costa Rica; descr. young). [ Chlorospingus] pileatus SCLATER and Satyrx, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. CHLOROSPINGUS PUNCTULATUS Sclater and Salvin. YELLOW-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS. Adults (sexes al/iv).—Head, except throat, very dark sooty brown, inclining to brownish black on pileum, the hindneck and sides of neck similar but paler and tinged with brownish olive; an elongated white postocular spot, involving posterior half or less of upper eyelid; rest of upper parts yellowish olive-green; chin and throat yellow (the former much paler and duller), thickly flecked with blackish brown or dusky; abdomen white or dull yellowish white; rest of under parts grading from bright wax yellow or dull saffron yellow on upper chest to lighter and clearer yellow on lower chest, and into yellowish olive- green or deep olive-yellow on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts; maxilla black, mandible more brownish; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Adult (matle?).—Wing, 64; tail, 54.1; exposed culmen, 12.7; depth of bill at base, 6.9; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 13.5.7 Adult female.—W ing, 63.5; tail, 53.3; exposed culmen, 12.2; tarsus, 24.4; middle toe, 12.7.” Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu) and Panama (Cascajal). Chlorospingus punctulalus SCLATER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 440 (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satviy, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Cordillera de] Chucu).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 316, pl. 22, fig. 1.—Scuarsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 241. ; [Chlorospingus] punctulatus ScLaTER and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. CHLOROSPINGUS OLIVACEICEPS Underwood. OLIVE-CROWNED CHLOROSPINGUS. Similar to C. canigular’s Lafresnaye,’ but distinguished by having the pileum olivaceous, concolor with the back. To-al length 197, culmen 11.4, wing 66, tail 52.1, tarsus 19.1. (Translation of original description.) Eastern Costa Rica (Carrillo, near Volcan de Irazi). Chlorospingus olivaceiceps UNDERwoop, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. lv., June 30, 1898, p. lix (Carrillo, Costa Rica; type —-——?). ' One specimen, from Cascajal, province Coclé, Panama; not sexed, but probably a male. ? One specimen, from Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua. * Tachyphonus canigularis Latresnaye, Rev. Zool., xi, 1848, 11.—Chlorospingus cani- gularis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 180; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 242. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 167 CHLOROSPINGUS HYPOPH US Sclater and Salvin DRAB-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS. Adults (sexes alike).—Above, including pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, and auricular region, plain olive-green; lores, suborbital region, and malar region pale gray; chin very pale grayish buffy; throat, dull yellow (light ocher yellow or wax yellow); chest, sides, and danke pale grayish brown, the first tinged with butty; fuller tail-coverts light olive, margined with paler and slightly tinged with pale yellowish; rest of under parts pale gray, becoming white on lower abdomen and anal region; maxilla dusky, mandible pile horn color (in dried skins) with tip more dusky; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 180-133 (181); wing, 74.4-80 (77.1); tail, 50-55.4 (53.1); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.6) depth of bill at base, 7-7.1; tarsus, 21-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-15 (14).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 136-141 (138); wing, 78.5-81.5 (80); tail, 55-59 (57); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 7-7.1; tarsus, 21-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-15 (14).” Veragua (Calovevora; Chitra; Boquete de Chitra). Chlorospingus hypopheus ScLATER and SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 389 (Calovevora, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 188 (Calovevora, Chitra, and Boquete de Chitra, Veragua).— Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 317, pl. 22, fig. 3.— Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 243. [Chiorospingus] hypopheus ScLATER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. Genus MITROSPINGUS Ridgway. Mitrospingus Ripaway, Auk, xv, no. 3, July, 1898, 225. (Type, Tachyphonus cassint Lawrence. ) Nearest to Hucometis, but bill much longer (nearly as long as head), nostril very different, wing more rounded, tarsi relatively longer, claws stronger, occipital feathers very short (instead of the reverse), and style of coloration very different. Exposed culmen three-fourths as long as tarsus, or more, gently convex except terminally, where strongly decurved; gonys decidedly shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, nearly straight; maxillary tominm slightly concave, decidedly but gradually deflected basally; slightly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight to near base where gently deflected; depth of bill at base decidedly less than half the length of exposed culmen, not much greater than basal width. Nostril exposed, narrow, longitudinal, with very broad supe- rior membrane. Rictal bristles not obvious. Wing moderate (about 1Four specimens, two from Chiriqui, two from Veragua; one of the latter not sexed, but, being the larger of the two, doubtless a male. ?Two specimens, from Volcan de Chiriqui (Caribbean slope). 168 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. three and one-third times as long as tarsus), much rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than second aries); primaries exceeding secondaries by a little more than half the length of exposed culmen. ‘Tail nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices moder- ately broad, with rather pointed tips. Tarsus a little longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; bind claw shorter than its digit. Occipital feathers very short. Coloration.—Above plain dark grayish brown, beneath, together with a shield-shaped patch covering crown and occiput, yellowish olive; rest of head black, paling into grayish on throat. PRange.—Costa Rica to western Ecuador. (Monotypic.) MITROSPINGUS CASSINI (Lawrence). CASSIN'S TANAGER, Adults (sexes alike).—Occiput and median part of crown yellowish olive-green, forming a triangular patch (with apex on anterior portion of crown); forehead, lores, superciliary region, auricular region, part of malar region, and chin grayish black; throat gray, sometimes tinged with brownish; hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts and lesser wing-coverts deep grayish olive, the bindneck more grayish, the back and upper tail-coverts slightly tinged with olive-green; wings and tail similar but slightly more brownish; under parts of body bright yellowish olive-green, brightest or most yellowish on chest, duller and more olive on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts russet- olive, more or less tinged with tawny; under wing-coverts and axillars light brownish gray; maxilla brownish black or blackish brown with paler tomium; mandible wholly light colored; iris brown;* legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Young.—Much duller in color than the adult, with none of the yel- lowish olive-green on top of the head, which is the same color as the back, with a very faint tinge of olive on the occiput; breast and sides merely tinged with olive-green, the middle line of the breast and belly being dull brownish buff, the under tail-coverts browner; forehead and lores less black than in the adult. Otherwise the general colora- tion is similar to that of the adult. Adult male.—Length (skins), 167.6-172.7 (170.9); wing, 82-85.1 (83.8); tail, 71.6—-74.4 (78.4); exposed culmen, 17-18.5 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.6 (8.4); tarsus, 24.4-95.1 (24.9); middle toe, 16.5- 17.3 (16.8).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 162.6-172.7 (169.2); wing, 85.6-88.9 (86.9); tail, 75.2-78.2 (76.5); exposed culmen, 18-18.3; depth of bill 1Heyde, manuscript. *Three specimens, all from Isthmus of Panama. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169 at base, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 23.6-27.2 (25.1); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.5).* Costa Rica (Angostura; Jiménez) and southward through western Colombia to western Ecuador (Guayaquil). Tachyphonus, sp., Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1860, 142 ‘Rio Truando, n. Colombia). Tachyphonus cassinii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence); ix, 1868, 101 (Angostura, Custa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 299 (Costa Rica). Eucometis cassinti Scuarer and Sarvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351, pl. 30 (Lion Hill).—Satyin, Proc. Zool. Suc. Lond., 1867, 139 (Santiago, Veragua). Eucometis cassini ScLateR and Sarvin, Proc. Zool. Svc. Lond., 1879, 503 (Neche, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).—Sarvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 307.—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 219.—ZeLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Costa Rica).—Rimeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 473 (Jiménez, Costa Rica; descr. young). [Eucometis] cassini SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 23. Mitrospingus cassini Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 29 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). Family ICTERID®. THE TROUPIALS.,? Nine-primaried, conirostral, acutiplantar Oscines without obvious rictal bristles.* Bill very variable as to relative length and thickness, but never con- spicuously longer than the head and always more or less conical and acute; usually with nearly straight outlines, but sometimes with the tip rather strongly, but never (except in some Qu/scali) abruptly, decurved; its depth at base never equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, and the gonys always more or less shorter than the same measurement; culmen usually more or less elevated basally, some- times expanded or swollen into a conspicuous ‘‘ frontal shield” or "Three specimens, all from Isthmus of Panama. An adult female from Guayaquil is smaller than any of the Panama specimens, measuring as follows: Wing, 83.6; tail, 71.9; exposed culmen, 17.3; depth of bill at base, 8.1; tarsus, 26.2; middle toe, 16.8. I can detect no differences in coloration. °A satisfactory vernacularname for this family has hitherto been wanting. The group has been known by the name of Hang-nests, but only species of certain genera build pensile nests; as the American Orioles or American Starlings, on account of super- ficial resemblance of only a very small percentage of its members to the Old World Orioles (Oriolidee) and Starlings (Sturnide). Other names which have been used, either for the group as a whole or for particular genera, as Grackle, Crow Blackbird, etc., are equally nondistinctive or of limited pertinence. The name Troupial, which is here adopted, has more general applicability than any other term, with possibly the exception of Cacique, but it seems best to restrict the latter to the group to which it specially belongs. ’These are faintly developed, however, in the oropendolas and caciques (genera Ocyalus, Clypicterus, Zarhynchus, Gymnostinops, Cacicus, etc. ). 170 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ““casque,” or if not so developed the mesorhinium often distinctly flat- tened, with its edges sharply defined. Commissure strongly and usually abruptly deflexed for the basal portion, the maxillary tomium never notched near tip. Nostrils never concealed, though sometimes (as in the genus Molothrus) the feathering of the loral antiz extends beneath them and covers the membrane immediately behind them; sometimes (in the oropendolas and caciques) bored directly into the horny rhino- theca, but usually situated ina more or less well-defined nasal fossa and overhung by a more or less distinct (sometimes prominent and corneous) membrane or operculum. Rictal bristles altogether obso- lete or (in oropendolas and caciques) very faintly developed. Wing very variable; usually with the tip moderately produced and subtruncate, in one genus (Cuvss/div) long (several times exceeding length of cul- men) and the outermost (ninth) primary Jongest—in another (Ambly- cercus) the longest primaries scarcely extending beyond the secondaries and the outermost (ninth) primary shorter than the innermost (first); tertials produced beyond secondaries only in some terrestrial genera (Sturnella, Trupialis, Letstes, and Dolichonyx); outer webs of two to five (eighth to seventh or fourth) primaries sinuated; inner webs very variable, often not obviously sinuated, usually slightly so, sometimes (in TMoluquiscalus and Cullothrus) the middle portion expanded (toothed in Callothrus); longer primaries sometimes (as in Zarhynchus) attenuated terminally. Tail variable as to relative length, form of tip, and shape of rectrices; always more than half as long as wing, never conspicu- ously longer than wing, never forked nor emarginate, usually more or less rounded, sometimes double-rounded, occasionally (in Qu/scalz) graduated and plicate;* usually the rectrices (always twelve in num- ber) are of nearly equal width throughout, but sometimes (in Quéscali and Agelad?) are wider terminally or (in some of the Cacici, and in Sturnella) narrower terminally; in one genus (Dolichonyx) they are abrubtly acuminate and rigid at tips, another genus (Zeéstes) show- ing a slight approach to this character. Acrotarsium always dis- tinctly scutellate, the divisions six to eight in number (the uppermost usually short and frequently hidden by overlapping feathers of the tibia); length of middle toe and claw usually about equal to or slightly shorter than the tarsus, never much longer nor conspicuously shorter; claws of lateral toes usually reaching about to base of middle claw, sometimes slightly beyond, in one genus (Xanthocephalus) considera- bly beyond, sometimes (in Sturnella, Truptalis, Leistes, Xanthopsar and most of the Qu/scv/7) falling decidedly short; hallux not longer than lateral toes (except in Sturned/a), usually a little shorter, frequently 1 This form of the tail in the Quiscali is, so far as known, unique among birds; the two halves of the tail are, at the bird’s control, capable of being folded together so that the edges are raised above-the median line and brought more or less closely together, a transverse section being V-shaped. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 171 decidedly so; equal to or slightly exceeding in length the combined length of basal and middle phalanges of middle toe. The absence of obvious rictal bristles is the only external character that I am able to discover which will serve to distinguish the Icteride, asa group, from the Fringillide. It is truc that none of the Icteride have the bill notched (i. c., the maxillary tomium notched subtermi- nally), but neither do many genera of Fringillide. With the latter group the Icteride agree in the following characters: (1) The strongly deflexed or angulated rictal portion of the com- missure (not always found in Fringillide, however). (2) The abortion of the first primary. (3) The complete, or nearly complete, separation of the basal pha- lanx of the middle toe from that of the inner toe (being united to the outer toe by about half the length of the basal phalanx, as in Corvide and other groups). (£) In having the planta tarsi closely joined along their anterior edge to the acrotarsium, and with only the extreme lower portion divided. In both groups the inner plate of the planta tarsi is depressed con- spicuously below the level of the acrotarsium, the posterior margin of which stands out as a prominent ridge (more conspicuously so than in most Corvidee), and those of opposite sides are in close contact along their posterior margin, forming a sharp posterior edge to the tarsus. In both groups the proportionate length of the toes themselves and the relative development and curvature of the claws varies considerably and to about the same extent. From the Sturnide and the Ploceide, which are undoubtedly, next to the Fringillide, the most nearly allied groups, the Icteride may be distinguished by the complete abortion of the first primary, both of those groups being ‘‘ ten-primaried.” From the Corvidw, the Icteride may be distinguished by more numerous characters, among which may be mentioned (1) the posses- sion of only nine obvious primaries; (2) the absence of obvious rictal bristles, and (8) the undivided lower portion of the planta tarsi. Although so nearly allied to the Fringillide that only a single exter- nal character seems available for its diagnosis, the Ictcride neverthe- less constitute « well-circumscribed group, there being not a single genus whose proper reference to it can be seriously questioned. At the same time it is a group presenting most extreme types of teleological development or adaptive modification, the strictly arboreal oropendolas and caciques (genera Gymnostinops, Zarhynchus, Clypicterus, Cacicus, ete.) representing one extreme and the terrestrial meadowlarks (Stwrnella, Trupialis, and Le?stes) the other, peculiar specializations being manifested in the boat-tailed Qu/scal/ and spiny-tailed Dol/- chonye. With its limited representation in North America it would 172 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. not be difficult to divide the group into several sharply circumscribed and easily characterized lesser groups; this has been attempted for the family as a whole, and the ‘‘subfamilies” Cassicine, Ageleine, Sturnelline, Icterine, and Quiscalinee have long been adopted, even by the latest authority."| A careful comparison of all the forms, however, will soon convince one that such a subdivision can not be maintained, the different supposed groups running into one another so gradually that any subdivision of the family is most likely to be more or less arbitrary. So far as 1am able to discover, only two genera stand out prominently from all the rest, these being Sturnella and Dolichonyz; yet each of these is obviously related to other genera—Sturnella to Trupialis, and this, through Leistes, obviously leading to the Agelaiine type, the latter through Jcterus to Cucicus, and this in turn to the opposite extreme from Sturneflu, the larger caciques or oropendolas (Gymnost/nops, Zarhynchus, ete.). The two ‘lateral offshoots” repre- sented by Dolichonyx and the typical Qudscali (genera Qudscalus, LToloquiscalus, and Megaquiscalus) ave both obviously connected with the more generalized types, though Julichonyx evidently shows points of relationship to the Sturnelline end of the series. The following arrangement of the genera is far from satisfactory to the author, but is the best he has been able to make without a far greater amount of time than is at his disposal, together with a careful study of internal characters, not now practicable on account of absence of the necessary material. While not entirely natural, the key has been prepared to show as nearly as can be in a linear arrangement, what appears to be the most natural sequence of the genera, without obscuring the characters which serve to most readily identify them. The Icteridee comprise birds of most various habits. Some are strictly arboreal, and if placed upon the ground are almost incapable of progression; others are terrestrial (though more or less frequently alighting on trees and sometimes nesting there), and walk upon the ground with the grace and dignity of a crow or starling; many inhabit reedy marshes, and these usually nest in large colonies. The oropendolas (genera Ocyalus, Clypicterus, Zarhynchus, Gymnostinops, and Osti- nops) and caciques (genera Cacicus and Casseculus*) also nest in colonies, but instead of building an open cup-shaped nest attached to the upright stems of aquatic plants, attach their long pensile nests to the extremi- ties of branches of tall forest trees. The ‘‘ American Orioles” (genus Icterus) also build pensile nests, but, usually at least, are not gregarious. Many species are remarkable either for the fullness and richness or other remarkable character of their notes, some of them being song- sters of high merit, while others utter only the most harsh and dis- cordant sounds. Some genera (Afoluthrus, Callothrus, and Cassidiz) 'Pp. L, Sclater in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, pp. 308-405. * The nesting habits of Amblycercus are apparently unknown. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 173 are parasitic, like the European cuckoo, always laying their eggs in the nests of other birds. The plumage varies from uniform black (sometimes with brilliant metallic gloss) or somber brown to the most showy combinations of yellow, orange, or scarlet, and black. The group is peculiar to America and is essentially Neotropical. Nearly one hundred and fifty species are known, belonging to more than thirty genera, of which by far the larger number are represented only in South America. KEY TO THE GENERA OF ICTERIDZ. a. Three to five primaries (the eighth to sixth or fourth inclusive) with outer webs sinuated; rectrices not acuminate; wing-tip less than twice as long as culmen (or else mesorhinium very broad, one-fourth as wide as length of culmen); middle toe with claw little if any longer than tarsus (or else tarsi very stout and plumage entirely black), usually shorter; middle toe with claw shorter than its terminal phalanx; hallux with its claw shorter than the digit. b. Nostrils without superior membrane or operculum, or if with the latter the operculum completely coalesced with the mesorhinium. c. Nostrils bored directly into the rhinotheca, the nasal fosse completely oblit- erated; neck without ruff. (Cacici.) d. Middle pair of rectrices decidedly shorter than the next pair and different in color from outer rectrices; rump neither scarlet, orange-red, nor yellow, and if black the tail partly yellow; nostrils much below lateral median line of maxilla. (‘‘ Oropendolas.’’) e. Frontal shield very broad, its width decidedly greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla -.-...--..---------------- Zarhynchus (p. 175) ee. Frontal shield narrow, its width decidedly less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. f. Cheeks and sides of throat naked; wing-tip short, less than length of GUIMEN? 2 t4ecccnrercns av nee ceaenienes: eases Gymnostinops (p. 178) Jf. Whole head normally feathered; wing-tip long, much exceeding length Of CUlMeN <2 ss cece nidcenseeee scsesseecte eee see ssy Ostinops (p. 183) dd. Middle pair of rectrices not shorter than next pair, or else the tail uni- colored (black); rump scarlet, orange-red, or yellow, or else whole plumage black; nostrils not conspicuously below lateral median line of maxilla. (‘‘ Caciques.’’ ) ¢. Particolored (black, with patches of scarlet, orange-red, or yellow); wing more pointed, the outermost (ninth) primary not shorter than inner- most (first)—usually much longer. f. Not conspicuously, if at all, crested; ninth primary shorter than fifth. Cacicus (p. 186) ff. Conspicuously crested; ninth primary longer than fifth..........-.-. ‘ Cassiculus (p. 190) ee. Unicolored (black); wing more rounded, the ninth primary shorter than frie sich ses snosreeee bees ees cde cee Amblycercus (p. 192) ce. Nostrils in anterior end of well-defined nasal fossze, but the latter otherwise completely filled by feathering of the loral antize; neck ruffed. ( Cassidices. ) Cassidix (p. 196) bb. Nostrils with more or less distinct superior operculum or membrane. c. Hallux not longer than lateral anterior toes; middle phalanx of middle toe shorter than terminal phalanx; outer toe (without claw) reaching to or beyond second (subterminal) joint of middle toe. 174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. d. Longest tertials not produced beyond secondaries; outer toe (without claw) reaching beyond subterminal joint of middle toe. ¢c. Nostril small, roundish, much encroached upon beneath by feathering of the loral antize; parasitic. (Molothri.) f. Neck ruffed laterally and behind (as in Cassidix); inner webs of three outer primaries abruptly emarginated and angularly toothed; plumage of neck, breast, etc., peculiar (hair-like) -....._.. Callothrus (p. 200) if. Neck not ruffed; inner webs of primaries only slightly sinuated; plumage of neck, breast, etc., normal (blended)..-.-..-..- Molothrus (p. 205) ec. Nostril larger, narrower, more or less linear, oblong, or subcuneate, well forward of the loral antie; nonparasitic. f. Culmen more or less strongly and abruptly decurved terminally, or else (1) bill stout and obtuse and ninth primary shorter than second, or (2) culmen less than one-fifth as long as tail, the latter longer than wing and much graduated. (Quiscali.) g. Ninth primary not shorter than third, usually longer. h. Tail plicate! and graduated (distance between tips of lateral and middle rectrices greater, usually much more, than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla). i. Median palatal ridge truncated, angulated, and highest ante- TOP Vic caie crm xine washer teweaeemee ke Quiscalus (p. 212) ai. Median palatal ridge beveled anteriorly, highest in middle. j. Graduation of tail less than one-third (about one-fourth) its length; tail much shorter than wing. ..Holoqniscalus (p. 222) jj. Graduation of tail more than one-third its length; tail nearly as long as wing (sometimes longer) ..Megaquiscalus (p. 233) hh. Tail not plicate, slightly rounded or nearly even, the difference between tips of lateral and middle rectrices less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. i. Ninth primary equal to sixth or longer; plumage of neck and chest normal (smooth); bill more slender, its depth at base decidedly less than length of gonys...-- Scolecophagus (p. 244) ii. Ninth primary shorter than sixth (equal to fifth); plumage of neck and chest peculiar (hair-like); bill stouter, its depth at base nearly equal to length of gonys........ Ptiloxena (p. 251) gg. Ninth primary shorter than second..............--- Dives (p. 253) Jf. Culmen nearly straight, or if obviously decurved terminally the curve very gradual and the bill slender and acute. g. Nasal fossee broader and more rounded anteriorly, with nasal opercu- lum larger; tarsi and toes relatively shorter and stouter; arboreal. (Cle d ch eer een ae ea Oe ee NED Te Re Icterus (p. 255) gg- Nasal fossee narrower, sometimes obtusely angled, anteriorly, with nasal operculum smaller; tarsi and toes relatively longer and more slender; terrestrial and paludicoline. (Agelaii.) h. Ninth primary not longer than sixth (usually shorter); lateral claws not reaching beyond base of middle claw. 1Capable of having the lateral halves folded together, the outer edges upward, so that a transverse section would be V-shaped. This character is very strongly marked in Quiscalus, Holoquiscalus, and Megaquiscalus, and possibly the group Quiscali should be restricted to these genera. Unfortunately this character is not evident in dried skins, and therefore we are as yet ignorant as to whether it exists in Pseudaglaus, Macragleus,and Lampropsar. It certainly does not in Scolecophagus and Pliloxena, and probably not in Dives. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 175 i. Length of culmen much less than difference between length of wing and length of tail-....-..-.--.--..-..- Agelaius (p. 319) ii, Length of culmen much greater than difference between length of wing and length of tail._..-.222.-.-2.-.---- Nesopsar (p. 344) hh. Ninth primary longest or equal to longest; lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle claw -...-...--. Xanthocephalus (p. 346) dd. Longest tertials produced beyond tips of adjacent secondaries; outer toe (without claw) not reaching beyond subterminal joint of middle toe. (CLVUPUMCS:): waanee se naemarmecaerse ceases aceteencecs Leistes (p. 350) ec. Hallux much longer than lateral anterior toes; middle phalanx of middle toe longer than terminal phalanx; outer toe (without claw) not reaching to second (subterminal) joint of middle toe. (Stumvella.) Sturnella (p. 353) aa. Only two primaries (the eighth and seventh) with outer web sinuated; rectrices conspicuously acuminate; wing-tip more than twice as long as culmen; middle toe, with claw, much longer than tarsus; claw of middle toe longer than the terminal phalanx; hallux with its claw longer than the digit. (Dolichony- COS) eld este ae wi na roa nae a a ata eri Arend int tle ele stele 2 Dolichonyx (p. 369) Genus ZARHYNCHUS Oberholser. . Eucorystes' (not of Bell, 1862) Scuarer, Ibis, 5th ser., i, Apr., 1883, 147. (Type, Cacicus wagleri Gray ). Zarhynchus? Opernoiser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 215. (For Eucorystes, preoccupied. ) Large arboreal Icteride with the bill much longer than the head, much swollen basally, forming a broad rounded frontal shield; the primaries long and attenuated terminally; coloration glossy black and dark chestnut, the tail mostly yellow. Bill much longer than head, elongate-conical, declinate, acute, much swollen basally, its depth at base decidedly less than half the length of culmen, decidedly less than length of gonys, its basal width about one- third the length of culmen, or a little less; culmen straight or nearly so in middle portion, gently decurved terminally, more or less arched and sometimes slightly elevated basally where broadly expanded, form- ing a rounded frontal shield, the posterior end of which reaches as far backward as middle of eye, its greatest width equal to about half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; gonys nearly straight, decid- edly shorter than distance from nostril to trp of maxilla; mandibular rami much widened and swollen posteriorly, the posterior outline oblique, slightly convex; commissure nearly straight, but slightly decurved both basally and terminally. Nostrils situated much below the lateral median line of the maxilla, small, broadly oval or roundish, bored into the horny rhinotheca, beveled off anteriorly, and separated distinctly from the loral feathering. Wing long (about three and one- third times length of culmen), with long and pointed tip (much longer than culmen); outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between fifth and fourth, the seventh, or seventh and sixth, longest; four outer primaries 1“ Fd, bené, et KopuvdTns, galeatus.”’ 2 From Ca, valde, and vy xos, rostrum. 176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. attenuated terminally, especially the outermost, which is ab.uptly emarginated on inner web. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, rounded or slightly graduated, with the middle pair of rectricesabruptly shorter than the next (intermediate between second and third from out- side), the rectrices contracted terminally and obtusely pointed. Tarsus nearly as long as maxilla from nostril, stout, the upper portion covered by projecting tibial feathers, the anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe with claw reaching alittle beyond base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux decidedly shorter than lateral toes but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. A sparse crest of very narrow elongated feathers springing from middle of crown. Coloration.—Back, scapulars, wings, middle pair of rectrices, breast, abdomen, and thighs black, more or less glossy; tail (except middle pair of rectrices) yellow; rest of plumage dark chestnut; bill light colored. - Range.—Southern Mexico to Venezuela and northwestern Peru. (Monotypic.) ZARHYNCHUS WAGLERI WAGLERI (Gray). WAGLER’S OROPENDOLA. Adult male.—Head, neck, and upper chest dark chestnut-brown or seal brown, somewhat darker on the crown and slender crest-feathers, the plumage pure white basally; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, the feathers broadly margined with glossy greenish black (more narrowly on the greater coverts); rest of wings, together with upper chest, breast, and upper abdomen uniform black, more or less strongly glossed with bluish green; flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep chestnut or chocolate brown, the Jower abdomen similar but rather lighter; anal region and under tail-coverts light chestnut; thighs dull black, usually more or less tinged with chestnut; tail clear chrome yellow, the middle pair of rectrices black, except at extreme base, the outermost pair with outer web blackish; bill pale greenish yellow (sometimes drying dusky or olive), usually showing some olive or dusky on terminal half of mandible; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky; length (skins), 334-381 (349.5); wing, 188-228.1 (214.1); tail, 121.4-136.7 (131.6); culmen, 65.5-71.1 (68.1); depth of bill at base, 26.7-29 (27.9); greatest width of frontal shield, 19.8-22.4 (21.3); tarsus, 38.4-£1.1 (39.6); middle toe, 28.5-32.5 (29.7). Adult female.—Much smaller than the male; similar in coloration, but black of breast, etc., less intense, less glossy, blending gradually into the deep chestnut of adjoining parts; bill darker; length (skins), 251.5-289.6 (267.7); wing, 149.1-156.2 (152.9); tail, 94.7-105.4 (101.6) Eleven specimens (basal depth of bill measured in only four). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 177 culmen, 48.3-53.3 (51.3); depth of bill at base, 22.6-23.9 (23.1); width of frontal shield, 15.2-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 31.5-33.3 (32.8); middle toe, 93.1-25.4 (23.6).1 Young.—Similar to adult female, but colors duller and bill light brownish. Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido) to Colombia (Pocune; Ner- cua; Rio Truando); Venezuela; western Ecuador (Balzar Mountains; Foreste del Rio Peripa)‘; northwestern Peru (Piura) ?? C[acicus] wagleri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 342 (neither type locality nor loca- tion of type given).* Cacicus wagleri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, pl. 84. [Ocyalus] waglert Bonapartn, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 427 (Venezuela) .—ScLaTer and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 35, part. Ocyalus wagleri Scrater, Proc. Zool. Sov. Lond., 1855, 153 (Bogota).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 138 (Rio Truando and Rio Nercua, n. Colom- bia).—Scnarer and Sanviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 508, pl. 43, fig. 3 (near Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).— Cazanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 9 (Costa Rica).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Chitra and Calobre, Vera- gua); Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Lawrencz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Turrialba, and San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Frantztus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).— Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (Orozi, San Carlos, and Naranjo, Costa Rica).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 393 (near Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica).—Zetepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. Cassicus wagleri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 72, part (Central America; Colombia) . Eucorystes wagleri Scuarer, Ibis, Apr., 1883, 147, part (monogr.; Chontales, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Veragua; Colombia; Balzar Mts., w. Ecuador); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 312, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Tucurrique, Costa Rica; Santa Fé and Chitra, Veragua; Chiriqui; Isthmus Panama; Pocune, Colombia; Balzar Mts., w. Ecuador).—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 436, part (localities and references from Nicaragua southward; w. Ecuador; Piura, n. w. Peru).—Ze.epon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 ( Alajuela and Cartago, Costa Rica).—Cnerrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 249 (San José, Costa Rica; descr. young).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 493 (San Juan R., and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Rio Escondido, Nica- ragua).--SaLvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 18998 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador). Zarhynchus wagleri OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 215. Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151, in text. ‘Seven specimens (basal depth of bill measured in only two). *I have not seen specimens from Nicaragua nor from any part of northern South America south of the Panama Railroad. Judging from other species which vary similarly between southern Mexico and the Isthmus of Panama, Nicaraguan speci- mens are most likely referable to the southern form. Specimens from western Peru and Ecuador, on the other hand, may prove on critical comparison to be separable as a third form, and those from Venezuela should also be carefully compared. 3Judging from the colored plate, Gray’s bird seems to have been the southern form. 38654—voL 2—01 12 178 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ZARHYNCHUS WAGLERI MEXICANUS Ridgway. MEXICAN OROPENDOLA. Similar to Z. w. wagleri but averaging slightly smaller, especially the bill; frontal shield narrower and less arched; chestnut of head and neck slightly, that of rump and flanks decidedly, darker; black of breast and abdomen more restricted, duller, less glossy. Adult male.—Length (skins), 330.2-368.3 (844.4); wing, 207-218.9 (213.6); tail, 124.5-132.6 (127.3); culmen, 6£67.3 (65.5); greatest width of frontal shield, 18.3-20.3 (19.6); tarsus. 37.6-38.6 (38.1); middle toe, 27.430 (28.7)." Adult female.—Length (skin), 243.8; wing, 147.3-154.2 (150.6); tail, 98.8-99.1; culmen, 48-48.3 (48.1); greatest width of frontal shield, 14.5-15.2 (14.7); tarsus, 31.8-32.5 (32); middle toe, 24.1-25.4 (24.6).? Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Motzorongo, Cerro de Defensa, etc.) to Guatemala; British Honduras?; Honduras ?.’ Ocyalus wagleri (not Cacicus wagleri Gray) ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228 (Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 127 (Guatemala).—Scuater and SALvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 Cahabon, Guatemala); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras)— Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57, (Chilomo, Honduras).—Satvin, ,iTbis, 1861, 141 (Lanquin, Guatemala). * Cassicus wagleri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 72, part (Mexico). [Ocyalus] wagleri ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35, part. Ocyalus waglerii Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot region, Vera Cruz).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 35. Eucorystes wagleri Scuater, Ibis, Apr., 1883, 147, part (s. Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras; monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 312, part (Coban and Choctum, Guatemala; s. Mexico).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 436, part (Cerro de la Defensa, Vera Cruz; Cahabon, Lanquin, and Choctum, Guatemala; Chilomo and San Pedro, Honduras). Zarhynchus waglert mexicanus RipGway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151 (Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Genus GYMNOSTINOPS Selater. Gymnostinops* ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 309, 312. (Type, Cacicus montezuma Lesson. ) Very large arboreal Icteridee with bill longer than head, straight, acute elongate-conical, with basal outline of mandibular rami nearly vertical, straight or slightly concave, the basal portion of culmen more or less expanded, forming a somewhat flattened frontal shield; cheeks and space on sides of throat naked; coloration black and chestnut, or olive-yellowish, with tail mostly yellow. 1 Five specimens. *Two specimens. 5T have not seen specimens from any portion of the district between Guatemala and Costa Rica. Judging, however, from the case of other species which vary between southern Mexico and the Isthmus of Panama, specimens from British Hon- duras and Honduras are most likely to be referable to the northern form; those from Nicaragua to the southern one. *“youprvos naked, ddre1vds bony, oy face.’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 179 Bill longer than head, elongate-conical, acute, compressed, with nearly straight outlines, its basal depth decidedly less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width less than half that dis- tance; culmen straight, ascending but not conspicuously elevated basally, forming a broad, nearly flat, frontal shield, with rounded pos- terior outline, the extreme posterior portion of which extends about as far as the anterior angle of the eye; gonys straight, decidedly more than half as long as culmen, but about as much shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; mandibular rami widened, but not swollen, posteriorly, with terminal outline truncate or faintly concave; commissure nearly straight. Nostril much below lateral median line of maxilla, small, broadly oval or nearly circular, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, beveled off anteriorly, posteriorly touching the loral feathering. Wing moderate (more than three times as long as culmen), short-tipped (primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of culmen), rounded; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between fifth and fourth; seventh, or seventh and sixth, longest; four outer primaries broad and rounded at tips (the first slightly contracted terminally), their inner webs faintly sinuated. Tail about three- fourths as long as wing, graduated, with middle pair of rectrices abruptly abbreviated (intermediate in length between outermost and the next), the rectrices rather narrow, but not obviously contracted terminally nor pointed. Tarsus about as long as the maxilla from nostril, or a little longer, stout, its anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, about as long as tarsus; outer toe with claw reaching about to base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux shorter than lateral toes, but conspicuously stouter, its claw slightly shorter than the digit; all the claws strongly curved. A crescentic patch immediately behind frontal shield, rictal and sub- orbital regions, anterior and middle portion of malar region, and sides of chin and throat naked, the last separated from the naked cheek- space by a narrow line of feathering; a sparse crest of narrow elon- gated feathers springing from middle of crown.. Coloration.—Black and chestnut, or yellowish olive-green, with tail mostly yellow. Range.—Southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil. (Five species, only one of them north of the Isthmus of Panama.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GYMNOSTINOPS. a. Wings, upper tail-coverts, and flanks chestnut. b. Breast, abdomen, and thighschestnut. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. ) Gymnostinops montezuma (p. 180) bb. Breast, abdomen, and thighs black. (Northern Colombia.) Gymnostinops cassini (p. 181) aa. Wings (except a small area next to scapulars), upper tail-coverts, and flanks black. (Northern Colombia.)....-..----- Gymnostinops guatimozinus (p. 182) 180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. GYMNOSTINOPS MONTEZUMA (Lesson). MONTEZUMA OROPENDOLA. Adult male.—Head, neck, and upper part of chest uniform black; tail rich lemon yellow, the middle pair of rectrices brownish black; rest of plumage rich purplish chestnut, or bay, darker on under parts of the body, especially the thighs, the feathers of breast and abdomen being black beneath the surface; tips of longer primaries (beyond emarginations) and whole under surface of wings brownish black; basal half, or more, of bill black, the terminal portion yellowish (more or less orange or orange-red in life); naked skin around base of culmen and bare suborbital and malar spaces flesh color, pale bluish, or rose- pink in life;, iris brown; legs and feet black; length (skins), 450.9- 520.7 (491); wing, 245.1-273.1 (260.9); tail, 185.9-205.2 (197.4); cul- men, 73.7-78.7 (77); greatest width of culmen near base, 13.7-16.3 (14.7); tarsus, 54.6-60.2 (56.6); middle toe, 39.9-44.5 (42.4).! Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but much smaller; black of head and neck duller or browner; middle rectrices blackish brown, instead of black, and the median under parts and thighs darker, some- times approaching brownish black; length (skins), 363.2-406.4 (881.3); wing, 188-205.7 (196.3); tail, 144.8-159.5 (152.4); culmen, 56.4-61 (58.9); width of culmen near base, 10.2-12.4 (11.2); tarsus, 44.546.2 (45.2); middle toe, 31.2-33.5 (32.5). Young.—Similar to adults, but dark portion of bill not so deep black and pale terminal portion less distinctly yellowish; the line of demar- cation between the two areas less distinct. ¥ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira) and Vera Cruz (Santa Maria, Orizaba, Cordova, Jalapa, Actopam, Barra de Santa Ana, Paso de la Milpa, etc.), south through Central America to Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad). 1Seven specimens. ? Five specimens. * Specimens from different localities average as follows: Width ‘ani Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen. een Tarsus. Mes e shield, Li MALES, Two adult males from southern Mexico............. 271.8 | 202.9 75.9] 14 54.9 42.2 One adult male from Guatemala..............---..- 264.2 | 198.6 76.7 | 14 56.4 / 39.9 Three adult males from Nicaragua and Costa Rica..} 253.5 | 191.3 77 15.2 56.6 j 43.4 One adult male from Panama...........-2.2. .2.0+- 257.8 | 193 77 16.3} 60.2) 43.9 FEMALES. | Two adult females from southern Mexico........... 202.4) 157.2 57.7 10.4 45.5) 33.8 Two adult females from Honduras.................. 194.3 | 152.7 59.7 11.9 45,2 82 One adult female from Costa Rica ........2...22.... 188 | 1448] 59.7] 10.7] 44.5 31.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 181 Cacicus montezuma Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 33, pl. 7 (Mexico) .—-GERVAIS, Atlas Zool., 1844, pl. 33. Cacicus montezumw Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras), 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).— ScuatTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Atlantic coast, Guatemala, and Hon- duras).—Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras) .—Tay- tor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Taulevi, Honduras). Cassicus montezumex Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71 (monogr.). Ostinops montezume Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 380 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 128 (Jalapa); Ibis, 1883, 148 (throughout s. Mexico to Panama).—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139, footnote (Mexico; Nicaragua; descr.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 104 (San Carlos and Angostura, Costa Rica).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill); 1867, 279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras) .— Savin, Ibis, 1865, 195 (not on Pacific coast of Guatemala).—Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (San Carlos, Angostura, Serapiqui, Tucurriqui, San Mateo, Aguacate, and Orosi, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (San Carlos and Naranjo, Costa Rica; descr. nest, etc. ).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.—Nutrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 383 (Sucuyd, Nicaragua; habits, etc.), 401 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua). Ostinops montezumae BoucarD, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 35. Ostinops montezuma SumicnRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot region, Vera Cruz).—FErRaRI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Actopam, Barra de Santa Ana, and Paso de la Milpa, Vera Cruz). [ Ostinops] montezume ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35. Gymnostinops montezume ScuatEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 313.—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 437.—ZELEDoN, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Jiménez and Cartago, Costa Rica).—Goss, Auk, v, 1888, 27 (breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 588 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus., xvi, 1898, 494 (Nicaragua; habits, song, etc.); xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas). C[assicus] bifasciatus (not of Spix) BonaparTg, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 427, part (Mexico). O[stinops] bifasciata Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 187, excl. syn. part (Mexico). GYMNOSTINOPS CASSINI Richmond. CASSIN’S OROPENDOLA. Similar to G. montezwma, but bill longer, much deeper and broader at base, more attenuated terminally, with light-colored tip occupying less than terminal third, and with the basal portion of the frontal “casque” light-colored; under parts (except under tail-coverts), including thighs, deep black; chestnut of upper parts and under tail- coverts darker (rich deep bay). Much larger than G. guatimozinus, with the entire back, scapulars, wings (except terminal portion of longer primaries), rump, and tail-coverts (upper and lower) entirely deep chestnut or bay; black of head, neck, and under parts less intense; basal portion of frontal ‘‘casque” light-colored, and naked skin of cheeks light-colored instead of dusky. Bill black, with about 25.4 182 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mm. of the terminal portion and about 5.1 mm. of the basal portion of the frontal shield (extending forward laterally) dull yellowish (orange in life?); naked skin of forehead and cheeks light-colored (pinkish or flesh-colored in life?); legs and feet black. Adult male.—Length (skin), about 533.5; wing, 270.5; tail, 203.2; culmen, 85.9; greatest width of culmen near base, 21.6; depth of bill at base, 35.6; tarsus, 61.5; middle toe, 43.7. Northern Colombia (Rio Truando). Ostinops guatimozinus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 138, 189 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia; descr.; crit. ). Cassicus guatimozinus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71, part (Rio Truando). Gymnostinops guatimozinus SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 439, part (Rio Truando). Gymnostinops cassini Ricnmonp, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 327 (Rio Truando, n. Colom- bia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). GYMNOSTINOPS GUATIMOZINUS (Bonaparte). BLACK OROPENDOLA. Adult male.—Head, neck, upper back, and entire under parts, except under tail-coverts, uniform deep black, with a faint bluish gloss; wings black, with innermost coverts dark chestnut or bay; lower back and scapulars dark chestnut or bay, the feathers black beneath surface; rump and upper tail-coverts black, tinged with dark chestnut or bay; under tail-coverts similar, but the longer ones uni- form bay; bill black, with the tip yellowish for about 19.1 mm.; naked skin on forehead light-colored (apparently pinkish or flesh-colored in life), but that of cheeks dusky; legs and feet black; length (skin), about 463.6; wing, 261.6; tail, 207; culmen, 65.5; greatest width of culmen near base, 13.2; depth of bill at base, 27.9; tarsus, 59.7; middle toe, 41.1." Adult female.—Much smaller than the male; similar in coloration, but the black rather less intense; length (skin), 400.1; wing, 200.7; tail, 153.7; culmen, 52.8; greatest width of culmen near base, 11.4; depth of bill at base, 23.4; tarsus, 44.5; middle toe, 33.’ Northern Colombia (Guaripata; Turbo; lower Magdalena River; Remedios, Antioquia). Ostinops guatimozinus Bonararrr, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 833 (Guaripata, Colombia); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1853, 10.—SciatTEr and Sa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 508 (Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia; descr. eggs)._Scuater, Ibis, 1883, 149, part (northerm parts of Colombia; Guari- pata; Remedios, Antioquia) . - [Ostinops] guatemozinus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 55. 1No. 128113, U. S. Nat. Mus., Lower Magdalena River, Colombia, June 28, 1892; Lieut. Wirt Robinson, U.S. A. 2 No. 17846, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Turbo, northern Colombia; Dr. A. Schott. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1838 Cassicus guatimozinus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 71, part (Turbo, n. Colombia). Gymnostinops guatimozinus ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 314 (Reme- dios).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 439, pl. 32.— Roszinsoy, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (lower Magdalena R., Colombia). Genus OSTINOPS Cabanis. Ostinops! CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 187. (Type, Oriolus cristatus Gmelin, = Xanthornus decumanus Pallas. ) Very large arboreal Icteride with bill longe1 than head, straight, acute elongate-conical, with basal outline of mandibular rami nearly vertical, truncate, the basal portion of culmen elevated and expanded, forming a narrow but prominent frontal shield; head completely feathered. Bill slightly longer than head, elongate-conical, acute, compressed, with nearly straight outlines, its basal depth decidedly less than dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width nearly half that measurement; culmen straight, slightly decurved terminally, the basal portion slightly clevated, arched, and expanded, forming a narrow frontal shield, the rounded posterior extremity of which is about on line with anterior angle of eye; gonys straight, decidedly more than half as long as culmen but shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; commissure straight to behind nostril, where decidedly deflexed to the rictus; mandibular rami posteriorly widened and truncate, but not swollen. Nostril much below lateral median line of . Maxilla, small, broadly oval or nearly circular, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, slightly beveled anteriorly, posteriorly touching the loral feathering. Wing long (more than four times as long as culmen), the tip long (much longer than culmen) and wedge-shaped; ninth (outermost) primary intermediate between fifth and fourth; seventh or sixth primary longest; four outer primaries gradually con- tracted terminally and pointed, their inner web faintly sinuated. Tail between three-fourths and four-fifths as long as wing, graduated, with middle pair of rectrices shorter than third pair and differently colored from the others, the rectrices rather narrow but not contracted terminally. Tarsus longer than maxilla from nostril, very stout, its anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus (about equal to maxilla from nostril); outer toe with claw reaching slightly beyond base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux nearly as long as inner toe, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Head completely feathered, a sparse crest of narrow elongated feathers springing from middle of crown. Coloration.—Black and chestnut, or olive-green, olive-brown, or russet, with the tail mostly yellow. 1 Serzv06, knochern, und @y, @706, 7 Gesicht, Antlitz.”” 184 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range.—Isthmus of Panama (Chiriqui) to Bolivia and southern Brazil. (Eight species, all South American, one of them barely pass- ing the Isthmus of Panama.) OSTINOPS DECUMANUS (Pallas). CRESTED OROPENDOLA. Adult male.—General color uniform, rather glossy, black, or brown- ish black (sometimes with a slight purplish reflection in certain lights); rump and upper tail-coverts dark purplish chestnut or bay, the under tail-coverts similar but lighter (more burnt sienna); tail rich lemon yellow, with middle pair of rectrices black; bill pale greenish yellow; legs and feet black; length (skins), 416.6-463.6 (433.1); wing, 215.9- 250.2 (236); tail, 185.4-221 (202.2); culmen, 55.9-66.5 (62.2); depth of bill at base, 25.9-30 (28.2); width of maxilla between lores, 10.2-13 (11.7); tarsus, 48.3-55.4 (51.3); middle toe, 34.3-40.6 (37.6).* Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the adult male but much smaller, with crest less developed; length (skins), 317.5-355.6 (826.6); wing, 158.8-186.7 (169.2); tail, 134.6-177.8 (151.9); culmen, 42.9-50.8 (46.7); depth of bill at base, 20.3-29.9 (21.8); width of culmen between lores, 7.9-9.9 (9.1); tarsus, 38.6-43.2 (41.1); middle toe, 27.2-30.5 (29.2). Young.—Similar to adults, but the black duller, the chestnut of rump, etc., less bright and much less sharply defined, and the bill pale yellowish brown or dull brownish white instead of pale greenish 1 Eleven specimens. ? Ten specimens. Specimens from eastern Ecuador average larger, those from southern Brazil smaller, averages being as follows: Depth | or enk ‘ epth | of cul- j Locality. Wing.| Tail, |Culmen.| of bill |men be-/Tarsus. gn lat base.| tween . lores. MALES. Six adult males from Colombia (including Panama and Chiriqui)............2-..-... 226.8 | 199.1 62.5 28.2 11.2 51.1 38.4 Three adult males from Rio Napo, eastern GUAM OD ve siaicsccnsernitieae sathiudese py aenadmennds 252 216.9 64.8 27.9 12.7 53.3 36.6 Two adult males from Chapada, Matto- Grosso, southwestern Brazil ...........-.. 239 188 57.7 28.7 11.9 49.8 35.8 FEMALES. Five adult females from Colombia.......... 176.3 | 161.5 49.8 22.1 9.4 42.7 29.7 One adult female from Rio Napo, eastern FSCUSG OF weesceecaeveseuntnees Soecieweatiee ci 170.9 | 149.9 45.7 22.4 9.7 43.2 30 Four adult females from Chapada, Matto- Grosso, sonthwestern Brazil .............. 169.8 | 139.7 ‘SEL | M4 8.6} 391 27.7 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 185 yellow. (Some specimens apparently nearly or quite mature have indistinct brownish margins to posterior scapulars and interscapulars. ) Chiriqui (Bugabé) and Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill, Chepo, Rio Lara) to eastern Peru (Pebas, Santa Cruz, Yurimaguas, Rio Ucayali, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, etc.), Bolivia (Tilotilo), Paraguay (Lambaré), southern Brazil (Chapada, province of Matto-Grosso; Blumenau, prov- ince of Santa Catarina; Piquete, province of Sao Paulo; Ypanema; Bahia, etc.), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Trinidad, and Tobago. Xanthornus decumanus PAauuas, Spicil. Zool., fase. vi, 1769, 1 (‘‘ America’’). Ostinops decumanus Savin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1879, 200 (San José and Atanques, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia; crit. nom.); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, - 440 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Turbo, n. Colombia; Guiana; Bolivia; s. e. Brazil).—Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 508 (Remedios, Antioquia).—Sciarer, Ibis, 1883, 151 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 315 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Atanques, Bogota, and Antioquia, Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Pebas and Santa Cruz, e. Peru; Tilotilo, Bolivia; Barra do Rio Negro, Ypanema, ancl Bahia, Brazil; Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Tobago).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 404.— Savin, Ibis, 1885, 217 (Bartica Grove, British Guiana).—Brrverscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 10 (Lambaré, Paraguay), 116 (Paraguay); 1889, 299 (Yuri- maguas, n. e. Peru).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 84 (lower Beni R., Bolivia) ; iii, 1891, 376 (Chapada, prov. Matto-Grosso, s. w. Brazil; descr. nest and eggs, etc.).—CrHapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 269 (Santarem, lower Amazon); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 35 (Trinidad; habits; notes).—Cory, Auk, x, 1893, 220 (Tobago).—Rosinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Magda- lena R., Colombia).—Puetps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (Cumanacoa, Venezuela) .— Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 177 (Palomina, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).—Sronn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Honda, Rio Com- beima, and Nevada del Tolima, centr. Colombia).—Satvaporr, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, 5 (Rio Lara, Isthmus of Panama); xv, no. 378, 1900, 6 (Urucum, prov. Matto-Grosso, s. w. Brazil).—Savvaportand Fesra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 28 (Gualaquiza and Valle del Zamora, e. Ecuador).—Inertne, Aves de 8. Paulo, 1899, 169 (Piquete, prov. 8. Paulo, s. Brazil).—A ten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 163 (Ouaca, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).—Rosinson and Ricumonn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 175 (Cucurut{ and San Julian, Venezuela). (2) Xanthornus maximus Pauas, Spicil. Zool., fase. vi, 1769, 3 pl. 1 (America). Oriolus citrius Miuter, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 87 (based on Cassique huppé, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 344). Cassicus citreus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 68 (monogr. ). Oriolus cristatus BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 21 (based on Cassique huppé, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 344). [Oriolus] cristatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 887.—Latam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 174. Icterus cristatus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 46. Cassicus cristatus Virrttot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 362; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 721.—Maximiuian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., ili, 1831, 1220.—Tscnup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1849, 232.—Casanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 680.—Burmuisrer, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 275.— Descourtiz, Orn. Brés., 1854-56, pl. 45, fig. (3).—Burverscn, Journ. fir Orn., 1873, 248 (Blumenau, prov. Santa Catarina, s. Brazil; localities, ref- erences, etc. ). 186 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Lassieus] cristatus Swainson, Birds Brazil, etc., 1841, pl. 32. [Cussicus] cristalus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 427 (Guiana; Brazil). Ps[arocolius] cristatus WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, Sp. 3. O[stinops] cristatus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 187 (Brazil; Guiana; Vene- zuela). “Ostinops cristatus ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 153 (Bogota); 1858, 455 (Gualaquiza Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 127 (Bogota).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 188 (Turbo and Rio Atrato, n. Colombia).—Law- renck, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vil, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Rery- HARDT, Fuglef. Bras. Camp., 1870, 211 (Guache and Japui, Brazil).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 83 (Trinidad) .—ScuaTEr and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 354 (Panama R. R.); 1866, 182 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 750 (Rio Huallaga, e. Peru), 978 (Pebas, upper Amazon); 1873, 265 (Pebas, lower Ucayali, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, and Santa Cruz, e. Peru); 1879, 608 (Prov. Yungas, Bolivia).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 190 (Bugaba, Chiriqui).—Fryscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 578 (Trinidad).—Wy arr, Ibis, 1871, 328 (lower mountain dists., Colombia).—Pr1zein, Orn. Bras., 1871, 191.—Ax.en, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 79 (Santarem, lower Amazon). [ Ostinops] cristatus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35. Genus CACICUS Lacépéde. Cacicus Lackpzpg, Tableau méthod. des Mammif. et des Oiseaux, 1799, 6. (Type, “Cacique,” = Cassicus affinis Swainson.?) Cassicus Inticer, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 214. (Type, Oriolus hemorrhous Lin- neeus., (?) pace eee Caznanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 186. (Type, Cassicus albi- rostris Vieillot. ) Medium-sized to rather large arboreal Icteridw with bill elongate- conical, acute, the culmen more or less widened, sometimes decidedly swollen, basally; nostrils on or below lateral median line of maxilla, small, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca; tarsus not longer than culmen, equal to or longer than middle toe, with claw; coloration black, with scarlet or yellow patch on rump (the tail-coverts, base of tail, and a patch on wing-coverts sometimes also yellow), the bill whitish or pale yellowish. — Bill variable as to relative length and thickness, usually about as long as head (never conspicuously longer nor shorter), elongate-conical or cuneate, with the acute tip more or less decurved, its basal depth less than half the length of culmen, its basal width decidedly less than half (sometimes less than one-third) the length of culmen; culmen nearly straight (sometimes faintly depressed) in middle, slightly decurved terminally, more or less elevated and arched (sometimes very faintly so) basally, broad and rounded, especially the basal portion, which is sometimes developed into a rather conspicuous ‘frontal shield;” gonys straight or faintly concave terminally, shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight for most part, slightly decurved terminally, the basal portion slightly deflexed from behind 1“ Von apxiAdvos, 6 nom. prop.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 187 loral anti to the rictus—the portion immediately beneath the loral antie sometimes slightly convex. Nostril on lateral median line of max- illa or below (in typical species decidedly below), narrow, longitudinal, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, usually more or less beveled anteriorly, the posterior end in contact with feathering of the loral antie. Wing moderate to long (about four to nearly five times as long as culmen, about four and one-third to five times as long as tarsus), its tip rather short to long (much less than length of culmen to much more), rounded; ninth (outermost) primary shorter than fifth (shorter than third in C. leucorhamphus, equal to first in C. chrysonotus); eighth to sixth or (in C. chrysonotus) seventh to fifth longest, the eighth, seventh, and sixth or (in C. chrysonotus) seventh, sixth, and fifth nearly equal; in typical species the longer primaries gradually, but not con- spicuously, narrowed terminally. Tail nearly two-thirds to more than seven-eighths as long as wing, or (in C. chrysonotus) longer than wing, subemarginate, double-rounded, or graduated (graduation always less than length of culmen). Tarsus shorter than culmen to slightly longer, about one-fifth to two-ninths as long as wing, its anterior scutella dis- tinct; middle toe, with claw, slightly to decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle claw; hallux shorter than lateral toes or (in C. leucorhamphus and C. chrysonotus) about as long, but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; all the claws strongly curved, acute. Coloration.—Black, with a scarlet or yellow patch on rump; some of the yellow-rumped species with a yellow patch on wing-coverts, some with alyo the tail-coverts and base of tail vellow; sexes alike in coloration. Range.—Nicaragua to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. (Eleven species, all South American, only two of them reaching the Isthmus of Panama.) I have been strongly tempted to subdivide this genus by removing at least. C. chrysonotus, which differs strikingly in its weak bill, short- tipped and much-rounded wing, long tail, and apparently different pro- portionate length of the toes; but the only specimen of this species that I have been able to examine is a young bird, and I can not be sure that the peculiarities observed would be equally evident in the adult. CO. lewcorhamphus agrees in some characters with C. chrysonotus, though not to the same degree, and seems, on the whole, to be struc- turally intermediate between that species and those with the tail-coverts and base of tail yellow (C. persicus, C. vitellinus, and C. flavicrissus). Cassicus albirostris Vieillot is also probably not a member of this genus, and should without much doubt be placed in the genus Archi- planus Cabanis, of which it is the type and only known species. Of this species I have seen only the female, which is a very small bird (less in size than the average Jctvrus), with a decidedly wedge- 188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. shaped hill, definite though slight superior operculum to the rather large and high nostrils; weak feet, slightly rounded tail, and rounded wing (ninth primary intermediate between fourth and third). Except in its very small size it comes rather near the aberrant species (C. leu- corhamphus and OC. chrysonotus) in structural details, but has the bill more perfectly wedge-shaped, with the culmen quite straight, instead of distinctly decurved terminally. Without better specimens of C. chrysonotus and C. albirostris, how- ever, I am not able to quite satisfy myself as to the proper limits of the genus, and therefore for the present leave them as defined by Dr. Sclater. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CACICUS. a. Rump (also tail-coverts, base of tail, and patch on wing-coverts), yellow; culmen 31.8 or more. (Colombia, including Isthmus of Panama.) ----...------------ Cacicus vitellinus (p. 188) aa. Rump orange-red or scarlet; culmen not more than 30.5. (Isthmus of Panama to Niddragua: cose eeee sss seepeeeseeeees Cacicus microrhynchus (p. 189) CACICUS VITELLINUS Lawrencc. LAWRENCE'S CACIQUE. Adult male.—General color uniform deep black, with a slight bluish gloss in certain lights, the plumage of neck and body white at base (concealed); lower back, rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and small wedge-shaped patch on inner portion of wing, rich saffron yellow vary- ing to orange-yellow; basal portion of tail (mostly concealed by the coverts) paler yellow, the shafts of middle rectrices, within the yellow portion, nearly or quite white; innermost secondaries abruptly white at concealed bases; bill pale grayish yellow or greenish yellow, some- times darker (more olivaceous) basally; legs and feet black; length (skins), 260.4-294.6 (275.8); wing, 162.6-180.3 (172.2); tail, 106.7-117.5 (111.8); culmen, 36.5-40.6 (39.1); depth of bill at base, 15.7-17.5 (16.8); width of culmen between loral antie, 7.9-9.7. (8.9); tarsus, 31-85.1 (32.8); middle toe, 21.6-25.4 (23.9).! Adult female.—Similar to the male but decidedly smaller,-and the black duller, especially on the under parts where usually more or less tinged with olive on abdomen and flanks; length (skins), 226.1-254 (234.2); wing, 130-136.7 (183.4); tail, 88.4-96.5 (92.2); culmen, 31.8- 33 (32.3); depth of bill at base, 13.5-15 (14.2); width of culmen between loral antie, 7.47.9 (7.6); tarsus, 27.4-29.7 (28.5); middle toe, 20.38-20.8 (20.3). Immature male.—Similar in coloration to adult female, but larger. Northern Colombia (lower Magdalena Valley; Remedios, province of Antioquia; Turbo; Rio Atrato, etc.), including Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill, Panama, etc.). 1 Five specimens. 2 Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 189 Although united by Sclater and others to C. flavicrissus Sclater, this bird is nevertheless quite distinct, at least subspecifically. It is decidedly larger than (. flavicrissus,' especially the bill, which is much deeper and broader at the base and otherwise different in shape, and the yellow patch on the wing is conspicuously smaller (much less than half as large) in both sexes. Whether the two forms intergrade or not Iam unable to state, not having been able to examine specimens from intermediate territory. Cassicus icteronotus (not of Vieillot) Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139 (Turbo and delta of Rio Atrato, n. Colombia). Cassiculus icteronutus Lawrence, Ann. Lyv. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Cassiculus chrysonotus? (not Crssicus chrysonotus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) ' Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139 (Turbo). Cassicus persicus (not Oriolus persicus Tinnieua) ScLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 107 (Lion Hill). Cassicus vitellinus LAwrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1864, 107 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence; also ‘‘ Nicaragua’’).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 66 (monogr.; Turbo, Rio Atrato, and Panama, Colombia; ‘‘ Nicaragua’’; ‘‘ Mexico?’’). Cassicus flavicrissus. (not Cassiculus flavicrissus Sclater) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 329 (Lake of Paturia, Colombia); 1872, 468 (syn.).—ScuarTEr and Satviy, Ibis, 1871, 329 (crit.).—ScLarER, Ibis, 1883, 158, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 322, part (Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.; Remedios, prov. Antioquia, and Magdalena Valley, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 441, part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Turbo, n. Colombia).—Roxzinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Mag- dalena R., Colombia). [Cassicus] ices ScLaTER and SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35, part (Colombia; Panama). CACICUS MICRORHYNCHUS (Sclater and Salvin). SMALL-BILLED CACIQUE. Adult male.—Uniform deep black, relieved by a large triangular patch of flame-scarlet on the rump; bill pale grayish green or dull greenish white; iris white or pale blue; legs and feet black; length ' Average measurements of the two are as follows: widt Depth [e} . Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen,| of bill |culmen] Tarsus. ae at base.) near : base. MALES. Five adult males of C. vitellinus.........-... 172.2 | 111.8 39.1 16.8 8.9 32.8 23.9- Two adult males of C. flavicrissus ..........- 156.5 | 101.9 33.3 16.3 71 31.8 22,4 FEMALES. Six adult females of C. vitellinus ...........- 133.4] 92.2] 323] 14.2 7.6 | 28.5 20.3 One adult female of C. flavicrissus.........-- 119.4] 83.3 29.2] 12.4 6.9} 27.9 19.8 190 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (skins), 219.1-228.6 (219.7); wing, 129-134.6 (131.6); tail, 88.9-95.3 (91.4); culmen, 28.5-30.5 (30); depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.4 (11.4); tarsus, 27.2-28.5 (27.7); middle toe, 18-20.8 (19.1).* Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but smaller, with the orange-red rump patch more restricted and usually rather more orange; length (skins), 194.3-195.6 (194.8); wing, 109.7-121.4 (115.8); tail, 79.2-81.38 (80.3); culmen, 27.7-30.5 (28.5); depth of bill at base, 10.9-11.4 (11.2); tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (25.9); middle toe, 17.8-20.3 (19.1).’ Nicaragua (Greytown, Rio Escondido, Chontales, etc.), through Costa Rica, Chiriqui, Veragua, and Isthmus of Panama, to northern Colombia (Turbo). Cassicus uropygialis (not of Lafresnaye) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 139 (Falls of Rio Truando, n. Colombia). Cassiculus uropygialis LAwrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). - Cassiculus microrhynchus SCLATER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R., Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 181 (Greytown, Nicaragua). Cassicus microrhynchus Cassix, Prov. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 65 (monogr.).— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—ZELEDon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Pozo Azul de Pirris and Pacuare, Costa Rica).—Scuater, Ibis, 1883, 162 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 325 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Peje, Costa Rica; Santiago, Cordillera de Tolé, and Bugaba, Veragua; Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 442.—Cuerriz, Expl. Zool. Val. Naranjo, 1893, 15; Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (Lagarto).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits, nest, song, etc. ). [Cassicus] microrhynchus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Cacicus microrhynehus Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Cordillera de Tolé, Santiago, and Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Bugaba, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1869, 319 (Peje, Costa Rica); 1872, 313, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua). Genus CASSICULUS Swainson. Cassiculus Swainson, Zool. Illustr., iii, 1827, 352; Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436. (Type, Icterus melanicterus Vieillot. ) Medium-sized or rather large arboreal Icteridx, with head conspicu- ously crested, bill wedge-shaped, tail nearly as long as wing, graduated; the plumage black and yellow. Bill equal to or longer than head, cuneate, acute, with straight out- lines, its basal depth Jess than one-third the length of culmen (about one-half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the basal width much less than the depth; culmen straight, rounded, not elevated nor expanded basally, terminating posteriorly in an obtuse point; gonys straight, shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure straight to behind nostril, where decidedly and rather abruptly deflexed to the ‘Six specimens, *Four specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 191 rictus. Nostril slightly below lateral median line of maxilla, broadly oval, bored directly into the horny rhinotheca, not beveled anteriorly, the posterior end nearly or quite touching feathers of loral antie. Wing rather long (nearly four times as long as culmen), the tip rather long (about as long as culmen), rounded; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between fourth and third, the sixth, or seventh and sixth, longest, the fifth but little shorter; inner webs of three or four outer primaries rather suddenly narrowed toward tips but not appreciably sinuated. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, much rounded or graduated (graduation equal to about one-half the length of culmen, or slightly more), the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus shorter than culmen, its anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus, but longer than maxilla from nostril; outer toe with claw reaching to base of middle claw, the inner decidedly shorter; hallux nearly as long as inner toe, much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit. A conspicuous crest of long, rather broad, soft feathers springing from middle of crown. Coloration—Black (olive-slaty in female), with whole rump, tail- coverts, most of tail, and a large patch on wing-coverts bright lemon- yellow. Range.—Western Mexico. (Monotypic.) CASSICULUS MELANICTERUS (Bonaparte.) MEXICAN CACIQUE. Adult male.—General color deep black; rump, upper tail-coverts, most of the tail,’ posterior lesser wing-coverts, middle coverts, inner- most greater coverts, and under tail-coverts clear lemon yellow; bill light grayish green or yellowish green (greenish white in life), some- times drying darker, especially on basal portion; iris brown; legs and feet blackish; length (skins), 274.3-323.9 (293.9); wing, 149.9-163.1 (155.2); tail, 126.5-187.2 (131.3); culmen, 40.4-43.2 (41.9); depth of bill at base, 14.7-15 (15); tarsus, 33.5-35.6 (84.8); middle toe, 23.6- 24.1 (23.9).? Adult female.—Decidedly smaller than the male and with the black replaced by dark olive-slate above, deep sooty gray below; sides of forehead usually more or less spotted with yellow; yellow of upper tail-coverts tinged with olive; all the yellow rectrices more or less edged with dusky or olive; length (skins), 236.2-261.6 (246.4); wing, 121.9-146.1 (182.3); tail, 106.2-126.5 (113); culmen, 34.8-40.6 (36.8); The middle pair of rectrices (except concealed base), and greater part of outer web of outermost pair, are black; the remainder of the tail is yellow, though some of the yellow rectrices have more or less dusky near tip of outer webs, the terminal a of inner web of outermost rectrices also sometimcs partly dusky next to the shaft. *Five specimens, 192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. depth of bill at base, 12.2-15.2 (13); tarsus, 30.2-84.8 (31.5); middle toe, 19.8-24.1 (21.6).! Western Mexico, north to State of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Rosario, etc.), south through territory of Tepic and States of Jalisco, Colima, Guer- rero, and Oaxaca (Barrio, Chihuitan, Tehuantepec City, etc.) to Chiapas (Tonala). Telerus melanicterus Bonapartn, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 389 (Mex- ico). C[acicus] melanicterus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 342. [Cassiculus] melanicterus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 428.—ScuATER and SaL- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 35. C'Lassiculus] melanicterus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 186. Cassiculus melanicterus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 380 (Rio Grande, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 129 (Oaxaca); Ibis, 1883, 156 (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 328 (Tonala, Chiapas; Acapulco, Guerrero; Presidio and Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Duaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guer- rero, Mexico).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., 1870, 263 (Mazatlan).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 278 (Mazatlan; Tepic; Colima; Rio de Coahuyana; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Barrio, Chihuitan, and Tehuantepec City, Oax- aca).—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 443,—FERRARI- Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Yanhuitlan?, Oaxaca). Cassicus melanicterus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 66 (monogr.; Mazat- lan; Acapulco). Ps{arocolius] melanicterus Wacumr, Isis, 1829, 752 (Mexico). Teterus diadematus TemmincK, P]. Col., 1829, pl. 482 and text (Mexico;=female). Cassiculus coronatus SwAINson, Philos. Mag, new ser., i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepec, Mexico); Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 353. Xanthornus coronatus JARDINE and SeEvsy, Illustr. Orn., 1828, pl. 45 (Mexico). Genus AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis. Amblycercus® CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 190. (Type, Cassicus niger- rimus Spix, =C. solitarius Vieillot.) Medium-sized or rather small uniformly black Icterid with short and excessively rounded wing (outermost primary shorter than inner- most) and tip of the wedge-shaped, light-colored bill broad ‘and con- spicuously flattened. Bill about as long as head or a little shorter, cuneate-conical, com- pressed, with tip broad and truncate in vertical but acute in lateral profile, its basal depth a little less than half the culmen, its basal width a little less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; cul- men straight, broad, and flattened, with parallel edges of flattened surface not ridged, the base not elevated; commissure straight to beneath nostriJ, where gradually deflexed to the rictus. Nostril below lateral median line of maxilla, small, narrowly oval or slit-like, 1 Five specimens. 2“ eufavs, stumph, u. Képkos, Schwanz.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1938 overhung by a convex horny operculum (nearly hiding the nostril in A. holosericeus); posterior end of nostril touching feathering of loral antie. Wing short (a little more than three to about four times as long as culmen), short-tipped (primaries exceeding secondaries by less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), excessively rounded; ninth primary shorter than first, the fourth to sixth longest; inner webs of outer three or four faintly sinuated. Tail nearly as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at ends. Tarsus . longer than culmen, stout, the anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus but equal to or slightly longer than culmen; outer toe with claw reaching to or beyond? base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux slightly shorter than inner toe but much stouter, its claw slightly shorter than the digit, strongly arched. Coloration.—Uniform black (more slaty black in females), the bill light colored. Range.—Southern Mexico to Peru, Argentina, Paraguay, and south- ern Brazil. (Three species.) While much alike in general appearance, the two commonly known species of this genusare really very distinct in certain structural details and may not be truly congeneric. A. solitarius has the nostrils much more open, those of .A. holosericeus being nearly closed by the much more developed convex overhanging horny operculum; A. solitardus has a well-developed crest of soft, decumbent, elongated feathers, while in A. holosericeus there is no crest; A. solitarius has the wing- tip much longer, the primaries exceeding the secondaries by about the distance from the nostril to the tip of the maxilla, while in A. holoseri- ceus they project for not more than the basal depth of the bill; in 4. solitarius the outermost (ninth) primary is about equal to the seconda- ries, the eighth being longer than the third, while in A. holosericeus the ninth is very much shorter than the shortest secondaries, the eighth being shorter than the first and about equal to the shorter sec- ondaries. The remiges and rectrices are also more firmly webbed in A. solitarius. A. holosericeus ‘‘is a bird of singular habits, suggesting both an Oriole and a Woodpecker. It hunts along limbs as patiently as a Creeper, tapping here and there or pourding vigorously in its efforts to secure food from cracks and crevices. In short flights it presents a laughable appearance. It progresses by jerky wing-beats, and at the end of each stroke the tail is thrown forward over the head.” * 1Very slightly exceeding secondaries in A. holosericeus. 2 In A. solitarius. 3Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., viii, 1896, 280. 3654—voL 2—01——13 194 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. AMBLYCERCUS HOLOSERICEUS (Lichtenstein). PREVOST’S CACIQUE, Adult male.—Entirely black, most intense anteriorly, duller, and usually more or less tinged with slate color, on rump, tail-coverts, and posterior under parts; bill light olive-yellowish (pale yellowish green to pale sulphur yellow in life), sometimes partly dusky in dried skins; iris white or light yellow; legs and feet dusky horn color in dried skins, plumbeous in life; length (skins), 200.7-264.2 (225); wing, 93.5-109.2 (101.6); tail, 91.4-114.3 (100.3); culmen, 28.5-33.3 (81); depth of bill at base, 18.5-17.5 (15); tarsus, 31.8-35.6 (33); middle toe, 19.1-23.4 (21.8).* Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but decidedly smaller and the black rather duller; length (skins), 190.5-233.7 (206.8); wing, 82.6-97 (91.9); tail, 88.9-101.6 (93.2); culmen, 27.9-31.8 (30); depth of bill at base, 12.7-14 (13.2); tarsus, 20.2-31.8 (30.7); middle toe, 19.8- 21.1 (20.3).” Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz (hot and temperate zones), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Teotalcingo, Playa Vicente, Santa Efigenia, etc.), Chiapas (Guichicovi, Huehuetan), and Yucatan, through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, and western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Guayaquil, Foreste del Rio Peripa, etc.). Sturnus holosericeus LicHTENsTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1831, 1 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 55 (reprint). ‘Cacicus holosericeus SALvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Guatemala). 1 Highteen specimens. ? Seven specimens. There is a remarkable range of individual variation of dimensions in this species, and some variation with locality, but the series is not nearly large enough to show whether the latter is important or not. Averages of the specimens examined are as follows: Depth A Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.) of bill | Tarsus. aves at base. 5 MALES. Four males from Vera Cruz and Puebla, Mexico....| 101.1 | 103.6 381.8 15.2 33.3 21.3 Three males from Yucatan............2.--.-2..--.-- 107.4 | 107.7 30.5) 15 32.8 | 20.6 Three males from Guatemala ......................- 98.3} 99.1 29.5) 13.5) 82.5 20.6 Five males from Nicaragua and Costa Rica......... 102.6 94.2 31.8 15.5 33 22.1 Two males from Veragua and Panama ............. 97.8] 97.3 31.5] 165 33.8 22.1 One male from Guayaquil, western Ecuador........ 97 99.6 30 14.7 33 21.6 FEMALES, : Two females from Vera Cruz........ .2.....22.0202 93 98.3] 30 13 31 20.3 Two females from Chiapas and Guatemala ......... 94.2] 94.2] 30.5] 14 3t 20.3 Two females from Nicaragua............-2.222000005 92.7] 88.9 30 13.2} 30.2 20.3 One female from Guayaquil.................220.0-4. 82.6] 88.9 27.9) 12.7] 29.2} 198 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195 Cassicus holosericeus ScuaterR, Ibis, 1883, 163 (monogr.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Yucatan).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 415.—Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Amblycercus holosericeus ScLarEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 327 (J alapa, Vera Cruz; Tonala, Chiapas; n. Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Choctum, Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Irazti, Costa Rica; Santa Fé and Cal- ovevora, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Bogota, Colombia; Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Aragua, Venezuela).—Sa.vin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1886, 446 (Valley of Mexico: Teotalcingo, Playa Vicente, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas; Yzabal and Peten, Guatemala; Greytown, Sucuyd, and Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua; San José, Turrialba, and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Calobre, Veragua; etc. ). —-ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Las Trojas, Ala- juela, and Jiménez, Costa Rica).—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 588 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Cnerrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 249 (Costa Rica, both sides up to 6,000 ft.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (Palmar, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, s. Costa Rica.—Ricnmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 494 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits, etc.); xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; habits). ; Amblyramphus prevostii Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 159, pl. 54 (Mexico).—Gervais, Atlas Zool., 1844, pl. 34. [Cassiculus] prevosti BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 428 (Mexico). Cassiculus prevosti ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Mexico); 365 (Jalapa), 380 (Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1860, 276 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico}; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 129 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Colombia; Guatemala).— SciaTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Duefias, Guatemala) ; 1860, 34 (Duefias and Ysabal, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Peten, Guatemala).—Lawrencz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill); viii, 1865, 181 (Greytown, Nicaragua).—Sa.vin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Calovevora and | Calobre, Veragua).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot and temp. regions Vera Cruz). Amblycercus prevosti CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 10 (Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José and Turrialba, Costa Rica) .— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (San José, Turrialba, and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—ZrLEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.—Sa.vaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 29 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador). Amblycercus prevostii Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 73 (monogr.). [Cassicus] prevosti ScLateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Cassicus prevosti LAwREncE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi, Chiapas; Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 322 (Tumbez, Peru).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (San José, Costa Rica).—Brriersc and TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 552 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.).—Nurtrina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 383; 1884, 402 (Sucuy4 and Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua).—Taczanowsk1 and Brrugrscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 86 (Bafios, Ecuador, 6,200 feet) . Cassicus, sp. ?, BonapartsE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (Guatemala). Ps[arocolius] nigerrimus (not Cassicus nigerrimus Spix) Waausr, Isis, 1829, 752 (Mexico). A[mblycercus] nigerrimus Capants, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 190, footnote, part. 196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus CASSIDIX Lesson. Cassidiaz Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 433. (Type, Corvus (Cassidix) mexicanus Lesson. ) (?) Scaphidurus (not of Swainson, 1827!) Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 494. (‘‘Type, Oriolus niger Auct.)’’? Scaphidura Swanson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 272. Large, wholly black terrestrial or semiterrestrial (?) Icteride with long and pointed wing, rather long and rounded tail, stout black bill with broad and flattened mesorhinium, and feathers of sides of neck developed into erectile lateral ruffs. Bill about as long as head, stout, subconical, much more curved above than below, its basal depth equal to about one-half the culmen, its basal width decidedly less; culmen decidedly convex from base, very broad and flattened basally, forming a more or less conspicuous ‘* frontal shield,” with rounded or obtusely pointed posterior extremity; gonys nearly straight, about half as long as culmen, decidedly less than length of maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight or faintly concave to beneath the nostril, where strongly deflexed, with a gradual curve, to the rictus. Nostril rather large, broadly oval, horizontal, in lateral median line of maxilla or slightly below, its upper margin.formed by the overhanging edge of the broad mesorhinium, posteriorly extending somewhat behind the frontal antiz. Wing long (more than five times as long as culmen, about four and a half times as long as tarsus), the tip well produced (more than twice as long as cul- men), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary longest or at least equal to eighth, the seventh much shorter; inner webs of outer primaries gradually narrowed terminally, but not appreciably sinuated. Tail about three-fourths as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices broad at ends. Tarsus much longer than culmen (about two-fifths as long as wing), its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, about as long as tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle claw; hallux much shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit. Feathers of neck greatly developed laterally and posteriorly, forming a conspicuous ruff (less conspicuous in female), with a bare or downy space immediately behind on sides of neck. Coloration.—Wholly black, more or less strongly glossed with violet, purple, or bronze. 1 = Quiscalus Vieillot. * Oriolus niger (Boddaert, 1783) is not a synonym of any form of Cassidix, but isa Quiscalus; and Swainson’s diagnosis of his genus Scaphidurus certainly fits Quiscalus in part, the expression “‘tail graduated, boat-shaped’’ being exclusively pertinent. The description of the bill and wing, however, seem to fit Cassidix better than Quiscalus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 197 Range.—Southern Mexico to Paraguay and southern Brazil. (Mon- otypic.*) Notwithstanding resemblance to the Caciques and Oropendolas in the broad and flattened basal portion of the culmen, the relationships of this very strongly characterized genus are evidently much nearer to Callothrus, with which it agrees in the remarkable neck-ruff (pres- ent only in these two genera), and its parasitic habits. It differs from Callothrus, however, in its relatively much longer primaries with their differently shaped inner webs, longer tail, relatively longer bill, with broad and flattened mesorhinium, very much larger size, and other characters. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA. a. Plumage strongly glossed with bronze or violet. (Adult males.) b. Metallic gloss bronzy throughout (inclining to violet only on pileum and under parts. (Tropical South America, except Colombia. ) Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora (extralimital)? bb. Metallic gloss chiefly or wholly violet. c. Back bronzy; violet tips to feathers of under parts narrower; larger (wing averaging 201.2, tail 152, culmen 37.8). (Colombia, including Isthmus of Panama; Veragua?; Costa Rica?; Nicaragua’. ) Cassidix oryzivora violea (p. 197) ce. Back violet, like rest of plumage; violet tips to feathers of under parts broader; smaller (wing averaging 189, tail 146, culmen 37). (Southern Mexico to British Honduras.) ...-.-- Cassidix oryzivora mexicana (p. 199) aa. Plumage not strongly glossed with bronze or violet. (Adult females and imma- ture males.*) CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA VIOLEA Bangs. COLOMBIAN RICE GRACKLE. Similar to C. 0. oryzivora,* but decidedly larger, and plumage of adult male glossed with violet instead of bronze (bronzy on back or back and neck-ruffs only). Adult male.—General color black, but feathers of head, neck, and body more or less broadly tipped with glossy violet, this uniform on head, neck, and back (the last inclining decidedly to bronzy), but on the under parts forming a sharply defined terminal band or margin to each feather, the basal black conspicuously exposed, these violet tips becoming narrower posteriorly, and less distinct on rump than on 1The single known species differentiated into three or more geographic forms or subspecies. ? [Oriolus] oryzivorus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 386 (Cayenne).-—C[assidix] oruzivora Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 194.—Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii., June 30, 1900, 11 (in text). This form is introduced into the key for sake of comparison. 3The series of adult females and immature males is very imperfect, and therefore Iam unable to distinguish those of the several forms in the key. 198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. under parts; smaller wing-coverts, tail-coverts, and thighs uniform black, or with indistinct bluish violet margins; larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices faintly glossed with bluish; bill, legs, and feet black; iris yellow or yellowish white; length (skins), 303.5-355.6 (344.2); wing, 179.8-208.3 (201.2); tail, 135.4-159.3 (152.4); culmen, from base, 36.6-39.9 (87.8); depth of bill at base, 17-18.5 (17.8); tarsus, 45-48 (44.2); middle toe, 33.5-36.6 (35.6).” Adult female-—Much smaller and duller colored than adult male. Black, with tips of the feathers of head, neck, and body indistinctly tipped with more glossy violaceous-black; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 275.6-308.6 (284.2); wing, 154.2-161.3 (157.5); tail, 112.5-122.4 (117.3); culmen, from base, 31.2-34 (40.9); depth of bill at base, 15.2-15.7 (15.5); tarsus, 39.9-40.9 (40.4); middle toe, 27.4- 31.2 (29.5).? Immature male.—Similar in coloration to adult female, but larger, slightly more glossy, and with neck-ruffs better developed. Colombia (Bogota; Manuare, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, La Concepcion, and Palomina, province of Santa Marta; Remedios, province of Antioquia), north to the Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill, Panama, ete.*); Costa Rica ?; Nicaragua? * Cassidix oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) ScuaTEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142, part (Bogota, Colombia); Ibis, 1884, 165, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 329, part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Minca, Manuare, Bogota, and Remedios, Colombia).—ScLaTer and Sa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 354 (Isthmus of Panama); 1879, 510 (Remedios, Colombia).— Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 201 (Manuare, Prov. Santa Marta, Colom- bia, 2,700 ft.); 1880, 123 (Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 444, part (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Colombia).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 159,178 (Pueblo Viejo, 8,000 ft., and Palomina, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 163 (Valparaiso, prov. Santa Marta). 1Twelve specimens. ? Four specimens. * Panama specimens are not typical, but incline more or less toward C. 0. mexicana. Their average measurements, compared with those of specimens from Santa Marta, Bogota, etc., are as follows: : ‘Culmen,| Depth i Locality. Wing.| Tail. | from "| of bill | Tarsus, wee base. | at base. . MALES. Ten adult males from Colombia (Santa Marta, Bo- Bota Otey) cs eves Uae lessees ane ndladeat beweueent 201.9] 163.2] 38.1] 17.8] 43.9] 935.6 Two adult males from Isthmus of Panama.......... 198.1 | 148.8 36.8 18.3 46.2 35.8 FEMALES. Two adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia....| 158.8 | 120.4 33.3 16.5 40.4 29.2 Two adult females from Isthmus of Panama........ . 156.2 | 114 32.3 15.7 40.1 29.7 *T have not seen specimens from Chiriqui, Veragua, Costa Rica, or Nicaragua. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 199 [Cassidix] oryzivora Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. Cassidix barita (not Scaphidura barita Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 296 (Isthmus of Panama). Cassidix oryzivora violea BANas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, June 30, 1900, 11 (La Concepcion, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, 3,000 #t. alt. ; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). The following citations are doubtfully referable to this form, no specimens from the localities mentioned having been seen by me: Cassidia oryzivora Sctater, Prov. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 140 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142, part (Pallatanga); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 329, part (Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua; Jima, Sical, and Pallatanga, w. Ecuador) .—Scuarzr and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, -279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Veragua).—Zetepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Costa Rica).—Taczanowskr and BERLEPSCH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 117 (Pallatanga).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat.- Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 30 (Foreste del Rio Peripa and Sponde del Rio Daule, w. Ecuador). Cassidix ater (not Cussicus ater Vieillot?) Taczanowskt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 323 (w. Peru). CASSIDIX ORYZIVORA MEXICANA (Lesson). MEXICAN RICE GRACKLE, Similar to C. 0. violea but smaller, with more slender bill; adult male with more glossy and uniformly violet plumage, even the back being violet (not bronzy), and the violet tips to feathers of under parts broader, almost (sometimes quite) concealing the black basal portion of the plumage; iris red.1 Adult male.—Length (skins), 330.2-355.6 (843.4); wing, 177-202.7 (189); tail, 183.4-151.6 (145.8); culmen, from base, 35.8-37.6 (37.1); depth of bill at base, 16.3-17.8 (17); tarsus, 40.6-43.9 (42.9); middle toe, 31.8-34.5 (83.8).” Adult female.—Length (skin), 293.4; wing, 160; tail, 118.9; depth of bill at base, 14.7; tarsus, 38.9; middle toe, 28.7.° Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Chichicaxtla, Santa Maria, Mata Bejuco, Orizaba, etc.),and south to British Honduras (possibly to Nicaragua).* Cassidia oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) Scurarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 98 (Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Ibis, 1884, 165, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 329, part (Orizaba; Choctum, Guatemala).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, *Sumichrast, manuscript. ?Six specimens. *One specimen. *No specimen of this genus seen by me from the region between British Honduras and the Isthmus of Panama. 200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 57 (Chilomo, Honduras).—Satviw, Ibis, 1861, 353 (Honduras).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 36 (Guatemala). [Cassidix] oryzivora ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. Corvus [Cassidix] mexicanus (not Corvus mexicanus Gmelin) Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 433 (ex Corvus mexicanus Gmelin). Cassidix mexicanus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 416 (Mexico; Central America; monogr. ).- C[assidix] oryzivora mexicana Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, June 30, 1900, 11 (in text). Cassidix oryzivora mexicana Banas, Auk, xviii, 1901, 370 (David, Chiriqui). Cassidix crassirostris? (not Scaphidura crassirostris Swainson) Moors, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras). Genus CALLOTHRUS Cassin. Callothrus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Mar., 1866, 18. (Type, Psarocolius zneus Wagler). Rather small unicolored terrestrial Icteridee with bill shorter than head, stout (basal depth more than half the length of culmen), the maxilla shallower subbasally than the mandible; inner web of prima- ries conspicuously widened beyond middle portion, the widened por- tion terminating on second and third quills in a conspicuous tooth-like point; adult male with a conspicuous erectile ruff on sides of neck. Bill shorter than head, stout-conical, with upper outline decidedly though slightly curved, its basal depth decidedly more than half the length of culmen, its basal width nearly half the length of culmen; culmen straight in middle, slightly convex terminally and basally, dis- tinctly but not sharply ridged; gonys straight, decidedly shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure straight or nearly so about as far as beneath nostril, then strongly and rather abruptly defiexed to the rictus. Nostril small, roundish, partly surrounded posteriorly by dense feathering of the frontal anti, with membrane visible above posterior portion only, and this nearly covered by the frontal feathers. Wing moderate or rathér long, more than four times as long as cul- men, nearly five times as long as tarsus, its tip moderately produced (about as long as tarsus), pointed or subtruncate; ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries equal and longest, the sixth but little shorter; inner webs of longer primaries conspicuously expanded beyond middle, the widened portion on second and third ending in a distinct tooth-like point or projection. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, slightly rounded, the retrices broadest terminally, with rounded or nearly truncate tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen, its anterior scu- tella distinct; middle toe, with claw, equal to or very slightly longer than tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle claw; hallux nearly as long as lateral toes and much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Feathers of hind- neck and sides of neck elongated, developed in adult males into a very BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201 conspicuous erectile ruff with a naked or sparsely downy space (con- cealed) immediately behind the lateral portions of the ruff. Coloration.—Adult males bronzy black with a soft, silky luster, the wings and tail glossy bluish green; adult females dull black or grayish. Range.—Southern Texas and northwestern Mexico to northern South America. (Three species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALLOTHRUS. a. Wings and tail strongly metallic (bluish or greenish). (Adult males.) 6. Plumage of head, neck, and body dark greenish bronzy. ce. Rump bronzy, like back, etc.; plumage of head, neck, and body roughly silky; bill more slender. (Southern Texas, through eastern Mexico to Weraguae)iie2 222 ec tdec ei cht Callothrus robustus, adult male (p. 201) ce, Rump violet; plumage of head, neck, and body smoothly silky; bill stouter. d. Larger (wing averaging 119.1, tail 84.8, culmen 23.1). (Northwestern MEXICO.) wane ovo cacSaea cd Callothrus eneus eneus, adult male (p. 203) dd. Smaller (wing averaging 108.7, tail 77.5, culmen 21.3). (Southwestern MeXIC0s) ecw cccesescccce’ Callothrus eneus assimilis, adult male (p. 204) bb. Plumage of head, neck, and body lustrous silky brown. (Caribbean coast of Colombia.)-.......-.........2. Callothrus armenti, adult male (extralimital)! aa. Wings and tail not strongly metallic. (Adult females and young.) b. General color black or very dark sooty. ec. Wings and tail glossed with bluish green. Callothrus robustus, adult female (p. 202) ce. Wings and tail not glossed ......... Callothrus robustus, young male (p. 202) bb. General color grayish sooty or sooty grayish. c, Faintly glossed above, the feathers of back, etc., with darker centers. Callothrus zneus eneus, adult female (p. 204) ce. Without gloss above, and feathers of back without darker centers. d. Darker, especially the under parts, which are unstreaked. Callothrus robustus, young female (p. 202) dd. Paler, especially the under parts, which are indistinctly streaked with paler, more yellowish, gray. .Callothrus eneus eneus, young male (p. 204) CALLOTHRUS ROBUSTUS (Cabanis). RED-EYED COWBIRD. Adult male.—Head, neck, and body dark greenish bronzy, the plumage soft and silky, but not smooth, presenting the appearance of having been wet and imperfectly dried; tail-coverts blue-black, the upper ones glossed with violet; wings glossy dark greenish blue, brightest on greater coverts and tertials, less bright, as well as more greenish, on primaries, primary coverts, and alula; lesser wing-coverts dark metallic violet, the middle coverts violet-bluish; tail dark metallic bluish green or greenish blue; bill black; iris red; legs and feet black or brownish black; length (skins), 196.8-223.5 (206.5); wing, 111.8-120.1 (116.3); tail, 75.7-82.3 (79.2); culmen, from base, 22.3-23.9 (23.1); —_ 1 M[olothrus] armenti Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 192, footnote (Cartagena, Colombia; coll. Berlin Mus.). This species, which I have not seen, is introduced into the key for sake of comparison. It is the only known extralimital form. 202 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. depth of bill at base, 11.9-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 29.7-32.0 (80.8); middle toe, 21.1-23.4 (22.6)." Adult female.—Dull black, the under parts, especially throat, some- times dark sooty brownish; back and scapulars very faintly, the wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail strongly, glossed with bluish green; neck ruffs much less developed than in the male; length (skins), 165.1-205.7 (186.4); wing, 97.5-106.7 (102.9); tail, 64.0-74.7 (73.1); culmen, from base, 19.8-21.3 (20.6); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.9); tarsus, 26.2-29.7 (27.9); middle toe, 19.8-21.8 (20.8).” Young male.—Dull sooty black or dark sooty, the feathers of the under parts of the body with more or less distinct narrow margins of paler; mandible brownish basally. Young female.—Paler and grayer than the young male; above sepia or grayish sepia, beneath paler and grayer, with indistinct paler nar- row margins to the feathers. Southern Texas (breeding north to San Antonio), through eastern Mexico (States of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Puebla, northern Oaxaca, and Yucatan) and Central America to Veragua (to Isthmus of Panama’). Molothrus zneus (not Psarocolius xneus Wagler) ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); (?) 381 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135 (Jalapa); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, part (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca?; n. Yucatan; Choctum and Duefias, Guatemala; Orosf, Costa Rica; Calobre and Chitra, | Veragua).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duefias, Guatemala).— Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala; descr. eggs).—CaBanis, Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 81 (San José, Costa Rica).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 18, part (Jalapa; Yucatan; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Pan- ama).—Lawrencs, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Costa Rica).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot and temp. regions, Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Calobre and Chitra, Veragua); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 265 (Guatemala).—Merritt, Bull. 1 Fourteen specimens. *Fourteen specimens. Yucatan specimens compare in average measurements with those from other locali- ties as follows: ‘Culmen | Depth . Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | of bill | Tarsus. wus ~| pase. |at base. ; MALES. Nine adult males from southern Texas to Costa Rica (except Yucatan) .......2.... 00.02. ccceee sees ee eee 116.1] 78.7 23 12.2] 30.5 22.6 Five adult males from Yucatan.........-......-..+. 116.8} 80.3 23.4] 12.9] 381.5] 22.6 FEMALES, Nine adult females from southern Texas to Costa Rica (except Yucatan).........2-.2222.2...cee eee 102. 6 70.1 20.8 10:9) 2.4 20.8 Five adult females from Yucatan................... 108.4 | 71.9 20.1 | 10.9] 29 20.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2038 Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 88 (Fort Brown, Texas); ii, 1877, 85 (do.; habits); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 130 (do.).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 36; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (San José, Costa Rica); 1883, 445 (n. Yucatan).—Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 116 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr. eggs).— Riveway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 130, part (synonymy; diagnosis); ix, 1886, 151 (crit.; Chietla, etc., Puebla; Jalapa); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 259.—Covxs and Sennett, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv., 1878, 23 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; habits, synonymy, diagnosis, ete. ).—Srnvert, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 396 (Lometa, Texas; habits, measurements, etc.).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 90.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 315.—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 392 (La Palma, w. Costa Rica).—ZerLepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.—FrrRARI-Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Izucar de Matamoras, Chietla, and Acatlan, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—AMERI- can OrniTHovocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 496.—Sa.vin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part (all localities except Mazatlan, Presidio, Manzanillo Bay, and mountains of Colima). [Molothrus] eneus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 37, part. M[olothrus] eneus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 403.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part. Agelaius eneus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Puente Nacional, Vera Cruz). Icterus bonariensis (not Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala). M[olothrus] robustus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 193, footnote (Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.?); Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 81.—Rip@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 367, part. C[allothrus] robustus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589; 2d ed., 1896, 600. Callothrus robustus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 594.—ZeLEpoN, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San José, Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and Alajuela, Costa Rica).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Yucatan), 212 (Orizaba).—Crerrtm, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 250 (do.)—Arrwarsr, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas, breed- ing).—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (San Carlos, Nica- ragua).—Brnpire, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1893, 599 (descr., geogr. range, habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 443, pl. 6, fig. 9.—SINGLEy, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 371 (Rio Grande City; Hidalgo).—AmErican OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 496.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; habits).—Nzpr- ina, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 246. CALLOTHRUS ZZENEUS ZENEUS (Wagler). BRONZED COWBIRD. Similar to C. robustus, but slightly larger, bill relatively stouter, and female very different in coloration. Adult male.—Hardly distinguishable in coloration from the adult male of C. robustus, but rump violet, like the upper tail-coverts, instead of bronzy, like the back, and plumage of the head, neck, and body smoother and more glossy; length (skins), 198.1-228.6 (216.4); wing, 117.1-121.9 (119.1); tail, 81.8-87.9 (84.8); culmen, from base, 204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 22.4-23.6 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 13-14 (13.2); tarsus, 27.9-30.2 (29.5); middle toe, 22.1-23.4 (22.9). Adult female.—Above dark mouse gray, the feathers with darker centers, especially on back and scapulars, where slightly glossed with greenish blue; wings and tail grayish dusky, faintly glossed with greenish, the feathers with narrow paler grayish margins, most dis- tinct on smaller wing-coverts; under parts paler mouse gray, some- times indistinctly streaked with darker, the chin and throat paler; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 193-210.8 (194.8); wing, 101.3-107.4 (104.6); tail, 69.1-76.2 (73.4); culmen, from base, 19.3-20.3 (19.8); depth of bill at base, 11.7-12.4 (11.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (27.4); middle toe, 20.1-21.1 (20.6):? Young male.—Similar to the young female of C. robustus but decid- edly paler, especially below; upper parts deep sooty grayish (similar to under parts of young female of C. robustus), the wing-coverts with terminal margins of paler gray; under parts similar but rather paler, indistinctly streaked with dull olive-yellowish, the abdomen inclining to the latter color. (Young female not seen.) Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Hermosilla) and Sinaloa (Culiacan, Mazatlan, etc.) and Territory of Tepic (San Blas, Acapo- neta, etc.). Psarocolius aeneus WAGER, Isis, 1829, 758 (‘‘Mexico’’; ex Icterus aeneus Lichten- stein, manuscript; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 426. Al[gelaius] eneus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 346. M[olothrus] zneus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 192, footnote (Mexico).— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part. Molothrus xneus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 18, part (Mazatlan).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281, part (Mazatlan; habits).— Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan; Mazatlan).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part (Mazatlan; Presidio) . [Molothrus] xneus ScLaTEr and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part. C{allothrus] zeneus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589, part; 2d ed., 1896, 600, part. CALLOTHRUS AZNEUS ASSIMILIS Nelson. LESSER BRONZED COWBIRD. Similar to C. @. wneus, but smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 190.5-200.7 (196.1); wing, 105.2-111.8 (108.7); tail, 74.4-81.5 (77.5); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.6 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 12.4-13 (12.7); tarsus, 27.9-29.5 (28.5); middle toe, 20.3-22.1 (21.8).? (Adult female and young not seen.) Southwestern Mexico, in States of Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra), Colima 1 Six specimens. ? Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 205 (Manzanillo), Guererro (Acapulco), and Pacific slope of Oaxaca (Ta- pana, province of Tehuantepec). Molothrus xneus (not Psarocolius aeneus Wagler) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 18, part (Manzanillo Bay, Colima).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., ii, 1874, 281, part (Manzanillo Bay; mountains of Colima); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Tapana, prov. Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, part.—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1886, 451, part (Manzanillo Bay, etc., Colima; Tapana, Oaxaca). [Molcthrus] zneus ScLarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part. M[olothrus] eneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367, part. Clallothrus] xneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589, part; 2d ed., 1896, 600, part. Callothrus eneus assimilis Netson, Auk, xvii, J uly, 1900, 266 (Acapulco, Guerrero, 8. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson. Molothrus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 277; App., 1, 494. (Type, Frin- gilla pecoris Gmelin, =Oriolus ater Boddaert.) Molobrus (emendation) SterNBerG, Journ. fiir Orn., xvii, 1869, 125. Hypobletis Guocrr, Hand-u. Hilfsb. d. Nat., 1842, 260. (Type, Fringilla pecoris Gmelin, =Oriolus ater Boddaert. ) Cyanothrus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Mar., 1866, 19. (Type, Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin. ) Cyrtotes Rutcnenpacu, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 73. (Type, Icterus mazillaris Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny, = Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin. ) (?) Agelaioides Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 15. (Type, Agelaius badius Vieillot. ) Small, semiterrestrial, parasitic Icteridee with short conical bill, rather long and pointed wings, and plain or uniform coloration. Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, with straight or nearly straight outlines, its depth at base about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, or a little less, its basal width decidedly less; culmen straight or very slightly convex, sometimes elevated and slightly arched posteriorly, more or less flattened, especially between the nostrils; gonys straight or faintly convex,.slightly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; commissure nearly straight to near base, where deflexed to the rictus, the maxillary tomium some- times more or less convex in middle portion. Nostril small, roundish, or oblong, with membrane above and behind, its posterior end touch- ing feathering of frontal antie. Wing moderate or rather long (less than five to nearly seven times as long as culmen, three and a half to more than four times as long as tarsus), pointed; wing-tip variable in length, from less than length of culmen (in JL badius) to more than twice as long (in IL rufo-axillaris); tertials not produced;' ninth (outer- most) primary longer than fifth, usually longer than sixth, sometimes ‘The drawing of generic details is incorrect in showing a projection of the longest tertial. 206 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. longest; longest primaries may be the ninth, ninth and eighth, eighth and seventh, or seventh, sixth, and fifth; longer primaries usu- ally with inner webs not appreciably sinuated, though sometimes the first and second are faintly so; in one species (Jf. atronitens) the inner webs of first four have minute angular projections, much as in Callo- thrus. Tail from two-thirds to five-sixths as long as wing, even or slightly rounded. Tarsus much longer than culmen, less than one- fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing, the anterior scutella dis- tinct; middle toe, with claw, a little shorter than tarsus; lateral toe with claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux slightly shorter than lateral toes, much stouter, its claws shorter than the digit; all the claws acute and strongly curved. Coloration.—Adult males uniform black, more or less glossy, with or without brown head and neck; adult females plain grayish or brown- ish (usually indistinctly streaked below), that of one species uniform black; young distinctly streaked below. (In two South American species both sexes are plain brownish gray or light brown, with wings largely rusty.) Fange.—Temperate and tropical America in general, except West Indies’ and Central America. With the exception of three or four species, the members of this genus agree very well with one another in structural characters, the differences being slight and immaterial. Of these aberrant species Jf. rufo-acillaris is most different, the wing and tail being proportionally longer, the latter more rounded, and the bill rather shorter and thicker. In this species, only, the female is black, like the male. In M. badius and its near relative, IL fringillarius, the wing is very short and rounded, exceeding the tail in length by less than the length of the culmen; the ninth primary is shorter than the fourth, the fifth being nearly if not quite equal to the longest, and the nostrils linear instead of rounded. In these two species the coloration is very differ- ent from that of any other, both sexes being light brown or brown- ish gray with the wings mostly cinnamon-rufous, and they are said to be nonparasitic, building their own nest and rearing their young in the usual fashion. MM. atronitens has the bill relatively longer and narrower than the other species, and the inner webs of the three outer primaries instead of being very faintly or not at all sinuated have an angular projection of the margin, much as in the species of Callothrus, but much less pronounced, and there seems also to be a slight development of the neck-ruffs of that genus. The habits of some species are scarcely, if at all known; but, while of the three species of the Argentine Republic two (JZ bonariensis and 1A South American species (M. bonariensis or M. atronitens) is said to have been introduced into St. Thomas and Vieque. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 207 UM. rufo-axillaris) always lay their eggs in the nests of other birds, their habits in this respect being quite the same as those of the typical North American species (JZ. ater), the third (JZ. badzus) always builds its own nest and rears its own young in the usual fashion. This fact, taken in connection with the very different proportions of the prima- ries and the peculiar coloration, alluded to above, may necessitate the adoption of the name Aglazoddes Cassin for a genus containing JL. badius and UL. fringillarcus. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MOLOTHRUS. a. General color glossy black. b. Head and neck brown. (Molothrus ater, adult male. ) c. Larger (wing averaging 110.5, tail 75.2, culmen, from base, 18). (More southern British provinces to plateau of Mexico.) Molothrus ater ater, adult male (p. 207) ce. Smaller (wing averaging 100.3, tail 68.8, culmen, from base, 16.3). (Mexico and adjacent portion of United States. ) Molothrus ater obscurus, adult male (p. 210) bb. Head and neck glossy violet-black, like rest of plumage. (Guiana; Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago; Grenada and Grenadines.) Molothrus atronitens, adult male (p. 211) aa. General color grayish or brownish. (Adult females and young.) ; b. Longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much more than length of tarsus. ( Molothrus ater, adult female.) ce. Larger (wing averaging 101.1, culmen 16.) Molothrus ater ater, adult female (p. 207) cc. Smaller (wing averaging 90.7, culmen 15.) Molothrus ater obscurus, adult female (p. 210) bb. Longest primaries exceeding secondaries by not more than length of tarsus. Molothrus atronitens, adult female (p. 212) MOLOTHRUS ATER ATER (Boddaert). COWBIRD. Adult male.—Head, neck, and upper chest plain brown (varying from broccoli brown or drab to warm clove brown); rest of plumage glossy greenish black, the gloss usually more violet (often distinctly so) on upper back, next to brown of hindneck; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown; length (skins), 167.6-194.3 (179.3); wing, 105.4— 115.8 (110.5); tail, 70.1-80 (75.2); culmen, from base, 17.3-19.6 (18); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 24.1-28.2 (26.7); middle toe, 16.5-20.8 (18.5).! Adult female.—Above brownish gray, faintly glossed with greenish, the feathers with darker centers and blackish shaft-streaks, especially on back; wings and tail more dusky brownish gray with paler edgings, these nearly white on longer primaries; under parts paler brownish gray or hair brown, usually more or less distinctly streaked (nar- rowly) with darker, the chin and throat much paler (sometimes almost 1Fourteen specimens. 208 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ‘dull whitish), and, together with the chest, unstreaked; maxilla brown- ish black or dusky brown; mandible brownish, dusky at tip; iris brown; length (skins), 154.9-180.3 (165.9); wing, 93.5-104.6 (101.1); tail, 61.7—-70.4 (66.8); culmen, from base, 15.2-17 (16); depth of bill at base, 10.2-11.2 (10.9); tarsus, 24.1-26.4 (25.4); middle toe, 15.7-18.8 (17).! Young male.—Above varying from dark hair brown to sooty gray- ish brown, the feathers with narrow pale grayish brown and whitish margins (these usually indistinct and often obsolete on pileum and hindneck), the wing-coverts and tertials more broadly and conspicu- ously margined with dull buffy whitish; under parts conspicuously streaked with sooty grayish brown or hair brown and dull buffy or whitish, the latter on margins or lateral edges of feathers, the darker color prevailing anteriorly; maxilla dark brownish, mandible paler; legs and feet brownish. Young female.—Similar to the young male but paler, especially the under parts, which are principally dull light buffy streaked with gray- ish brown. Temperate North America in general, except portions of Pacific coast; north to about 49° in more eastern portions, to 55° 30’ (Little Slave Lake, etc.) in the interior; west to British Columbia (both sides of Cas- cade range), Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern Califor- nia; south in winter to central and southeastern Mexico (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Huexotitla, Puebla; Hacienda San Juan Capis- trano, Zacatecas; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, etc.); breeding south to Georgia (Wayne and McIntosh counties), Louisiana (Petite Anse Island), and Texas (Harris and Bexar counties). Oriolus ater BoppaeERt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 37 (based on Troupiale, dela Caroline, Daubenton, PI. Enl., pl. 606, fig. 1). [Molothrus] ater Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 36, no. 6507. Molothrus ater Cours, Check List, 1873, 43, footnote; 2d ed., 1882, no. 313; Bull. U. 8. Geol. ani Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 667 (n. Texas).—Barrp, Orn. Simpson’s Exp., 1876, 379 (Utah).—Ripeway, Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (Colorado) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 258; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Huexotitla, Puebla; crit.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 310.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 123 (descr. young).—Merrr111, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1 Fifteen specimens. Eastern specimens and a smaller western series average as follows: f Culmen,| Depth Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | of bill | Tarsus." toe. base. jat base. i MALES, Ten adult males from east of Great Plains........... 109.5 74.7 18 12.2 26.4 17.8 Four adult males from Great Plains and westward..| 112.8 76.2 18.5 11.9 27.7 20.1 FEMALES, Ten adult females from east of Great Plains......... 97 66 15.7} 10.9] 24.9 16.5 Five adult females from Great Plains and westward.| 101.3 68.1 16.3 10.4 26.2 18 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209 i, 1878, 1380 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter resid. ).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull.i, N. H. Soc. N. B., 1882, 41 (New Brunswick, rare summer resid.).—Spetman, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 121 (Belmont, Massachusetts, Jan. 2; 2 specs. ).— Damon, Auk, ii, 1885, 309 (Lockport, w. New York, winter) .—AmERICAN ORNI- tTHoLoGIsTs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 495.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, summer).—Ferrrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Huexotitla, Puebla, Nov.).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 161 (dates, etc. ).—THompson Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891,571 (Manitoba).—Arrwa- ter, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas; breeding ?).—Benprre, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, 590, pls. 1, 2, 3 (descr., syn., range, habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 590, pl. 6, figs. 3-6.—Spautpine, Auk, xii, 1895, 182 (Lancaster, New Hampshire, Jan. 18).—Nrnguina, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 240, pl. 17, figs. 2, 3.—Kwicur, Bull. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 86 (Maine, summer resid.).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, both sides of Cascades). Molothrus ater . . . a. ater Rip@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 501 (upper Hum- boldt Valley, Nevada, Aug. 31; Truckee Reservation, Nevada, June; Parleys Park and Bear River valley, Utah, June). M[olothrus] ater Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 402.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367. [Fringilla] pecoris GmEin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 910 (=female; based on Fringilla pecoris Brisson, Orn., iii, 165, etc.).—Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 443. Flringilia] pecoris Licatenstetn, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 23. Emberiza pecoris Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 145, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2, 3. Passerina pecoris Vir1tuot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxv, 1819, 22. Icterus pecoris Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1824; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 53.—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U. §. and Can., i, 1832, 178.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 493, pl. 99; v., 1839, 233, 400, pl. 424. Ps[arocolius] pecoris WaciER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 30, part; Isis, 1831, 527. (?) Agelaus pecoris Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 436. Molothrus pecoris Swatnson, Fauna, Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 277.—Bonararte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—AupDuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 139; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 16, pl. 212.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 524; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 400.—ScLaTErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 333, part (Cozumel I., Yucatan; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, etc.).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding) .—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 17 (monogr.).—Trippe, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 291 (biography ).—Coorsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 257.—Couxs, Check List, 1873, no. 211; Birds N. W., 1874, 180, part.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 154, part, pl. 32, figs. 6, 7.—Genrry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 96 (habits).—Hxnsaaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 312, part (Provo, Utah; Denver and Pueblo, Colorado).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 131.—Bicknevz, Auk, ii, 1885, 152 (song).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 450, part. [Molothrus] pecoris Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 436.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 155.—Sciarer and Sazvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37. M[olothrus] pecoris Cananis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 192. [Molothrus pecoris] a. pecoris Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 180 (synonymy). Molobrus pecoris SuNDEVALL, Meth. Av. Nat. Disp. Tent., 1872, 22. (?) [Oriolus] fuscus Gmewin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Brown-headed Oriole Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 260). 3654—voL 2—01——14 210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (2) [Oriolus] minor Gmutin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 394 (based on Petit Troupaile noir Buffon, Hist. Nat. des Ois., iii, 221). Fringilla ambigua Nurrauy, Man. Urn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 484 (= young). Teterus emberizoides ‘‘Bosc.’’? Daupry, Traité Orn., ii, 1800, 350 (= Oriolus fuscus Gmelin). [Molothrus pecoris] a. Subsp. typica ScuavEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, in list of specimens. MOLOTHRUS ATER OBSCURUS (Gmelin). DWARF COWBIRD. Similar to WM. a. ater in coloration, but decidedly smaller. Adult malv.—Length (skins), 152.4-180.3 (163.6); wing, 96-104.1 (100.3); tail, 61.7-72.9 (68.8); culmen, from base, 15.7-17.8 (16.3); depth of bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.1); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (24.1); middle toe, 16.3-18.3 (17.5).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 142.2-160 (152.4); wing, 85.6-94 (90.7); tail, 57.7-66.5 (62.2); culmen, from base, 14-15.7 (15); depth of bill at base, 9.1-10.9 (9.9); tarsus, 22.4-23.6 (22.9); middle toe, 15.2-16.8 (16).? Greater part of Mexico, including Lower California, and contiguous portion of United States; north to southern Texas (Cameron, Lam- pasas, Harris, Tom Green, and Concho counties) and Arizona (Fort Whipple, Mogollon Mountains, Tucson, Riverside, etc.); south to Oaxaca (Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, Tehuantepec City, etc.), Colima (Man- zanilla Bay), Jalisco (Bolafios), ete. [Sturnus] obscurus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 804 (based-on Sturnus nove- hispanix Brisson, Orn., ii, 448). Molothrus obscurus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 18 (monogr.; Miraflores, Lower California; Colima and Manzanillo, w. Mexico) .—Coopsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 260 (Cape St. Lucas; s. Arizona; n. w. Mexico).—BREWER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr. eggs). [Molothrus] obscurus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 36, no. 6508. [Molothrus pecoris.] Var. obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 155.—HEn- sHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 312 (Gila R., Arizona). 1 Sixteen specimens. ? Fifteen specimens. Specimens from different areas compare in average measurements as follows: Culmen,! Depth ; Locality. Wing. | Tail. from of bill | Tarsus. Middle base. | at base. . MALES. Eight adult males from Arizona...........-....---+ 98. 6 67.3 16 9.1 23.6 17.5 Two adult males from Lower California........... 100.3 69.9 16 8.9 23.6 17.3 Six adult males from southern Texas. ............. 102.4 70.6 16.8 9.7 24.9 17.5 FEMALES, Nine adult females from Arizona, Lower Califor- Nia; BNE Sonora ec ccemscenaceaimanici aman 90.2} 61.7 14.2 9.4| 22.9 16.8 Five adult females from southern Texas .......... 91.2 62.2 15.2 10.4 22.9 16 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 211 Molothrus pecoris . . var. obscurus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 211a.—Hen- sHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 160 (s. Arizona). Molothrus pecoris var. obscurus Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 32, fig. 8 —Lawrencr, Mem. Bost: Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 280 (Mazatlan; Manzanillo Bay; habits); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Oct.). [Molothrus pecoris] b. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 180 (synonymy). Mfolothrus] ater var. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 180, in text. Molothrus ater var. obscurus MERRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 130 (Fort Brown, Texas; summer resid.) . Molothrus ater obscurus Cours and Srynerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 22 (Brownsville, Texas; habits).—Srnnerr, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., vy, 1879, 396 (Lometa, Texas; habits, descr. eggs, etc.).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 182, 218, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 258a.—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 314.— Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, Jan., Feb.).—NEuHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (Houston, Texas, breeding).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (Tucson and Santa Rita Mts., Arizona).—BrELpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546, 547 (San José del Cabo, Lower California); vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 495a.— FErrAri-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Puebla, Nov. ).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Riverside, Tucson, Florence, etc., Arizona).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 162 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas, summer).—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, sum- mer).—ATTWATER, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas).—Benp1RE, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1893, 597 (geog. range, habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 441, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8. (Molothrus pecoris.] b. Subsp. obscura ScLaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 334, in list of specimens. Miotothrus) a(ter] obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 402. M[olothrus] ater obscurus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 367. (?) Agelaus pecoris (not Fringilla pecoris Gmelin?) Swainson, Philos. Mab. n. s., i, 1827, 436 (near City of Mexico). (?) Psarocolius pecoris WacuEr, Isis, 1831, 527 (Mexico). (?) Molothrus pecoris ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1860, 252 (Orizaba); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, part (Jalapa) ; Ibis, 1884, 3, part (monogr.). Molothrus pecoris ScLater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 333, part (City of Mexico; Mazatlan).—Herrrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv. 1859, 52 (Fort Yuma, New Mexico; Texas).—Barrp, Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 18 (Texas; Nuevo Leon, etc).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 450, part (most Mexican references and localities. ) [Sturnus] junceti Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 326 (same basis as S. obscurus Gmelin). MOLOTHRUS ATRONITENS (Cabanis). GLOSSY COWBIRD. Adult male.—Head, neck, back, scapulars, and under partsas far back as flanks and upper portion of abdomen uniform silky violet-black, the gloss rather more reddish violet or purple on the breast and sides; 212 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lesser and middle wing-coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, lower abdo- men, and anal region glossy blue-black, the first, also the upper por- tion of the rump, tinged with violet; wings (except smaller coverts), tail, and under tail-coverts glossy greenish black; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 165.1-185.4 (172.7); wing, 93.2-98.3 (95); tail, 69.6-74.9 (71.9); culmen, from base, 17.3-18.5 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 9.7-9.9 (9.7); tarsus, 21.3-22.1 (21.6); middle toe, 19.3.1 Adult female.—Pileum dark grayish brown; rest of upper parts lighter grayish brown, palest (dark smoke gray or brownish mouse gray) on rump, the scapulars and interscapulars with rather distinct dusky mesial streaks; wings and tail dusky with grayish brown edg- ings; under parts light grayish brown (hair brown) medially, darker hair brown laterally, the chin and upper throat very pale hair brown or pale buffy grayish; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skin), 150.9; wing, 87.1; tail, 64.5; culmen, from base, 16.5; depth of bill at base, 8.9; tarsus, 19.1; middle toe, 17.3.’ Northern coast district of South America, in Guiana and Venezueia; Trinidad; Tobago; Grenadines (Curriacoa), Lesser Antilles; Vieque (near St. Thomas), Greater Antilles (introduced ?). Molothrus atronitens CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 682 (British Guiana) .—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 576 (Trinidad).— PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 200.—(?) Beruepscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 249 (Prov. Santa Catarina, s. Brazil).—Scuater, Ibis, 1884, 6 (monogr.); Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 337, excl. syn. part (Venezuela; Trinidad; Dem- erara, British Guiana; Oyapoc, Cayenne; Mexiana I., lower Amazon).— Strong, Auk, viii, 1891, 346 (monogr.).—Cory, Auk, x, 1893, 220 (Tobago). Molothrus atro-nitens CHarpMaNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 36 (Trinidad). M[olothrus] atronitens CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 193 (Cayenne ?). (Molothrus] atronitens ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37. M[olothris] bonariensis (not Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin) Capanrs, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 193, part (Venezuela). (?) Molothrus bonariensis Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (St. Thomas; introduced ?); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 124 ( Vieque; introduced ?). Molothrus sericeus (not Icterus sericeus Lichtenstein) Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Trinidad).—(?) Newton, Ibis, 1860, 308, in text (Vieque, West Indies). Lampropsar guianensis (not of Cabanis) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 22. (?) Molothrus discolor (not Passerina discolor Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 20, part (Trinidad). Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot. Quiscalus VietLLotT, Analyse, 1816, 36. (Type, Q. versicolor Vieillot,=Gracula quiscula Linnzeus.) Quiscala LicuTEnsrEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 18. Scaphidurus Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 437 (substitute for Quiscalus Vieillot). Scaphura (emendation) Gioarr, Hand-u. Hilfsb., 1842, 261 (= Quiscalus). 1 Three specimens. ? One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2138 Medium-sized or rather large semiterrestrial Icteride, with long, graduated, and plicate’ tail; anteriorly truncated and very prominent median palatal ridge; bill about as long as head and strongly decurved at tip; color black, with various and strongly contrasted metallic (green, blue, violet, and bronze) hues. Bill about as long as head or a little longer, elongate-conical, but upper outline decidedly convex terminally and decurved at tip, its basal depth less than one-half the length of culmen, but equal to or more than one-half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the basal width a little less; culmen nearly straight (sometimes faintly depressed) in middle, convex terminally, with strongly decurved tip, elevated and usually slightly arched basally, distinctly ridged but the ridge broad and rounded; gonys straight or nearly so, sometimes faintly concave terminally, sometimes faintly convex basally, slightly shorter than maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium slightly convex in middle, slightly concave anteriorly and subbasally, strongly deflexed from beneath nostril to rictus; mandibular tomium convex terminally, straight or slightly concave in middle, more or less convex and ele- vated opposite palatal ridge, then slightly deflexed for a short distance, strongly deflexed from beneath nostril to rictus. Nostril more or less triangular (obtusely pointed anteriorly), posteriorly in contact with feathering of loral anti, overhung by a rather broad membraneous or subcorneous operculum. Wing moderate (less than four to more than four times as long as culmen, three and a half to nearly four times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately produced (about equal in length to tarsus or intermediate between length of tarsus and length of culmen), subtruncate; ninth (outermost) primary intermediate between seventh and sixth, between sixth and fifth, or equal to fifth; eighth and seventh or eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest; inner web of three outer primaries slightly but distinctly sinuated, but the middle portion not conspicuously widened. Tail plicate, shorter than wing (the differ- ence equal to about one-fourth to one-third the length of culmen), graduated for a little less than length of culmen, the rectrices (except middle pair) widest terminally and with obliquely subtruncated tips, the inner web usually a little longer than the outer. Tarsus slightly longer than culmen, with anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux equal in length to lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; claws only moderately curved. Capable of being folded vertically so that a transverse section is V-shaped, the two edges being brought near together when flying. On account of this folding and the graduated form of the tip, the effect, when the bird is flying, is very peculiar, the tail appearing as if much longer on one side than on the other. 214 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Coloration.—Blackish, with glossy sheen of various strongly con- trasted metallic hues of green, blue, violet, purple, and bronze; the female smaller and less brilliant in color than the male. Range.—Eastern North America. (Monotypic!)’ KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF QUISCALUS. a. Plumage of back, scapulars, rump, and under parts of body varied with several metallic hues, dark bronzy green or purplish bronze prevailing; lesser and middle wing-coverts violet or purple, tipped with metallic blue, green, or bronze, b. Larger, except bill and feet; wing of adult male averaging 143.8, tail 135.6; adult female averaging, wing 127.8, tail 112; individual variation in plumage very great. (Atlantic coast district of United States, from eastern end of Long Island Sound to South Carolina; eastern Tennessee; occasional in lower Mississippi Valley ?) ..-.-..------------- Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (p. 215) bb. Smaller, except bill and feet; adult male averaging, wing 133.1, tail 121.1, adult female averaging, wing 119, tail 106.2; individual variation in plum- age very slight. (Peninsula of Florida and along Gulf coast to Louisiana. ) Quiscalus quiscula agleus (p. 217) au. Plumage of back, scapulars, ramp, and under parts of body perfectly uniform bronze or brassy olive; lesser and middle wing-coverts entirely bronzy purple or purplish bronze. (Whole interior of North America and whole of New England (except coast of Long Island Sound) and northward; south to Texas, west to Rocky Mountains; occasional during migration along Atlantic coast.) Quiscalus quiscula wneus (p. 219) When the real distinctive characters of Q. g. quiscula and Q. ¢. eneus are kept in mind there should not be the slightest difficulty in recognizing them as very distinct forms. In the first place, it is impor- tant to know that the color of the head, neck, and chest is not of the slightest value as a distinctive character, since it varies equally in both forms, from goiden green to reddish purple. In Q. g. quéscula, how- ever, the brilliant color of the head, neck, and chest, while often very sharply defined posteriorly, gives way to a color which varies from dark bronzy green to violet-purple, but always more or less broken by other metallic colors, largely in the form of bars of different hues upon the individual feathers, while the lesser and middle wing-coverts are tipped with a metallic color (blue passing through green into bronze or golden terminally) conspicuously different from the violet-purple of the basal portion. In-Q. g. @neus, on the other hand, the brilliant color of the head, neck, and chest (whether it be violet, blue, green, or brassy) gives way at once to a golden bronze or brassy hue, which extends, absolutely unbroken by other hues, over the entire back, scapulars, rump, and under parts of the body (except chest), while the smaller wing-coverts are either wholly reddish purple or else tipped with golden bronze, never with blue nor green. Q. q. agleus is not distinguishable as to coloration from many exanl- ples of Q. 7. quéscula, the differences consisting in its smaller size with 1If Q. eneus be considered a subspecies of Q. quiscula, then the genus is monotypic; otherwise it consists of two species. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 215 relatively larger bill and feet; but while @Q. q. quisculu, is 80 excess- ively variable in coloration that scarcely two specimens are exactly alike, Q. g. aglwus is remarkably uniform, and the general color of the back, scapulars, and under parts is always a dark bronzy green, this color being rather the exception in Q. q. quiscula, in which more purplish hues prevail. On account of the very slight individual variation of color in Q. 4. agleus and @. 9. encus and the excessive variability of Q. g. guiseula, together with the remarkable geographic distribution of the three forms, which does not in the least conform to faunal areas,’ Mr. Chapman has suggested,’ and well-nigh proven, that Q. guisculu and Q. wneus are distinct species, which interbreed in the district where their breeding ranges come together, the former being of ** pure blood” chiefly in the form known as @Q. g. aglwus, Q. 9. quisculu being chiefly a hybrid form. My own opinion in the matter exactly coincides with Mr. Chapman’s; but since so many forms now ranked as subspecies are similarly involved I prefer, at present, to leave the question in abeyance. QUISCALUS QUISCULA QUISCULA (Linneus). PURPLE GRACKLE. Adult male.—Head, neck, and chest varying in color from metallic reddish violet to golden green’; prevailing color of back and scapu- lars varying from bronzy purple or polished bronze to metallic olive- green or bottle green, but this always more or less broken by bars (mostly concealed, except on scapulars) of metallic green, blue, bronze, or purple (or all these tints); rump varying in color from purplish bronze to violet, the color usually more or less broken by admixture of other metallic hues; prevailing color of wings violet or purple (the primaries, primary-coverts, and alula usually more bluish, sometimes bluish green); the lesser and middle coverts usually banded, more or less conspicuously, with purple, blue, green, golden, etc.; tail dark purple, violet, blue, or green, or (in worn or faded plumage) black glossed with one of these colors; under parts (posterior to chest) me- tallic purple, violet, blue, green, etc., the color varying in different parts, sometimes mixed with golden bronze; bill, legs, and feet black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white; length (skins), 275.6-299.7 1. g. eneus breeds from southern Texas to the Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia, and does not vary in coloration throughout this enormous extent of territory. *Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, no. 1, 1892, pp. 1-20. This article of Mr. Chap- man’s is a most excellent one, and discusses the question of the relationship of the three forms with a detail which is impossible here. It should be carefully read by those who desire further information on the subject. * Whatever the general color of the head, neck, and chest, the anterior portion of the head is usually more bluish than the posterior portion, but occasionally the neck and chest are bluer than the head; the color is rarely, if ever, uniform throughout. . 216 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (285.2); wing, 137.7-146.8 (148.8); tail, 129.5-189.7 (135.6); cumen, from base, 32.5-36.3 (33.8); depth of bill at base, 12.2-13.7 (18); tarsus, 34.3-88.4 (36.6); middle toe, 25.1-26.7 (25.7). Adult female.—Decidedly smaller than the male and much duller in color, the metallic hues more subdued, sometimes very faint; length (skins), 236.2-256.5 (251.7); wing, 122.4-133.9 (127.8); tail, 101.6- 122.7 (112); culmen, from base, 27.9-30.2 (29.2); depth of bill at base, 11.9-13 (12.4); tarsus, 39.8-36.1 (34.3); middle toe, 22.1-25.4 (23.4).! Young.—Uniform sooty, rather paler below, where sometimes showing indistinct streaks of darker. Atlantic coast district of United States, east of Alleghenies; north to lower Hudson Valley and northern shores of Long Island Sound; breeding south to uplands of Alabama (Greensboro, Anniston, Coosada, etc.), Georgia, and the Carolinas, to Virginia (?) along the coast; occa- sional on western side of Alleghenies, in eastern Tennessee (Roane County, March, April). [Gracula] quiscula Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 109 (based on Moneaula purpurea Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 12, etc., ‘America septentrionale) ;” ed. 12, i, 1766, 165.—GMeELIn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 397.—LarHam, Index Orn.,i, 1790, 191. Gracula quiscola Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 44, pl. 21, fig. 4. Ch{alcophanes] quiscalus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 196. Sturnus quiscala Dauprn, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 316. Q[uiscalus] quiscula Jorpan, Man. Vert. E. N. Am., 4th ed., 1884, 93. Quiscalus quiscula AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 511.— Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 318 (Roane Co., Tennessee, Mar., Apr.—Brewsrer. Auk, vii, 1890, 208 (Charleston, South Carolina, 1 spec. Nov. 30).—Cuapmay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 3 (descr.; geog. range; crit.).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 497, pl. 7, figs. 21-23.—Youne, Auk, xiii, 1896, 283 (Hazleton, Pottsville, and Nescopeck, Pennsylvania, breeding). Q[uiscalus] quiscula Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379. Quiscalus versicolor ViErLLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 488 (‘‘ North America’’); Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 171, pl. 108.—Bonaparts, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 45, pl. 5, fig. 1; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 54; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.—Nutrauu, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 194, part.—Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 35, part, pl. vii, fig. 1; v, 1839, 481, part; Synopsis, 1839, 146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 58, part, pl. 221.—(?) Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 298.—Ha.prEMany, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1841, 54.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 555, part (Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania; Washington, District of Columbia); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 421, part.—Scuatrr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140 (e. United States); Ibis, 1884, 154, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, part.—Covss, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina).—Turnputt, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 25 (Mar. to Nov.). [Quiscalus] versicolor Bonaparty, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424. Gracula barita (not of Linneeus) Orn, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 254. (?) Qu[iscalus] nitens Licarenstztn, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 18. (2) Quiscalus purpuratus Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 298 (North America). 1Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 217 Q[uiscalus] purpuratus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 424. Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse, 1853) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 403, part (ex Gracula purpurea Bartram, Tray. Florida, 1791, 290,= nomen nudum).—Ripeway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 133 (crit.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 183, 278; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 278.— Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 225, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 335; Birds N. W. 1874, 203,. part (in synonymy).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214, part, pl. 37, fig. 1.—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 46 (Connecticut, summer resid.).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 148 part.—Wanrrmn, Rep. Penn. Board Agric. for 1883, 214-217 (habits, food, etc. ). , [Quiscalus] purpureus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160, part. Q[uiscalus] purpureus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 413. [Quiscalus purpureus] var. purpureus Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 213. [Quiscalus purpureus.] Var. purpureus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N- Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 215. [Quiscalus purpureus] a. purpureus Cours, Birds, N. W., 1874, 203 (synonymy). (?) Quiscalus purpureus var. agleus (not Quiscalus agleus, Baird?) Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 10 (Coosada, Alabama, resident) . Q[uiscalus] versicolor typicus ScuatTeR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, in text. [Quiscalus versicolor] a. Subsp. typica ScuaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 395, in list of specimens (Pennsylvania; Maryland; Virginia). QUISCALUS QUISCULA AGLAUS (Baird). FLORIDA GRACKLE, Similar to Q. ¢. guiscula, but decidedly smaller (except bill and feet), and coloration far Jess variable; adult male with. color of head, neck, and chest varying from dark purplish bronze to violet (the head usually more bluish); back, scapulars, and sides of breast dark olive-green or dull bottle green, often nearly uniform, but always with at least con- cealed bars of other metallic hues; rump varying from purplish bronze to violet, usually more or less spotted with steel blue, bronze, etc.; abdomen and under tail-coverts dark violet, sometimes mixed with dark blue; prevailing color of wings varying from violet-purple to steel blue (the color most pronounced on greater coverts and secondaries), the middle and lesser coverts more or less barred with various metallic hues (as in Q. g. quéscula). Adult male.—Length (skins), 276.9-297.2 (285.2); wing, 129-135.9 (183.1); tail, 116.1-128.5 (121.2); culmen, from base, 31-35.1 (33.3); depth of bill at base, 11.7-13.2 (18); tarsus, 35.6-37.3 (36.6); middle toe, 24.4-96.7 (25.4).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 233. 7-261.6 (250.2); wing, 116.6-124.5 (119.1); tail, 100.8-111 (106.2); culmen, from base, 29.2-31.2 (30.2); 1 Ten specimens. 918 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. depth of bill at base, 10.7-13 (11.9); tarsus, 33.3-34.8 (33.8); middle toe, 21.8-23.6 (22.9)." Peninsula of Florida, along the Gulf coast to Louisiana (Mandeville, New Orleans, St. James Parish, Jefferson Parish, West Baton Rouge Parish, etc.), and along the more southern Atlantic coast to South Carolina (to Virginia ?).” (2) [Oriolus] hulovicianus Gamewin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 387 (based on Cassique, de la Louisiane, Daubenton, Pl. Enl. pl. 646; = albinotic specimen, probably of this form). (2) Ch[alcophanes] purpuratus (not Quiscalus purpuratus Swainson?) Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept. 1851, 196 (Georgia). Quiscalus baritus (not Gracula barita Linneeus) Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 556 (Key Biscayne and Cape Florida, s. Florida), 925 (Indian Key, s. Florida); ed, 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 32; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 422. Quiscalius versicolor (not of Vieillot) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 146, part.—T.aytor, Ibis, 1862; 129 (Florida).—ScriatTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, part. Quiscalus agleus Barrp, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, ser. 2, xli, 1866, 84 (s. Florida; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 404 (monogr. ).—Ripeway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1869, 135 (crit. ).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 87, fig. 2. [Quiscalus purpureus. ] Var. agleus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 161. Quiscalus purpureus . var. agleus Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 225a. [Quiscalus purpureus] var. agelaius Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 203. [Quiscalus purpureus. ] _ war. agleus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, ‘221, [Quiscalus purpureus] c. agleus Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 203 (synonymy). Quiscalus purpureus agleus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 183; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1882, no. 278a.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 337. Quiscalus quiscula agleus STEINEGER, Auk, ii, Jan. 1885, 43, footnote.—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 51la.—FisHer, Auk, v, 1888, 113 (New Orleans, Louisiana, summer).—Brewsrer, Auk, v, 1888, 208 (Charleston, South Carolina, breeding).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1 Five specimens. Louisiana specimens are larger than those from Florida, with decidedly longer bills; but they must either be referred to the same form or recognized as a fourth subspecies. In coloration they agree very closely with Florida examples. Average measurements of the two series are as follows: Culmen,} Depth j Locality. Wing. | Tail. from of bill Tarsus. mage base. | at base. é Ten adult males from Florida ...........-....:..--| 183.1 | 121.2 33.3 13} 36.6 25.4 Twelve adult males from Louisiana.............-. 186.4] 124.7 34.8 13) 37.1 25.9 ? Although Virginia is given as the northern limit of the range of this form in the second edition of the A. O. U. Check List, Ido not know upon what authority or evidence. I have not seen specimens from farther north than Charleston, South Carolina. Ss BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 219 1888, 174 (New Orleans).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 321 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, upper Caloosahatchie R., and Key West, s. Florida, breeding).— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 5 (deser.; crit.).—Wavywnn, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding.)—Benpirn, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 500, pl. 7, figs. 24, 25. Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., for 1897-’99 (1900), 106 (Louisiana, breeding). Q[uiscalus] quiscula aglzeus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 380. (?) Quiscalus quiscula (not Gracula quiscula Linnzeus?) Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 174 (West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-'99 (1900), 106 (breeding in Baton Rouge and St. Tammany Parishes, Louisiana). Q[uiscalus] p[urpureus] agleus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 414. Quiscalus versicolor agleus ScLarER, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, 1884, 154 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, in text. Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse, 1853) ALLEN, Bull: Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 291, excl. syn. part (e. Florida; crit.).—(?) Lanapon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. A., 1881, 150 (West Baton Rouge, Louisiana, breeding).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am. 1881, 148, part. QUISCALUS QUISCULA ANEUS Ridgway. BRONZED GRACKLE. Differing from both @. ¢. qguiscula and Q. q. agleus in the perfectly uniform bronze color of the entire body (except chest), and wholly unbarred bronze or purplish bronze wing-coverts; about the size of the former. Adult male.—Head, neck, and chest varying in color from greenish blue to purple, the neck and chest sometimes brassy green; rest of the plumage perfectly uniform bronze or brassy olive, becoming more purplish on wings and tail; the lesser wing-coverts uniform brassy olive or bronze, and neither these nor the middle coverts ever marked with bars of other metallic tints; length (skins), 276.9-317.5 (297.7); wing, 136.7-153.2 (134.9); culmen, from base, 30.7-33.5 (82.3); depth of bill at base, 12.7-14 (13); tarsus, 35.6-87.8 (36.8); middle toe, 24.1-26.9 (25.4).? Adult female.—Similar to the male, but decidedly smaller and much duller in color; length (skins), 235-269.2 (254.8); wing, 122.7-131.6 (126.5); tail, 105.7-113.3 (110.7); culmen, from base, 28.7-31.2 (29.7); depth of bill at base, 11.2-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 31.5-34.8 (33.8); middle toe, 22.6-23.9 (23.1).” Temperate North America east of Rocky Mountains, except Atlantic coast district from shores of Long Island Sound southward and the Gulf coast from Florida to Louisiana; breeding from Massachusetts,? New ‘Ten specimens. * Hight specimens. 5 Many, if not all, specimens from the coast of Massachusetts are more or less inter- mediate between this form and the true Q. quiscula, the breeding range of which there adjoins that of Q. g. zneus. 220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. York,’ western Pennsylvania, the Ohio Valley (including western West Virginia and greater portion of Kentucky and Tennessee), central Ala- bama (?), northern Mississippi and Louisiana, Texas (Bexar, Cook, Navarro, and Harris (#) counties), northward to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, southern Newfoundland, southern Labrador, Great Slave Lake, and Prince Albert, Northwest Territory; west to base of Rocky Moun- tains in eastern New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming (west to Fort Bridger), Montana, etc. During migrations, an occasional straggler to the Atlantic coast district from Maryland southward. Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 35, part, pl. 7; v, 1839, 481, part; Synopsis, 1839, 146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 58, part, pl. 221.—Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 285.—Nur- TALL, Man. Orn. U. 8. and’Can., i, 1832, 194, part.—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291 (Franklin Co., Indiana).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 555, part (Iowa; Red R., Manitoba; localities in Nebraska, Kansas, etc.), 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 421, part.—Witiis, Smithsonian Rep. for 1858 (1859), 283 (Nova Scotia).— VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding).— Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan); 1863, 83 (bet. Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay).—Samuegts, Birds New Engl., 1864, 10.—Covzs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 285 (Lynn, Massachusetts).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8.—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1878, 375 (Maine; New Hampshire; Massachusetts).—Sciatsr, Ibis, 1884, 154, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 394, part. (?) Ch[alcophanes] versicolor CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196. Quiscalus purpureus Woopnouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 79 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico; ‘California’ ).—Cassiy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 403, part (ex Gracula purpurea Bartram, = nomen nudum).—Covegs, Check List, 1873, no. 225, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 203, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 128 (e. Kansas), 138 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas); Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 61 (Fort Rice, North Dakota; mouth of Tongue R., Heart R., and Yellowstone R., e. Mon- tana).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8.—Lanapon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 10; rev. ed., 1879, 11.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 176 (Upton, Maine; descr. young).—McCuxsney, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, Apr. to Oct.).—RaTHBun, Rev. List Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 22 (summer resid.).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 145 (w. Missouri).—Coverr, Annot. List Birds, etc., Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 1881, 182.—Merrriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 231 (Fulton Chain, n.e. New York) ; vii, 1882, 237 (Point du Monts, prov. Quebec, Canada).—Hartcn, Ninth An. Rep. Geol. and N. H. Surv. Minn., 1881, 396 (Minnesota) .—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am. 1881, 148, part.— CuamBerLaIn, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 42 (New Brunswick, summer resid.).—Horrman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxi, 1882, 400 (Fort Berthold, North Dakota).—(?) Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92 (Memphis, Tennessee; Vicksburg, Mississippi).—(?) Becxnam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 162 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana).—Oerpy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, 48 (Navarro Co., Texas, breeding; habits). [Quiscalus] purpureus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160, part. : Except the lower Hudson Valley. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIQOA. 221 Q[uiscalus] purpureus NELson, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 62 (Union Co., Illinois). —Borss, Cat. Birds S. Mich., 1875, no. 94. ‘Quiscalus eneus Ripaway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, June, 1869, 134 (Mount Carmel, Wabash Co., s. e. Illinois; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Brewsr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (New England).—Jovy, Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 156 (District Columbia, casual).—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 3 (descr.; geog. range; crit.).—Brimiey, Auk, xi, 1894, 333 (Raleigh, North Carolina, 2 specs., Nov. 14). [Quiscalus purpureus] var. aeneus BarrD, Brewer, and Ripaway Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 203. [Quiscalus purpureus.] Var. aneus Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 218. [Quiscalus purpureus] b. zeneus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 203, in synonymy. Quiscalus purpureus, var. eneus RipGway, Bull. Essex Inst., vy, Nov., 1873, 170, in text (Fort Bridger, Wyoming), 184, 192 (Colorado). Q[uiscalus] purpureus, var. eneus Neson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Llinois, summer res. ). Quiscalus purpureus . . . var. «ncus HENsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 65 (Denver, Colorado, May 14). Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 142 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding). Quiscalus purpureus . . . var. aeneus Hensaaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 324 (Denver). Quiscalus purpureus xneus Cours, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 606 (Pembina, North Dakota, to Rocky Mts.); Check List., 2d ed., 1882, no. 336.—Roserts and Brenner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Jan. 1880, 15 (Grant and Traverse counties, Minnesota, breeding).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 2786.—Lanepon, Journ., Cinc. Soc. N. H., 1880, 125 (Brookville, Indiana, Dec., Jan., Feb.).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 181 (carnivorous habits).—BatcHetper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 149 (upper St. Johns R., Maine and New Brunswick, breed- ing).—Neuriine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (Houston, Texas, breeding abundantly).—CHamBer.ain, Bull. no. 1, Nat. Hist. Soc. New Bruns., 1882, 42 (New Brunswick, summer resident). Q[uiscalus] p[urpureus] xneus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 413. Q[uiscalus] versicolor, var. zneus Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 375 (Illinois). Quiscalus versicolor zeneus Rripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Sept. 4, 1880, 218.— Sciater, Ibis, 1884, 154. Quiscalus quiscula eneus SresnEGER, Auk, ii, Jan., 1885, 43, footnote.—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 511b.—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 319 (Roane Co., e. Tennessee).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 291 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas, not breeding).—Brcknam, Auk, iv, 1887, 302 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana, Apr.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 672 (San Antonio and Beeville, Texas, winter).—Loomis, Auk, v, 1888, 113 (Chester Co., South Carolina, 2specimens, Nov. ); viii, 1891, 167 (do., Nov. 1 to Feb.) .— Cooks, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 174 (wintering regularly n. to s. Illinois, occasionally to Minnesota; dates, etc.).—Ripe@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 326.—Cuarxkeg, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay).—PatmEr (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 263 (St. Johns, Newfoundland ).— Tuombson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 582 (Manitoba; habits).— Arrwatrr, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 109 (San Antonio, breeding).—Nuritine, Bull. Lab. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 274 (Grand Rapids and Chemawawin, 222 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lower Saskatchewan, very abundant).—Dwient, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince Edward I., breeding).—Topp, Auk, x, 1893, 39 (Indiana and Clearfield counties, w. Pennsylvania, breeding).—Brimury, Auk, x, 1893, 242 (Bun- combe Co., North Carolina, Mar. 16; Raleigh, Nov. 26).—Deacoy, Biol. Rev. Ontario, i, 1894, 69 (Prince Albert, Northwest Territory, very abt., breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Trorwr, Auk, xii, 1895, 216 (Fort Keogh, Montana, breeding).—Piers, Trans. Nova Scot. Inst. Sci., ser. 2, i, 1895, 407 (Nova Scotia, rare).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 501, pl. 7, figs. 26, 27 (eggs).—Bainy, Auk, xiii, 1896, 294 (Elk Co., w. Pennsylvania, breeding).—Cooxx, Birds Col., 1897, 95 (Colorado, summer resid. e. of mts.).—Rrves, Auk, xv, 1898, 135 (Spruce belt, West Virginia).—Bryzr, Proc, Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 106 (breeding near Madisonville, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana). Q[uiscalus] quiscula eneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 380. [Quiscalus versicolor] b. Subsp. «nea Scuarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 395, in list of specimens (Pembina, Dakota; Fort Dufferin, and Fort Simp- son, Brit. America; ‘‘Arctic America’’). Quiscalus quiscula (not Gracula quiscula Linneeus) Brirrar and Cox, Auk, vy, 1889, 117 (Restigouche Valley, New Brunswick).—Harcu, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 288.—Nenriinc, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 304, part, pl. 17, fig. 6. Genus HOLOQUISCALUS Cassin. (?)Scaphidurus (not of Swainson, 1827) Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, App. 1,494. (Type, ‘‘ Oriolus niger Auct.,” i. e., of Boddaert?)' Holoquiscalus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 404. (Type, Gracula barita Linnzeus, = Sturnus jamaicensis Daudin?) Medium-sized or rather small semiterrestrial Icteride with plicate tail? (decidedly shorter than wing and graduated for much less than one-third, usually less than one-fourth, its length), and with the median palatal ridge beveled off anteriorly. Bill about as long as head, clongate-conical, with tip more or less decurved, its depth at base much less than one-half the exposed culmen, little if any more (usually slightly less) than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width a little less; culmen nearly straight to near tip, where niore or less strongly decurved, the basal portion sometimes slightly elevated and arched; the culmen ridged, the ridge narrow but rounded; gonys nearly straight, slightly but decidedly shorter than maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium more 1 The characters given apply only in part to this genus. This citation of Scaphidu- rus Swainson is placed by Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, p. 329) under Cas- sidiz, but while the description of the bill in Swainson’s diagnosis applies well enough to Cassidix, the phrase ‘‘tail graduated, boat-shaped,’’ certainly does not, but evidently does to a member of the Quiscaline group. *In H. gundlachii, at least, the tail is said to be ‘“‘permanently keeled; that is, is. wedge-shaped even when the bird is at rest. In flying it is expanded vertically, and measures 4 to 5 inches in depth at the tip. This gives them a most ludicrous appear- ance, which is heightened by their fluttering, labored flight. Indeed, when on the wing they resemble miniature flying machines.’ (Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus., iv, 1892, p. 306.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMFRICA. 223 or less concave terminally, straight or slightly convex in middle, slightly but sometimes rather abruptly deflexed for the rictal portion; mandibular tomium straight in middle portion, more or less decurved or convex terminally, more or less strongly deflexed basally; median palatal ridge beveled anteriorly (as in Megaquiscalus). Nostril rather large, broadly ovoid, obtusely pointed anteriorly, posteriorly in con- tact with feathering of the loral antiw, overhung by a broad and dis- tinct membranous or subcorneous operculum. Wing moderate (a little less to a little more than four times as long as culmen, about three and one-fourth to three and three-fourths times as long as tarsus), its tip moderately produced (by less than two-thirds to nearly as long as cul- men), rounded; ninth (outermost) primary intermediate between sixth and fifth or between fifth and fourth, the eighth and seventh or seventh and sixth longest; three or four outer primaries with inner webs distinctly emarginated and very broad anterior to the emargina- tion. Tail decidedly shorter than wing (about equal to distance from bend of wing to end of longest secondaries), plicate (as in Quéscalus and Megaquiscalus), moderately graduated (graduation less than length of culmen and little, if any, more than one-fourth the length of middle rectrices), the inner webs not longer than the outer. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, equal to or shorter (sometimes decidedly shorter) than tarsus; lateral toes with claws falling decidedly short of base of middle alae: hallux equal i in length to lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; claws moderately to vat lien strongly curved, acute. Coloratian.—Adult males entirely glossy black (the gloss violet or bluish, more greenish on wings and tail); adult females similar to males in species of the Greater Antilles, more or less different (more brownish, often quite pale below) in species of the Lesser Antilles and northern South America. Ltange.—West Indies; northern coast of South America. This mainly West Indian genus, being definable by structural char- acters, seems sufficiently distinct from both Quiscalus and Megaquis- calus to warrant its recognition. From Quiscalus it differs conspicu- ously in the form of the median palatal ridge, which, instead of being highest, truncate, and angular anteriorly, is slanted or beveled off anteriorly and highest in the middle, as in Megaquiscalus, straighter commissure; inner webs of primaries much broader in middle portion (except in South American species); the middle toe and claw as long as the tarsus (in typical species) instead of decidedly shorter; besides which the adult males are plain blue-black or violet-black, and the females, in some species, very differently colored from the males. In respect to the shape of the palatal mdge, the narrower bill with straighter commissure, and the uniform blue or violet-black coloration 224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and (except in some species) very different coloration of the sexes, there is greater resemblance to Megaquiscalus than to Qudscalus, but the points of difference from the former are sufficiently numerous. The tail is relatively shorter and far less graduated than in Mega- quiscalus, the difference in length between lateral und median rectrices amounting to little, if any, more (usually less) than one-fourth of the length of the middle rectrices, instead of between one-third and one- half their length; the tarsus is shorter compared with the middle toe; the inner webs of the primaries much broader in the middle or just beyond the middle portion, the eighth, seventh, sixth, and fifth having their inner webs much broader at that portion immediately preceding the sinuation.* On the whole, MHologuiscalus may be considered as a fairly well characterized genus, in some respects intermediate in structure between Quiscalus and Megaquiscalus, but much nearer to the latter, and nearly connected with it by the more or less intermediate southern species of the two groups (ZZ. lugubris, H. insularis, and M. nicaraguensis). KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HOLOQUISCALUS. a. Color uniform black (with or without violet, bluish, or greenish gloss). b. Wing more than 109 mm. (or else culmen, from base, more than 27.9). c. Wing not less than 147. d. Head, neck, and body distinctly glossed with violet, the wings and tail with bluish green; bill strongly decurved at tip. e. Culmen, from base, 35.6-40.6 (averaging 37.3), the bill more slender; violet gloss more distinct. (Cuba.) Holoquiscalus gundlachii, adult male (p. 226) ee. Culmen, from base, 33-35.6 (averaging 34.5), the bill stouter; violet gloss less distinct. (Jamaica.).Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, adult male (p. 227) dd. Head, neck, and body with very faint or scarcely perceptible violet gloss; wings and tail without distinct, if any, greenish gloss; tip of bill very slightly decurved. (Haiti.)....Holoquiscalus niger, adult male (p. 228) cc. Wing not more than 134.6. d. Plumage not distinctly, if at all, glossed. e. Culmen, from base, 32.5 or more. Holoquiscalus gundlachii, adult female (p. 226) ee. Culmen, from base, not more than 30.8. J. Bill stouter, distinctly decurved at tip. g- Wing, 127.5-130 __... Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, adult female (p. 227) gg. Wing, 108.7-116.3..-Holoquiscalus brachypterus, adult female (p. 227) ff. Bill more slender, very slightly decurved at tip. Holoquiscalus niger, adult female (p. 228) dd. Plumage distinctly glossed with violet or bluish (more greenish on wings and tail). e. Wings glossed, more or less, with greenish; culmen decidedly decurved terminally. ‘This character is not entirely diagnostic, a single species of Megaquiscalus (M. nicaraguensis) having the inner webs of the longer primaries of exactly the same shape, even to a greater degree, while one species of Holoquiscalus (H. lugubris) has the inner webs of normal form, as in Quiscalus and typical Megaquiscalus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 225 J. Wing not less than 129.5 (129.5-184.6). g- Head, neck, and body glossed with violet or purplish violet; wings very faintly glossed with greenish; tip of bill more deeurved. (Porto Rico.) ....._- Holoquiscalus brachypterus, adult male (p. 228) gg. Head, neck, and body glossed with violet-bluish; wings strongly glossed with greenish; tip of bill less decurved. (Grand Cayman. ) Holoquiscalus caymanensis, adult male (p. 229) ff. Wing less than 129.5 (117.6-127.5). g- Culmen, from base, more than 33 (35.6 or more). (Grenada.) Holoquiscalus luminosus, adult male (p. 232) gg. Culmen, from base, less than 33. h. Wing more than 116.8. «. Larger (wing averaging 126, tail 107, culmen 30.9). (Santa Lucia. ) Holoquiscalus inflexirostris, adult male (p. 230) vi. Smaller (wing averaging not more than ‘121.9, tail 98.3, or cul- men 30.2). j. Bill relatively thicker, less decurved terminally. k, Wing averaging 120.7. (Martinique. ) Holoquiscalus martinicensis,! adult male a 231) kk. Wing averaging 121.9. (Guadeloupe. ) Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis, adult male (p 232) jj. Bill relatively more slender, more decurved terminally. (Mar- garita Island, Venezuela. ) Holoqguiscalus insularis, adult male (extralimital)? hh. Wing less than 116.8. i. Wing more than 109.2 (110.2-115.6); bill more slender (depth at base, 9.6-9.9). (Coast of Venezuela; Guiana; Trinidad; Tobago. ) Holoquiscalus lugubris, adult male (extralimital )* ii. Wing less than 109.2 (104.4-109); bill stouter (depth at base, 10.9-11.7.) (Barbados. ) Holoquiscalus fortirostris, adult male (p. 229) ee. Wings (except edges of primaries) glossed with purple or violet; culmen very slightly decurved at tip. (Habitat unknown.) , Holoquiscalus rectirostris, adult male (p. 233) aa. Color not uniform black; if approaching black the color sooty and not at all glossed. b. Sooty black. c. Wing 91.4-100.6, tail 76-78.7; bill very stout, its depth at base 9.9-11.4. Holoquiscalus fortirostris, adult female (p. 230) ce. Wing 99.1, tail 79.7; bill slender, its depth at base 8.6. Holoquiscalus lugubris, adult female (extralimital)* bb. Grayish brown above (paler anteriorly); beneath lighter brownish gray. c. Under parts deep grayish brown, becoming light brownish gray on throat. d. Smaller, with more slender bill (wing 102.1, tail 80.3, culmen, from base, 27.9, depth of bill at base 6.1) Holoquiscalus insularis, adult female (extralimital)? ‘Although referred by most authors to H. inflexirostris, the Martinique bird is so much more like that of Guadeloupe that its separation from the latter may not prove expedient. 2 Quiscalus insularis Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 675— (Margarita Island, Venezuela; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—Holoquiscalus insularis Ridg- way, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. 3 Quiscalus lugubris Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299, fig. 54e (‘‘ Brazil’’) .— Holoquiscalus lugubris Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. 3654—voL 2—01 226 RULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dd, Larger, with stouter bill (wing 104.1, tail 88.9, culmen, from base, 30.2, depth of bill at base 9.9) . -Holoquiscalus luminosus, adult female (p. 232) cc. Under parts light grayish brown, becoming buffy or whitish on throat. d. Paler superciliary and malar stripes indistinct; throat pale broccoli brown. Holoquiscalus inflexirostris, adult female (p. 230) dd. Paler superciliary and malar stripes very distinct; throat pale grayish buffy or whitish. ce. Smaller, with larger feet and more slender bill? (wing averaging 105.4, tarsus 32.3, middle toe, 23.4, depth of bill at base 9.4). Holoquiscalus martinicensis, adult female (p. 231) ce. Larger, with smaller feet and stouter bill' (wing averaging 106.7, tarsus 31.7, middle toe 22.9, depth of bill at base 10.2). : Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis, adult female (p. 232) HOLOQUISCALUS GUNDLACHII (Cassin). CUBAN GRACKLE, Adult male.—Head, neck, body, and smaller wing-coverts uniform glossy violet-black, the gloss becoming more blue on tail-coverts; wings and tail black, the larger wing-coverts and secondaries strongly glossed with bluish green, the primaries and rectrices more faintly glossed with the same; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown’; length (skins), 279.4-288.3 (283.2); wing, 148.6-154.9 (150.6); tail, 124.7-139.6 (129.3); calmen, from base, 35.6-41.4 (87.3); depth of bill at base, 12.2-12-7 (12.4); tarsus, 38.6-41.4 (39.9); middle toe, 28.5-30 (29.2). Adult female.—Similar to the male, but decidedly smaller, the gloss to the plumage less pronounced and bluish rather than violet; length (skins), 231.1-264.2 (252.2); wing, 118.9-133.4 (127); tail, 99.1-116.8 (108.5); culmen, from base, 32.5-32.8 (32.5); depth of billat base, 10.9- 11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 33.5-36.6 (35.3); middle toe, 22.9-25.1 (24.4). Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles, including adjacent islands of Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Isle of Pines. Quiscalus versicolor (not of Vieillot) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, 1827, 442 (Cuba). Quiscalus barytus (not Gracula barita Linnzeus) D’Orsteny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 120, pl. 18. Quiscalus baritus THIENEMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 151. Ch[alcophanes] baritus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 197, excl. syn. (Cuba) / Chalcophanes baritus GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 15. Calcophanes baritus Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307. Quiscalus gundlachti Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 406 (Cuba; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 226; Birds W. I., 1889, 113. ‘Since these differences of proportions do not appear in measurements of males of the two forms they probably will prove inconstant in case of females, and therefore not to be relied on. *“Trides hazel”; J. H. Riley, manuscript. 3 Five specimens. ‘Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 227 [Quiscalus] gundlachii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6527. Quiscalus gundlachi Scuarsr, Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 398 (San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cory, Auk, vi, 1888, 31 (Cayman Brac); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, iii, 129, 147 (Cuba; Little Cayman; Cayman Brac).—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 306 (Cuba; habits; notes). [Quiscalus] gundlachi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Chalcophanes gundlachii Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 135. [Quiscalus baritus] var. gundlachi Barr, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 213. Holoquiscalus gundlachiti Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. HOLOQUISCALUS JAMAICENSIS (Daudin). JAMAICAN GRACKLE. Similar in coloration to H. gundlachii, but smaller and with the bill shorter and relatively much thicker. Adult male.—Length (skins), 279.4-294.6 (286.3); wing, 147.3-152.4 (149.4); tail, 124.5-129 (126.7); culmen, from base, 33-35.6 (34); depth of bill at base, 12.7-14.2 (13.2); tarsus, 39.441.4 (89.6); middle toe, 25.9-28.5 (26.9).1 Adult female.—Length (skins), 226.1-274.3 (240.5); wing, 127.5-130 (128.8); tail, 103.9-113.8 (109.7); culmen, from base, 28.2-30.7 (29.2); depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 32-36.1 (34.8); middle toe, 20.1-24.6 (23.4).! Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (?) [Gracula] barita Linn.xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 109 (‘“‘America’’; no refer- ences); ed. 12, i, 1766, 165 (cites Icterus niger Brisson, Av., ii, p. 103, pl. 10, fig. 1; Monedula tota nigra Sloane, Jam. ii, 299, pl. 257, fig. 2).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 396.—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 191.—Wacter, Syst. Av., 1827, Gracula, sp. 4. Quiscalus baritus ViertLor, Nom. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 405 (monogr.). [Quiscalus] baritus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425 (Antilles).—Gray, Hand- list, ii, 1870, 38, no. [Q@uiscalus baritus] var. baritus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 213. Sturnus jamaicensis Daupin, Traité d’ Orn., ii, 1800, 317 (based on Merops niger, iride subargentea, Brown, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 476). Holoquiscalus jamaicensis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. Quiscalus crassirostris Swatnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 355 (Jamaica; coll. W. Hooker).—Gosss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 217; Illustr. Birds Jam.,1849, pl. 53.— Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359; Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 398 (Metcalfe Parish and Spanishtown, Jamaica).— AxsBrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 298.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 225 (synonymy and descr.) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 130.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 179 (notes, etc.).—Fretp, Auk, xi, 1894, 126. [Quiscalus] crassirostris BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425 (Jamaica).—ScLAaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. 1 Four specimens. 228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Q [wiscalus] crassirostris Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103. (?) ScLaphidurus] crassirostris Bonararte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 426 (Jamaica?). (?) “ Quiscalus vulgaris Temminck, Tabl. Méth., 1838, 10.” HOLOQUISCALUS NIGER (Boddaert). HAITIAN GRACKLE. Similar to H. gundlachii, but smaller and with the violet gloss to the plumage much less pronounced, the gloss on greater wing-coverts and secondaries dull violet-bluish instead of green. Adult male.—Length (skins), 248.9-281.9 (268.2); wing, 122.4-137.9 (132.1); tail, 106.7-125 (116.8); culmen, from base, 34-35.1 (34.5); depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 35.1-87.6 (36.1); middle toe, 23.4-27.2 (25.9).* Adult female.—Length (skin), 241.3; wing, 118.6; tail, 102.9; cul- men, from base, 27.4; tarsus, 32.5; middle toe, 24.1.’ Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Oriolus niger BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 31 (based on Troupiale noir, de St. Domingue, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 534).—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 185. Icterus niger TemMinck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 48. Af[gelaius] niger Virttuot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 718. Quiscalus niger Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 407 (monogr.; Jeremie, Haiti).—Sciarer, Ibis, 1884, 159 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 398.—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 73, pl. 22, fig. 1; Auk, iii, 1886, 226; Birds W. I., 1889, 113; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 131.—Cuurri, Contr. Orn. St. Domingo, 1896, 17. [Quiscalus] niger Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6529.—Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 14. [Quiscalus baritus] var. niger Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 213. Holoquiscalus niger Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. Quiscalus ater ‘‘Baird’’? Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 153 (Haiti).—Tristram, This, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo). HOLOQUISCALUS BRACHYPTERUS (Cassin). PORTO RICAN GRACKLE. Similar in coloration to Z. niger, but averaging slightly larger and with the bill shorter and more strongly decurved terminally and much more compressed; iris bright yellow.® Adult male.—Length (skins), 261.6-299.7 (272.8); wing, 130-134.6 (132.3); tail, 114.6-120.4 (117.6); culmen, from base, 33-33.5 (33.3); depth of bill at base, 10.2-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 35.8-37.8 (86.8); middle toe, 25.7-27.7 (26.4).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 233.5-259.1 (242.8); wing, 108.7-116.3 (112.5); tail, 92.7-102.1 (97); culmen, from base, 28.5-31.8 (30.2); 1Five specimens. ?One specimen. 3C. W. Richmond, manuscript. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 229 depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 33-33.8 (33.3); middle toe, 23.9-24.9 (24.4). Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Quiscalus baritus (not Gracula barita Linnzeus) Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 168, part (Porto Rico). _ Quiscalus crassirostris(not of Swainson) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 188, 254 (Porto Rico).—Gunpiaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 188 (Porto Hiea\-= SunpevaLt, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1869, 598 (Porto Rico). Quiscalus brachypterus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 406 (Porto Rico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. )—Scratsr, Ibis, 1884, 160 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 399.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 182. [Quiscalus] brachypterus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6528.—ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. _[Quiscalus baritus] var. brachypterus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 213. Chalcophanes brachypterus GunDLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312; 1878, 177; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 213. Holoquiscalus brachypterus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Soc., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. Chalcophanes lugubris (not Quiscalus lugubris Swainson) SunpEvauy, Ofy. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 598 (Porto Rico). HOLOQUISCALUS CAYMANENSIS (Cory). GRAND CAYMAN GRACKLE, Similar to Q. gundlachit but smaller, and the gloss violet-blue or blue, instead of violet, on head, neck, body, and smaller wing-coverts, bluish green, instead of blue, on tail-coverts, and more bronzy green on greater wing-coverts and secondaries. Adult male.—Length (skin), 10.50; wing, 5.24; tail, 4.37; culmen, from base, 1.32; depth of bill at base, 0.46; tarsus, 1.41; middle toe, 0.95.? Island of Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles. Quiscalus caymanensis Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 499, 502 (Grand Cayman I., Greater Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Birds W. I., 1889, 291; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 129, 147.—Ripeaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 574 (Grand Cayman). Holoquiscalus caymanensis Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. HOLOQUISCALUS FORTIROSTRIS (Lawrence). BARBADOS GRACELE, Smallest species of the genus (wing not more than 109.2). Adult male.—Head, neck, and body uniform violaceous-black, but slightly glossy; wings and tail greenish black, the bluish green gloss most perceptible on wings; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 222.3; wing, 104.4-109.2 (107.4); tail, 91.7-92.5 (92.2); culmen, from 1 Five specimens. ? One specimen. 230 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. base, 27.2-27.7 (27.4); depth of bill at base, 10.9-11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 31.2-32.8 (82); middle toe, 21.6-22.6 (22.1). * Adult female.—Similar to the male, but smaller and duller in color, very faintly glossed, and with a brownish cast on head, neck, and chest; length (skins), 205.7; wing, 91.4-93.7 (92.5); tail, 75.7~78.7 (77.7); culmen, from base, 25.1-25.4 (25.4); depth of bill at base, 9.9- 11.4 (10.7); tarsus, 28.7-30 (29.2); middle toe, 18.3-20.3 (19.6). * Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles. Quiscalus fortirostris LAwRENCcE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 360, 428 (Bar- bados, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Sciarsr, Ibis, 1873, 334 (Barbadoes); 1884, 161 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 175 (Bar- badoes); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 400.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 223 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 110 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 134, 146. [Quiscalus] fortirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6532.—ScLaverR and SaL- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Holoquiscalus fortirostris Ripgway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. HOLOQUISCALUS INFLEXIROSTRIS (Swainson). SANTA LUCIA GRACKLE, Adult male.—Quite similar in coloration to H. gundlachii, but size much less; length (skins), 241.3; wing, 121.9-127.8 (126); tail, 103.6- 109.7 (106.7); culmen, from base, 30.5-31.8 (31); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 9.9; tarsus, 33.8-35.6 (84.5); middle toe, 25.4-27.2 (26.2).? Adult female.—Very different from the male; pileum and hindneck deep hair brown or olive, gradually darkening into sepia brown or olive-sepia on back and scapulars, the rump and upper tail-coverts dark olive-sepia; wings and tail dusky or sooty blackish with indistinct margins and edgings of sooty brown; under parts buffy hair brown, darkening into grayish olive on flanks and under tail-coverts, paler and more buffy on throat and chin; malar region and an indistinct super- ciliary stripe similar in color to the throat or but slightly darker; length (skins), 228.6-241.3; wing, 107.2-110.5 (108.7); tail, 62.2-66.8 (64.5); culmen, from base, 27.7-28.5 (28.2); depth of bill at base 8.9- 9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 31.8-33 (32.3); middle toe, 24.1.” Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; island of St. Vincent?* Quiscalus inflexirostris Swanson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 300, fig. 52 (locality unknown).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1866, 407 (monogr. ). SEMPER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 651 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles).—ScbaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 175, part (Santa Lucia); 1889, 305 (Santa Lucia); Ibis, 1884, 160, part (Santa Lucia; monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 1Three specimens. ? Two specimens. ®T have not been able to examine specimens from St. Vincent, and therefore am doubtful as to the relationship of the birds of that island. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 231 401, part (Santa Lucia).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224, part (Santa Lucia); Birds W. 1, 1889, 111, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 146, part (Santa Lucia; St. Vincent ?).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 130 (Santa Lucia). Q[uiscalus] inflevirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424. [Quiscalus] inflexirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6525.—Scuarmr and Sazvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part (Santa Lucia).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part. Holoquiscalus inflexirostris Ringway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. Quiscalus luminosus (not of Lawrence) AuLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia). Quiscalus lugubris (not of Swainson) Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 271 (Santa Lucia).—Sempgr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 650 (Santa Lucia; habits) . (?) Quiscalus? Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 191 (St. Vincent). HOLOQUISCALUS MARTINICENSIS Ridgway. MARTINIQUE GRACELE. Similar to HZ. inflexirostris, but smaller and with stouter bill; adult female with head and under parts paler, the chin and throat nearly white. (Similar in color to the same sex of ZZ. guadeloupensis.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 228.6-259.1 (243.8); wing, 119.4- 124 (120.7); tail, 93.2-101.9 (98.3); culmen, from base, 29.2-32 (30.2); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 31.2-35.1 (33.5); middle toe, 24.9-25.7 (25.1).1 Adult female.—Length (skins), 205.7-226.1 (215.9); wing, 102.4— 108.5 (105.4); tail, 83.8-85.6 (84.6); culmen, from hase, 26.2-27.7 (26.9); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.4 (9.1); tarsus, 31.2-33.3 (32.3); middle toe, 22.9-23.9 (23.4.)? Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Although hitherto referred to HZ. inflexirostris, this form is far more closely related to H. guadeloupensis, from which it scarcely dif- fers except in its slightly shorter wing. (?) Quiscalus mexicanus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiii, Dec., 1866, 40. (‘‘Mexico;”’ coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).$ 1Four specimens. * Two specimens. 5T have carefully examined and compared the type of Quiscalus mexicanus Cassin, but am unable to identify it positively with any of the known West Indian forms. It comes very close, indeed, to the present bird, and probably is the same; but the uncertainty as to the origin of the specimen (which, however, quite certainly did not come from Mexico) renders the adoption of the inappropriate and misleading name mezicanus highly undesirable. The only differences that Iam able to detect between the type of Quiscalus mericanus and specimens of H. martinicensis consist in the somewhat more purplish gloss of the former and very slightly shorter wing (the other measurements being practically identical), the wing being 3.8 mm. shorter than in the shortest winged H. martinicensis examined. - The slight color difference may easily have been caused by long exposure to the light, the type of Q. mexicanus having been for many years mounted. 232 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 355, 487 (Martinique; habits; crit.).—SciarEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 175, part (Martinique); Ibis, 1884, 160, part (Martinique); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 401, part (Martinique).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 224, part (Martinique); iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 111, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 146, part (Martinique). [Quiscalus] inflexirostris SctareR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part (Martinique).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part. Holoquiscalus martinicensis Ripaway, Proce. ‘Wash. Ac. Sei., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151 (Martinique; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). HOLOQUISCALUS GUADELOUPENSIS (Lawrence). GUADELOUPE GRACKLE, Similar to H. martinicensis, but wing averaging slightly longer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 288.8-261.6 (250.2); wing, 119.9-124.5 (121.9); tail, 93.7-102.1 (97.5); culmen, from base, 28.5-31.2 (30.2); depth of bill at base, 10.4-10.9 (10.7); tarsus, 34-35.3 (34.8); middle toe, 25.4-26.2 (25.7). , Adult female.—Length (skins), 199.7-241.3 (221.7); wing, 104.4- 109.2 (106.7); tail, 81.5-88.9 (85.9); culmen, from base, 25.9-27.9 (26.9); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 31-33 (81.8); mid- dle toe, 22.6-24.1 (22.9). Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; island of Marie Galante ?° Quiscalus guadeloupensis LawrEnNcE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Apr. 22, 1879, 457; (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Scrater, Ibis, 1884, 160 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 401.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 226 (synonymy and descr. ); viii, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 113 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 147 (Guadeloupe; Marie Galante?). [Quiscalus] guadeloupensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis Rripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. HOLOQUISCALUS LUMINOSUS (Lawrence). GRENADA GRACKLE, Adult male.—Similar to that of H. inflexirostris, H. martinicensis, and HH. guadeloupensis, but the violet gloss to plumage of the head, neck, and body rather brighter and the bill much more slender; length (skins), 246.4—-274.3 (260.4); wing, 117.6-123.7 (120.7); tail, 103.4-104.1 (103.6); culmen, from base, 35.6-85.8; depth of bill at base, 10.7; tarsus, 34.5-36.3 (85.3); middle toe, 23.6-24.9 (24.1).* Adult female.—Much darker than that of H. inflexirostris or allies;° 1 Four specimens. *Six specimens. ’ No specimens from Marie Galante seen by me. ‘Two specimens. 5 The female of this species is decidedly darker than that of any other of the West Indian forms in which the sexes are conspicuously different in color, more resembling that of H. insularis of Margarita Island, off the coast of Venezuela. The latter differs in smaller size and still more slender bill. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2338 head and neck dark grayish brown (without distinct paler superciliary stripe), fading on chin and throat into brownish gray or grayish hair brown, and on the back and other upper parts deepening into dark sooty brown; general color of under parts deep hair brown, becoming more dusky on flanks and under tail-coverts; length (skin), 235; wing, 104.1; tail, 88.9; culmen, from base, 30.2; depth of bill at base, 9.9; tarsus, 29.2; middle toe, 22.9.1 Island of Grenada, and Grenadines, Lesser Antilles. Quiscalus luminosus Lawrencr, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, July, 1878, 162 (Gre- nada, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 270, 278, 487 (Grenada; Grenadines; habits, etc.); ix, 1886, 615 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Osrr, Camps in the Caribbees, 1880, 247.— Sciater, Ibis, 1884, 161 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 402 (Gre- nada; Grenadines).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 225 (synonymy and descr. ); Birds W. L, 1889, 111 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15. [Quiscalus] luminosus Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 14. Holoquiscalus luminosus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., ili, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swainson) Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 111, 146, part (Grenada). HOLOQUISCALUS RECTIROSTRIS (Cassin). STRAIGHT-BILLED GRACKLE. Adult male.—Similar to the adult males of the West Indian forms, but with the bill very slender and almost perfectly straight (maxilla slightly decurved only at extreme tip), relatively shorter tail, and pur- plish black wings; color uniform black, glossed with violet, becoming more purplish on head and neck and changing to greenish on edges of primaries; length (skin), about 114.3; wing, 114.3; tail, 102.9; exposed culmen, 27.4; tarsus, 32.” Habitat unknown. Quiscalus rectirostris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 409 (locality unknown; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ). [Quiscalus] rectirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 38, no. 6531. Holoquiscalus rectirostris Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151. Genus MEGAQUISCALUS Cassin. Megaquiscalus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 409. (Type, Quiscalus major Vieillot. ) Large or medium-sized semiterrestrial Icteride, with bill about as long as or slightly longer than head, narrow, more or less strongly decurved at tip; tail nearly or quite equa] to, sometimes longer than, One specimen. ” For these measurements I am indebted to Mr. Witmer Stone, Conservator of the Omithological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences. Mr. Stone has carefully com- pared the type, in the collection under his charge, with examples of other species of the genus and pronounces it very distinct. 234 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. wing, plicate,! graduated for nearly one-third to nearly one-half its length; sexes very different in size and coloration, the adult males glossy blue-black or violet-black, the wings and tail more greenish; adult females conspicuously smaller, brownish above, paler brown, buffy, or whitish below. Bill equal to or longer than head, slender, more or less (usually strongly) decurved at tip, compressed, its basal depth much less than half the length of exposed culmen, its basal width about one-third as long as exposed culmen, or less; culmen nearly straight for most of its length, more or less (usually strongly) decurved terminally, the middle portion sometimes slightly depressed, rounded, or forming a rather flattened ridge; gonys nearly or quite straight, the tip usually more or less decurved, shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight, but more or less decurved terminally, and rather abruptly but not strongly deflexed for the rictal portion. Nostril longitudinal, obtusely pointed anteriorly, with broad superior opercu- lum, the posterior end touching feathering of frontal antie. Wing moderate (about three and a half to four times as long as culmen), the tip moderately produced (by much more than length of culmen and usually less than length of tarsus, never more), rather pointed; outer- most (ninth) primary intermediate between sixth and fifth, equal to sixth, or equal to fifth; seventh and eighth, eighth, seventh, and sixth, or seventh and sixth primaries longest; three or four outer primaries very faintly sinuated on inner webs (five more strongly sinuated in I, tenuirostris and M. nicaraguensis). Tail nearly or quite equal to wing, sometimes longer, strongly graduated (distance between tips of lateral and median rectrices between one-third and one-half the length of the latter), the rectrices broadest terminally, with inner webs decid- edly longer than the outer (except in JL tenudrostris). Tarsus long (more than one-fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing, much longer than culmen), its anterior scutella distinct (less so in Jf. tenuzrostr’s ?); middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus; outer toe with claw falling decidedly short of base of middle claw, the inner slightly longer, with its claw reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw; hallux decid- edly shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit (nearly as long in M. tenuérostris). Coloration.—Adult males glossy blue-black or violaceous-black, the wings and tail greenish black; adult females conspicuously smaller than adult males, brownish above, paler brownish, tawny, buffy, or whitish beneath. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States southward through Mexico and Central America to western Peru. Transverse section of the tail V-shaped, as in Quiscalus and Holoquisculus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 235 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MEGAQUISCALUS. a. Plumage glossy purplish black or dark steel blue, becoming violet anteriorly, more greenish on wings and tail (sometimes on posterior parts of body also). (Adult males. ) b. Bill larger and stouter (culmen not less than 36.1, depth of bill at base not less than 12.7); plumage more highly glossed, the gloss violet only on head and neck, or on head, neck, and anterior portions of body. (Megaquiscalus major.) c. Tail much shorter than wing; violet color of anterior portions confined to head, neck, and chest (wing averaging 182.4, tail 171). (South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States. ) _ Megaquiscalus major major, adult male (p. 236) ce. Tail not much shorter than wing, sometimes longer; violet color of anterior portions extending at least to upper back and upper breast. d. Tail averaging longer than wing; breast and anterior portion of sides violet. e. Larger, with proportionally longer and more slender bill (wing averaging 189, tail 217.2, culmen 44.7, depth of bill at base 14.7). (Southern Texas and through eastern Mexico and Central America to northern Colombia. )-.-.-..--- Megaquiscalus major macrourus, adult male (p. 238) ee. Smaller, with proportionally shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging 180, tail 188, culmen 41.7, depth of bill at base 14.7). (Coast of south- western Mexico, from State of Guerrero to Territory of Tepic.) Megaquiscalus major obscurus, adult male (p. 241) dd. Tail averaging shorter than wing; breast and sides mostly steel blue. e. Larger, with shorter and stouter bill (wing averaging 165.9, tail 163.6, culmen 38.6, depth of bill at base 12.9). (Coast of western Mexico in state of Sinaloa.) ....Megaquiscalus major graysoni, adult male (p. 241) ee. Smaller, with longer and more slender bill (wing averaging 164.6, tail 161, culmen 39.6, depth of bill at base 12.9). (Coast of northwestern Mexico, in State of Sonora. ) Megaquiscalus major nelsoni, adult male (p. 242) bb. Bill smaller and more slender (culmen not more than 34.3, depth of bill at base not more than 10.2); plumage with a duller gloss of violet extending over entire under parts, back, and rump. cv. Wing more than 165, tail 177.8 or more; bill much more slender terminally, with tip very slightly decurved; inner webs of primaries not conspicuously widened, (Valley of Mexico.) Megaquiscalus tenuirostris, adult male (p. 243) ce. Wing 127; tail not more than 139.7; bill but slightly tapering terminally, with tip strongly decurved; inner webs of primaries conspicuously widened beyond middle. (Interior of Nicaragua. ) Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis, adult male (p. 244) aa. Plumage mainly dusky brown above, paler brown, tawny, buffy, or whitish below. (Adult females.) b. Larger (wing more than 127, tail more than 114); under parts brown (grayish brown, buffy brown, cinnamon-brown, etc. ). ce. Pileum, hindneck, and upper back grayish brown, not conspicuously differ- ent from color of rump; bill distinetly decurved at tip. d. Larger, with relatively longer tail (wing averaging more than 148.5, tail averaging more than 137.2); under parts darker, more grayish brown. 236 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. e. Larger, with relatively longer and thinner bill (wing averaging 150, tail 147.8, culmen 37.1, depth of bill at base 12.7); coloration much paler, under parts approximating hair brown, the chin and throat conspicu- ously paler and more buffy. Megaquiscalus major macrourus, adult female (p. 238) ee. Smaller, with relatively shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging 144, tail 138.2, culmen 34.5, depth of bill at base 11.9); ealgmilion end darker, the under parts approximating deep broccoli brown or bistre, the chin and throat not conspicuously paler (broccoli brown or deep wood brown) .---- Megaquiscalus major obscurus, adult female (p. 241) dd. Smaller, with relatively shorter tail (wing averaging less than 143.5, tail averaging less than 133); under parts paler, more ochraceous or buffy brown. e. Larger (wing averaging 142.7, tail 129.5, culmen 37.1, tarsus 42). Megaquiscalus major major, adult female (p. 237) ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 135.9, tail less than 127, culmen less than 35.6, tarsus less than 40). f. Under parts ochraceous-brown; larger, with shorter and stouter bill (wing averaging 134.9, tail 124.5, culmen 32.8, depth of bill at base Lf epctecarrrsarst ects Megaquiscalus major graysoni, adult female (p. 241) ff. Under parts light wood brown; smaller, with longer and thinner bill (wing averaging 132, tail 122.9, culmen 34.3, depth of bill at base 117 )ancosseeeones Megaquiscalus major nelsoni, adult female (p. 242) ce, Pileum, hindneck, and upper back rusty brown, conspicuously different from color of rump; bill very slightly decurved at tip. Megaquiscalus tenuirostris, adult female (p. 243) bb. Smaller (wing 104, tail 101.6); under parts dull whitish. Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis, adult female (p. 244) I have omitted from the key a supposed Colombian form of J. major (M. major assimilis'), not having been able to examine a specimen. MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR MAJOR (Vieillot). BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE, Adult male.—Head and neck glossy dark violet, passing gradually into steel blue on the back and breast, this into dark bluish green on rump, abdomen, and flanks (duller on rump); lesser wing-coverts dark steel blue, the middle coverts green or bluish green; rest of wings, together with the tail, black, very faintly glossed with bluish green; thighs, anal region, antl ‘indie tail-coverts black; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Immature male (first year).—Black above, more or less glossed with bluish green, sooty black below. \1Megaquiscalus major assimilis (Sclater).—Bogota Grackle. (?) Quiscalus peruvianus Swanson, Anim. in Menag., pt. iii, Jan. 1, 1838, 354 (Peru; coll. W. Swainson).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 412 (crit. ). (2?) Q[uiscalus] peruvianus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Peru). Quiscalus assimilis ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Ibis, 1884, 156, part (Colombia; w. Peru; monogr.); Cat. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMHRIOA. 237 Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck sepia brown or bistre; rest of upper parts dark sooty brown or blackish brown, faintly glossed with greenish; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe of lighter buffy brown or brownish buff; beneath this a more or less distinct postocular streak of dusky brown; auricular region, sides of neck, chest, and sides light brownish (varying from broccoli brown to isabella color); chin, throat, and abdomen similar but paler; flanks, thighs, anal region, and under tail-coverts dusky brown. Young.—Similar to adult female, but browner and without gloss above and more buffy beneath, the abdomen, chin, and throat whitish or pale buffy, the chest cinnamon-buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 365.8-393.7 (881.5); wing, 175.8-189.2 (182.4); tail, 162.1-186.4 (170.7); culmen, from base, 41.7-46 (43.7); depth of bill at base, 13.2-14.7 (14); tarsus, 49-54.6 (51.1); middle toe, 33-38.4 (35.3). Adult female.—Length (skins), 294.6-307.3 (302.3); wing, 133.4— 146.1 (142.7); tail, 124.5-135.9 (129.5); culmen, from base, 34.8-38.4 (37.1); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.9); tarsus, 40.1-43.7 (42.4); middle toe, 27.9-30.5 (28.5).” South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States (including whole of Florida); north to coast of Virginia (islands above Cape Charles), west to coast of Texas (where grading into JZ m. macrourus). Gracula barita (not of Linnzeus) Witson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, index. Quiscalus baritus PeaBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 285 (Massachusetts ?).—Lrns- : uey, Am. Journ. Sci., xliv, 1843, 260 (Connecticut ?). Gracula quiscala (not of Linnzeus) Orv, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 253. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396, part (Bogota).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 410 (monogr.; Bogota).—Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 330 (Cienaga, Colombia).—TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 323, 751 (w. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 431.—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 270 (Colom- bia.—(?) Roxrnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Barranquilla, Colom- bia).—(?) Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Cienega, prov. Santa Marta). [Quiscalus] assimilis ScLateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38. Scaphidurus major assimilis Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152. A Quiscalus macrurus (not of Swainson) Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 482, part (Colombia; w. Peru). I have not been able to examine a specimen of this supposed form from the type locality. Messrs. Salvin and Godman refer it to M. m. macrourus; but if the measure- ments given by Dr. Sclater are correct it can not be the same. Dr. Sclater refers specimens from Veragua and the Isthmus of Panama to his Quiscalus assimilis, and restricts the range of Q. macrourus to Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras; but the Veraguan and Panama examples which I have seen, also those from Cartagena, Colombia, are certainly M. m. macrourus. Therefore, if there is such a subspecies as Y. major assimilis, it is probably restricted to central Colombia and southward. 1 Kight specimens. Nine specimens. 238 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Quiscalus major Vieuot, Nouv. Dict. W’ Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487, part (Loui- siana; includes M. m. macrourus); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 900.—Bonaparrs, Am. Orn., iv, 1825, 35, pl. 4; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.—Nurtrat, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 192.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 504; v, 1838, 480, pl. 187; Synopsis, 1839, 146; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 52, pl. 220.—Barrp, Rep. PacificR. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 555; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 420; (?) Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20 ( Browns- ville, Texas).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141, part (‘‘North America’); Ibis, 1884, 155 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 395.—Dresser, Tbis, 1865, 494 (Houston and Galveston, Texas, May, June).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 409 (monogr.).—Covzs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina); 1871, 265 (Fort Macon, North Carolina; habits, descr. nest and eggs, etc.); Ibis, 1870, 567 (Fort Macon, North Carolina; biography); Check List, 1873, no. 224; 2d ed., 1882, no. 334; Birds N. W., 1874, 204, part (synonymy).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 295 (e. Florida; measurements, etc.).—Barirp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 222, pl. 36, figs. 3, 4.—Purprs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 13 (references, etc., toalleged New England occurrences cited ).— Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 151.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 277.—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 168 (coast s. e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 303.—American Orni- tTHoLOoGIsts’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 513.—Smiru (H. M.), Auk, iv, 1887, 346 (breeding on Cobb’s and other islands near Cape Charles, Virginia).— Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 177 (coast Louisiana and Texas).—Cuap- MAN, Auk, y, 1888, 273 (Gainesville, Florida).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 321 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida).—Morrtimmr, Auk, vii, 1890, 341 (Orange Co., Florida; food).—Bxwnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 506, pl. 7, figs. 30, 31 (eggs).—Bryxrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 189799 (1900), 106 (s. Louisiana, resident). Q[uiscalus] major BonapartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424.—Cours, Key N. Am, Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 412.—Rmpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381. [Quiscalus] major Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160. [Quiscalus major] var. major Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214. [Quiscalus major] a. major Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 204 (synonymy). Ch[alcophanes] major CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 196. Scaphidurus major major Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152. Quiscalus corvinus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 300 (North America). Quiscalus palustris (not of Cassin) Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 218, part (Louisiana); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 276, part. MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR MACROURUS (Swainson). GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE. Similar to IL m. major, but larger, with the tail proportionately longer (in adult male, averaging much longer than wing instead of decidedly shorter); adult male with the violet gloss of anterior portions extend- ing farther backward, especially on under parts, where covering the breast and anterior portion of sides; adult female decidedly darker both above and below, the under parts of the body grayish brown (deep hair brown) instead of buffy brown (wood brown or isabella color), only the chin and throat being tinged with or inclining to buffy. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239 Adult male.—Length (skins), 393.7-457.2 (422.4); wing, 184.2-198.9 (189.2); tail, 195.6-235 (217.2); culmen, from base, 39.6-48 (44.7); depth of bill at base, 14.2-15.7 (14.7); tarsus, 47-52.8 (51.3); middle toe, 33.5-38.4 (35.8). Adult female.—Length (skins), 284.5-355.6 (322.6); wing, 142. 2-158. 5 (150.1); tail, 129-165.1 (147.8); culmen, from base, 33.8-39.4 (37.1); depth of bill at base, 11.7-14 (12.7); tarsus, 38.4-44.5 (41.1); middle toe, 25.7-30.7 (29)." Southern Texas, and southward through eastern and southern Mexico (including Yucatan and island of Cozuniel) and Central America to northern Colombia (Turbo); westward in southern Mexico to edge of the plateau in States of Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Etzutlan, June), and Guadalajara. Quiscalus major Viztttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 487, part (Mexico). Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Bonaparrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 110 (Mexico).—McCatu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 218 (Rio Grande, Texas).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras).—Sa- vin, Ibis, 1866, 194 (Half Moon Cay, British Honduras). Quiscalus macrourus Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico).—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 554; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 58.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 1388 (Turbo and Carta- gena, Colombia); 1866, 410 (monogr.).—Lawrence, Ann Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica).—Franrztus, _Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot, temperate, and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).—Covugs, Check List, 1873, no. 223.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 36, figs. 1, 2.—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 570 (Cozumel I., Yucatan).—Frrrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Izucar de Matamoras, Puebla, Dec.; Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—AMERICAN Seventeen specimens. There seems to be little variation in size with latitude, though Nicaraguan speci- mens are the largest and Yucatan examples the smallest in the series examined. Average measurements are as follows: Culmen,| Depth 7 a Locality. Wing.| Tail. | from ‘| of bill | Tarsus. | Middle base. | at base. 5 MALES. Eight adult males from Texas .......-.---.2++-++- 188.5 | 219.2 43.4 14.5] 50 34.3 Seven adult males from Yucatan ...............-- 187.2 | 206.2 45.7 15 53.3 36.6 Two adult males from Nicaragua ..........-----+- 197.4 | 222.8 45.7 15.5 50.5 36.6 One adult male from northern Colombia (Turbo).| 182.4 | 209 47.8 16 49 36.1 FEMALES. Eight adult females from Texas...-.....--.----+-- 149.4 | 151.4 36.1 12.4] 40.4 27.7 Six adult females from Yucatan .............2.++- 149.9 | 143 37.8 13 41.7 29.7 Three adult females from Nicaragua........------ 151.6 | 147.6} 37.8 13 42.4 30.2 One adult female from northern Colombia(Turbo)| 146.1 | 148.3 36.3 12.7 41.1 29.5 240 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. OrnrrHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 512.—Hancocx, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas; habits; notes).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 177 (San Antonio and lower Rio Grande valley, Texas).—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 672 (Corpus Christi, etc.; habits).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (Yucatan), 212 (Ori- zaba).—Artrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, resident) .—Ricn- monD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (San Carlos and Bluefields, Nicaragua).—Sinetry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Corpus Christi, ete.).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 781 (Soledad, San Luis Potosi).—Bernpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1896, 504, pl. 7, figs. 28, 29.— Nerina, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 302. . Q[uiscalus] macrourus BonapartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Real del Monte).— Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 412.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381. [Qutscalus] macrourus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160. Quisealus (err. typ.) macrourus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 115 (Texas). Quiscalus macroura Bairp, Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 20, pl. 20 (Eagle Pass, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 419.—Burcuzr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, June). (Quiscalus major] b. macrourus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 204 (synonymy). Quiscalus major, var. macrourus LAwRENCE, Mem. Bost. Sec. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Guadalajara, s. w. Mexico). ; Ch{aleophanes] macrourus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196 (Mexico). Chalcophanes macrourus CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 82 (Costa Rica). Scaphidurus major macrourus Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152. Quiscalus macrurus ScraTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras); 1864, 175 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141 (Orizaba; Choctum, Guatemala); Ibis, 1884, 156 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; Merida and Cozumel I., Yucatan; Belize and Half Moon Cay, British Honduras; Choctum and Duefias, Guatemala; Honduras).— ScraTer and Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Duefias; habits) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 112 (Comayagua, Honduras).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 493 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas, to Nueces R., Texas).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Barrio and Juchitan, Oaxaca, Sept., Oct. ).— Senvert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 27 (Brownsville and Corpus Cristi Pass, Texas; habits; measurements); v, 1879, 400 (Lometa, Texas; measurements).—MERRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 185 (Fort Brown, Texas; habits; descr., nest and eggs).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 275.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 333.—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Puntarenas; Tércoles).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 383, 392, 402 (Sucuyd, Ometepe, and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—Bovcaxp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (Merida, Yucatan).—Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 482.—Saxvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 270 (Guatemala); Ibis, 1888, 265 (Mugeres and Cozumel islands, Yucatan; Ruatan I., Hon- duras; crit.). [Quiscalus] macrurus Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38. Quiscalus macrurus? Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1890, 191 (Calobre and Calovevora, Veragua). [Quiscalus major] var. macrurus Barrp, Brewer, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 241 Quiscalus major, var. macrurus Barrp, Brewrr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 225. Quiscalus major macrurus Goons, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 339. Quiscalus assimilis (not of Sclater, 1862?) Sciarer, Ibis, 1884, 156, part (Veragua; Panama); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 396, part (Calobre and Calove- yora, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—(?) Satvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 5 (Punta de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama). [Quiscalus] assimilis ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part (Vera- gua; Panama). MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR OBSCURUS (Nelson). COLIMA BOAT-TAIL, Similar to IZ m. macrourus, but much smaller (except feet), with relatively shorter and much thicker bill; adult male identical in color- ation with that of J/. m. macrourus; adult female decidedly darker than that of JL m. macrourus, the chin and throat broccoli brown or deep wood brown (instead of buffy), passing into deep broccoli brown, or almost bister on chest. _ Adult male.—Length (skins), 381-388.6 (885.3); wing, 178.3-180.8 (179.8); tail, 184.2-190.5 (188.5); culmen, from base, 41.4-41.9 (41.7); depth of bill at base, 14.5-15 (14.7); tarsus, 47.8-48.3 (48); middle toe, 34.3-35.1 (34.5). Adult female.—Length (skins), 298.5-330.2 (814.5); wing, 139.7- 149.1 (144); tail, 124.5-151.9 (138.2); culmen, from base, 33.5-35.6 (84.5); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.4 (11.9); tarsus, 38.9-41.1 (40.4); middle toe, 27.9-81.2 (29.2).? Coast district of southwestern Mexico, from State of Guerrero (Aca- pulco) through Colima (Manzanillo; Manzanillo Bay) to Territory of Tepic (Ixtapa, Tepic, Santiago, San Blas, etc.). Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 409, part (Colima, s.w. Mexico).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Manzanillo Bay and plains of Colima). Quiscalus macrourus obscurus Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 267 (Acapulco, Guer- rero, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.). Scaphidurus major obscurus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152. MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR GRAYSONI (Sclater). GRAYSON’S BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE, Similar to M. m. obscurus, but decidedly smaller and with relatively shorter tail (usually decidedly shorter and never much longer than wing, instead of the reverse); adult male similar in coloration to JZ m. obscurus and I. m. macrourus, but less extensively violet anteriorly, the breast, sides, and back being chiefly steel blue; adult female much paler than in the before-mentioned forms; scarcely distinguishable as to col- 1 Three specimens. 2 Four specimens. 38654—voL 2—01 16 242 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oration from that of IZ m. major, but decidedly smaller than the last named in all measurements except depth of bill. Adult male.—Length (skins), 332.7-365.8 (342.6); wing, 163.8-168.1 (165.9); tail, 157.5-167.6 (163.6); culmen, from base, 36.1-40.6 (38.6); depth of bill at base, 13-15.2 (13.7); tarsus, 44.5-47.5 (45.7); middle toe, 30.5-33 (32).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 270.5-285.8 (275.8); wing, 131.6- 139.7 (134.9); tail, 118.1-127.5 (124.5); culmen, from base, 30.5-33.3 (32.8); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 36.8-39.4 (88.1); middle toe, 24.9-28.2 (26.2).” Coast plain of Sinaloa, northwestern Mexico (Mazatlan, Culiacan, Escuinapa, etc.). Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) ScuaTzr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 141, part (Mexico). : Quiscalus palustris (not Scaphidurus palustris Swainson ?) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 411 (monogr.; Mazatlan). [Quiscalus major] var. palustris Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214. Quiscalus major var. palustris LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 282 (Mazatlan; habits). (?) Quiscalus macrourus (not of Swainson) Netson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1898, 52 (Tres Marias; straggler). Quiscalus graysoni ScuatTER, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, Apr., 1884, 157 (Mazatlan, n. w. Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 397.— SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 484. Q[uiscalus] graysoni Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381. Scaphidurus major graysoni Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152. MEGAQUISCALUS MAJOR NELSONI Ridgway. SONORAN BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE, Similar to I m. grayson?, but averaging slightly smaller, with slightly longer bill; adult female much paler, the under parts (in winter plumage) light wood brown, passing into brownish cream buff on throat and chin and into grayish brown on flanks, thighs, and anal region, the under tail-coverts dark grayish brown; pileum and hind- neck light sepia brown, the scapulars and interscapulars margined with the same. Adult male.—Length (skins), 345.4-353.1 (348); wing, 159.5-167.1 (164.6); tail, 154.9-166.4 (161); culmen, from base, 39.4-40.4 (39.6); depth of bill at base, 18; tarsus, 41.9-45.5 (43.7); middle toe, 30.7-81.8 (31).2 Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.4; wing, 129.5-184.6 (182.3); tail, 120.1-124.5 (122.9); culmen, from base, 33.5-35.3 (34.3); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 37.6-40.1 (39.1); middle toe, 25.9-27.9 (26.9).° ) Five specimens. 2 Six specimens. 5 Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2438 Coast district of Sonora, northwestern Mexico (Alamos, Camoa, Guaymas, etc.). Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Gamperz, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i, 1847, 47 (Gulf of California, occasionally to ‘‘ Upper California’’); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (do.). Quiscalus palustris (not Scaphidurus palustris Swainson) Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 218 (Gulf of California); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 276, part—Be.pine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora). Scaphidurus major nelsoni Ripaway Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 151, 152 (Alamos, Sonora, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). MEGAQUISCALUS TENUIROSTRIS (Swainson). SLENDER-BILLED GRACKLE. Much smaller than any of the forms of Jf major and with bill much more slender. Adult male.—Glossy purplish black, much as in JL, major macrourus, but the gloss duller and more reddish violet on head, neck, and breast; length (skins), about 330.2-368.3; wing, 169.7-170.2 (169.9); tail, 177.8- 189.2 (183.4); exposed culmen, 34.3; depth ot hill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 45.7; middle toe, 30.5.7 Adult female.—Pileum, hindneck, and back brown (between burnt umber and prouts brown), darker on posterior portion of back and scapulars; rump blackish brown; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail brownish black; lores dusky brown; auricular region similar in color to pileum, and separated from the latter by a rather distinct super- ciliary stripe of wood brown or cinnamon-buffy; under parts (except flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts) tawny brown or cinnamon, paler and more buffy on throat and abdomen, still paler on chin; flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts dusky brown; length (skins), 251.5- 309.9 (279.9); wing, 128.3-134.6 (131.8); tail, 139.1-135.1 (133.6); exposed culmen, 28.5-30.5 (29.5); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 37.6-38.1 (87.8); middle toe, 25.4-26.7 (26.2).? Central Mexico (marshes near the City of Mexico). (?) Scaphidurus palustris Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436 (near City of Mexico). (?) Sc[aphidurus] palustris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 426 (Mexico). Quiscalus tenuirostris Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 299, fig. 51, b. c. (near City of Mexico).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 411 (monogr.) .— Scuater, Ibis, 1884, 157, pl. 5 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 397.—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 485. Q[wiscalus] tenuirostris Bonapartrr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 424 (Mexico).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 214.—Rrpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381. [Quiscalus] tenuirostris ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38. Scaphidurus tenuirostris Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152. ‘Measurements from specimens in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., and as given by Sclater in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, p. 397. *Three specimens; one in U. 8. Nat. Mus. collection, two in collection of Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., the latter measured by Mr. Witmer Stone. 244 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MEGAQUISCALUS NICARAGUENSIS (Salvin and Godman). NICARAGUAN GRACKLE. Adult male.—Entire plumage black, the head, neck, body, smaller wing-coverts, and tail-coverts glossed with violet, the larger wing- coverts, remiges, and rectrices slightly glossed with greenish; the violet gloss most pronounced on rump and under parts, inclining to bronzy on back and chest; bill, legs, and feet black; iris silvery white;' length (skins), about 279.4-804.8 (292.1); wing, 1.27;° tail, 134.6-139.7 (187.2);? culmen, from base, 34.3;° depth of bill at base, 9.9;* tarsus, 36.6-88.1 (87.3); middle toe, 29.2.° uldult female.—‘‘Above brown, the back, wings, and tail darker and tinged with purple; an obsolete superciliary stripe and parotic region much paler; beneath dirty white, the breast slightly darker, the flanks and under tail-coverts brown; bill and feet black; length, 241.3; wing, 104.1; tail, middle rectrices, 101.6; lateral rectrices, 63.5; bill to rictus, 29.2; tarsus, 31.8.” (Salvin and Godman, translation of description.) Nicaragua (Momotombo and Managua, Lake Managua). T have not seen the female or young of this species, which, judging from the description of Messrs: Salvin and Godman, seems to be very much paler beneath than that of Jf tenuirostris. Not having seen the male of the latter, Iam unable to state the differences between it and the male of the present bird. Quiscalus nicaraguensis Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 6th ser., iii, Oct., 1891, 612 (Momotombo, Lake Managua, Nicaragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).— Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496, in text sub. Q. macrourus (San Carlos, Nicaragua). ; Scaphicurus nicaraguensis Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152. Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson. Scolecophagus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 286, 494. (Type, Oriolus ferrugineus Gmelin, = Turdus carolinus Miler. ) Euphagus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 413. (Type, Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler. ) Medium-sized or rather small and slender Icteride, with bill narrow and shorter than head, wing long and pointed, tail nearly as long as wing, moderately rounded, not plicate; adult males entirely glossy black, females and young grayish brown or slaty. Bill shorter than head, narrowly conoid, slightly decurved at tip, compressed (especially the terminal half); its basal depth about one- half the exposed culmen or a little less, its basal width still less; cul- men decidedly but not strongly decurved at tip, slightly elevated and 1 As noted on label of specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus. collection. ? Two specimens. 5 One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245 arched basally, straight or faintly depressed in middle, rather dis- tinctly ridged (more flattened in S. cynocephalus); gonys nearly or quite straight, slightly shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight for most of its Jength, more or less decurved termi- nally, more or less concave subbasally, then gradually deflexed to the rictus. Nostril longitudinal, more or less triangular, or slit-like, overhung by a broad and slightly convex membranous operculum, its posterior end in contact with feathering of frontal antiw. Wing long (between five and six times ay long as culmen), with tip well produced (projecting one and a half times to nearly twice the length of the cul- men), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between seventh and sixth or sixth and fifth, the eighth, seventh, or sixth longest (these three sometimes equal); inner webs of three outer primaries very faintly sinuated near ends. Tail not plicate, more than three-fourths to more than four-fifths as long as wing, slightly but decidedly rounded, the rectrices rather broad and with rounded tips. Tarsus much longer than culmen, less than one-fourth as long as wing, rather slender, its anterior scutella distinct on inner side, less so on outer; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus; claw of outer toe falling short of base of middle claw, the inner slightly shorter; hallux decidedly shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Coloration.—Adult males entirely black, more or less glossy, the iris white or pale yellow; adult females and young grayish brown or dull slaty; one species with both sexes more or less varied with rusty in autumn and winter, especially younger birds. Range.—North America. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCOLECOPHAGUS. a. Plumage black, more or less glossed with green, etc. (Adult males. ) b. Bill slender, its depth at base much less than half the lateral length of mandible; plumage very faintly glossed with green, the head and neck still more faintly glossed with bluish. (Winter plumage more or less obscured by deep rusty or chestnut above, cinnamon-buffy beneath.) (Northern and eastern North America.) -. 2.25 .205.-2-50-ss088 Scolecophagus carolinus, adult male (p. 246) bb. Bill stouter, its depth at base nearly equal to half the lateral length of mandible; plumage strongly glossed with green, changing to violet on head and neck. (Winter plumage faintly varied with grayish brown above.) (Western and southwestern North America.) Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, adult male (p. 248) aa. Plumage grayish (sometimes more or less varied with rusty and cinnamon- buffy). (Adult females and young. ) b. Bill slender, etc. c. Plumage dull slate color (in winter more or less overspread above by deep rusty, beneath by cinnamon-buffy). Scolecophagus carolinus, adult female (p. 246) cc. Plumage brownish gray (without rusty, etc., in winter). Scolecophagus carolinus, young (p. 246) Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, adult female and young (p 249) 246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SCOLECOPHAGUS CAROLINUS (Miller). RUSTY BLACKBIRD. Adult male in summer.—Uniform black, faintly glossed with bluish green changing to dull violet-bluish on head and neck; under tail- coverts more or less distinctly margined with whitish; bill, legs, and feet, black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer p,umage, but the black obscured or overlaid by rusty brown (burnt umber) on pileum, hind- neck, back, and scapulars, and by cinnamon-buffy on superciliary and malar regions, chin, throat, chest, and sides.* Adult female in summer.—Uniform dull slate color, darker and faintly glossed with bluish green on upper parts; bill, legs, and feet black; iris pale yellow. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars more or less washed or overlaid by rusty brown, tertials and greater wing-coverts more or less margined with the same, a more or less conspicuous superciliary stripe of buffy, and feathers of malar region, chin, throat, chest, and sides more or less broadly tipped with pale wood brown or brownish buffy. Young.—Above dark sooty brown, more slate-dusky on remiges and rectrices; tertials and terminal portion of greater and middle wing- coverts margined with rusty; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe of light rusty or brownish; under parts brownish gray, more or less tinged with light buffy brown (wood brown or isabella color) on malar region, chin, throat, chest, etc. Adult male.—Length (skins), 209. 6-236.2 (219.2); wing, 114.3-116.8 (115.3); tail, 86.1-92.7 (89.9); exposed culmen, 18.3-19.8 (18.8); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 380-31.8 (80.5); middle toe, 91.1-29.4 (21.8). Adult female.—Length (skins), 198.1-210.8 (203.7); wing, 106.9- 111.5 (108.7); tail, 79-83.8 (81.5); exposed culmen, 17.3-19.1 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 29.5-81.2 (30.5); middle toe, 20.6-22.6 (21.3).* Northern and eastern North America; breeding from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern Maine, New Hampshire (White Mountains), Vermont, northern New York (south to Herkimer County), and The extent of this rusty and buffy coloring varies exceedingly in different indi- viduals, probably according to age. In some (doubtless younger birds) the rusty is nearly uniform on the pileum and hindneck, and forms very broad tips to the scapu- lars and interscapulars, while the cinnamon-buffy forms a conspicuous broad super- ciliary stripe and is nearly uniform over the malar region, chin, and throat. Other win- ter males (probably very old individuals) have scarcely a trace of this rusty and buffy coloring, being quite like summer specimens, except that the plumage is more highly glossed. ? Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 947 northern Michigan north to Ungava (Fort Chimo), and northwest- wardly to the Arctic coast and Alaskan shores of Bering Sea; south in winter to the Gulf coast (Florida to Texas); west, more or less regularly, to western border of the Great Plains, casually to Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains); accidental in Greenland. Turdus carolinus Muir, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 140 (based on Mauris de la Caroline Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 556, fig. 2,= female in autumn). Scolecophagus carolinus Rrp@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 356; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 322.—AmeErican Ornitnotocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 509.—Smita, Auk, iii, 1886, 284 (Denver, Colorado, Dec. 17).— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 168 (St. Michaels, Yukon R., etc.).—Nextson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 169 (coast Bering Sea, etc.).—Townsenp, Cruise ‘‘Corwin’’ in 1885 (1887), 93 (Kotzebue Sound and lower Kowak R., Alaska); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak R.).—THorne, Auk, iv, 1887, 264 (Fort Lyon, e. Colorado).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 172 (breeding from Manitoba northward, wintering from St. Louis, Missouri, southward; dates of migr., etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 95 (Denver, 2 specs., Dec. 17, 1883; Loveland, 1 spec., Nov. 1889).—THomrson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 581 (Manitoba, migrant).—Hacervp, Auk, viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland ).—Macrarang, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 440 (Fort Anderson, Horton R., etce., breeding). —Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 408 (e. Kansas, Oct. to Mar.).—Coomss, Auk, ix, 1892, 205 (Bayou Teche, Louisiana, abt. fall and spring).—Dwieur, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince Edward L, breeding).—AntHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, accidental).—Wayner, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, winter).—Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 489, pl. 7, figs. 14-16.—Nenrurne, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 298.—Knieat, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88 (breeding in n. counties and Magulloway district, Maine).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 77 (Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska, Sept.; Ft. Kenai, Alaska, May, July). S[colecophagus] carolinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379. Turdus brunneus BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 32, part (based on Mawvis, de la Caroline Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 556, fig. 2). [Oriolus] ferrugineus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Rusty Oriole Pen- nant, Arctic Zool., ii, 260).—Lataam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 176. Gracula ferruginea Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 41, pl. 21, fig. 3. Quiscalus ferrugineus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 55.—Nurrauz, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 129.—AupupBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 325; v, 1839, 483, pl. 147; Synopsis, 1839, 146, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 65, pl. 222. Q[uiscalus] ferrugineus MaxImiLian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 204 (descriptions; food, ete. ). Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 286.—Bonapartse, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28.—Woopnouse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufiiand Col. R., 1853, 78, part (Indian Territory ).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 551; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 417,— Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 225 (coast Labrador, breeding); Check List, 1873, no. 221; 2d ed., 1882, no. 331; Birds N. W., 1874, 198; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 605 (Souris R., etc., North Dakota, Sept.).—Biaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, breed- ing); 1863, 82.—ScLaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140; Ibis, 1884, 150 (monogr. ), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 390.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 412 (monogr.).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285 (Nulato, Fort Yukon, etc., Alaska, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. 248 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Zool., ii, 1871, 291 (e. Florida, winter).—Harrine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 114 (Arctic Am.).—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc., xiv, 1872, 375 (Lake Umbagog and McGalloway valley, Maine, and White Mts., New Hamp- shire, breeding); Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 146.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1878, 8 (e. Kansas, migr.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 203, pl. 35, fig. 4.—Brrwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (n. New England, breeding).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 176 (Upton, Maine; descr. young).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 10 (Coosada, Alabama, winter).—Kumuren, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 78 (off n. coast Newfoundland, Oct.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 273.—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. no.'1, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 42 (New Brunswick, summer res.).—Nenruine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (Harris Co., Texas, Mar.).—Nexson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin’’ in 1881 (1883), 73 (e. shores Bering Sea).—Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 271 (Portage Bay, Alaska, May 10).—McLenrcan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 116 (Kowak R., ete., Alaska, breeding).—Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).—Banxs, Auk, ii, 1885, 106 (near St. Johns, New Brunswick, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—BIcKNELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 252 (song). [Scolecophagus] ferrugineus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160. S{colecophagus] ferrugineus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 411. [Scolecophagus] niger Bonararte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 423. Sc[olecophagus] niger CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195. [Oriolus] fuscus Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393 (based on Brown-headed Oriole Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 259). : [Turdus] hudsonius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 818 (based on Hudsonian Thrush Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 204, autumnal female?). [Turdus] noveboracensis Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 818 (based on New York Thrush Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 205,=autumnal male?). [Turdus] labradorius GMetrn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 832 (based on Labrador Thrush Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 206,=spring or summer male).—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 342. (Oriolus] leucocephalus LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 175. Gracula quiscula var. LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 191. “‘Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus’’ Warren (O. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 191 (n. Mich- igan; see Warren, Auk, xv, 1898, 193). Pendulinus ater Vreriiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 320. Ch{alcophanes] virescens Waaumr, Syst. Av., 1827, App. Oriolus, sp. 9. SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS (Wagler). BREWER'S BLACKBIRD. Adult male in summer.—Entirely black, the head and neck strongly glossed with violet, the rest of the plumage with bluish green; bill, legs, and feet black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white.: Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but more highly glossed. (Some specimens, doubtless younger birds, have the feathers of the back indistinctly margined terminally with grayish brown, those of the chest with pale buffy grayish.) Immature male in first winter.— Similar to the adult male, but BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249 feathers of head, neck, back, scapulars, chest, and sides narrowly tipped with grayish brown (paler and more buffy on under parts). Adult female in summer.—Head, neck, and under parts brownish slate-color or dark brownish gray, faintly glossed with greenish on under parts of body and with violet on head and neck, especially on pileum and hindneck; upper parts darker, especially the wings and tail, which are more strongly glossed with bluish green; bill, legs, and feet black; iris light brown. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but color of head, neck, and anterior under parts paler and more buffy gray (the superciliary region, malar region, chin, and throat pale hair brown). Young.—Very similar in coloration to winter females, but texture of plumage very different and feathers without gloss. Adult male.—Length (skins), 213.4-247.7 (228.6); wing, 120.1-133.9 (128.5); tail, 91.9-107.2 (98.8); exposed culmen, 21.1-23.6 (22.6); depth ‘of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.7); tarsus, 30.5-33 (32.3); middle toe, 20.3- 99.4 (21.8). Adult female.—Length (skins), 198.1-221 (210.8); wing, 115.8-119.6 (117.6); tail, 87.1-92.7 (88.9); exposed culmen, 19.1-20.8 (20.1); depth of bill at base, 8.4-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 28.7-32 (30.5); middle toe, 19.8-21.1 (20.3).? Western United States and British provinces and greater part of Mexico; north to British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (breeding); east to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas, occasionally, during migrations, to Iowa, Wis- cousin, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, and even South Carolina; breed- ing south to Lower California (San Pedro Martir range, 8,200 feet; San Fernando), southern Texas (San Antonio; Houston; Brownsville?), and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras)?;* in winter over the whole of 1 Hight specimens. *Nine specimens. California specimens average decidedly smaller than those from east of the Sierra Nevada, as the following measurements show: Ex- Depth . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. aarodle culmen.| at base. z MALES. Three adult males from California (2) and Ore- BOT (Ue icmraisieeainid nybicrecclemupaeremoe wa mero se cei team 122.9 94.7 21.8 9.4 31.8 21.8 Five adult males from Rocky Mountain plateau..| 131.1 | 101.1 23.1 9.9 32.5 21.1 FEMALES. Five adult females from California .....-......--- 117.3 88.4 20.1 8.9 30. 2 20.3 Four adult females from Rocky Mountain plateau.| 118.9 89.9 19.8 9.1 31 20.3 ®The breeding record for Matamoras is somewhat doubtful. The species undoubt- edly breeds over the more nothern portions of Mexico, but I have not data which would enable me to define with greater precision the southern limits of the breeding range. 250 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mexico (except Yucatan and parts of the terra caliente) to northern Guatemala (Chancol). Ps[arocolius] cyanocephalus Wacumr, Isis, 1829, 758 (Mexico; no locality given). Sc[olecophagus] cyanocephalus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 552; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 418; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 20(Santa Rosalia, Mexico ).—HzEErmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 53 (California; New Mexico; Texas; habits).—Cooprrand Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 209 (Washington, Oregon, etc. ).— Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, breeding).—Sciarmr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140 (California); Ibis, 1884, 151 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 390 (Ciudad Durango; near City of Mexico; Oaxaca; ‘Central America?’’; etc.).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding; Matamoras, Tamaulipas, July, abundant).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resident); Check List, 1873, no. 222; 2d ed., 1882, no. 332; Birds N. W., 1874, 199; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, 1878, 605 (Pembina, etc., North Dakota, breeding).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 413 (monogr.).—Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, Nov. to Feb. ).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba and plateau of Mexico in winter).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 278.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (e. Kansas, common).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 206, pl. 35, fig.3.—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 82 (Garland, Colorado; descr. nest and eggs, etc.), 122 (New Mexico and Ari- zona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 321 (localities in Utah, Col- orado, New Mexico, and Arizona; habits).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 510 (Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 274; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 323.—Sennerr, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 27 (Brownsville, Texas, breeding); v, 1879, 399 (Lometa, s. e. Texas; not breeding ?).—MeErRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown, Texas, Oct. to Apr.).—Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 166 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, resident; habits); Auk, vii, 1890, 258 (Mogollon and San Francisco Mts., etc., Arizona, breeding in pine belt; habits, etc. ).— Neusruine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (Houston, ete., s. e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 299, pl. 17, fig. 5.—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546 (San José del Cabo, Lower California, breed- ing), 547 (Miraflores, Lower California); vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).— Acerszore, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Srton, Auk, ili, 1886, 322 (w. Manitoba, breeding).—American Ornirnotoeists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 510.—Ferranri-Pergz, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (San Baltazar, Puebla, Nov.; Nativitas, Tlaxcala, Dec.).—BrckHam, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 671 (Texas localities; habits).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 480.—Loomis, Auk, iv, 1887, 76 (Chester, South Carolina, 3 specimens, Dec. 9); viii, 1891, 167 (do.).—CooxE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 173 (breeding in w. Manitoba, Vermilion, Dakota, and Caddo, Indian Territory; other localities and dates).—Konn, Auk, vi, 1889, 190 (New Orleans, Louisiana, small-flock, Dec. 23, 1888).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 409 (w. Kansas, resident).—Harcu, Birds Minn., 1892, 286 (breeding along Red R. and e. to Crow Wing Co.).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 581 (Manitoba; breeding at Winnipeg, Ossawa, Car- berry, ete.; habits).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 34 (both sides Cascade Mts.).—Nurrine, Bull. Lab. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, no. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 251 3, 1893, 274 (lower Saskatchewan).—ANTHONY, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, breeding); Auk, xii, 1895, 140 (San Fer- nando, Lower California, breeding).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 493, pl. 7, figs. 17-20 (eggs).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 42 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 it.). Sc[olecophagus] cyanocephalus Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 195, footnote (Mexico). S[colecophagus] cyanocephalus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 411.— Rineway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 379. [Scolecophagus] cyanocephalus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 160.—Scuarrr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38. Scoleophagus cyanocephalus Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (Louisiana in winter). Scolecophagus mexicanus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 302 (Mexico).—Barrn, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Fort Union; California) .—New- BERRY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (California; Oregon; Fort Van- couver, Washington). Sc[olecophagus] mexicanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 423 (w. Mexico; N. Am.) Quiscalus mexicanus HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., ser. 2, ii, 1852, 268 (California). Quiscalus breweri AUDUBON, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1848, 345, pl. 492 (‘‘ upper Missouri River and Yellowstone’’ ). Scolecophagus ferrugineus (not Oriolus ferrugineus Gmelin) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 146, part (Columbia R.).—GampBet, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i, 1847, 47.—Woopnouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 78, part (Texas; New Mexico; California).—Houpgn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 203 (Sherman, Wyoming, breeding). Scolcophagus ferrugineus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (New Mexico; California). Quiscalus purpureus (not of Woodhouse) Nrewserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 86 (San Francisco, California). Scolecophagus carolinus (not Turdus carolinus Miller) Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 322 (Big Plain and Winnipeg, Manitoba, breeding). Genus PTILOXENA Chapman. Ptiloxena CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, no. 1, Dec., 1892, 307. (Type, Quiscalus atroviolaceus D’ Orbigny.) Medium-sized semi-terrestrial Icteride with bill shorter than head, decidedly curved above, about half as deep at the base as length of culmen; nostrils small, narrow, obliquely vertical, above lateral median line of maxilla; wing moderate with tip subtruncate; tail about four-fifths as long as wing, not plicate, rounded, with rectrices broad and rounded at ends; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus, and claws of lateral toes falling short of base of middle claw; structure of feathers of anterior contour feathers (especially on chest) peculiar, the barbicels on terminal two-thirds fasciculate and adherent to the barb; coloration uniform black, slightly glossed (sexes alike). Bill shorter than head, conical, but with upper outline decidedly 252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. convex, its depth at base a little less than half the length of culmen, its basal width decidedly less than half the length of exposed culmen, culmen gently convex (the terminal portion more decidedly so), the middle’ portion nearly straight, distinctly ridged, but the ridge broad and rounded; gonys straight, decidedly shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight or slightly convex in middle, straight or faintly concave terminally and subbasally, the. basal por- tion strongly but not abruptly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril small, narrow, oblique (anterior end highest), decidedly above lateral median line of maxilla, posteriorly in contact with dense feathering of the frontal antize, the latter filling the greater part of the nasal fossa, leaving but a small and narrow membrane exposed above and mostly behind the nostril. Wing moderate (nearly five times as long as cul- men, nearly four times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately produced (a little longer than tarsus), slightly rounded or subtruncate; outer- most (ninth) primary equal to fifth or a little shorter; seventh or seventh and sixth primaries longest, the eighth but little shorter; inner webs of three or four outer primaries slightly sinuated beyond middle. Tail not plicate, about four-fifths as long as wing (about four times as long as culmen), rounded, the rectrices slightly wider terminally and with rounded tips. Tarsus much longer than culmen (a little less than one-third as long as tail), its anterior scutella dis- tinct; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus; claws of lateral toes falling short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage of the throat and chest peculiar; ‘‘the barbicels, while apparently of normal number, are fasciculate, and, except at its basal third, adhere to the barb; for the terminal half of the feather, there- fore, the barbs have no connection with one another, and this gives to the parts in which these feathers grow a finely streaked, hairy appearance.” * Coloration.—Entirely black, glossed with violet (bluish green on wings and tail); sexes alike in color. Range.—Peculiar to the island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. (Mono- typic.) PTILOXENA ATROVIOLACEA (D’Orbigny). D'ORBIGNY’S BLACKBIRD. Adults (sewes alike).—Uniform glossy black, the head, neck, and chest with a slight bluish reflection, passing into a more violet hue on back, scapulars, lesser and middle wing-coverts, rump, and under parts of body, the gloss on margins of greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices bluish or bluish green; bill, legs, and feet, black; iris brown.” *Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, 1892, pp. 307, 308. °J. H. Riley, manuscript. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 253 Adult male.—Length (skins), 236.2-254 (239.3); wing, 131.3-141 (136.1); tail, 105.2-112.8 (109); culmen (from base), 2£.9-27.7 (25.7): depth of bill at base, 11.7-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 32.5-35.6 (33.8); middle toe, 23.9-27.7 (25.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 217. 2-243. 8 (228.3); wing, 122.4-132.6 (128.5); tail, 97.8-105.9 (101.6); culmen (from base), 22.9-24.4 (23.6); depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 30-32.3 (31); middle toe, 99,6-23.4 (23.1). Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles. Quiscalus atroviolaceus D’ Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 121.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 227; Birds W. I., 1889, 114. [Quiscalus] atroviolaceus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. S{caphidurus] atroviolaceus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 341. Sc[aphidurus] atroviolaceus BonaParte, Consp. Av. i, 1850, 426. Sc[olecophagus] atroviolaceus CaBAnis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 196. Scolecophagus atroviolaceus CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 15 (descr. eggs) .— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 415 (monogr.).—GunpLacH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1866, 259; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 134. Dives atroviolaceus SciateER, Ibis, 1884, 152 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xi, 1886, 393 (San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 129 (Cuba and Isle of Pines). Ptiloxena atroviolaceus CoapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, no. 1, Dec., 1892, 307. (?) Chalcophanes quiscalus GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 16 (Cuba) ; 1871, 288 (do.). (?) Scolecophagus equatorialis (not Quiscalus equatorialis Sclater) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec., 1866, 414 (no locality; crit.) Genus DIVES Cassin. Dives Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 413. (Type, Lampropsar dives Bonaparte. ) Medium-sized Icteride of uniform black coloration, with bill shorter than head, wing rather short and rounded, tail nearly as long as wing, rounded, with very broad rectrices, and stout feet. Bill slightly to decidedly shorter than head, narrowly conical, com- pressed, rather obtuse, its basal depth a little less than one-half the length of culmen, its basal width decidedly less; culmen nearly straight but slightly convex, broad but not flattened, ridged laterally above nasal fosse; gonys straight or very faintly convex, slightly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; commissure nearly straight to the rictal portion, where strongly deflexed. Nostril small, roundish, posteriorly touching feathers of frontal anti, overhung by a convex membranous operculum. Wing moderate or rather short (about four anda half times as long as culmen); wing-tip short (about as long as maxilla from frontal anti), rounded; outermost (ninth) primary shorter than second, the fifth longest, but eighth, seventh, sixth, and fourth nearly as long; inner webs of outermost primaries not sinuated. 1Five specimens. 254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tail not plicate (7), nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices broad, Tarsus much longer than culmen, rather stout, the anterior scutella very distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus but decidedly longer than culmen; lateral toes about equal, rather short, their claws not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux nearly as long as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit. Coloration.—Uniform black, in both sexes. Range.—Southern Mexico to western Peru. (Three species, two of them South American.) DIVES DIVES (Lichtenstein). SUMICHRAST’S BLACKBIRD. Adult male.—Entirely uniform deep black, with a slight greenish blue gloss, especially on head, neck, and anterior under parts; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 264.2-281.9 (271.8); wing, 123.2- 132.8 (127.3); tail, 114.8-127 (119.1); culmen, from base, 28.5-32 (30.5); depth of bill at base, 13-14.2 (13.5); tarsus, 38.1-40.4 (39.4); middle toe, 25.4-27.9 (26.2).* Adult female.—Similar to the male in plumage but smaller and usually with the black slightly less intense or glossy; length (skins), 935-255.3 (243.1); wing, 112.3-116.8 (118); tail, 102.1-114.3 (109); eul- men, from base, 27.4-29.2 (27.9); depth of bill at base, 12.4-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 36.8-38.6 (37.6); middle toe, 22.9-24.9 (23.9).” A series of ten adults from Yucatan, embracing both sexes, but unfortunately none of them with sex determined, measure as follows: Length (skins), 233.7-287 (255); wing, 111.3-128.3 (120.4); tail, 97.8-121.9 (111.3); culmen, from base, 27.2-30.5 (28.5); depth of bill at base, 13.2-15.5 (14); tarsus, 35.6-39.1 (37.3); middle toe, 23.4-27.4 (25.1). Young.—Uniform dull sooty black or very dark sooty brown, rather lighter on under paxts of body; remiges and rectrices as in adults. Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Chichicaxtli, Mirador, Orizaba, Coatzocoalcos, Plan del Rio, etc.), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Tuxtepec, Chiltepec, Playa Vicente, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, etc.), Chiapas (Guichicovi), and Yuca- tan, and southward through eastern and central Guatemala to British _ Honduras (Belize) and Honduras (Guaruma). Icterus dives Licutenstetn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (Mexico; see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56). [Lampropsar] dives Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 425.—ScuaTER and SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38. L{ampropsar] dives Cananis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 194, footnote (Chiltepec; Cos- amaluapan; Real del Monte). Lampropsar dives Casants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 83 (crit. nomencl. ).—BoucaRD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (Merida, n. Yucatan). 1Seven specimens. 2Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255 Scolecophagus dives Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, Dec., 1866, 413 (monogr. ). Dives dives Ferrart-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 470 (Guaruma, Honduras).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (int. Yucatan ).— CrapMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 18€3, 281 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; notes); x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Quiscalus —— ?ScuazeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (near Cordova, Vera Cruz). Quiscalus sumichrasti Dr Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1859, 119, pl. 3, figs. 2-4 (Mexico).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 381 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 140 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 398 (Coban and Tactic, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—SvumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot and temperate regions, Vera Cruz). Quiscalus sumichrastii SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (hot and temperate zones, Vera Cruz). Dives sumichrasti Scuater, Ibis, 1884, 152 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 392 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Merida, n. Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Choctum and Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 481 (Chiltepec, Cosamaloapan, etc., Mexico; Achil, etc., Guatemala, etc. ). Quiscalus mexicanus (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 4, 1876, 24 (Guichicovi, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca). Genus ICTERUS Brisson. Icterus Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 85. (Type, by elimination, Oriolus icterus Linneeus. ) Xanthornus 3covout, Intr. ad. Hist. Nat., 1777, 481. (Type, Oriolus icterus Lin- neeus. ) Pendulinus Vrrtttot, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus spurius Linneus. ) Yphantes Vir1iuot, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus baltimore Linnzeus, = Coractas galbula Linneeus. ) Yphanthes Virttuot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 708. Hyphantes (emendation) Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183. Bananivorus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 834. (Type, Oriolus bonana Linnzus. ) Euopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 47. (Type, Psaro- colius croconotus Wagler. ) Andriopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 49. (Type, Psarocolius gularis Wagler. ) Ateleopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 53. (Type, Psarocolius melanocephalus Wagler.) Cassiculoides Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 54. (Type, Icterus parisorum Bonaparte.) Poliopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 55. (Type, Icterus wagleri Sclater. ) Melanopsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 56. (Type, Oriolus chrysocephatus Linnzeus. ) Icterioides Casstn, Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, xix, Apr., 1867, 60. (Type, Icterus auricapillus Cassin.) Aporophantes Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 63. (Type, Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieillot. ) 256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Small or medium-sized arboreal Icteridx with bill elongate-conical, acute, not longer than head; nasal fosse well defined, broad and rounded anteriorly, the nostrils overhung by a conspicuous semicorneous oper- culum; tail more than three-fourths as long as wing (often as long as, sometimes longer than wing), more or less rounded (sometimes gradu- ated); tarsi rather short (never very much longer than culmen, some- times shorter), and middle toe, with claw, never longer than tarsus (usually shorter); colors usually black and orange or black and yellow, in large strongly contrasted areas; if without orange or yellow. chest- nut or orange-brown replacing those colors. Bill much shorter than head to about as long, elongate-conical, acute, with straight outlines or with the tip slightly decurved, its depth at base usually less than half the length of commissure, sometimes (in I. wanthornus) nearly if not quite equal to length of gonys; culmen straight or rather strongly (but gradually) decurved terminally, the mesorhinium usually narrow and distinctly (sometimes almost sharply) ridged, more rarely broader and rounded, or even somewhat flattened; gonys straight or slightly decurved terminally; commissure straight to behind nostril, or slightly arched, the rictal portion strongly and more or less abruptly deflexed. Nostril longitudinal, narrow (linear or more or less crescentic), overhung by a very distinct semicorneous operculum, the anterior end of the nasal fossz broad and rounded. Wing moderate, its tip moderately produced, rounded or subtruncate; outermost (ninth) primary always shorter than sixth, sometimes shorter than third, the eighth to seventh, eighth to fifth, or seventh to fifth longest; inner webs of longer primaries very faintly or not appreciably sinuated. Tail decidedly shorter than wing to longer than wing, slightly rounded to strongly graduated (the graduation sometimes equal to more than one-fourth the length of middle rectrices). Tarsus usually a little longer than culmen, sometimes slightly shorter, the acrotarsal scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus (never conspic- uously so), rarely (in Z. zeterws) equal to it; claws of lateral toes reach- ing about to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; all the claws strongly curved, acute. Coloration.—Usually richly colored with sharply contrasted areas of black and orange, black and yellow, or black and chestnut; never entirely black; females (of some species) and young plainer, with olive- greenish hues prevailing. Range.—The whole of temperate and tropical America (most devel- oped in tropical portions). (More than fifty species and subspecies.) Notwithstanding the very great variation in relative length of wing and tail, extent of graduation of the latter; relative length and thick- ness of the bill and its degree of curvature; wing-formula, and all other external characters, my best efforts to trenchantly subdivide the genus BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257 have resulted in failure, and consequently I am forced, against my inclination, to include a rather heterogeneous assemblage of species under one generic heading. Possibly a study of their internal struc- ture may afford characters for subdivision. Of all the species 7 ¢écterus seems to differ most structurally, this alone having a large naked postocular space and the feathers of the throat elongated and acicular; but that species is evidenly related to T. jamacatt and J. croconotus, both of which are normal in the respects mentioned (though both, especially the former, have the feathers of the lower throat distinctly outlined and somewhat lengthened), have the tail relatively longer and much more graduated, and the tarsus relatively longer, thus apparently connecting / zeterus with other types of structure. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ICTERUS. a. Tail entirely black (except concealed base1), or else distinctly bicolored (black and yellow or black and orange in sharply contrasted areas). b, Tail unicolored (black, except at concealed base’). c. Feathers of throat elongated, lanceolate or acicular, somewhat stiffened; cul- men more than 1.25. (Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela; islands of Trinidad, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Thomas. ) Icterus icterus, adult male and female p. 263) cc. Feathers of throat normal (short and blended); culmen less than 1.25. d. Head, all round, uniform black or chestnut. e. Back and scapulars uniform black. f Under parts of body and rump neither chestnut nor rufous-tawny. g. Lesser and middle wing-coverts black, like rest of wing. (Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles. ) Icterus oberi, adult male and female (p. 265) gg. Lesser and middle wing-coverts yellow or orange. h. Wings with white markings. (Pacific coast of Guatemala.) Ieterus maculi-alatus, adult male and female (p. 265) hh. Wings without white markings. j. Breast yellow or orange. k. Tail-coverts yellow; smaller (wing 92.2-99.1). (Bahamas. ) Icterus northropi, adult male and female (p. 266) kk. Tail-coverts black; larger (wing 96.5-113.8). (Mexico; Guatemala. ) Ieterus wagleri, adult male and female(p. 267) jj. Breast black. k. Posterior half, or more, of under parts yellow. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. ) Icterus prosthemelas, adult male and female (p. 269) kk. Less than posterior half of under parts yellow (or orange). 1. Rump, lesser and middle wing-coverts, thighs, etc., lemon yellow; under tail-coverts and flanks partly black. m. Abdomen and flanks wholly black; under tail-coverts mostly black. (Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. ) Icterus hypomelas, adult male and female (p. 271) mm. Abdomen or flanks partly yellow; under tail-coverts mostly yellow. ‘There is sometimes a whitish tip or terminal margin, especially to the lateral rec- trices, these being worn away in summer plumage, 3654—voL 2—01 17 258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. n. Upper rump black; flanks black; lower abdomen yel- low; upper tail-coverts mostly black. (Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Icterus portoricensis, adult male and female (p. 272) mn. Whole rump yellow; flanks yellow; lower abdomen black (the feathers sometimes tipped with yellow); upper tail-coverts yellow. (Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. ) Icterus dominicensis, adult male and female (p. 278) ul. Rump, lesser and middle wing-coverts, thighs, lower abdo- men, and under tail-coverts orange or orange-yellow. (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. ) Icterus laudabilis, adult male and female (p. 274) jf. Under parts of body and rump chestnut, ferruginous, or rufous-tawny. g. Head and neck black; under parts of body, rump, and smaller wing- coverts chestnut. (Eastern United States; south in winter to Isth- mus of Panama.) .-.-..-------- Icterus spurius, adult male (p. 275) gg. Head, neck, and chest dark chestnut; under parts of body, rump, and smaller wing-coverts ferruginous or rufous-tawny. (Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. ) Icterus bonana, adults and young (p. 279) ee. Back and scapulars yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow. f. Larger (tarsus more than 25.4); bill stouter, with culmen straight. (Icterus melanocephalus. ) g. Smaller (wing averaging 96.5 in male, 91.9 in female); wings without distinct, if any, white edgings. (Southern Mexico.) Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, adult male and female (p. 280) gg. Larger (wing averaging 100.6 in male, 96 in female); wings with distinct white edgings. (Northeastern Mexico; southern Texas.) Icterus melanocephalus audubonii, adult male and female (p. 282) Jf. Smaller (tarsus less than 25.4); bill more slender, with culmen dis- tinctly curved terminally. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. )} ” Ieterus prosthemelas, immature (p. 269) dd. Head orange, yellow, or olive-green, with black throat and capistrum. e. Back and scapulars uniform black. f. Breast spotted with black (at least laterally). (Icterus pectoralis.) g. Larger (wing averaging 102.1). (Southern Mexico to Salvador.) Icterus pectoralis pectoralis, adult male and female (p. 283) gg. Smaller (wing averaging 97.5). (Western Nicaragua and Costa Rica.) Icterus pectoralis espinachi, adult male and female (p. 284) ff. Breast not spotted. g. Lesser and middle wing-coverts orange or yellow; much larger, with very stout bill and straight culmen; sexes alike in color. (Jcterus gularis. ) h. Larger (wing averaging 125 in male, 113.8 in female); under parts of body, etc., more yellowish orange or orange-yellow. (State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, to Honduras and Salvador.) Icterus gularis gularis, adult male and female (p. 284) hh. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 114.3 in male, 108.2 in female); under parts of body, etc., more intense orange. i. Slightly larger (wing averaging 114.3 in male, 108.2 in female; maxilla relatively deeper, and the orange color averaging less intense. (States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico. ) Icterus gularis tamaulipensis, adult male and female (p. 286) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259 vt. Slightly smaller (wing averaging 113 in male, 104 in female); maxilla relatively shallower, and orange color averaging more intense. (Yucatan; British Honduras?) Icterus gularis yucatanensis, adult male and female (p. 287) gg. Lesser wing-coverts black, middle coverts white; much smaller, with slender and decurved bill; sexes very different in color. (Icterus cucullatus. ) h, Forehead black (at least anteriorly and laterally). i. Forehead with less black, the orange or orange-yellow touching base of exposed culmen. j. Under parts of body, hindneck, ete., decided orange. (South- ern Mexico, north along eastern edge of the plateau to Nuevo Leon. ) Icterus cucullatus cucullatus, adult male (p. 287) jj. Under parts of body, hindneck, etc., orange-yellow. (South- ern Texas and coast plain of Tamaulipas. ) , Icterus cucullatus sennetti, adult male (p. 289) wi. Forehead with more black, the orange or yellow not touching base of exposed culmen. j. Under parts of body, hindneck, ete., rich orange or orange-red; larger (wing averaging 87.5 or more, tail 92 or more). k. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averaging 88, tail 94.5, exposed culmen 18.2). (Peninsula of Yucatan, including Campeche. )..Icterus cucullatus igneus, adult male (p. 291) kk. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 87.5, tail 92, exposed culmen 19). (Island of Cozumel. ) Icterus cucullatus cozumele, adult male (p. 292) jj. Under parts of body, hindneck, etc., chrome or saffron yel- low; smaller (wing averaging 84, tail 89). (Island of Mujeres, Yucatan. ) Icterus cuculatus duplexus, adult male (p. 292) hh. Forehead wholly yellow. (Northwestern Mexico; Lower Cali- fornia; southern California; southern Arizona. ) Icterus cucullatus nelsoni, adult male (p. 290) ee. Back and scapulars not uniform black. J. Forehead and at least anierior part of auricular region black; wing- coverts without any white. g. Larger (wing 86.4 to 111.8); general color, including back, orange- yellow. z h. Crown and occiput orange-yellow. (Southern Mexico to Colom- bia and Venezuela. ) Icterus giraudii, adult male and female (p. 293) hh. Crown and occiput black, like forehead. (Gualan, Guatemala. ) Icterus gualanensis, adult male (and female?) (p. 295) gg. Smaller (wing less than 86.4); general color lemon-yellow or pale ohive-yellow below, more olivaceous on back, etc. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama.) Icterus prosthemelas, young and immature (p. 269) Jf. Forehead and whole of auricular region orange, yellow or olive-green; wing-coverts marked with white. g. Outer webs of greater wing-coverts only partly white h. Middle wing-coverts white, or much paler orange or yellow than lesser coverts, concealed bases of greater coverts white 1. Back distinctly streaked or spotted with black; bill shorter (exposed culmen not more than 23.1), general color brighter yellow or orange. 260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. j. Larger (wing averaging 107.2); back more broadly streaked or spotted with black (the black sometimes prevailing) ; orange color less intense, never (?) inclining to scarlet on head. (State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, to Nicaragua. ) Icterus sclateri, adult male (p. 297) jj. Smaller (wing averaging 100.8); back more narrowly streaked with black; orange color more intense, frequently inclining to scarlet on head.!_ (Southern plateau and Pacific coast district of Mexico.) ...-Icterus pustulatus, adult male (p. 295) ii. Back very sparsely and narrowly, or not atall, streaked with black. j. Larger (wing more than 100, exposed culmen more than 24); middle wing-coverts pale yellow; general color yellow, never orange. (Tres Marias islands, n. w. Mexico.) Icterus graysonii, adult male (p. 298) jj. Smaller (wing less than 95, exposed culmen less than 20); middle wing-coverts white; general color rich orange, rarely orange-yellow. (Yucatan. ) Icterus auratus, adult male (p. 299) hh. Middle wing-coverts bright lemon-yellow, like lesser coverts; ‘con- cealed bases of greater coverts black. (Icterus xanthornus.) i. Bill much shorter (culmen of male not more than 25.4, averaging 22.3). (Caribbean coast district of Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana; Trinidad; Isthmus of Panama?.) Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, adult male and female (p. 300) ii. Bill much longer (culmen 25.9-27.9, averaging 26.9). (Island of Curacao, Caribbean Sea. ) Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, adult male and female (p. 303) gg. Outer webs of greater wing-coverts entirely white. h. Pileum, hindneck, back, and rump yellowish olive-green. (Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. ) Icterus leucopteryx, adult male and female (p. 303) hh. Pileum, hindneck, and rump yellowish. i. Yellow of pileum, etc., very slightly, if at all, tinged with olive. (Island of Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles. ) Icterus bairdi, adult male and female (p. 304) ii. Yellow of pileum, etc., strongly tinged with olive. Island of St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea. ) Icterus lawrencii, adult male and female (p. 305) bb. Tail distinctly bicolored (black and yellow or black and orange, in sharply contrasted areas). c. Pileum and hindneck yellow. (Icterus mesomelas. ) d. Longer innermost secondaries conspicuously edged with white; smaller (wing averaging 90.4 in male, 86.6in female). (Southeastern Mexico to Honduras. ).-Icterus mesomelas mesomelas, adult male and female (p. 305) dd. Longer innermost secondaries without any white edgings; larger (wing averaging 96.3 in male, 92.7 in female). (Nicaragua to Colombia.) Icterus mesomelas salvinii, adult male and female ‘p. 307) cc. Pileum (except, sometimes, forehead) and hindneck black. d. Breast black; exposed culmen 20.8-24.6. (Mexican plateau and adjacent portions of southwestern United States; Lower California. ) Icterus parisorum, adult male (p. 308) dd. Breast orange or yellow; exposed culmen less than 20.8. ‘ Rarely, however. the color decidedly yellow, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261 e. Head entirely black; lateral rectrices orange or yellow with black sub- basal space; outer webs of greater wing-coverts black basally. (Eastern North America, south in winter to Colombia) Icterus galbula, adult male (p. 310) ee. Head partly yellow or orange; lateral rectrices orange or yellow with black or dusky terminal space; outer webs of greater wing-coverts wholly white. f. Auricular region, rump, sides, and flanks orange or yellow. (Western United States, south in winter over Mexican plateau.) Icterus bullockii, adult male (p. 314) Jf. Auricular region, rump, sides, and flanks black. (Southern portion of Mexican plateau.) -.........---- Icterus abeillei, adult male (p. 318) aa. Tail neither entirely black nor distinctly bicolored (mostly plain olivaceous or dusky). b. Throat black or dusky. c. Larger (wing more than 78.7). d. Wing 101.6 or more. e. Pileum dull orange; greater wing-coverts narrowly edged with white ter- minally.......-.---- Icterus gularis and subspecies, immature (p. 284) ee. Pileum olive-green; greater wing-coverts broadly edged with white for terminal halfor more. (Jamaica.) -Icterus leucopteryx, young (p. 304) dd. Wing less than 101.6. e. Under parts mostly orange or yellow. jf. Back without any black. g-. Pileum black or partly black. h. Back and rump olive-green; rectrices edged with olive-green; pale margins to greater wing-coverts and remiges narrower. Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, immature (p. 281) hh. Back and rump grayish (tinged with olive-green); rectrices edged with grayish; pale margins to greater wing-coverts and remiges broader ..-Icterus melanocephalus audubonii, immature (p. 282) gg. Pileum yellowish, olive-greenish, or orange. h. Scapulars yellowish olive-green. i. Deeper olive-green above, brighter yellow below. Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, immature (p. 301) ii. Paler, both above and below. Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, immature (p. 303) hh. Scapulars grayish or dusky. i. Pileum orange; back dull orange, tinged with olive-green. Icterus auratus, immature (Addenda) #i. Pileum olive-greenish; back dusky grayish or grayish olive- green. j. Pileum lighter, more yellowish, olive-green; under parts more saffron yellow; tail longer (about 88.9). Icterus cucullatus and subspecies, immature male (p. 288) jj. Pileum darker olive-green; under parts more olive-yellow; tail shorter (about 67.3) .Icterus spurius, immature male (p. 275) Jf. Back with more or less of black. g. Tail more than 78.7. h. Pileum streaked with black or dusky; sides of head and neck PTAVISN « josseceeecnees's ssa Javeseeenecesesis Icterus parisorum, immature male and (sometimes) adult female (p. 309) hh. Pileum not streaked; sides of head and neck yellow or orange. i. Wing-edgings white and grayish; middle wing-coverts white, or mostly so; culmen very slightly curved. 262 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. j. Cheeks cadmium-orange or orange-red; smaller. Icterus pustulatus, adult female and immature male (p. 296) jj. Cheeks yellow; larger. i. Back conspicuously (sometimes very broadly) streaked with black; exposed culmen not more than 20.3. Icterus sclateri, adult female and immature male (p. 297) kk. Back narrowly and sparsely streaked (streaks sometimes obsolete); exposed culmen about 24.1. Icterus graysonii, adult female and immature male (p. 299) ii. Wing-edgings pale yellowish; middle wing-coverts dull yellowish; culmen strongly curved. ..-Ieterus wagleri, immature (p. 267) gg. Tail not more than 78.7. h. Sides, flanks, and upper tail-coverts grayish. Icterus abeillei, adult female and immature male (p. 318) hh. Sides, flanks, and upper tail-coverts dull orange or yellowish. i. Pileum without streaks or spots of black; back paler, grayer; rump pale brownish gray. Icterus bullockii, adult female (sometimes) and immature male (p. 315) #i., Pileum streaked or spotted with black (sometimes uniform black); back darker, more olivaceous; rump fulvescent. Icterus galbula, adult female and immature male (p. 311) bb. Throat not black nor dusky. ce. Wing 78.7 or more. d. Wing more than 101.6. e. Breast yellowish, dull orange, or whitish. f. Wings without white markings. g. Pileum and back dull saffron yellowish; bill stouter. Icterus giraudii, young (p. 293} gg. Pileum and back olive-greenish or dull olive. h. Pileum and back olive-greenish; under parts canary yellow; bill straighter. Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus, young (p. 281) hh. Pileum and back dull brownish olive; under parts dull naples yel- low; bill more curved ......---- Icterus wagleri, young (p. 267) Jf. Wings with distinct whitish markings. g. Back dark grayish olive; middle wing-coverts dull light yellowish. Icterus northropi, immature male and female (p. 266) gg. Back lighter grayish olive, yellowish olive, or yellowish olive-green; middle wing-coverts white or tipped with white. h. Tail more than 81.3. i. Back more or less distinctly streaked with dusky. j. Sides of head yellowish gray; throat dull sulphur yellow or light olive-yellow ....-....-....2..-----+--+--+- Icterus parisorum, adult female (usually) and immature male (p. 309) jj- Sides of head and throat orange-yellowish or chrome yellow. k. Larger, with broader and conspicuous dusky streaks on back. Icterus sclateri, young (Addenda) kk, Smaller, with narrower and inconspicuous streaks on black. Icterus pustulatus, young (p. 296) u. Back without dusky streaks. j. Back and scapulars grayish olive. k, Breast duller (ochre) yellowish. Icterus cucullatus cucullatus, adult female (p. 288) kk. Breast clearer yellow. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2638 i. Breast dull lemon or gamboge yellow. Icterus cucullatus sennetti, adult female (p. 289) Icterus cucullatus nelsoni, adult female (p. 290) W. Breast orange-yellow or cadmium yellow. Icterus cucullatus igneus, adult female (p. 291) jj. Back and scapulars olive-green. k. Darker; bill smaller. Icterus xanthornus xanthornus, young (p. 301) kk, Paler; bill larger. Icterus xanthornus curasoensis, young (p. 303) hh. Tail not more than 81.3. i, Auricular region dull orange or yellowish (rarely pinkish); an orange, yellowish, or (rarely) pinkish superciliary stripe; upper parts paler and grayer............--..- Icterus bullockii, adult female (usually) and immature male (p. 315) #. Auricular region dull olive or dusky; no orange, yellowish, or pinkish superciliary stripe; upper parts darker and browner. Icterus galbula, adult female (sometimes) and immature male (p. 311). ee. Breast deep olive-greenish, deep wax-yellowish, or brownish. f. Breast brownish. g. Greater wing-coverts edged with pale yellowish; middle wing-coverts pale yellow; throat distinctly brownish. Icterus dominicensis, young (p. 273) gg. Greater wing-coverts edged with pale brownish; middle wing-coverts light olive-greenish; throat yellowish. Icterus portoricensis, young (p. 272) Jf. Breast deep yellowish olive, olive-greenish, or deep wax yellow. g. Breast deep olive-greenish or yellowish olive; forehead dull brownish; chin dusky; tail grayish olive -..Icterus hypomelas, young (p. 271) gg. Breast deep wax-yellowish, like rest of under parts; forehead similar, but browner; tail yellowish olive. ...Icterus oberi, young (p. 265) ICTERUS ICTERUS (Linnzus). TROUPIAL. Adults (sexes alike). Head, neck (except lower hindneck), chest, back, scapulars, wings, and tail, black, the wings relieved by a broad white stripe or longitudinal patch, involving the middle coverts, innermost greater coverts, and broad edgings to innermost secondaries or tertials; lesser wing-coverts, broad collar across lower hindneck and upper back, sides of chest and under parts posterior to chest, rich orange yellow, varying to lemon yellow or orange; bill black, with basal half of man- dible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life); iris light yellow or yel- lowish white; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length _ (skins), 228.6-264.2 (246.1); wing, 110.7-117.1 (115.1); tail, 94.5-107.2 (100.8); culmen, from base, 32.5-36.1 (34.5); depth of bill at base, 12.2- 12.7 (12.2); tarsus, 31.5-33.5 (32.3); middle toe, 22.4-24.6 (23.6). Northeastern coast of South America, in Colombia (Valle Dupar, 1Seven specimens, only two of them with sex determined. 264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. etc., province Santa Marta), Venezuela (La Guayra; Carupano; Guan- aguana; Margarita I.), Guiana?, and northeastern Brazil?, together with outlying islands of Margarita, Trinidad, and Curacao. Intro- duced into West Indian islands of St. Thomas, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. Said to have occurred at Charleston, South Carolina. [Oriolus] icterus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 161 (based on Le Troupiale vulgaire Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 532).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 384.— Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 176. Icterus icterus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 502.—Cory, Auk., iii, 1886, 219 (synonomy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 106; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110, 146 (Porto Rico, Jamaica, and St. Thomas; said to be introduced).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk., x, 1893, 178 (apparently not now in Jamaica).—Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 297 (Aruba; crit.; song), 317 (Curacao; crit.).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 466.—Roszrnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Magdalena R., Colombia), 165 (Curacao); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 674 (Margarita I., Venezuela).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 266. I[cterus] icterus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 373. Icterus vulgaris Dauptn, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 340 (based on Le Troupiale vul- gaire Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 532).—Aupuzon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844, 357, pl. 499 (Charleston, South Carolina).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (South Carolina); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 542 La Guayra, Venezuela); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 408).—Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 183 (‘‘South America’); Ibis, 1883, 369 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 382 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and Valle Dupar, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia; Cartipano, Venezuela).—Cassin, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 46 (monogr.; Venezuela; Guiana; Rio Negro; n. Brazil; Jamaica; southern U. 8.).—Sciater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 (Venezuela).—Finscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 578 (Trinidad).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 184.—GunpLacu, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 209 (Porto Rico).— Savin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1879, 200 ( Valle Dupar, prov. Santa Marta, Colom- bia, 700 ft.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 265; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas, Lesser Antilles).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 323.—Harrert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii (Curagao; Aruba).—Bertepscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 103 (Curagao).— Puetps, Auk., xiv, 1897, 364 (Guanaguana, Venezuela). [icterus] vulgaris Bonararts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434.—SciaTER and SaLvIN, ‘Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. I[cterus] vulgaris Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.—Covxs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 407. Coracias xanthornus (not Oriolus xanthornus Linnzeus) Scoroxt, Ann. Hist.-Nat., i, 1768, 39. Agelaius longirostris Vin1LLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 547 (Brazil; Guiana). P[endulinus] longirosiris Viertuot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 706. [icterus] longirostris Bonarartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435. Icterus longirostris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 46 (monogr.; Carta- gena, Colombia). : Icterus vulgaris subsp.? Peters, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 114 (Curagao). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 265 ICTERUS OBERI Lawrence. MONTSERRAT ORIOLE, Adult male.—Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings, and tail uniform black; upper rump lemon yellow, tinged with ochre-yellow or yellowish russet, the rest of rump ochre-yellow or yellowish russet superficially, lemon yellow beneath the surface; the upper tail-coverts deeper, more russet, with concealed bases light lemon or canary yel- low; under parts (posterior to chest) mixed deep ochraceous, ochre- yellow and canary yellow, the last on basal portion of the feathers, but exposed in places, especially on sides; thighs clear yellow; under wing-coverts light yellow; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 213.4-218.4 (215.9); wing, 89.7- 89.9; tail, 95.8-97 (96.3); culmen, from base, 24.9-25.1; depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.1; tarsus (one specimen), 25.4; middle toe, 16.3-17.3 (16.8).* Adult (4) female.2—Above yellowish olive-green, duller and grayer on back and scapulars, tinged with saffron yellowish on forehead; wings grayish dusky with rather broad edgings of light olive; lores grayish dusky; under parts wax yellow or gallstone yellow, tinged with olive-green, especially on sides and flanks; length (skin), 199.4; wing, 82; tail, 87.6; culmen, from base, 22.4; depth of bill at base. 8.6; tarsus, 24, 1; middie toe, 15.7.’ Inanature pails (second year ?).—Similar to the supposed adult female, as described above, but back grayer, lores deep black, and wing-edgings more buffy or cinnamomeous. Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles. Icterus oberi LAWRENCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, sig. 22, Nov. 23, 1880, 351 (Montserrat, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Grisparz, Ibis, 1882, 487, pl. 18.—SciatEr, Ibis, 1883, 362 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xi, 1886, 372.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 218 (synonymy and description); Birds W. 1., 1889, 105; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 132. [Icterus] oberi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. ICTERUS MACULI-ALATUS Cassin. BAR-WINGED ORIOLE. Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, median portion of upper chest, back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tail black; outer web of greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a band, and terminal half, or more, of longer primaries edged with white; rest of plumage deep lemon or gamboge yellow, the under 1Two specimens. ? Possibly the sexes are alike in this species, as in other West Indian forms. ’ One specimen. 266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. parts (especially the breast) and lesser wing-coverts more saffron yel- low; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale gray- ish blue in life’); legs and feet grayish horn color (bluish gray in life?); length (skin), 198.2; wing, 98.5; tail, 93.5; culmen, from base, 21.8; depth of bill at base, 9.1; tarsus, 23.9; middle toe, 15.7." Pacific slope of Guatemala (Vera Paz; Aguna; Escuintla; Volcan de Fuego; Volean de Agua; San Pedro Martir). Teterus maculi-alatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., iii., 1847, 332 (‘‘ Vera Cruz,” i. e., Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 2d ser., i, pt. ii, 1848, 137, pl. 16, fig. 1.—Sciarsr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (Aguna and Escuintla, Guatemala); Ibis, 1883, 363 (monogr.) ; Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 373 (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, San Pedro Martir, Escuintla, and Aguna, Guatemala.)—Satvin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 398 (Volcan de Fuego).—(???) Ducks, La Natu- raleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Satvin and Goopmany, Biol., Centr. Am. Aves, i, 1887, 467. ([Icterus] maculi-alatus ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr, 1873, 36. [Pendulinus] maculi-alatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433 (‘‘ Mexico’’). Pendulinus maculi-alatus Cassux, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Apr., 1867, 56 (monogr.; Vera Paz). ICTERUS NORTHROPI Allen. NORTHROP’S ORIOLE. Adult male.—Head, neck, upper chest, back, and scapulars uniform deep black; whole rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser and middle wing- coverts, and under parts, posterior to upper chest, lemon yellow, rather paler on middle wing-coverts, especially the innermost; wings (except middle and lesser coverts) and tail black, rather duller than that of head, neck, ete.; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life); legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue in life?); length (skin), 213.4; wing, 99.1; tail, 89.4; culmen, from base, 23.4; depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 25.1; middle toe, 18.3.” Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but coloration rather duller; the black less intense; interscapulars narrowly margined with olive-grayish; greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale gray- ish, and remiges narrowly edged with the same; yellow of rump tinged with olive, the longer upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive with dusky mesial streaks; length (skin), 199.7; wing, 92.2; tail, 91.4; depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 25.4; middle toe, 18.° Immature male and female (second year ?).—Pileum and hindneck dull yellowish olive, more grayish posteriorly; back and scapulars rather light grayish olive; rump light yellowish olive, the upper tail-coverts darker and more grayish; lesser wing-coverts light yellowish olive; middle coverts yrayish dusky basally, broadly tipped with pale yel- 1QOne specimen, with sex undetermined. 2One specimen. 5One specimen, with tip of maxilla broken off. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 267 lowish; rest of wings, and tail, deep brownish gray or hair brown, with paler edgings; under parts lemon yellow, shaded with olive anteriorly and laterally; lores blackish. Older specimens are variously intermediate between this plumage and the fully adult livery. Bahamas (islands of Andros and Abaco.) Icterus northropi ALLEN, Auk, vii, no. 4, Oct., 1890, 344 (Andros Island, Bahamas; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—Norrarop, Auk, viii, 1891, 71, pl. 1.—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Abaco I., Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 127, 146 (Andros and Abaco islands). ICTERUS WAGLERI Sclater. WAGLER’S ORIOLE. Adults (sees alike).—Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), tail, and upper and under tail- coverts uniform black; rest of plumage rich saffron or cadmium yellow, more or less tinged with chestnut next to black of chest, where the chestnut sometimes forms a distinct band; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); iris dark brown; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?). Inmature (second year ?).—Pileum, hindneck, rump, upper tail- coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain olivaceous saffron yellow; middle wing-coverts similar at tips, the underlying portion blackish; back and scapulars yellowish olive-green, narrowly streaked with dusky; greater wing-coverts and secondaries dusky, edged with pale yellowish gray (more broadly, the edgings more yellowish, on the former); primaries dusky, narrowly edged with dull whitish; four middle rectrices dusky; next pair dusky with outer web mostly olive, edged with saffron yellowish; outermost rectrices dull saffron yellowish, dusky terminally; lores, greater part of malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of chest black; rest of under parts and sides of head (except as described) rich saffron or Indian yellow. Younger (first winter ?).—Similar, but without black on chest and throat (which are yellow, like rest of under parts) and upper parts less yellowish, the back, scapulars, and wing-edgings olive-gray (the two former narrowly streaked with black), the pileum and hindneck yellowish olive-gray, very indistinctly streaked with darker. Young (first plumage).—Above plain rather light olive, slightly browner on back and scapulars, more yellowish olive on head, neck, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings dusky with rather broad olive-buffy edgings; six middle tail-feathers dusky, edged with light yellowish olive, the lateral rectrices light olive on inner webs, their outer webs yellowish olive; under parts entirely dull light yellow, faintly shaded with olive across chest and along sides. 1“Base of under mandible lead color; tarsi and toes dusky olive.’’ (P. L. Jouy, manuscript. ) 2968 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 210.8-229.9 (222.8); wing, 97.8-113.8 (104.9); tail, 101.1-122.2 (108.2); culmen, from base, 23.4-25.4 (24.6); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.1 (8.6); tarsus, 24,1-25.9 (24.9); middle toe, 17.5-20.38 (18.8).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 194.3-223.5 (207); wing, 96.5-100.1 (98); tail, 79.5-104.4 (93.5); culmen, from base, 22.9-24.4 (23.6); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4; tarsus, 23.4-25.1 (24.4); middle toe, 17.5- 18.3 (18).? From northern Mexico, in states of Sonora (Oposura, Alamos), Chihuahua (near Batopilas), Coahuila (Saltillo), and Nuevo Leon (Dos Arroyos), southward over nearly the whole of Mexico (except Yucatan) to Guatemala (Duefias; Calderas; Volcan de Fuego; San Gerénimo; Hacienda Chancol, etc.). Ps[arocolius] flavigaster (not Pendulinus flavigaster Vieillot, 1816) Wacter, Isis, 1829, 756 (Mexico). Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linneeus) Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. g., i, 1827, 486 (Temascaltepec, Mexico). [Pendulinus] dominicensis Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432. Icterus wagleri Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 7 (Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater), 1859, 381 (Villa Alta, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 (Mexico), Tbis, 1888, 362 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 372 (Oaxaca; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Duefias, Calderas, and Volcan de Fuego, Guate- mala).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.; ix, 1858, 545 (Saltillo, Coahuila; Guatemala); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 61, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19, pl. 19, fig. 2 (Saltillo, Coahuila); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 412.—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Dueifias, Guatemala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 468 (Volcan de Fuego; descr. nest).— Finscn, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. 1870, 338 (Mazatlan ).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 188, footnote, pl. 35, fig. 2.—Law- RENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 279 (Mazatlan; Guadalajara; Tepic; habits; song).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 267.,—Sa.vin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 263 (Guatemala).—FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Tecali and Huehuetlan, Puebla, Jan., Feb.)—Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 466. 1 Nineteen specimens from Mexico. ?Four specimens from Mexico. Specimens from eastern Mexico, western Mexico, and Guatemala average, respec- rively, as follows: Ex- Depth ; Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. Mole culmen.| at base. . MALES. Nine adult males from eastern Mexico............ 106.4 | 110 24,9 8.4 25.4 18.3 Eleven adult males from western Mexico......... 103.6 | 106.9 24.4 8.9 24.9 18.5 Three adult males from Guatemala............... 102.9 | 105,2 23.4 7.9 23.9 17.6 FEMALES, Two adult females from eastern Mexico .......... 99.1} 104.4 23.9 7.9 24.6 18 Two ndult females from westerp Mexico.......... 96.8 87.9 23.1 8.1 24,1 17.8 Two adult females from Guatemala.............-. 92.5 97.5 22.6 8.1 23.9 vv BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269 [Icterus] wagieri ScuateR and Sauvin, Nom. Am. Neotr., 1873, 36. I[cterus] wagleri Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375. Icterus waglerii Sumicurasr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot region, Vera Cruz). Pendulinus wagleri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 55 (monogr.; Coa- huila; Mazatlan; San Gerénimo, Guatemala). [Icterus dominicensis] var. waglero, Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182. Icterus wagleri castaneopectus Brewster, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 91 (Oposura, Sonora; coll. W. Brewster) . ICTERUS PROSTHEMELAS (Strickland). LESSON’S ORIOLE, Similar to J. wagler: but much smaller, black of chest extend- ing over breast, and tail-coverts (both upper and lower) mostly yellow.' Adults (sewes alike).—Head, neck, chest, upper breast (sometimes whole breast), back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tail black; rest of plumage deep lemon yellow, the yel- low of the breast more or less tinged or mixed with chestnut next to edge of black pectoral area; longer tail-coverts usually more or less mixed with black, sometimes wholly black; bill black, with basal por- tion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky or dark grayish horn color (bluish gray in life?) Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adults, but back and scapulars yellowish olive-green* (some of the feathers with concealed central areas of black), the lower hindneck more yellowish olive-green, or olive-yellow (whole hindneck and occiput sometimes of this color). Young (first plumage).—Forehead (more or less broadly), orbital region, auricular and malar regions (except sometimes posterior portion of the former), chin, throat, and median portion of upper chest dull black; rest of head and neck, together with back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, dull olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green, the back and scapulars more or less clouded or blotched with black; wings and tail dull black, the lesser and middle wing-coverts tipped with dull olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green; under parts (except throat, etc.) light yellow (dull canary yellow or straw yellow). Adult male.—Length (skins), 180.3-207 (191.3); wing, 78.5-93.5 (86.6); tail, 84.6-100.8 (93.2); culmen, from base, 19.1-21.3 (20.6); depth of bill at base, 7.1-8.1 (7.6); tarsus, 22.1-23.6 (22.9); middle, toe, 14.7-17.8 (16.3).3 Adult female.—Length (skins), 180.3-195.6 (190.8); wing, 80.3-85.1 (83.1); tail, 84.1-90.7 (87.6); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); 1The longer coverts sometimes black or partly so, especially the upper coverts. *In this plumage very closely resembling in coloration adults of I. melanocephatus. 3 Twenty-one specimens, 270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.6(8.1); tarsus, 22.1-23.9 (23.1); middle toe, 15.2-17.3 (16.5).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Guanajuato(?), Vera Cruz, (Cor- dova, Jalapa), Oaxaca (Chihuitan, Tehuantepec, Totontepec, Santo Domingo), and Chiapas, southward through Central America to the Isthmus of Panama. Xanthornus prosthemelas SrrickLanp, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 120, pl. 62 (Guatemala; coll. H. Strickland). Icterus prosthemelas ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1857, 7 (crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 1382 (‘‘Central America”’); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 373 (Corosal and Belize, British Honduras; Choc- tum, Vera Paz, and sources Rio de la Pasion, Guatemala; San Pedro, Hon- duras; Peje and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).—ScuatTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua); 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras) .—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 58 (Comayagua, Honduras).—(?) Dcc#s La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Lawrencr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Chihuitan, Oaxaca).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (Naranjo, Costa Rica).— Ze.Epon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Jiménez; Naranjo de Cartago).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras); x, 1888, 588 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Sat- vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 466.—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). [icterus] prosthemelas Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Ieterus] prosthemelas Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375. Teterus dominicensis, var. prosthemelas Baird, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182. 1 Nine specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows: Depth : Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.| of bill | Tarsus. Mile at base. . MALES. Two adult males from southeastern Mexico-....-. 85.9 95 20.3 7.6 22.6 16 Four adult males from Guatemala ..............-. 86.9 93.5 19.8 7.6 22.6 15.5 Seven adult males from Honduras 88.9 96.8 20.8 7.6 23.1 15.7 Three adult males trom Nicaragua 87.9 91.4 20.6 8.1 23.1 17.3 Three adult males from Costa Rica .... 84.3 89.7 20.6 7.6 22.9 16.8 Two adult males from Panama ............-...--- 81.8 89. 4 2053 fewssevsice 23.1 16 FEMALES, One adult female from southeastern Mexico ...-. 82 87.6 De a ere 21.8 15.5 Two adult females from Honduras.......-......-. 82.3 88.4 211 8.1 23.1 15.7 Three adult females from Nicaragua.............- 82 86.4 20.8 8.1 23.6 16.8 Three adult females from Costa Rica ..-....-..... 83.5 88.1 20.1 8.1 22.9 16.5 Asa rule, specimens from Honduras and Nicaragua have more black on the under parts, that of the anterior portions extending farther backward (sometimes covering entire breast), the sides and flanks more or less clouded or otherwise marked (some- times heavily) with black. The series is not complete enough, however, to show whether there are constant differences. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 971 Pendulinus prosthemelas Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 56 (monogr. ).— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).— Frantzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica). [Pendulinus] lessoni Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, June 15, 1850, 432 (Mexico; based on Troupiale noire & ventre jaune Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, no. 7). Pendutinus lessoni PucnEran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 66 (crit.). X [anthornus] lessoni Capants, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 184 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). (?) Icterus gualanensis UNpERWoop, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,'no. lv, June 30, 1898, p. lix (Gualan, Guatemala). ICTERUS HYPOMELAS (Bonaparte). CUBAN ORIOLE. Adults (sexes alike).—General color uniform black; lesser and mid- dle wing-coverts, rump, and thighs, lemon yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars slightly paler (canary) yellow; shorter under tail-coverts: and tips (more or less extensive) of longer under tail-coverts duller (gallstone or saffron yellow); bill black, the mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life) basally: legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?). Immature (second year ?).—Head and neck dull olive-green becoming more or less dusky on fore part of head, especially from lores to chin, inclusive (whole throat, chin, malar region, and lores sometimes uni- form black); back and scapulars dull grayish olive-green, the feathers indistinctly darker centrally; rump more yellowish olive-green, more yellow on lower portion; lesser wing-coverts yellowish olive-green; middle coverts more yellowish, with a darker mesial streak; rest of wings, and tail, grayish dusky with edgings of pale olive-grayish or grayish buffy; under parts, except chin (and sometimes throat) plain olive-green, duller anteriorly, brighter or more yellowish posteriorly. [Older specimens variously intermediate in coloration between this plumage and the fully adult livery.] Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7-198.1 (190.8); wing, 94.2-96 (95.3); tail, 84.3-91.9 (88.6); culmen, from base, 20.3-22.4 (21.6); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.1 (8.4); tarsus, 23.9-24.4 (24.1); middle toe, 15-17.3 (16.8). Adult female.—Length (skins), 176.5-198.1 (186.7); wing, 89.4-94.7 (91.9); tail, 81.3-92.7 (86.9); culmen, from base, 21.1-22.1 (21.6); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 22.9-24.4 (23.6); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.8).? Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linneeus) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, 1828, 441 (Cuba).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1860, 268 (Cuba; crit.).—Atsrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 212 (Cuba).—SeLarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131, part (Cuba). Seven specimens. 272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Xanthornus dominicensis D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 115, pl. 19 bis. —Gunpiacu, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1852, 318 (Cuba).— CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). Icterus virescens (not of Daudin, 1800) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, Dec., 1827, 441 (near Havana, Cuba; coll. Zool.,Soc. Lond.). (?) Ps[arocolius] melanopsis Wacumr, Isis, 1829, 759 (no locality). [Pendulinus] hypomelas Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433 (Cuba; ‘“Mexico;” ex Icterus hypomelas Du Bus, manuscript). Pendulinus hypomelas Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 59 (monogr.). Xanthornus hypomelas Gunpuacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 287; Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 128. Icterus hypomelas Scuater, Ibis, 1883, 360 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 370 (San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 215 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 102; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 305 (habits, ete.; crit.). [Icterus] hypomelas ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. Icterus dominicensis, var. hypomelas Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 254, footnote (crit. ).—Barrp, BreweEr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182, footnote. ICTERUS PORTORICENSIS (Bryant). PORTO RICAN ORIOLE, Adults (sexes alike).—Similar to J. dominicensis, but bill decidedly larger and relatively stouter, upper rump black, flanks black, and tail- coverts (especially the upper) partly black; similar also to Z. hypomelas, but upper rump black, under tail-coverts mostly yellow, and lower part of abdomen yellow, the bill also much longer, middle toe longer, and tarsus shorter. Immature (second year ?).—Very different from corresponding stage of J. hypomelas. Head and neck (except pileum and hindneck) gall- stone or saffron yellow, brightest or clearest on malar region, chin, and throat, more or less tinged with russet on lower throat, auricular region, and lores; chest and breast dull gallstone yellow or light raw sienna, passing into a more buffy olive hue on sides and flanks, the under tail-coverts light yellowish olive or olive-yellow; pileum and hindneck cinnamon-brownish, becoming more yellowish on forehead; back and scapulars uniform light grayish brown; rump and upper tail- coverts yellowish olive; lesser and middle wing-coverts dull olive- yellowish or light yellowish olive; rest of wings deep hair brown with paler edgings; edge of wing clear yellow; tail olive or olive-greenish. Young (first yoar).—Similar to the preceding, but coloration duller and wing-edgings more buffy. Adult male.—Length (skins), 194.3-208.2 (197.9); wing, 88.9-96.8 (94); tail, 84.1-89.2 (86.9); culmen, from base, 23.4-25.7 (24.6); depth of bill at base, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 22.9-23.1 (23.1); middle toe 17.8-18 (17.8).? 1 Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 978 j Adult female.—Length (skins), 199.7-209.6 (205); wing, 90.2-93.5 (91.7); tail, 79.8-86.4 (83.1); culmen, from base, 24.4-25.1 (24.6); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.1; tarsus, 23.1-23.4; middle toe, 18-19.1 (18.5). Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnzeus) Tayor, Ibis, 1864, 167 (Porto Rico). Icterus dominicensis var. portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 254 (Porto Rico).—Sunpevauy, Ofv. k. Vet. -Ak. Foérh. Stockh., 1869, 597.— Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182, footnote. Pendulinus portoricensis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 58 (monogr. ). Icterus portoricensis ScLaTER, Ibis, 1883, 361 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 371 (n. side Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 104 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 132 (Porto Rico). [Icterus] portoricensis ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. Xanthornus portoricensis Gunpiacu, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 210 (Porto Rico). ICTERUS DOMINICENSIS (Linneus). HAITIAN ORIOLE, Adults (sexes alike).—Similar to L. hypomelas, but upper and under tail-coverts wholly yellow and flanks more or less yellow; bill longer and more slender. Young (first plumage).—Head and neck brown, becoming grayer on chin and throat; back and scapulars more grayish (broccoli) brown; lower rump light dull buffy yellowish, gradually shading into color of back; lesser and middle wing-coverts light yellow, the former tinged with brownish; greater coverts dusky, broadly edged with pale yel- low; rest of wings grayish dusky with pale edgings, these nearly white on terminal portion of longer primaries; tail olive with lighter, more yellowish olive, edgings; under parts canary yellow posteriorly, shading into wood brownish on breast, ete. Adult male.—Length (skins), 185.4-207 (196.3); wing, 91.4-99.1 (96.8); tail, 82-90.9 (87.6); culmen, from base, 21.8-24.4 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.4 (7. 9); tarsus, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 15.7- 19.3 (17.8).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 194.3; wing, 91.9; tail, 84.1; culmen, from base, 22.1; tarsus, 24.1; middle toe, 18.3.° Island of Haiti, oF Antilles. [Oriolus] dominicensis Lin zus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 163 (based on Carouge de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 5, fig. 2).—Gmexin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 391.—Larxam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 182. 1 Two specimens. 2 Five specimens, three of them not sexed, but probably males. 3 One specimen. 3654—voL 2—01——18 274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Icterus dominicensis Daun, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 335.—TEmMIncx, Cat. Syst. ,1807, 48.—Satub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Sc.arsr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131, part (Santo Domingo); Ibis, 1883, 361 (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 371 (Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo; Haiti).— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 71, pl. (12); Auk, iii, 1886, 216 (synonymy and diagonsis); Birds W. I., 1889, 103 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 131 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).— TristRAM, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Samana, Santo Domingo).—CHErrie, Contr. Orn. San Domingo, 1896, 16. [Jeterus] dominicensis ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. Xanthornus dominicensis CABANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10. [Pendulinus] dominicensis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432. Pendulinus dominicensis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 58 (monogr.; Port au Prince, Haiti). Icterus dominicensis, var. dominicensis BAirD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 187+, 182, footnote. Pendulinus flavigaster Viettuor Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., v. 1816, 317 (= Oriolus dominicensis Linneeus). Plendulinus] flavigaster VierLuot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 705. ICTERUS LAUDABILIS Sclater. SANTA LUCIA ORIOLE. Adults (sexes alike).—General color uniform deep black; lesser and middle wing-coverts, whole rump, upper tail-coverts, flanks, lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, cadmium yellow varying to cadmium orange;' under wing-coverts pale yellow, deepening into brighter yellow or orange along edge of wing; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life’); legs and feet dusky gray (grayish blue in life?). Immature (transition plumage).—Head, neck, breast, back, scapulars, greater wing-coverts, and a few of the rectrices black, the feathers of the breast tipped with chestnut, and the hindneck tinged with the same; rump and upper tail-coverts deep ocher-yellow, tinged with olive; under parts (posterior to breast) deep ocher-yellowish; lesser and middle wing-coverts light ocher-yellow blotched with black; remiges grayish dusky edged with pale grayish brown; most of rectrices olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-201.9 (194.8); wing, 91.9-100.6 (96.3); tail, 90.9-95 (93); culmen, from. base, 23.6-25.9 (24.6); tarsus, 94.9-25.4 (25.1); 16-17.8 (16.5).? Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 1Some specimens have a greater or less admixture of chestnut at the line of junc- tion of the black and yellow (or orange) of under parts. 2 Two specimens, the only ones that are sexed in a series of six. The extreme and average measurements of this series are as follows: Length (skins), 188-205.7 (197.9); wing, 88.4-102.9 (96.5); tail, 84.3-101.6 (93.5); culmen, from base, 23.6-26.2 (24.6); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 9.4; tarsus, 24.4-25.9 (25.1); middle toe, 15,7-19.1 (17). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B75 Teterus laudabilis ScuarErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 270, pl. 21 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1872, 649; 1889, 395; Ibis, 1883, 361 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 372.—A.iEen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (synonymy and diagnosis); » Birds W. I., 1889, 104; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892; 15, 110, 133.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 130. (Icterus] laudabilis ScLarER and Sauyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. ICTERUS SPURIUS (Linnzus). ORCHARD ORIOLE. Adult male in spring and summer.— Head, neck, median portion of upper chest, back, and scapulars, uniform black; wings (except lesser and middle coverts) black, with narrow whitish edgings; tail black, the extreme base abruptly yellowish; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser and middle wing-coverts, and under parts of body (including under wing-coverts) uniform rich chestnut, often deepening into bay on breast, etc., the rump and upper tail-coverts inclining to burnt sienna; bill black with basal half of mandible bluish (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color in dried skins. Adult male vn autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but scapulars and interscapulars (sometimes feathers of head and neck also) margined with buffy grayish, light olive, or chest- nut, and those of the chestnut under parts (sometimes) indistinctly tipped or margined with yellowish. Adult female in spring and summer.—Above yellowish olive-green, becoming lighter and more yellowish on upper tail-coverts and tail, the back duller, with feathers indistinctly darker centrally; under parts dull canary yellow, tinged with olive on sides and flanks; wings dusky, all the feathers margined with light olive-grayish (these edgings approaching white on longer primaries), the middle and greater cov- erts broadly tipped with dull whitish, forming two bands. Male in second year.—Similar to adult female, but lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black.’ Young (both sexes) in first plumage.—Similar to the adult female, but lighter wing-markings tinged with buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 147.3-165.1 (157.7); wing, 73.9-82.6 (78.2); tail, 63.5-74.9 (69.1); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.3); depth of bill at base. 6.6-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 13-16.5 (15).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 149.9-160 (154.4); wing, 68.6-77.5 1 Breeds in this plumage. Males more than one year old, but not yet fully adult, are variously intermediate between this black-throated yellow plumage and the fully adult livery as described above. * Thirty specimens, 276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (73.2); tail, 63.5-73.7 (66.5); exposed culmen, 15.2-17.3 (15.7); depth of bill at base, 6.6-7.6 (7.4); tarsus, 20.6-23.1 (21.6); middle toe, 13.2-15.5 (14.5).? Eastern United States and whole of Mexico; breeding from the Gulf coast (northern Florida to southern Texas) north to Connecticut, south- ern New York, southern Ontario (Hamilton, London, Dunnville), southern Michigan (south of 43°), southern Wisconsin, centra! Minne- sota, and southern North Dakota, but occurring irregularly or casu- ally as far north as southern New Brunswick, Maine (Androscoggin, Knox, and Washington counties), and Vermont (Middlebury); west to across the Great Plains; south in winter over whole of Mexico and Central America to northern Colombia (Cartagena, Rio Atrato); Cuba. (Southern limit of breeding range unknown, but probably extending over part of Mexico, possibly to Guatemala.’ [Oriolus] spurius Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterus minor Catesby, Carolina, i, 49; Icterus minor spurius Brisson) .—GME.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 389.—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 180. Icterus spurius Temmrncx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.—Bonapartes, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ili, 1823, 363; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 51; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—NurraLt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 165.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 221, pl. 42; v. 1839, 485; Synopsis, 1839, 144; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 46, pl. 219.—Grraup, Birds Long I., 1844, 144.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 547; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (w. Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 414.—ScLarsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) , 380 (Oaxaca, Mar.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Pennsylvania); Ibis, 1883, 357 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 366 (Jalapa, Vera 1 Nine specimens. Dividing the collection of breeding birds, or those obtained during the months of April to first half of August, inclusive, into five series, representing, respectively, the Atlantic coast States, southern Florida, the Mississippi Valley, southern Texas, and various parts of Mexico, their average measurements are found to be as follows: Ex- Depth . Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. as culmen.| at base. . MALES. Seven adult males from Atlantic States........... 79, 2 68.8 16.3 7.6 21.8 15 Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley........ 78.7 69.9 16.5 7.9 21.8 14.7 Seven adult males from southern Texas .......... 76.2 66.3 15:5 71 21.3 15 78.7 70.6 15.5 71 21.6 15.7 78.5 70.1 16.8 7.6 21.3 15 75.9 67.3 16.3 7.6 22.6 15.2 70.6 66.8 15.5 71 21.6 15.7 71.1 64.8 16.2 TA 20.6 13.7 Three adult females from Mexico.........-.--..-. 74.2 67.8 15.7 74 21.6 14,6 * Among Mexican specimens in the collection of the Biological Survey are one from Lagos, Jalisco, taken in June, one from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, taken in July, and one from Catemaco, Vera Cruz, taken in May. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 277 Cruz; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Belize, British Honduras; Duefias, Cahabon, Retalhuleu, sources Rio de la Pasion, and Coban, Guatemala; Cozumel I., Yucatan; San Pedro, Honduras; Irazi distr., Costa Rica; Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 177 (David, Chiriqui) ; viii, 1866, 289 (vic. New York City).—Kernnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 31 (San Antonio, Texas).—VrrrtLu, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (s. Maine, rare).—ScLaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—McIiwrarrn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 90 (Hamilton, Ontario, casual).—Gunp.acu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 286; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 127 (Cuba); Orn. Cub., 1893, 114.—Sat- vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David, Chiriqui).—BurcHer, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, June, Aug.).—SumicHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Vera Cruz).—Trrrpx, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 239 (Iowa, breeding).—AL.eEn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 138 days (Fort Hays, w. Kansas, breeding), 150 (Denver, Colorado, summer), 178 (Kansas; Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 60 (second crossing Heart R., e. Montana, July ).—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 215; 2d ed., 1882, no. 324; Birds N. W., 1874, 192; Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 604 (Pembina, North Dakota, 1 spec., June 6).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 184 (Colorado); Nom. N. Ain. Birds, 1881, no. 270; Orn. IIli- nois, i, 1889, 320.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripe- way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 190, pl. 34, figs. 4, 5, 6.—Maynarp, Amer. Sportsman, iv, 1874, 155 (Ipswich, Massachusetts, casual; West Meriden, Connecticut, breeding); Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 144.—Gerntry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 99 (habits).—Mrrnan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 84 (habits).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (s. New England, breeding).—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 141 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; song).—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 46 (Con- necticut, breeding).—McCautny, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 668 (n. Texas and Indian Terr., breeding).—Srnnert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25 (Hidalgo, s. Texas, breeding).—Ratn- Bun, Rev. List Birds, Centr. N. Y., 1879, 21 (summer resid.).—McCresney, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 79 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, breeding).—Gisrs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 488 (Michigan, breeding s. of 43°).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas, 1 spec., Apr.).—ZELEDon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 12 (Alajuela; Cartago).—Nurrive, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicara- gua).—Kwowtron, Auk, i, 1884, 390 (Middlebury, Vermont, 2 specs., June 1, 1883).—Brcxwewt, Auk, ii, 1885, 251 (Riverdale, s. e. New York; song).— Acrrszore, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 218; Birds W. I., 1889, 105; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba) .— American Ornirnoxocisrs’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 506.—FERRARI- Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Huexotitla and Chietla, Puebla, Dec. ).—Butirr, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 29 (Franklin Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—SaLvin nd, Gopmav, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 464.—Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding).—Broprr, Auk, v, 1888, 211 (Toronto, Ontario, May 13).—Keyzs and Wuxutams, Trans. Davenp. Ac. Sci., v, 1888 (Des Moines, Iowa, breeding).—Cooxz, Birds Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 168-170 (localities, dates, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 94 (Denver, 1 spec.); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 164 (Beaver Creek Valley, Fre- 278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mont Co., 3 specs., May, 1875).—Cuerriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San José, Costa Rica, July 31 to Mar. 2); ix, 1892, 250 (do.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).—THompson, Proc. U.8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 580 (Pembina, North Dakota).—Smrra (R. W.), Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 119 (Warren Co., s. w. Ohio, breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 402 (whole State, breeding).—Arrwarmr, Auk, ix, 1892, 280 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Hatcu, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 280 (summer resid.).—McItwraira, Birds Ontario, 1892, 285 (London, Dunnville, and Hamilton, breeding).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Aug. 20 to Feb. 23).—Srnexey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 372 (Hidaigo; Corpus Christi).—Wayne, Auk, ii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).—U.rey and Wattacz, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1895, 153 (Wabash, n. Indiana, common summer resid. ).—Bernpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 479, pl. 7, figs. 3-5 (eggs).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 280, pl. 30, fig. 4.—OsErRHotser, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, no. 4, 1896, 303 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, sum- mer resid.).—BuTLer, Birds Indiana, 1897, 898 (whole State).—Kwyicur, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 88 (Androscoggin, Knox, and Washington counties, Maine, accidental).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Orleans Co., New York, several records).—SamveL, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391, 392 (Toronto, Ontario, breeding).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 105 (Louisiana, breeding). [Icterus] spurius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.—Sciarer and Satyrn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. [ [cterus] spurius Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111 (n. e. Illinois, com- mon summer resid.).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 407.—Ripe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376. [ Yphantes] spurius Bonaparte, Consp. Ayv., i, 1850, 432. X [anthornus] spurius CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 184. Xanthornus spurius CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 8 (Costa Rica).—LaWRENCcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Costa Rica).—Franrztus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica). Pendulinus spurius Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 61 (monogr.). [Jcterus spurius] a. spurius Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 192 (in synonymy). [Oriolus] varius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 390 (based on Carouge, de Cayenne, Daubenton, Pl. Ent., 607, fig. 1). X[anthornus] varius Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 344. Xanthornus varius Woopnouse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zui and Col. R., 1853, 79 (Indian Territory.).—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291 (Franklin Co., Indiana). Icterus varius Daupin, Traité d’Orn., 1800, 334. Icterus varius juy., Licntensrern, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56. (?) [Oriolus] capensis Guutin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 392 (based on Xanthornus capitis bonx esperance Brisson, Orn., ii, p. 128). [Turdus] ater Guntin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 830 (based on Merle & gorge noir, de St. Domingue, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 559, = immature male). [Oriolus] castaneus Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181 (same basis as O. varius Gmelin).—SHaw, Gen. Zool., vii, 1809, 427. Icterus castaneus Dauptn, Traité d@’Orn., 1800, 353. Ps[arocolius] castaneus Wacimr, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 18 (= Oriolus spurius Gmelin, etc.). [Turdus] jugularis Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 361 (same basis as T. ater Gmelin). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 279 P[endulinus] solitaris Vier.iot, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 705 (based on Bastard Oriole Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina). Pendulinus viridis Vizittor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 301. Pendulinus nigricollis Virttiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 318. Oriolus mutatus Winson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 64, pl. 4, figs. 1-4. Xanthornus afinis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 113 (Rio Grande, Texas; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Woopnouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 79 (Texas).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, 332 (Rio Grande).—Kewnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1857, 10 (75 m. w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico).—HerErmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, no. 1, 1859, 17 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 140 (Rio Atrato, Colombia). Icterus affinis ScuaterR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 20 (Guate- mala).—Sa.vin and SciaTEr, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duefias and Coban, Guatemala, July, numerous!).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Jalapa); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico). Bananivorus affnis ScLaTErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Pendulinus affinis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 61 (monogr. ). [Icterus spurius] Var. affinis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158. Icterus spurius . . . var. affinis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 215a. Icterus spurius var. affnis Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia, and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 279 (Mazatlan; plains of Colima).—Merritt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 185 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding). Icterus spurius affinis Cours and Srnnert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 397 (Lometa, Texas, breeding).—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 325.—NeariinG, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 167 (s. e. Texas, breeding; descr. nests). [Icterus spurius] b. affinis Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 193 (in synonymy). I[cterus] s[purius] affinis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 408. < ICTERUS BONANA (Linnzus). MARTINIQUE ORIOLE. Adults (sexes althe).—Head, neck, chest, and upper breast rich very dark chestnut or bay; back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tail black; lesser and middle wing-coverts, lower rump, and under parts of body (posterior to upper breast) deep orange-rufous or rufous-tawny, deepest on lower breast, where sometimes almost chestnut; upper part of rump, thighs, and under wing-coverts orange- ochraceous or dull orange-yellow; upper and under tail-coverts orange-rufous or rufous-tawny, the longer feathers tipped with black; bill black, the basal portion of mandible pale bluish gray; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?). Young.—Similar to adults, but colors duller and plumage of looser texture. Adult male.—Length (skin), 182.9; wing, 86.9; tail, 83.8; culmen, from base, 8.1; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 15.5." Adult female.—Length (skin), 193; wing, 77;” tail, 84.6; culmen, 1One specimen. 2 Unreliable measurement (primaries molting) . 280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. from base (two specimens), 21.8-22.1; depth of bill at base, 8.9; tarsus (two specimens), 21.8-23.1 (22.4); middle toe, 15.7." Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles; Island of Guadeloupe? ? [Oriolus] bonana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterus minor, nidum suspendens, Sloane, Jam., ii, 299, pl. 257, fig. 1).—Gmetrn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 390.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181. Icterus bonana Daub, Traité’d’Orn., ii, 1800, 332.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 167 (Mar- tinique).—Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 355 (Martinique; habits).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 215 (synonymy; diagnosis); iv, 1887, 96 (Mar- tinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 102; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 133 (Mar- tinique).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 368 (Martinique). [Icterus] bonana ScuaTerR and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. Icterus bonanz Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 131 (‘‘ Antilles ’’). Pendulinus banana VixrtLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., v, 1816, 316. [Pendulinus] bonana Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 432. Pendulinus bonana Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 54 (monogr). Psarocolius bonana Waauer, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 19. : X[anthornus] bonana CaBanis, Mus. Hein, i, 1851, 183 (Martinique). (?) Pendulinus rujigaster Vie1tior, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., vy, 1816, 321 (‘* Amér- ique méridionale ’’ ?).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 55 (monogr.; Guadeloupe). (?) Plendulinus] rujfigaster Virttitot, Enc. Méth., ii., 1823, 708. (?) [Bananivorus] rufigaster Bonararte, Compt. Rend., 1823, 834 (Guadeloupe). ICTERUS MELANOCEPHALUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Wagler). BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE, Adult male.—Head, upper part of neck, median portion of upper chest, wing's (except lesser and part of middle coverts), and tail black, the tertials usually more or less edged with whitish or pale brownish gray; lower hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull saffron yellow or wax yellow, more or less tinged with olive- green, the scapulars partly black; sides of neck, lesser wing-coverts, and under parts (except as described) deep lemon or gamboge yellow, sometimes (though rarely) tinged with orange; middle wing-coverts mostly black; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish horn-color (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 193-213.4 (205.5); wing, 93.5-98.3 (96.5); tail, 90.2-102.4 (96.5); culmen, from base, 22.4-93.4 (22.9); depth of bill at base, 10.4-10.9 (10.7); tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (26.2); middle toe, 17-18.5 (17.8).° 1One specimen. * There isa very material discrepancy between Vieillot’s original description and the later one by Bonaparte. Vieillot describes his P. rufigaster as having the belly and posterior parts (‘‘a le ventre et les parties posterieures””) deep russet or rusty (‘‘ roux ardent’’), the rest of the plumage black. Bonaparte, although apparently describing Vieillot’s type, gives the color of the head, neck, and breast as chestnut—in short, describes a bird (said to be from Guadeloupe) very like J. bonana. Possibly ‘‘ partes posterieures”’ in Vieillot’s description is an error (lapsus penne) for partes antericures. 5 Six specimens. RIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 281 Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but smaller and slightly duller in color, the back, etc., inclining more decidedly to olive-green; length (skins), 198.1-214.6 (204); wing, 89.4-95.8 (91.9); tail, $8.9-99.1 (92.2); culmen, from base, 22.4-23.6 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.4); tarsus, 25.4-26.9 (26.2); middle toe, 17.5-18 (17.8).? Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adult female, but still more decidedly olive-green above; wings and tail dusky brownish gray, the former with pale olive-grayish, the latter with yellowish olive-green edgings; yellow of under parts shaded laterally with olive-greenish. Young.—No black on head, neck, or chest, the color being yellow- ish olive-green above, pale lemon yellow beneath; otherwise as in the immature stage described above. Southern portion of the Mexican plateau, in States of San Luis Potosi (Valles; Toncanhuitz), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Orizaba; Jico; Papantla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Pluma; Mount Zem- poaltepec), Chiapas (Guichicovi), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), and Jalisco (San Sebastian). Ps[arocolius] melanocephalus WaGLER, Isis, 1829, 756 (Mexico). Icterus melanocephalus Hawn, in Kuster’s Vog. aus Asien, Lief vi, 2, pl. 3.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1867, 53 (monogr.; Jalapa, Mirador, and Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1854, pl. 21 (not description, which = I. m. audubonii).—Sciater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Mexico); 1858, 97, part (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz; crit.); 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (s. Mexico); Tbis, 1883, 365 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 375, part.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 543; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 410.— Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (temperate region, Vera Cruz).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 186.— Lawrence, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi, Chiapas, Sept.).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236.—Sanvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 468, part.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa; song).—Lanvz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (S. Tomas, Guatemala). [Icterus] melanocephalus ScuaTer and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. I[eterus] melanocephalus Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Jalapa).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 374. [Xanthornus] melanocephalus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434, part. [Leterus melanocephalus] var. melanocephalus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 182. [Icterus melanocephalus] b. Subsp. typica ScrarER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 3875, in list of specimens (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca). Icterus graduacauda Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 105 (Mexico). I[cterus] graduacauda Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 343. (?) Icterus audubonii (not of Giraud) Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz). Icterus audubonii Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (temperate ‘region, Vera Cruz).—AmmrIcan Orniraoxoaists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 503, part (Oaxaca). Icterus auduboni Frrrari-Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Jalapa, Aug., Sept. ). 1 Three specimens. 989 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (?) Icterus virescens (not of Vigors, 1828) Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., sér. 2, xl, Dec., 1875, 798 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus. ). ICTERUS MELANOCEPHALUS AUDUBONII (Giraud). AUDUBON’S ORIOLE. Simuar to £m. melanocephalus, but much larger and with broad white edgings to innermost secondaries, the greater wing-coverts also usually broadly edged with white near tips. Adult male.—Length (skins), 214.6-233.7 (227.6); wing, 96.3-102.4 (100.6); tail, 102.6-106.2 (104.6); culmen, from base 25.7-28.2 (26.4); depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 26.9-27.9 (27.2); middle toe, 17.5-19.6 (18.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 203.2-236.2 (221.5); wing, 94-98 (96); tail, 99.6-105.9 (102.9); culmen, from base, 21.8-26.4 (24.6); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.9 (10.4), tarsus, 24.9-27.4 (26.9); middle toe, 17.5-19.3 (18.5)." Northeastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Linares; Rodriguez; Monterey), Tamaulipas (Matamoras; Charco Escondido; Victoria), San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura), and Mexico (Valley of Mexico), and southern Texas (Ringgold Barracks; Rio Grande City; Hidalgo; Brownsville; Lometa, etc., occasionally to San Antonio). Icterus audubonii Grav, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, 3 (Texas; type in coll U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 542 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas; Ringgold Barracks, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 409; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (Charco Escondido and Matamoras, Tamaulipas; Ringgold Barracks, Texas).—Scuater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 366 (monogr.) .—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 53 (monogr.; Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, n. e. Mexico; Texas; ‘‘New Mexico’’).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 183, 233.—AmErICcAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 503.—Atrwater, Auk, viii, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, Mar. 27 and Feb. 13).—Jovy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi, Dec. 10, 16).—Srneury, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Rio Grande City; Hidalgo).—Bennpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 469, pl. 6, figs. 25-27 (eggs).—Nruruine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 267. Icterus auduboni Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 381 (Juquila).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 35, fig. 1.—SENNETT, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 26 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; habits, song, etc.); v, 1879, 399 (Lometa, Texas; habits; descr. nest and eggs; measurements).—MErRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 134 (Fort Brown, Texas; song, etc.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 226. [Icterus] auduboni Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. I[cterus] audubonit Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 374. [Zcterus] (melanocephalus var.?) audubonii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 159. Icterus melanocephalus . . . var. auduboni Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 220. Icterus melanocephalus, var. auduboni Bairp, Brewsr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 186. Icterus melanocephalus auduboni Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 330. I[cterus] m [elanocephalus] auduboni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 410. 1 Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 283 [Icterus melanocephalus] a. Subsp. auduboni Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 375, in list of specimens (Matamoras). [Xanthornus] melanocephalus (not Psarocolius melanocephalus Wagler) Bonararte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434, part. Icterus melanocephalus Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Texas).—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1854, 137 (not pl. 21,=true I. melanocephialus). —ScLaTeEr, Proc. Zool, Coe Lond., 1858, 97, part(Orizabia, Very Cruz; crit. ). ICTERUS PECTORALIS PECTORALIS (Wagler). SPOTTED-BREASTED ORIOLE. Adults (sexes alike).—Lores, triangular postocular spot, anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of chest deep black; rest of head and ene rich cadmium orange; back and scapulars uniform deep black; wings (except lesser and middle coverts) and tail black, the former velieved by broad white edgings to tertials (producing a conspicuous wedge-shaped stripe in closed wing) and, usually, by more or less of white at base of second to seventh pri- maries; lateral rectrices more or less broadly margined terminally with dull grayish; lesser and middle wing-coverts, whole rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts (except chin, throat, and median portion of chest) rich orange-yellow er orange, the sides of breast and chest: (sometimes median portion of the former also) marked with triangular spots of black; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life); legs and feet dusky grayish (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 199.7-238.8 (217.9); wing, 100.3- 111.3 (104.6); tail, 96.5-109.2 (102.1); culmen, from base, 21.3-94.4 (22.9); depth of bill at base, 9.1-9.7 (9.4): tarsus, 25.7-28.2 (26.9); middle toe, 18.3-20.3 (18.5).1 Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Putla, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia, etc.) and Chiapas (Tonala), Guatemala (Vera Paz, Retal- huleu, Escuintla, Savana Grande, San Gerdénimo, ete.) and Salvador (Acajutla). Ps[arocolius] pectoralis WAGER, Isis, 1829, 755 (Mexico). [Icterus] pectoralis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435.—ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36,,part (Mexico; Guatemala).—Drs Murs, Icon. Orn., 1845-46, pl. 10 (Mexico). Icterus pectoralis ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 372, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 385, part (Putla, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Savana Grande, San Gerénimo, and Retalhuleu, Guate- mala).—ScLarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Cass1n, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 48, part (monogr.; Coban, Guatemala).— Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Juchitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).—Sarvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 264 (Guatemala).— SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 474, part (Mexican references and localities; Escuintla, etc., Guatemala; Acajutla, Salvador).— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Palin, Guatemala). Icterus guttulatus LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 2° sér., an. 1844, Ois., pp. 1-4, pl. 52 (Mexico Be b Seven Bpecinens, of which only one is sexed. 284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ICTERUS PECTORALIS ESPINACHI Ridgway. ESPINACH’S ORIOLE. Similar to Zp. pectoralis, but decidedly smaller (except feet). Adult male.—Length (skins), 205.7-213.4 (210.8); wing, 95.8-101.1 (99.1); tail, 89.4-97 (94.2); culmen, from base, 21.6-23.4 (22.1); depth of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.7); tarsus, 27.4-27.9 (27.4); middle toe, 19.8-19.5 (18.3).? Adult female.—Wing, 91.4; tarsus, 27.9; middle toe, 17.3.” Nicaragua (Chontales?; Managua; San Juan) and western Costa Rica (La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya; Liberia). Icterus pectoralis (not Psarocolius pectoralis Wagler) ScuaterR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, part (Nicaragua); (?) Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua); Ibis, 1883, 372, part (monogr.); (?) Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 385, part (Chon- tales). —Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 48, part (Nicaragua; Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica).—Franraius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).—ZrLEpoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 474, part (Chontales and San Juan, Nicaragua; La Palma, w. Costa Rica).— Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1296, 437 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica). [Icterus] pectoralis ScuateR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part (Costa Rica). s Icterus guttulatus (not of Lafresnaye) Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 9 (Costa Rica). Icterus pectoralis espinachi ‘‘ Nutting (MS.)’’ Ripeway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus, v, sig. 25, Sept. 5, 1882, 392 (La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 392 (song).—ZELEDoy, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Liberia, Costa Rica). Icterus espinachi ZeLepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. ICTERUS GULARIS GULARIS (Wagler). LICHTENSTEIN’S ORIOLE. Adults (sexes alike).—Lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of upper chest uniform black; rest of head and neck, under parts (except throat, etc.), whole rump, and upper tail-coverts rich cadmium yellow, most intense on head, neck, and chest; lesser and middle wing-coverts paler cadmium yellow; back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts), and tail (except concealed base) black; innermost greater wing-coverts edged with white, the outer webs of the rest broadly tipped with white; second- aries edged with white (most broadly on middle quills); second to fifth or sixth primaries with basal portion of outer webs more or less extensively white, the terminal portion of all the primaries (except first) narrowly edged with white; basal portion of tail light yellow. (abruptly) with white shafts; bill black with lower basal portion of mandible grayish (pale grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs and feet grayish dusky or grayish horn color (bluish gray in life). Immature (second year ?).—Head, neck, and under parts as in adults, but the latter rather paler, or less orange, yellow; back and scapulars 1 Four specimens. ?One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285 yellowish olive; lesser wing-coverts dusky, broadly tipped or margined with saffron yellowish; middle coverts dusky at base, broadly tipped with white or yellow; rest of wings dark grayish brown with paler edgings, these white, or nearly so, on greater coverts; tail yellowish olive. Young (first plumage).—Head, neck, and under parts (including throat, etc.) yellow, the color duller on pileum and hindneck; back and scapulars olive; rump and upper tail-coverts dull yellow (gallstone or dull saffron), like pileum and hindneck; wings and tail as in the immature plumage, described above, but greater coverts broadly tipped (on outer webs) with dull yellowish white, secondaries broadly edged with white, primaries more broadly edged with pale gray (pass- ing into white terminally) and with a white patch at base. Adult male.—Length (skins), 228.6-279.4 (247.9); wing, 116.1-142.2 (125); tail, 101.1-117.3 (107.4); culmen, from base, 26.2-30.2 (27.9); depth of bill at base, 12.2-14.5 (13.2); tarsus, 29.7-32.5 (31.2); middle toe, 20.38-23.9 (29.4).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 218.4-251.5 (238.8); wing, 108-126.2 (118.8); tail, 91.7-114.8 (101.1); culmen, from base, 24.6-27.7 (26.4); depth of bill at base, 11.9-13.7 (13); tarsus, 28.5-30.7 (80); middle toe, 17.8-22.4 (21.1).? Southwestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Putla, Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Huilotepec, Juchitan, Chima- lapa, etc.) and Chiapas (Tonala, Huehuetan), and southward through Guatemala (Vera Paz, San Gerénimo, Retalhuleu, Savana Grande, San Pedro Martir, Zacapa, etc.), Salvador (Acajutla), and Honduras (Coma- yagua), to Nicaragua (San Juan); British Honduras (Corosal) ?. Ps[arocolius] gularis Wacurr, Isis, 1829, 754 (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; ex Lichten- stein, manuscript). Icterus gularis LicuTenstetn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (‘‘Mexico’”’); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56.—Dzs Murs, Icon. Orn., 1845-46, pl. 9.—Sctarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras); Ibis, 1883, 371, part (s. Mexico, Yucatan, British Honduras, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., Xi, 1886, 384, part (Tonala, Chiapas; Putla and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Savana Grande and San Pedro Martir, Guatemala; Corosal, British Honduras?).— Sctater and Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; Comayagua, Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 468 (Guatemala); 1860, 195 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala).—(?) Taytor, Ibis, 1861, 111 (Honduras).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 62, pl. 2, fig. 5 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala; descr. and colored fig. of eggs).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 49, part (San Gerénimo, Guatemala; San Salvador; San Juan, Nicaragua).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).— SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 475, part (Putla, Bar- rio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Corosal, British Honduras?; Vera Paz, San Gerénimo, Retalhuleu, Savana Grande, San Pedro Martir, and Zacapa, Guatemala; Acahutla, Salvador; Comayagua, Honduras; Nicaragua). 1Ten specimens. 2Six specimens, 286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ict{erus] gularis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 (‘“Mexico’’). [Icterus] gularis Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part. Teterus gularis gularis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iti, Apr. 15, 1901, 152, in text. (2) Icterus mentalis Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 111, pl. 41 (Mexico; ex ‘‘ Cacicus mentalis Wagler, Isis’’).—(?) Larresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1842, 186.—Sciarzr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 184 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala). The following references are doubtful, and may belong either to this form or to 1. g. tamaulipensis: Teterus gularis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Mexico).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Mexico). ICTERUS GULARIS TAMAULIPENSIS Ridgway. ALTA MIRA ORIOLE. Similar to Z g. gularis, but decidedly smaller and the coloration more intense, the orange-yellow more decidedly orange (usually rich cadmium orange); black at anterior extremity of malar region, broader; bill shorter and deeper through base. Adult male.—Length (skins), 219.7-242.6 (232.7); wing, 108.2-117.9 (114.3); tail, 97.3-111 (104.1); culmen, from base, 24.9-26.9 (25.7); depth of bill at base, 13-14.7 (13.7); tarsus, 29.5-31 (30); middle toe, 19.8-21.8 (20.1).* Adult femalv.—Length (skins), 218.4-238.8 (226.3); wing, 105.2- 110.7 (108.2); tail, 95-103.1 (99.8); culmen, from base, 23.6-25.9 (24.6); depth of bill at base, 12.7-14 (13.2); tarsus, 28.7-30 (29.5); middle toe, 19.6-22.4 (19.8).’ Eastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Otatitlan, Papantla, Cate- maco, San Andreas Tuxtla, etc.), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca, February) San Luis Potosi (Valles, etc.), and Tamaulipas (Alta Mira, Hidalgo etc.). Icterus me.vicanus (not Oriolus mexicanus Leach) Swanson, Philos. Mag., new ser, i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepec, Mexico) .? I[cterus] gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) CaBanis, Mus. Hein.,i, 1851, 185 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Icterus gularis ScuareR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228 (San Andreas Tuxtla, Vera Cruz) ;1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (do) ; Ibis, 1883, 371, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 384, part (Jalapa).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 49, part (monogr.; Mirador, Vera Cruz; City of Mexico).—Frrrari-Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Actopam, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 475, part (Temascaltepec; Actopanr, San Andreas, Tuxtla, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Bernpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 466 (Hidalgo, Tamaulipas; Louisiana?).—Ricnmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, xviii, 1896, 630, (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas) . 1 Nine specimens. > Five specimens. *Cites Oriolus mexicanus Leach, Zool. Misc., i, 1814, which=Jcterus leucoplerys (Wagler), Z BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287 [Ieterus] guiaris Sc.arger and Sarviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part. Icterus gularis yucatanensis (not of Berlepsch) Brnpire, Auk, x, 1893, 366 (‘‘Avery’s Island, Louisiana” ).—AmeErican OrnrruoLogists’ Unron Com- mitreE, Auk, xi, 1894, 51; xii, 1895, 169. (?) Icterus gularis flammeus [nomen nudum!] Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Rinconada, Puebla). Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). ICTERUS GULARIS YUCATANENSIS Berlepsch. , YUCATAN ORIOLE, Similar to 7. y. tamaulipensis, but still smaller, with coloration still more intense (adults rich cadmium orange, the head bright orange- chrome), and maxilla much narrower (in vertical width). Adult male.—Length (skins), 204.5-243.8 (225.3); wing, 106.9-117.3 (113); tail, 97.8-106.7 (103.1); culmen, from base, 22.9-25.4 (24.1); depth of bill at base, 11.2-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 25.9-80 (28.7); middle toe, 18-20.3 (19.3).* Adult female. —-Length (skins), 215.9-226.1 (221); wing, 99.3-106.7 (104.1); tail, 96.5-103.1 (99.3); culmen, from base, 22.9-23.4 (23.1); tarsus, 26.4-30.2 (28.5); middle toe, 17.5-19.8 (18.8).” Yucatan (Chichen-Itza; Temax; Calotmul; Tekanto; Shkolak), including island of Cozumel. Icterus gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) ScLarerR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 384, part (Cozumel I., Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 475, part (Yucatan; Cozumel I.)—Sronx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (int. Yucatan).—CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 281 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). [Icterus] gularis ScLATER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part. Icterus gularis yucutanensis Bertepscu, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 454 (Yucatan; coll. Count von Berlepsch).—Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 152, in text. ICTERUS CUCULLATUS CUCULLATUS Swainson. HOODED ORIOLE. Adult male in summer.—Lores, anterior portion of forehead, orbital region, anterior half of auricular region, malar region, chin, throat, and upper chest uniform black, with a rounded posterior outline on the chest; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts uniform black; middle wing-coverts white, producing a very broad white band; rest of wings black, the outer webs of greater coverts tipped with white, the remiges edged with grayish white; tail black, the lateral rectrices more or less broadly margined at tips with pale grayish; rest of plu- mage varying from cadmium yellow to cadmium orange, the color most intense on head, neck, and chest; bill black, with basal portion of man- dible bluish gray (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life); legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?). 1 Twelve specimens. * Three specimens, 288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male in winter-—Similar to the summer plumage, but the orange or orange-yellow duller, especially on upper parts, where more or less obscured by a tinge or wash of olivaceous; scapulars and inter- scapulars margined terminally with light olive or olive-grayish: ter- tials more broadly margined with white. Adult female.—Pileum, hindneck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail yellowish olive, the occiput and nape tinged with dull brownish gray; back and scapulars dull brownish gray; lesser wing-coverts brownish gray, more dusky centrally; rest of wings dusky, with pale brownish gray edgings, the middle coverts broadly tipped with white, and pale edgings to greater coverts becoming white terminally; beneath dull ochre-yellow, paler on abdomen, strongly washed with grayish on sides and flanks. Immature male (second year ?).—Similar to adult female, but tores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black. Adult male.—Length (skins), 180.3-193 (187.2); wing, 83.3-86.1 (84.8); tail, 89.7-98 (94); culmen, from base, 19.6-20.8 (20.1); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 21.8-23.6 (22.6); middle toe, 15.5-16.8 (16)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 185.4-194.3 (189.7); wing, 80.3-81.5 (81); tail, 85.9-90.2 (87.4); culmen, from base, 19.8; depth of bill at base, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); tarsus, 22.4-23.1 (22.6); middle toe, 15.2-15.7 (15.5).? Eastern portion of Mexican plateau and Atlantic lowlands, from States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey, near Guajuco, Linares, etc.) and southern Tamaulipas (La Cima, Alta Mira, etc.), southwestward through States of San Luis Potosi (Valles), Mexico (Temascaltepec, Amecameca, etc.), Guanajuato (Moro Leon), Morelos (Titela del Vol- can) to Jalisco (San Sebastian, March; Barranca Ibarra, April 21; Zapotlan, December) and Colima (plains of Colima, January). Icterus cucullatus Swatnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436 (Temascaltepec, Mexico, Mexico).—Scuiater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); (?) 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 364, part (monogr. ); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, part.—(?) Scrarer and Sayin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Belize, British Honduras).— (?) Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).—(?) Lawrence, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 267 (Cuba; crit.).—(?) Gunpuaca, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 286; Journ. ftir Orn., 1874, 127 (Cuba): Orn. Cuba, 1893, 96.—SumicRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (tierra caliente, Vera,Cruz).—(?) Duaés, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii., 1874, 279, part (plains of Colima, Jan.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rip¢- way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part.—(?) Cory, List Birds W. I, 1885, 18; Auk, iii, 1886, 217 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 104; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba).—Frrrani-Prrrz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Chietla and Atlixco, Puebla).—Sarvix and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part.—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco). Seven specimens. * Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMFRICA. 289 [Icterus] cucullatus ScLarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part.—(?) Cory, Dist. Birds W. I., 1885, 13. [Icterus cucullatus] var. cucullatus Bainp, Brewer, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part. I[cterus] cucullatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409, part.—Ripeway Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375, part. [Pendulinus] cucullatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433. Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (monogr. ). Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152, in text. (?) Hyphantes costototl (not Psarocolius coztototl Wagler?) Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 11 (Cuba); 1861, 413 (do.). (?) Yphantes bullockit (not Nanthornus bullockit Swainson) Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). [Icterus cucullatus] a. Subsp. typica ScLarEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, in list of specimens (Mexico). ICTERUS CUCULLATUS SENNETTI Ridgway. SENNETT'S ORIOLE. Similar to J. ¢. cucullatus, but lighter in co.or; adult males less decidedly orange, the color of pileum, chest, etc., deep cadmium yellow, never cadmium orange; adult females much lighter in color, the yellow of under parts dull or pale gamboge instead of saffron or ochreous, the back and scapulars lighter grayish,and light olive-- greenish of pileum, rump, etc.. clearer; wing and tail averaging decidedly shorter. Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-199.7 (193); wing, 80.5-85.3 (83.3); tail, 87.9-99.1 (91.7); culmen, from base, 19.8-20.6 (20.3); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.4 (8.1): tarsus 21.8-23.1 (22.6); middle toe, 15.2-15.7 (15.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 177.8-190.5 (184.7); wing, 78-81.3 (79.5); tail, 83.8-88.4 (86.4); culmen, from base, 18.3-19.6 (19.1); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 /7.9°- tarsus, 20.8-22.6 (22.1); middle toe, 15.2-15.7 (15.5). Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas and Tamaulipas; south in winter to Morelos (Cuernavaca, Yautepec, etc., January). Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 116 (Texas).—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Rio Grande, Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 546 (Charco Escondido, Tamauli- pas); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (do. );-Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 413.—Cassrn, Illustr. Birds Tex., Cal., etc., 1854, 42, pl. 8 (Texas).—BurcHer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas) .— Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 218; 2d ed., 1882, no. 328.—Bairp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part, pl. 35, fig. 6.—Senwert, Bull.U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; habits, etc.); v, 1879, 398 (Lometa, Texas; habits; descr. nest and eggs; measurements).—Merrit1, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 134 (Fort 1§even specimens. ? Five specimens. 8654—voL 2—01 19 290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Brown, Texas; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 269, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 505, part.—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas).—SineLey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 372 (Santa Maria to Rio Grande City, Texas).—Brnpixez, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 475, pl. 6, figs. 30-32 (eggs).—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 274. [Icterus] cucullatus Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 36, part. [Icterus cucullatus] var. cucullatus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am, Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part. I[cterus] cucullatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 375, part. Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (monogr. ). Teterus cucullatus sennetti Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 152 (Brownsville, Texas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). ICTERUS CUCULLATUS NELSONI Ridgway. NELSON’S ORIOLE. Similar to Z. ¢. sennettz, but still paler and with forehead wholly yellow; adult male with the general color clear cadmium or indian yellow, without any orange tinge; adult female very similar to that of 1. c. sennetti, but averaging slightly lighter in color, the yellow of under parts usually rather purer; wing averaging decidedly longer, but tail shorter, and bill longer and more slender. Adult male.—Length (skins), 175.3-198.1 (188.5); wing, 86.4-90.4 (88.4); tail, 81.8-96 (89.9); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.1 (21.6); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 21.6-23.4 (22.4); middle toe, 15.5- 16.8 (16). Adult female. —Length (skins), 175.3-185.4 (178.3); wing, 80.8-82.8 (81.8); tail, 80.5-83.3 (82); culmen, from base, 19.8-20.8 (20.3); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 21.6-22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 14.5- 16 (15.2). Coast plain of northwestern Mexico and western portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa and Territory of Tepic; north to Arizona and southern California (San Bernardino, San Diego, and Ventura counties); peninsula of Lower California; breed- ing southward to Territory of Tepic (Santiago). Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California).—Coorrr, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1861, 122 (San Bernardino, s. California); Orn. Cal., 1870, 275, part (San Diego, s. California; Cape St. Lucas).—Covxs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 84 (Tucson, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 218, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 328, part.— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 193, part; iii, 1874, 517 (Lower California and Arizona; descr. nest and eggs).—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 279, part (Mazatlan).—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 160 (Arizona s. of Gila R.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 319, excl. syn., part (Camps Grant and Bowie, Ten specimens, 2 Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 291 Arizona; habits).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 269, part.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (s. Arizona; remarks on plumage).—Be.pine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora), 541 (La Paz, Lower California).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, ii, 1885, 159-165 (s. Arizona; breeding habits).—Sctarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, part (Arizona; La Paz, Lower California; California; Mazatlan). [Icterus] cucullatus ScLarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part. [Icterus cucullatus] var. cucullatus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 183, part. Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 60, part (Lower California). \ Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 2, Apr. 20, 1885, 19, in text (Tucson, Arizona; coll. U.S. Nat.Mus.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 505a.—Evrrmann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California; n. to Santa Barbara).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, iv, 1887, 23 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, 4,000-6,000 ft.).—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 48 (Banning, San Diego Co., California; Yuma, Arizona).—EmeErson, Bull. no. 7, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 428 (Poway, San Diego Co., California).—Anrnony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, up to 4,500 ft.).—Axten, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., v, 1893, 37 (Bisbee, s. Arizona).—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 476, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2 (eggs).—Neruruine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 275, pl. 31, fig. 3.—Merriam (Florence), Auk, xiii, 1896, 120 (Twin Oaks, San Diego Co., California, breeding).—GrinNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (Los Angeles Co., in summer, up to 4,000 ft.). I[eterus] cucullatus nelsoni Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376. [Icterus cucullatus] a. Subsp. nelsoni ScLater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, in list of specimens (Arizona; California; La Paz, Lower California; Mazatlan). Icterus nelsoni SALvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 472. ICTERUS CUCULLATUS IGNEUS Ridgway. FIERY ORIOLE. Similar to Z. ¢. cucullatus, but coloration more intense; adult male with the orange averaging richer and purer (usually pure cadmium orange), often tinged with or inclining to flame scarlet on chest; adult female very different from that of J. ¢. cucullatus, the under parts being rich saffron yellow or light cadmium yellow, the pileum, hind- neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts similar but duller; wing averaging decidedly longer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7-204.5 (195); wing, 86.4-89.4 (87. 1); tail, 92.5-96 (94.5); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.6); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 20.8-23.4 (22.4); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.5).1 Adult female.—Lengt* (skins), 154.7-209.5 (188.2); wing, 76.2-82 (79.2); tail, 78.2-94 (85.1); culmen, from base, 19-20.3 (19.8); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); tarsus, 22.1-22.3 (22.2); middle toe, 15.2-16.3 (15.7).? 1Seven specimens. 2 Five specimens. 292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Yucatan (Silam; Merida; Chichen-Itza; Progreso; La Vega; Puerto Morelos) and Campeche (Tokaltun); Mugeres Island (accidental ?); British Honduras (Belize) ? (2) Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson?) ScuaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Belize, British Honduras).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize). Teterus cucullatus Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Silam, Yucatan ).— Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, part.—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Merida and Silam, Yucatan). Teterus cucullatus igneus Ripaway, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, no. 2, Apr. 20, 1885, 19, in text (Yucatan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (Progreso, Yucatan). I[cterus] cucullatus igneus Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 376. [Icterus cucullatus] c. Subsp. ignea ScuaTER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 377, part, in list of specimens (Belize, British Honduras?; Merida and Silam, Yucatan). ICTERUS CUCULLATUS COZUMEL Nelson. COZUMEL ORIOLE. Similar to /. ¢. igneus, but female decidedly smaller, with larger bill and paler coloration, the back grayer and rump and upper tail- coverts more olivaceous (less yellowish); adult male slightly smaller than that of Z. ¢. igneus, but similar in coloration. Adult male.—Length (skins) 180-190 (185); wing, 85-90 (87.5); tail, 90-94 (92); exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); middle toe, 17-18 (17.5).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 169-179 (173.6); wing, 74-79 (76.2); tail, 75-80 (79.6); exposed culmen, 17-20 (18.8); tarsus, 20-24 (22); middle toe, 15-17 (16).* Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 570 (Cozumel I., Yucatan. )—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 376, part (Cozumel.)—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1587, 471, part (Cozumel I., Yucatan). [Icterus cucullatus] c. Subsp. ignea Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 377, part, in list of specimens (Cozumel I.). Icterus cucullatus cozumela Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901, 173 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). ICTERUS CUCULLATUS DUPLEXUS Nelson. MUGERES ORIOLE. Adult male.—Similar in coloration to that of Z. c. nelsoni, but black of lores extending broadly across anterior half, or more, of forehead, 1 Two specimens. 2 Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293 greater wing-covert> without white edgings (but with abrupt white tips), and remiges wholly black except a narrow edging of white for terminal half or less; bill stouter; length (skins), 190-199 (194.3); wing, 81-86 (84); tail, 89-90 (89.3); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.3); tarsus, 21-24 (23); middle toe, 16-17 (16.3).! Adult female.—Not seen. Mugeres Island, Yucatan. Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 471, part (Mugeres Island). Icterus cucullatus duplecus Neuson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901, 173 (Mugeres Island, Yucatan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). ICTERUS GIRAUDII Cassin. GIRAUD’S ORIOLE, Adults (sexes alike), summer plumage.—Forehead, lores, orbital, suborbital, and malar regions, chin, throat, upper chest (except later- ally), wings (except more anterior lesser coverts), and tail, uniform black; rest of plumage cadmium yellow; scapulars chiefly black but mixed with yellow toward interscapular region;* bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet horn color or grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?). Winter (or freshly assumed) plumage.—Similar to summer plumage, but yellow of upper parts more or less obscured by an olive tinge, especially on pileum and hindneck. Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adults but duller in color, the upper parts yellowish olive or dull olive-yellow, the wings and tail dusky, the former with narrow and indistinct dull grayish edgings, the lateral rectrices edged with light olive-greenish. Young (first plumage).—Pileum, auricular region, hindneck, rump, and upper tail-coverts ochre-yellowish, more or less tinged with olive, especially on back; malar region, chin, throat, and chest light saffron yellow; rest of under parts light chrome yellow; wings dull blackish, the coverts and secondaries edged with light olive, the primaries more narrowly edged with dull grayish; tail dull blackish with indistinct paler edgings, the lateral feathers with whitish shafts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 189.2-233.7 (210.1); wing, 91.4-111.3 (102.1); tail, 95.8-108.7 (99.3); culmen, from base, 22.9-26.9 (24.4); depth of bill at base, 9.9-11.7 (10.7); tarsus, 25.9-28.2 (26.9); middle toe, 17-20.8 (18.8).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 182.9-195. 6 (188.5); wing, 86.4-90.9 (88.4); tail, 82.6-94 (88.4); culmen, from base, 22.1-23.4 (22.6); depth 1 Three specimens. ; ? Sometimes there is a slight admixture of black on outer side of thighs. * Eighteen specimens. 294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of bill at base, 10.2-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 23.6-26.2 (24.9); middle toe, 1718.8 (17.3). Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Santecomapan), Chiapas (San Cristobal), and Yucatan, southward through Central America to Colombia (Rio Truando; Nercua; Bogota; Ibaque; Medellin, province Antioquia), and Venezuela (Caracas). Icterus giraudii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 333 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.?); 1860, 140 (Rio Truando, Colombia); 1867, 52 (monogr.); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i, 1848, 138, pl. 17.—Law- rENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (Guatemala; Bogota). Icterus giraudi Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 154 (Bogota; crit.); 1857, 228 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz; crit.); Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicara- gua); 1883, 366 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 379 (n. Yucatan; Tactic and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Chontales, Nicaragua; Boquete de Chitra, Chitra, and Santa Fé, Veragua; Chepo, Lion Hill, Paraiso Station, Panama, and Colon, Panama R. R.; Medellin and Bogota, Colombia; Vene- zuela).—Scuatrer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill) ; 1868, 167 (Caracas, Venezuela); 1879, 509 (Envi- gado, Concordia, and Medellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Chitra and Cas- tillo, Veragua); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 263 (Guatemala).—Wvyarr, Ibis, 1871, 330 (Colombia, up to 7,000 ft.).—ZrLEpDon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; Anal. Mus. Nac.-Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Veragua).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Yucatan).—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 469.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 588 (Sego- via R., Honduras).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H..,viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen- Itza, Yucatan ).—Strong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibaque, centr. Colombia) .—Satvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 339, 1899, 5 (Punta de Sabana, Isthmus Panama). 1 Four specimens. Specimens from different localities compare in measurements as follows: Culmen,|Depth of +d Locality. Wing. | Tail. |~ from’) bill at | Tarsus, | Middle base. | base. : MALES. Nine adult males from Guatemala and Chiapas...| 108.6 | 103.6 24.4 10.9 26.7 18.8 One adult male from Yucatan ...................- 97.5 | 102.4 23.6 10.2 27.2 18.3 One adult male from Honduras................... 111.3} 108.5 26.9 10.4 28.2 19.8 Three adult males from Panama..........-...-.5+ 98.6 96.3 23.1 9.9 26.2 17.8 Four adult males from Colombia.................. 101.6 | 101.3 24.6 10.9 27.2 18.8 One adult male from Venezuela ............0..065 91.4 97.3 24.9 9.9 27.4 18.5 FEMALES, One adult female from Yucatan...............00-- 88.1] 92.2 23.1 11.2] 26.2] 17.8 One adult female from Honduras ...............-- 90.9} 94 23.4 1.2] 25.7 11.8 Two adult females from Panama.................. 87.1] 83.6 22.1 10.2 24.1 W If there is any geographic variation in this species I am unable to make it out from the series examined. J have no doubt that a considerable number of determi- nations of sex are mere guesswork, and many of them erroneous. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295 [Icterus] giraudi Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. (?) Xanthornus chrysater Lesson, Oeuvr. Buffon, vii, 1847, 332 (Mexico).—Bona- PARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 484 (Mexico). Icterus melanopterus Hartiavus, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1849, 275 (Caracas, Ven- ezuela; coll. Bremen Mus.?).—Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras). {Xanthornus] melanopterus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Colombia). I[eterus] melanopterus Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Colombia; Venezuela). ICTERUS GUALANENSIS Underwood. GUALAN ORIOLE, Similar to Z. giraudii, but having the black of the head extended to the occiput. Total length, 215.9; culmen, 25.4; wing, 105.4; tail, 104; tarsus, 27.9. (Translation of original description.‘) Icterus gualanensis UNDERwoop, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. lv, June 30, 1898, p. lix (Gualan, Guatemala; location of type not stated). The above description applies very well to some immature examples of LI prosthemetas. ICTERUS PUSTULATUS (Wagler). SCARLET-HEADED ORIOLE, Adult male in summer.—Lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat, black; rest of head and neck intense orange, some- times flame scarlet, more rarely yellowish orange, the remaining under parts paler orange or yellow; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and lesser wing-coverts orange or yellow, the back streaked with black; inner webs of scapulars mostly orange or yellow, outer webs black; middle wing-coverts white, with basal portion of inner webs black, this increasing in extent on innermost feathers; rest of wing black, with innermost greater coverts edged with white, the rest broadly tipped with white on outer webs; secondaries edged with white, except on basal portion of outermost five or six; primaries (except the first) with basal portion of outer webs white, forming a more or less exten- sive patch, and portion of outer webs from sinuation to tip narrowly edged with white; tail black, with concealed basal portion of the rectrices orange or yellow (shafts of this portion white), the outer- most rectrices broadly tipped with dull whitish or pale brownish gray; bill black, the basal half of mandible bluish gray; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but white edgings to wing feathers much broader, often strongly tinged with gray; orange or yellow of back, rump, etc., more or less tinged with olive, the back often tinged or suffused with gray. Adult female in summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, inner webs of scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts wax yellow or olivaceous 1The measurements converted from inches to millimeters. 296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. orange-yellow, deeper and more orange on forehead, the back more or less broadly streaked with black; lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black, as in adult male; space between the black throat-patch and eyes orange or yellow, gradually becoming more yellow posteriorly, the under parts being indian yellow or saffron yellow, faintly tinged on sides and flanks with olive; scapulars gray- ish on outer webs, yellowish olive on inner webs, and with more or less distinct median streaks of dusky; lesser wing-coverts olive- yellowish, with dusky central spots; middle coverts black at base, broadly tipped with dull whitish; rest of wings dusky, relieved by grayish white or pale gray edgings to all the feathers; tail light oliva- ceous (sometimes partly blackish), with edges more yellowish; color of bill and feet as in the male. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but upper parts much tinged with gray, especially on back, and grayish white or light gray wing-edgings broader. Young.—Similar to the winter female, but without any black on throat, etc.; streaks on back obsolete, and colors duller.* Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7-205.7 (198.1); wing, 98.6-106.2 (100.8); tail, 87.1-97.3 (90.9); exposed culmen, 19.8-22.9 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.4 (11.7); tarsus, 23.6-25.4 (24.9); middle toe, 16-17.8 (17.3).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 185.4-203.2 (192.3); wing, 90.2- 96.3 (93); tail, 80.8-91.4 (87.1); exposed culmen, 18.8-22.9 (20.6); depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.2 (11.2); tarsus, 24.1-25.4 (24.6); middle toe, 16-17.8 (17).’ Western and southern Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (near Bato- pilas), Sonora (Alamos), “Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Plumosas; Rosario), Durango (Chacala), Jalisco (Barrancés‘Ibarra; Ameea; San Sebastian; Bolafios; Zacoalco; Guadalajara), Tepic (San Blas; Tepic; Acaponeta), Colima (Maneunills, February; plains of Colima, January), Guerrero (Acapulco, January), Oaxaca (Putla, Ianhuiatlan), Chiapas (Tonala),.. Morelos (Yautepec, January), Puebla (Acatlan), and Vera Cruz (hot region).* Ps[arocolius] pustulatus WacueEr, Isis, 1829, 757 (no locality; coll. Berlin Mus.). Iet{erus] pustulatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 (Mexico). Icterus pustulatus ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228; 1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134 (‘‘Central. Am.’’; Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 373 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit.-Mus., xi, 1886, 386 (Mazatlan; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Acapulco; Puebla; Tonala, Chiapas; Atlixco, Puebla; ‘‘Cape San 1 Immature males resemble adult females in coloration. ?Ten specimens. 3 Six specimens. * According to Sumichrast. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297 Lucas, Lower California”’ ).—Scnarmr and Sanvin, Exotic Orn., pt. iv, 1867, pl. 24.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 48 (monogr.; Mazatlan).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot region, Vera Cruz).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 280 (Mazatlan; Tepic; plains of Colima; Manzanillo Bay; habits, etc).—Satviy, Cat. Strickland Coll. 1882, 264 (Mexico); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 422 (Acapulco). —Frrrari-Pernz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Chietla, Puebla; J anhuiatlan, Oaxaca).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Chietla, ete., crit. ).—SALVIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 477.—J ovuy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco). [Jcterus] pustulatus Scuarrr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Pendulinus californicus Lesson, Rev Zool., 1844, 436 (‘Lower California ’’) Oeuvr. Buff., Suppl., vii, 1831, 333. [Pendulinus] calfornicus Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 433. Pendulinus californicus Barry, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (‘‘Cali- fornia’’). Icterus sclateri (not of Cassin) Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Altata and Culiacan, Sinaloa). ? ICTERUS SCLATERI Cassin. SCLATER’S ORIOLE. Similar to Z. pustwatus but larger, with black streaks on back much eee ie black predominating over the yellow or orange); middle wing-coverts with less black on basal portion (sometimes none), and (usually) the general color of head, etc., yellow: or orange-yellow rather than orange; adult female similar to that of /. pustulatus, but larger; upper parts lighter and more yellow, with black streaks on back broader; wing-edgings broader and purer white, and color of under parts, etc., lemon-yellow, rather than orange or saffron yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 193-215.9 (203.7); wing, 101.6-115.1 (107.2); tail, 89.4-104.1 (93.2); exposed culmen, 19.8-23.1 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.4 (11.7); tarsus, 23.1-26.4 (24.6); middle toe, 15.5-18.3 (17).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 186.7-203.2 (194.3); wing, 94-101.3 (97.5); tail, 81.8-88.6 (85.9); exposed culmen, 20.6-21.1 (20.8); depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.9 (11.2); tarsus, 22.9-24.4 (23.4); middle toe, 16-17.8 (16.8).? Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec; Cuicatlan; Santa Efigenia; Oaxaca; Juchitan) and Chiapas (Tonalé), south through Guatemala (San Gerénimo), Salvador, and Honduras to Nicaragua (Managua; San Juan; Pres Granada); western Costa Rica (Liberia) ?. 1 Nine specimens. ? Four specimens. The series from Nicaragua is much too small to show whether there are constant differences or not between birds from that portion of the country and those from southern Mexico. The single Nicaraguan specimen measured shows decided differ- 298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Icterus mentalis (not of Lesson) Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185, footnote (according to Sclater).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134, excl. syn. (San Gerénimo, Guatemala).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 275 (San Gerén- imo).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 62 (descr. eggs). Ieterus sclateri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 49 (San Juan and Pres Granada, Nicaragua; San Gerénimo, Guatemala; type, from Nicaragua, in coll. Ac. Nat. Sci.).—Scuarer, Ibis, 1883, 371 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 385 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala; Tonalé, Chiapas).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 476, pl. 33, fig. 1 (San Juan del Rio, Santa Efigenia, and Juchintan, Oaxaca; Tonald, Chiapas; San Geré- nimo, Guatemala; San Juan, Nicaragua). [Icterus] sclateri Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Teterus formosus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, May, 1872, 184 (Juchitan, Oaxaca; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (do.).—SciatEr, Ibis, 1883, 372 (monogr.). (?) Icterus pustulatus (not Psarocolius pusvulatus Wagler) ZELEpoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Liberia, w. Costa Rica). ICTERUS GRAYSONII Cassin. GRAYSON’S ORIOLE, Similar to Z pustulatus but much larger and lighter colored, and the back either without black streaks or with only a few very narrow ones. Adult male in swummer.—General color, except wings and tail (but including lesser wing-coverts), orange-yellow or saffron yellow (more orange on anterior portion of head and space surrounding black throat- stripe), the back sometimes with a few narrow streaks of black; lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black; lesser wing- coverts rather lighter or clearer yellow; middle coverts still paler yel- low, sometimes white, tinged with yellow, with part of inner webs black; rest of wings black, varied by broad white edgings, except on primary coverts, on basal half of outermost greater coverts and basal portion of outermost secondaries, that on basal portion of primaries occupying nearly full width of the outer web; tail black, the concealed basal portion of the rectrices yellow (shafts white), and two or three ences, which, if constant, would necessitate the separation of the birds from Honduras to Oaxaca as a subspecies, Icterus sclateri formosus. Measurements are as follows: Ex-_ | Depth i Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed jof pil at] Tarsus. Mid le culmen.| base. i. MALES. One adult male from Managua, Nicaragua ....... 101.6 90.9 20.8 12,2 26.4 17.3 One adult male from coast of Honduras .......... 111.8! 96.5 23.1 12.2 26.4 18.3 One adult male from Guatemala.................. 115.1) 104.1 QUE foe wwasuins 24.9 17.3 Six adult males from Oaxaca (including one from Tomalé, Chiapas) cexiccsncucceviccecacsimaneniceaag 106.2} 91.4 21.1 V4] 241 16.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 299 lateral pairs broadly tipped with: dull whitish; bill black, the basal portion of mandible bluish; legs and feet (in dried skins), dusky horn color. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but plumage softer and white edgings on wings broader. Adult female in summer.—Above light yellowish olive, becoming more yellowish on pileum, where inclining to orange-yellow on fore- head and superciliary region, the back usually with a few narrow streaks of dusky; lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and throat black; sides of head and under parts (except as described) yel- low, more orange-yellow anteriorly, the sides and flanks slightly tinged with olive; wings as in the male but ground color dusky instead of black and the white edgings tinged with gray. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but plumage softer and whitish wing-edgings broader. Adult male.—Length (skins), 203.2-226.1 (211.8); wing, 102.9-105.4 (104.1); tail, 90.2-94 (91.9); exposed culmen, 24.9-26.7 (25.7); depth of bill at base, 12.7-13; tarsus, 25.9-26.7 (26.4); middle toe, 17.8-18.3 (18)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 193-203.2 (197.9); wing, 94-99.1 (96.8); tail, 83.3-87.1 (85.6); exposed culmen, 22.9-24.9 (24.4); depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 25.4-25.9 (25.4); middle toe, 17-17.8 (17.3)." Tres Marias Islands (islands of Maria Madre and Maria Cleofa), western Mexico. Icterus graysonii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 48 (Tres Marias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Icterus graysoni Finsca, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1870, 336 (Tres Marias; full descriptions).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,xiv,1871, 280 (habits, ete. ).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 280.—Sciater, Ibis, 1883, 374 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 387.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 478.—Netson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1898, 50 (habits; notes; descr. nest and eggs). [Icterus] graysoni ScLarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. ICTERUS AURATUS Bonaparte. ORANGE ORIOLE. Similar to Z cucullatus cgneus, but whole back orange or orange- yellow (sometimes streaked with black in female), lesser wing-coverts orange, and primaries broadly edged with white basally. : Adult male.—Lores, eyelids, anterior half of cheeks (back to about middle of eye), chin, and whole throat black; scapulars black, some- what intermixed with orange or orange-yellow next to interscapular region; greater-wing-coverts and remiges black, more or less edged 1 Five specimens. 800 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. with white, especially the middle secondaries and longer primaries, the latter broadly edged with white basally (the white occupying full width of outer web at base of the primaries); middle wing-coverts white, producing a broad band; tail black, the lateral rectrices more or less broadly margined at tips with light grayish; rest of plumage, including lesser wing-coverts, rich cadmium orange or orange-yellow, most intense on head, neck, and chest; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 184.2-209.6 (192.5); wing, 88.6-94.7 (91.9); tail, 84.6-91.9 (89.4); cul- men, from base, 19.8-22.1 (20.8); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.6; tarsus, 23.9-25.1 (24.4); middle toe, 15.7-17 (16.3).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, and perhaps not always distinguishable, but usually (¢) slightly duller in color, especially on the back, which is more or less tinged with olive and sometimes marked with a ‘few black streaks; lesser and middle wing-coverts partly black; length (skins), 191.8-203.2 (197.6); wing, 87.4-93.2 (91.2); tail, 86.6-91.2 (88.1); culmen, from base, 20.3-20.8 (20.6); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.4; tarsus, 24.6—-24.9 (24.9); mid- dle toe, 15.2-16.8 (16.3).” Yucatan (Merida; Tekanto; Chichen Itza; Temax; El Campo), including outlying island of Meco. Ict [erus] auratus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, June 20, 1850, 435 (Yucatan; coll. Brussels Mus.; ex Du Bus, manuscript). Icterus auratus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 50 (‘‘ Mexico’’; monogr. ).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 271 (Merida, n. Yucatan; crit.).— Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445.—SciaTer, Ibis, 1883, 369 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 382 (n. Yucatan).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 473, pl. 33, fig. 2.—Saxvin, Ibis, 1888, 264 (Meco I., coast of Yucatan; crit.).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Tekanto, Yucatan).—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus., N. H., viii, 1896, 281 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan). ICTERUS XANTHORNUS XANTHORNUS (Gmelin). YELLOW ORIOLE, Adults (sexes alike).—Lores, eyelids, anterior margin of malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of upper chest black; greater wing- coverts, remiges, and rectrices black, the first tipped with white, pro- ducing a distinct band, the tertials broadly edged with white (except toward base of second and third), the remaining remiges narrowly edged with white toward tips, the longer (second to fifth) primaries Seven specimens, but few of them with sex actually determined. * Three supposed females, none of them being sexed. : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 301 more or less edged with white at base,! the lateral rectrices more or less broadly margined at tip with whitish; rest of plumage, including lesser and middle wing-coverts, rich lemon or cadmium yellow, bright- est and clearest on head, neck, and under parts (sometimes tinged with orange on head, neck, and chest), the back and scapulars usually slightly tinged with olive, and occasionally with a few narrow streaks of black;? bill black with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky or horn color (bluish gray in life?). Immature (second year ?).—Similay to adults, but wings grayish dusky instead of black, with pale grayish edgings; lesser wing-coverts black- ish centrally, margined with yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow; middle coverts blackish basally, tipped with light yellow; tail yellow- ish olive-green or grayish dusky (or the two colors mixed); yellowish of upper parts more decidedly inclining to olive-green, and that of head, neck, and under parts less pure or intense than in adults. Young (first plumage).—Above yellowish olive-green, more yellow- ish on pileum, hindneck, and lower rump; beneath, including malar region, chin, and entire throat lemon yellow, more or less tinged with olive-green, especially on sides and flanks; wings grayish dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with olive-yellow; greater coverts tipped with white or pale yellowish and edged with olive-gray; remiges edged with light grayish, most broadly on tertials; tail yellowish olive-green, the middle rectrices darker. Adult male.—Length (skins), 191.8-205.7 (196.1); wing, 87.6-94.5 (91.2); tail, 83.3-90.7 (86.4); culmen, from base, 19.8-25.4 (22.4); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 25.1-28.5 (26.4); mid- dle toe, 17.5-19.6 (18.3).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 181.6-188 (185.2); wing, 82.6-87.1 (86.1); tail, 76.5-84.3 (81); culmen, from base, 20.6-24.1 (22.1); depth 'This white edging at base of longer primaries is sometimes so much reduced as to be practically hidden by the primary coverts, this being the case in all specimens examined from Trinidad (six in number) and in all those seen from Venezuela (except one), Guiana, and Brazil; again it may form aconspicuous patch, extending for half an inch or more beyond the tips of the primary coverts, this being the case in the three specimens examined from Santa Marta, Colombia. Whether Colombian birds can be separated by this character can only be determined by examination of a much larger series of specimens. "Only three specimens in a series of twenty-five have any streaks on the back; these are all adults—one of them being from Trinidad, one from Demerara, Brit- ish Guiana, the third of unknown locality; the last has the lesser and middle wing- coverts wholly pure yellow, but the other two have these feathers, especially the middle coverts, black at the base, and thus correspond with I. dubust (Icterus xanthornus var. a. dubusi Dubois), which I believe to be merely an individual varia- tion of the present species. : ’Seven specimens. 302 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of bill at base, 9.4-11.7 (10.4); tarsus, 24.9-27.7 (26.7); middle toe, 15.7-19.1 (17.5).? Caribbean coast district of northern South America, from Cayenne to Colombia; Trinidad and Margarita Island; Isthmus of Panama? [Coracias] xanthornus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 108 (‘‘ America’’; based on Pica luteo nigro varia Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, iii, p. 5, pl. 5). [Oriolus] xanthornus Gmutin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 391. Teterus xanthornus Dauptn, Traité Orn., ii, 1800, 334, part (includes I. leucop- teryx).—Capanis, in Schomburgk’s Reise Brit. Guiana, ili, 1848, 680.—Bur- meister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 269.—Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (Trinidad; Cayenne; Colombia); Ibis, 1883, 368 (coast Colombia, Vene- zuela, and Guiana to Rio Brancho; Trinidad); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 380.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 84 (Trinidad).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 50 (monogr.; Venezuela; Cayenne; Trinidad; n. Brazil).— Sciater and Sarvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 (Venezuela).— Fivsca, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 578 (Trinidad ).—PxizE.n, Orn. Bras., 1871, 195.—Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 329 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Sarvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Santa Marta).—ALven, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 53 (Cartipano, Venezuela).—Caapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 36 (Trinidad; song; descr. nest); Auk, xiv, 1897, 368 (Venezuela; crit. ).—Rosrnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 160 (Baranquilla, Colombia) .— Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 675 (Margarita I., Venezuela; crit. ).—PHevps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (Cumanacoa and Cumand, Venezuela).— Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 138 (Santa Marta).—ALten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta). I[cterus] xanthornus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 185 (Venezuela; Guiana). [Icterus xanthornus] a. xanthornus Ripe@way, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 176 (in synonymy). [Icterus] xanthornus ScLateR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Agelaius xanthornus Viettuot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 543. Ps[arocolius] canthornis WAG LER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, no. 15. [Oriolus] xanthorus Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181. Icterus xanthorus TeMMinck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47. [Oriolus] mexicanus Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162, no. 13 (not no. 8!), part (based on Xanthornus mevicanus Brisson, Orn., ii, pl. 11, fig. 2, and Icterus minor nidum suspendens Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., pl. 243, the latter=T. leucopteryx).—Boppaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 1 (based on Carouge du Mexique Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 5, fig. 1). Icterus mexicanus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., 1853, 835.—Privosr and LEMAIRE, Ois. Exot., p. 131, pl. 70, upper fig. Xanthornus nigrogularis Haun, Vog. aus Asien, etc., pt. v, 1820, 1, pl. 1 (‘‘Mexico.’’) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., 1853, 835. Icterus nigrogularis LAwrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 271, in text (Trinidad; Santa Marta; crit. ). [Xanthornus] linnei Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, June 20, 1850, 4384 (Brazil; Cayenne; ‘‘Antilles’’). [Icterus xanthornus] 3. linnei Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, July. 29, 1884, 176 (in synonymy). Icterus auratus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 50 (‘‘Mexico”’). 1Six specimens. Specimens from Trinidad and Margarita Island, especially the former, have decid- edly longer bills than those from the mainland. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 803 {Icterus xanthornus.] Var. a. dubusii DuBois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., ser. 2, xl, Dec., 1875, 16 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Brussels Mus.). Icterus dubusi SctaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 381 (Panama’?). [Icterus xanthornus.] Var. 8. marginalis Dusois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., ser. 2, xl, Dec., 1875, 17 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Brussels Mus.). ICTERUS XANTHORNUS CURASOENSIS (Ridgway). CURAGAO ORIOLE, Similar to Z. x. wanthornus, but with much longer bill; young much paler than that of /. #. wanthornus. Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-193 (190.5); wing, 90.2-99.5 (91.2); tail, 84.6-85.6 (85.1); culmen, from base; 25.9-27.9 (26.9); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 25.1-25.9 (25.4); middle toe, 18-19.8 (18.8).* Islands of Curacao, Bonaire, and Aruba, southern Caribbean Sea. Icterus curasoénsis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, no. 11, July 29, 1884, 174 (Curagao Island; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 381. Ieterus xanthornus curasoénsis Rosrnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 142 (in text), 165, colored plate (facing p. 142). Icterus xanthornus curacaoensis Brruerscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 82 (Curacao; crit.).—Hartert, Ibis, July, 1893, 295 (Aruba; crit.; descr. nest and eggs, song, etc.), 317 (Curacao), 328 (Bonaire). Icterus curacoénsis Perers, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 114 (Curacao). ICTERUS LEUCOPTERYX (Wagler). JAMAICAN ORIOLE. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, becoming more decidedly yellowish posteriorly; lesser wing-coverts light yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow; middle and greater coverts white, forming a large and very conspicuous patch on the wing; rest of wing black, the tertials broadly edged with white; lores,” anterior half of suborbital and malar regions, chin, throat, and median portions of upper chest uniform black; rest of under parts indian yellow, clearer or purer (rich lemon or chrome) yellow on abdomen and under tail-coverts, more tinged with olive later- ally and anteriorly; sides of head (posterior to black ‘‘mask”) similar in color to breast, etc.; bill black, with basal portion of mandible bluish gray (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue in life?). Immature (second year ?).—Similar to adults, but tail yellowish olive- green; wings grayish dusky with narrow grayish white or pale gray edgings (broader on tertials), the white patch on middle and greater coverts more broken, less conspicuous. 1T wo specimens. : 2 Sometimes anterior portion of forehead also. 304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young (first plumage).—Similar to the immature plumage described above, but yellow of under parts and sides of head much paler (dull canary yellow); color of upper parts duller and browner; black ‘‘ mask” much duller and less sharply defined, and the white on wing-coverts reduced to two broad bands (across ends of middle and greater coverts, respectively). ; Adult male.—Length (skins), 189.2-191.8 (190.5); wing, 99.6-105.7 (102.9); tail, 81.3-87.6 (84.8); culmen, from base, 23.1-24.4 (23.9); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 23.6-25.1 (24.4); middle toe, 17-18.3 (17.5). Adult female.——Length (skin), 194.3; wing, 101.6; tail, 83.6; culmen, from base, 22.9-25.1 (23.9);* depth of bill at base, 10.7;* tarsus, 23.4~ 24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 17-18.3 (17.5).? Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (?) [Oriolus] nidipendulus Guruin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 390 (Jamaica; based on Hangnest Oriole Latham, Synopsis, i, pt. 2, 437, etc.)—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 181. Ps[arocolius] leucopteryx WAGER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 16. [Zcterus] leucopteryx Goss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 226.—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 74; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134; Ibis, 1883, 374 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 387 (Moneague, Jamaica).—A.Brecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197.—Marca, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 299.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 218 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 105 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110 (Jamaica).—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 178 (crit.; song).—Frexp, Auk, xi, 1894, 126. [Icterus] leucopteryx Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 436 (‘‘Mexico”’).—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 32, no. 6453.—ScbLarer and Sa.vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. I[cterus] leucopteryx Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. Clerus (typographical error) leucopteryx Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 130. Pendulinus leucopteryx Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 59 (monogr.). Oriolus mexicanus (not of Linneus) Leacu, Zool. Misc., i, 1814, 8 (excl. syn.), pl..2 (St. Andrews, Jamaica). Icerus personatus TemMincK, Pl. Col., livr. 80, Sept., 1829, pl. 482. Iet[erus] personatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 435 (Jamaica). ICTERUS BAIRDI Cory. BAIRD’S ORIOLE. Similar to Z. lewcopteryw, but under parts brighter and purer yellow, and upper parts (except wings and tail) dull yellow instead of olive- green. ‘Front of face and throat black; under parts bright yellow; back dull yellow, showing a faint trace of olive on the upper back; tail and wings black; lesser coverts bright yellow, greater secondary wing- coverts pure white, forming a broad white wing-patch, some of the inner primaries delicately edged with white, showing more clearly on the inner secondaries; bill and feet black. 1 Four specimens. ? Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 305 “Length, 184.2; wing, 95.3; tail, 76.2; tarsus, 21.6; bill, 21.6.” (Original description, the measurements converted to millimeters.) Island of Grand Cayman (south of Cuba), Greater Antilles. [have not seen a specimen of this form, which, like 7 lawrenciz of St. Andrews Island, is evidently an offshoot of /. leucopteryzx. Icterus bairdi Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 500 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Birds W. I., 1889, 291; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 110, 129, 146. ICTERUS LAWRENCII Cory. ST, ANDREW’S ORIOLE, Similar to J. leucopteryx, but slightly smaller, bill longer and more slender, and coloration much lighter; pileum, hindneck, back, scapu- lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly olivaceous gamboge yellow or wax yellow (more decidedly tinged with olive on back and scapu- lars); under parts and sides of head clear lemon yellow, scarcely if at all tinged with olive. Young similar to that of Z leucopteryx but paler, with white band across terminal portion of greater wing- coverts, broader, and the band on middle coverts pale yellow instead of white. Adult.—Length (skin), 185.4; wing, 101.3; tail, 83.1; culmen, from base, 25.4; depth of bill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 24.6; middle toe, 17." St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea. Icerus lawrencii Cory, Descr. six new sp. birds from Old Providence and St. Andrews, May 27, 1887, 2; Auk, iv, July, 1887, 178, 181 (St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea; coll. O. B. Cory). Icterus lawrencei Stonn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 301, in text. ICTERUS MESOMELAS MESOMELAS (Wagler). YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE, Adults (sexes alike).—Lores, eyelids, anterior half of cheeks (back to or beyond middle of eye), chin, throat, and upper chest (except laterally), back, scapulars, wings (except lesser and middle coverts and - outer webs of innermost greater coverts), and six middle rectrices, black; outer webs of longer innermost secondaries edged with white, producing a more or less conspicuous narrow stripe in the closed wing; outer webs of longer primaries narrowly edged with white toward tips; rest of plumage (including lesser and middle wing-coverts, outer webs of innermost greater coverts, and greater part of three outer- most rectrices,)? rich lemon yellow, deeper (more saffron or cadmium One specimen, sex not determined. ? Base of outermost rectrix black on both webs; second with about basal third of inner web (less of outer web) black, and third with at least basal half of inner web black; sometimes the fourth rectrix is partly yellow (toward end), but frequently it is wholly black. 8654—voL 2—01——20 306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. yellow) on pileum and hindneck; bill black, with basal half of mandi- ble bluish gray (pale grayish blue or bluish white in life?); legs and feet grayish brown or horn color (bluish gray in life‘). Young (first plumage).—Pileum and hindneck light yellowish olive- green, becoming more yellow on forehead; back and scapulars dull olive; rump and upper tail-coverts light olive-green or dull yellowish olive-green; wing-coverts dusky olive, the middle series broadly the greater narrowly tipped with dull yellow; remiges dusky, the tertials broadly edged with dull yellow or pale yellowish olive, the longer primaries narrowly edged with whitish; four middle rectrices dusky olive, edged (especially at ends) with pale yellowish olive; rest of rectrices paler olive, with pale yellow shafts and margins; under parts and sides of head canary yellow, the middle of the chest with a crescentic patch (not very distinct) of olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 208.3-233.7 (219.5); wing, 86.9-94.5 (90.4); tail, 99.3-113.3 (104.6); culmen, from base, 20.6-22.9 (22.1); depth of bill at base, 9.4-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 27.9-30.5 (29); middle toe, 17.3-19.1 (17.8).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 198.1-207 (202.4); wing, 83.8-89.4 (86.6); tail, 94.7-106.9 (100.8); culmen, from base, 20.3-21.6 (20.8); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 28.2-28.5; middle toe, 17-18 (17.5).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Tlalcotalpam; Motzo- rongo; Otatitlan; Cordova; Orizaba), Oaxaca (Minatitlan), Chiapas (Guichicovi), Tabasco, and Yucatan (Calotmul), through Guatemala (Choctum; Coban; Duefias) and British Honduras (Corosal; Belize) to Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro). Ps[arocolius] mesomelas WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 755 (Mexico). [Xanthornus] mesomelas Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Tabasco, s. e. Mexico). Icterus mesomelas ScuatreR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras), 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Ibis, 1883, 367 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 378 (Orizaba; Yucatan; Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Corosal and Belize, British Honduras; San Pedro, Honduras).— Savin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duefias and Coban, Guatemala) .—Scta- TER and Sa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras}.— 1 Ten specimens. * Two specimens. Culmen,} Depth ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | from ‘| of bill | Tarsus. mnie le base. | at base. MALES, Seven adult males from southeastern Mexico..... 89.9 | 103.4 21.8 9.9 29 171.8 One adult male from Guatemala.................. 91.4) 104.1 2 el 28.5 19.1 Two adult males from Honduras.................. 91.2 | 109.2 O25: Gl Ee Te 380.2 18.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 307 Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 23 (Guichicovi, Chiapas).—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 51 (monogr.; Mexico; Guatemala; Yucatan).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Calotmul, Yucatan) .— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 470, part (Cordova and hot country, Vera Cruz; Guichicovi, Chiapas; Calotmul, Yucatan; Belize and Corosal, British Honduras; Coban and Choctum, Guatemala; Omoa and San Pedro, Honduras). [Jcterus] mesomelas ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part. Icterus mesomelas mesomelas Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 153, in text. Icterus atrogularis Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 73, pl. 22 (Mexico). Oriolus musicus Casot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1843, 155 (Yucatan); Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 1844, 465 (do.). ICTERUS MESOMELAS SALVINII (Cassin). SALVIN’S ORIOLE, Similar to Z m. mesomelas, but decidedly larger, without trace of white edging to secondaries, and with more black on tail (fourth rec- trix wholly black, and much more than basal half of third rectrix black). Adult male.—Length (skins), 215.9-238.8 (228.9); wing, 87.6-101.6 (96.8); tail, 100.8-114.8 (107.7); culmen, from base, 24.4-26.9 (25.4); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 30-32.8 (30.7); middle toe, 18.3-21.8 (20.3). Adult female.—Length (skins), 199.7-223.5 (212.3); wing, 86.6-98.3 (92.7); tail, 98.6-108.5 (104.9); culmen, from base, 22.9-24.9 (23.6); depth of bill at base, 10.2; tarsus, 29.7-30.5 (30); middle toe, 19.8- 20.3 (20.1).? 1Ten specimens. * Five specimens. Culmen,} Depth . Locality. Wing.| Tail. | from ’| of bill | Tarsus, |Miadle base. | at base. : MALES. Three adult males from Nicaragua.....-....------ 98.8} 111 25.7 10,4 31.2 20.3 Three adult males from Costa Rica .-..-....------ 99.8 | 109 25.9 10.2 30.7 pi | Three adult males from Panama..........-..--++- 91.9} 104.9 24.6 10.2 30.5 19.3 One adult male from Venezuela ........-.-------- - 91.2] 101.6 24.9 9.9 30.5 21.6 FEMALES, Two adult females from Nicaragua ......-....---- 91.7 | 103.6 24.4 10.2 29.7 19.8 One adult female from Costa Rica ....-..-.-.--++- 95.3 | 104.4 |....-.... 10.2 30.5 20.3 Two adult females from Panama.........-..------ 92.5 | 103.4 23.1 10.2 30 20.3 Specimens from Central Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’’) are still smaller than Panama ex- amples, and occasionally have indistinct white edgings to the secondaries. They are thus intermediate between J. m. salvinii and I. m. taczanowskii (Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 153), of western Ecuador and Peru, though nearer the former, — 808 ‘BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; Los Sébalos; Greytown) to Colombia (Bogota; Antioquia; Rio Atrato) and Venezuela. Icterus mesomelas (not Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler) SciatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 154 (Bogota, Colombia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 133, part (Bogota); Ibis, 1883, 367, part (monogr.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 378, part (Valza, Costa Rica; Chepo., Lion Hill, and Panama, Isthmus of Panama).—Scuatsr and Saxuvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 354 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1867, 297 (Blewfields, Nicaragua); 1879, 509 (Antioquia, Colombia).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill); viii, 1865, 181 (Grey- town, Nicaragua).—ZELEpon, Vat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Sipurio and Talamanca, Costa Rica).—Nurtrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 402 (Los Stbalos, Nicaragua).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 162 (Cacagualito, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).— Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 495 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits; song). [Icterus] mesomelas Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36, part. Icterus salvinii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1867, 51 (Turrialba and San Carlos, Costa Rica; Greytown, Nicaragua; Rio Atrato and Bogota, Colombia; Venezuela; type in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) Icterus salvini Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San Carlos and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Franrzivus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica) .—ZELEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. I[cterus] salvini Sctarer and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 838, in text (crit. ). Icterus mesomelas salvini BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 33 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). Icterus mesomelas salvinit RipGway, Proc. Wash. Ac. ‘Bel. , iii, 1901, 153, in text. ICTERUS PARISORUM Bonaparte. SCOTT'S ORIOLE. Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, chest, back, and scapulars uni- form black; lesser wing-coverts, edge of wing, under wing-coverts, axillars, under parts of body (except chest), thighs, under tail-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep lemon yellow, the rump and upper tail-coverts usually more or less (sometimes strongly) tinged or washed with olive or olive-grayish; middle wing-coverts usually paler yellow, often passing into white at tips; rest of wings black, the greater coverts more or less broadly tipped with white, and some of the remiges (espe- cially the tertials) with narrow white margins; four middle rectrices black, with basal portion light lemon yellow; rest of rectrices with more than the basal half light lemon yellow, the terminal portion black, more or less margined terminally with white; bill black, with basal half of mandible light bluish gray; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male but white mark- ings on wings much broader, feathers of back more or less margined with light gray, rump and upper tail-coverts more strongly washed with olive or gray, and flanks more or less tinged with olive. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309 Adult female.—Above olive-grayish, becoming more yellowish olive on rump and upper tail-coverts, the feathers of pileum, back, and scapulars with darker mesial streaks, sometimes black with merely the margins grayish olive; wings dusky with light grayish edgings, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands; tail yellowish olive with four middle rectrices and terminal portion of the remainder darker, more grayish olive; under parts plain yellowish olive, passing into clear yellow (gamboge or light lemon) on median portion of breast and abdomen. (In those speci- mens having broad black centers to feathers of pileum, back, etc., the throat more or less spotted or clouded with black; sometimes the whole chin, throat, and chest uniform black.) Immature male.—Similar in coloration to adult females, but larger. Young male and female (first plumage).—Similar to the lighter- colored adult females, but paler, and with the remiges more broadly margined with whitish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-210.8 (199.1); wing, 98.6-106.7 (104.4); tail, 79.2-91.9 (88.4); exposed culmen, 20.8-24.6 (22.9); depth of bill at base, 8.6-9.9 (9.4); tarsus, 29.9-25.4 (43.9); middle toe, 17-19.1 (18).! Adult female.—Length (skins), 184.2-203.2 (191.5); wing, 94.5-102.1 (97.8); tail, 81.8-88.4 (84.3); exposed culmen, 20.3-22.9 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 8.1-9.7 (8.9); tarsus, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); middle toe, 16.3-19.6 (17.5).? Southwestern United States, Lower California, and Mexican pla- teau; north to western Texas (El Paso County; Pecos River), New Mexico (Sandia Mountains, near Santa Fe; Silver City; Fort Bayard), Arizona (Chiricahua and Santa Rita mountains; Tucson), southern Utah (Beaver Dam Mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston, Grape- vine, White, and Juniper mountains, and Stillwater), and southern California (San Bernardino, San Diego, Los Angeles, and Inyo counties); south to Vera Cruz (temperate and alpine zones), Puebla (San Bartolo; Tehuacan), Mexico (Tlalpam), and Hidalgo (Pachuca). 1Sixteen specimens. *Ten specimens. Adult males from different localities average as follows: Culmen,} Depth Middle Locality. Wing.| Tail. from of bill | Tarsus. 2 . base. |at base. We: MALES. Ten adult males from Arizona, New Mexico, west- erm Texas, ete .........0. 22s eesceeeceneeeeeeceeee 104.4 87.6 23.1 9.7 24,1 17.8 Four adult males from Lower California.......... 104.6 89.7 22.6 9.7 23,9 18.5 Two adult males from southern Mexico (Tlalpam and Guanajuato) ......2.....2220eecee eee eee eens 104.4 88.9 22.4 9.1 23.6 17.8 310 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Icterus parisorum Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 110 (Mexico; coll. Paris brothers).—ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1860, 251 (Mexico); 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 132 (n. Mexico; Cape St. Lucas); Ibis. 1883, 365 (monogr.) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 374 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; near City of Mexico; Pecos R., Texas; Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon. )—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 544; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 57, fig. 1; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19, pl. 19, fig. 1 (Santa Catarina, and near Monterey, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 411; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 54 (monogr.).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc., i, 1869, 553 (temperate and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 276 (Cape St. Lucas to Texas; Fort Mojave, California?).—Covns, Check List, 1873, no. 219.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 188, pl. 35, fig. 7.—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 160 (Arizona s. of Gila R.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 268.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 69 (Chiricahua Mts., s. Arizona).—Beuprne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 54 (La Paz, Lower California, winter); vi, 1883, 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California, up to 4,500 ft.).—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 1-7 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; breed- ing habits, etc.); iv, 1887, 22 (Pima and Gila counties, Arizona; habits, etc.).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoGIsts’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 504.—Frr- RARI-Pgrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (San Bartolo, Puebla, Noy. ).—Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 463.—Mor- com, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (Chino Canyon and Coahuilla Valley, San Diego Co., California, Apr.).—NeEtson, Auk, vii, 1891, 237 (San- dia Mts., near Santa Fe, New Mexico, July).—Browneg, Auk, vii, 1891, 238 (San Diego, California, 1spec., May 16; Silver City, New Mexico).—Anruony, Auk, viii, 1892, 364 (s. w. New Mexico, breeding); xi, 1894, 327 (San Diego Co., California; San Quentin, Lower California); xii, 1895, 140 (San Fernando, Lower California, resident).—FisHer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 76 (Argus, Inyo, Coso, and Panamint Mts., s. e. California; Charles- ton, Grapevine, White, and Juniper Mts. and Mt. Magruder, s. Nevada; Beaver Dam Mts., s. Utah).—Brwnpireg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 471, pl. 6, figs. 28, 29 (eggs).—Nerururne, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 269, pl. 31, fig 2.—THurBrr, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (near San Bernardino, Cal- ifornia, Apr. 1, 1895).—GrinwneELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 33 (Los Angeles, California, Apr. 19, 1895).—Wutson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 189 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico, 1 spec.). ([Jcterus] parisorum ScuarEeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. I{cterus] parisorum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 373. [Xanthornus] parisorum Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 434 (Mexico). Icterus parisiorum Couns, Check List, 2d ed, 1882, no. 329.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882. 200 (Santa Rita Mts. and Tucson, Arizona; descr. young). Icterus melanochrysura Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 105 (Mexico). Icterus scottii Coucn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 66 (Coahuila and Nuevo Leon, n.e. Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.?). ICTERUS GALBULA (Linnzus). BALTIMORE ORIOLE, Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, back, and scapulars uniform black, that of the throat extending posteriorly into median portion of BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 311 chest; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser and middle Wing-coverts, and under parts of body (except median portion of upper chest) rich orange or orange-yellow;' wings (except lesser and middle coverts) black, the greater coverts broadly tipped with white, the remiges more or less edged with same; middle pair of rectrices black, except the concealed basal portion; remainder of tail light orange or orange- yellow, crossed near the base by a broad band of black; maxilla black, mandible pale grayish blue (in life), with tip dusky; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins). Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer, male, but scapulars and interscapulars margined with dull orange, orange of rump and upper tail-coverts more or less obscured with olive, and white wing- edgings broader. Adult female in summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars saffron-olive, the feathers with more or less distinct central spots of black or dusky; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail olive-saffron, brightest (sometimes dull orange) on upper tail-coverts; wings dusky, the middle coverts broadly, the greater coverts more narrowly, tipped with white, the remiges edged with gray (sometimes white on longer primaries); under parts saffron yellow or dull orange-yellow, paler and duller on abdomen, tinged with olive on sides and flanks, the throat usually with more or less of black.” Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but plum- age softer and back tinged with gray. Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the adult female and fully adult male, according to age. Young in first autumn and winter.—Not essentially different from those adult females without black on upper parts or throat. Young, first plumage.—Essentially similar to the lighter colored adult females, but upper parts paler and grayer, without dusky centers to feathers of pileum, back, ete.; under parts dull whitish shading into pale saffron-olive on chest, sides, and flanks; chin grayish white, throat pale olive-yellowish, and white wing-markings somewhat tinged with dull yellowish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 172.7-188 (181.1); wing, 91.4-102.1 (97); tail, 70.6-80 (75.9); exposed culmen, 17.5-19.8 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 9.1-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 22.9-25.4 (23.9); middle toe, 15.2- 16.8 (15.7).? Varying from cadmium yellow to intense orange, or almost flame scarlet, the average hue being cadmium orange. *There is a very great amount of individual variation in the adult female. A majority of specimens show more or legs black on the upper parts, some having the head, neck, and back nearly uniform black and the middle rectrices mostly black, thus to be distinguished from males in the second or third year only by dissection. Twelve specimens. 312 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 157.5-170.2 (166.1); wing, 85.1- 91.9 (88.9); tail, 66-71.9 (68.6); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17.5) depth of bill at base, 8.4-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 22.4-24.1 (23.1); middle toe, 14.7-16.5 (15.5). ? Eastern temperate North America; breeding from the more south- ern United States (Texas to the Carolinas), except along the Gulf coast, northward to Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, Ontario, and Manitoba (to latitude 55°); west to eastern Assiniboia, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, east of the Rocky Mountains; in winter south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia (province of Santa Marta) and Venezuela (Caracas?); accidental in Cuba, at York Factory, and said to have been taken in the Shetland Islands. [Coracias] galbula Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 108 (“‘America’’; based on Icterus ex aureo nigroque varius Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 48). Icterus galbula Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 326.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 271; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras, Sept.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 319.—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. i, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 41 (New Brunswick, rare summer resid.); Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sept. ).— Oaitsy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, 48 (Navarro Co., Texas, 1 spec., Aug. 30).—Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92 (Memphis, Tennessee, and Jackson, Mississippi, summer ).—BrckHAw, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., vi, 1883, 148 (Nelson Co., Kentucky, breeding).—Nutrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 500 (San José, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).—Bicx- NELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 251 (song).—AGxErsBora, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Cooxg, Auk, ii, 1885, 58 (migrations in 1884); Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 170 (dates, ete.); Birds Col., 1897, 95 (rare summer resid. El Paso Co., ete., e. side of mountains); Bull. no. 44, Col. Agric. Col., 1898, 164 (Golden, Colorado).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 219 (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 106; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (Cuba).—AmeErIcaN OrnitHotoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 507.—Frrranri-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 149 (Tezuitlan, Puebla, Nov.; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Sept. ).—ZeLepon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San José, Cartago, and Alajuela, Costa Rica).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 403 (whole State, 1 Right specimens. Specimens from the Mississippi Valley agree very closely with those from the Atlantic States, both in coloration and measurements; possibly the former average brighter in coloration, especially adult males, some of which are by far the most intensely colored examples seen. Average measurements are as follows: ° Ex- | Depth Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. | “toe culmen. | at base. : MALES. Six adult males from Atlantic States.............. 97 17 18 9.9 23.9 16 Six adult males from Mississippi Valley........... 96.8 74.7 18.3 10.2 24.1 16.7 FEMALES. Four adult females from Atlantic States.......... 88.1 68.6 17.5 9.4 22.9 15.2 Four adult females from Mississippi Valley....... 89.4 68.8 17.3 91 23.4 16.5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 313 summer resid.).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 580 (localities in s. and w. Manitoba; habits, ete.).—Cnerrin, Auk, viii, 1892, 250 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 5 to Mar. 16); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 30 (Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 20 to Feb. 16).—Brnprrg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 482, pl. 7, figs. 6-9 (eggs).—BraL, Yearbook U. 8. Dep. Agr. for 1895, 426-430, fig. 111 (food, etc.)—Nraruina, Our Native Birds, ete., ji, 1896, 286, pl. 30, figs. 1, 2.—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 139 (Santa Marta, Colombia, winter).—Ropgiys, Auk, xvi, 1899, 354 (song).— Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (breeding in East Feliciana parish, Louisiana).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Port Sydney and Beaumaris, n. Ontario, summer resident).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 236 (Edgemont, Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding). [Icterus] galbula Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. I[cterus] galbula Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 408.—Ripeway, Man. N. _ Am. Birds, 1887, 377. [Oriolus] baltimore Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Icterus minor Brisson, ii, Orn., 109; Jcterus ex aureo nigroque varius Catesby Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 48).—Gmeg tin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 381.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 180. Oriolus baltimore Wiitson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 23, pl. 1, fig. 3; vi, 1812, 88, pl. 53, fig. 4. Ieterus baltimore Daupin, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 348.—TEmminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47.—Bonaparter, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 51; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—LicnATENsTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1 (Mexico).—Nurratr, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 152.—Swatnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 284.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 66, pl. 12; v. 1839, 278, pl. 423; Synopsis, 1839, 143; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 37, pl. 217.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 548; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (San Antonio, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 415.—Haypen, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1862, 170 (wooded portions of the Missouri Valley).—Scvatrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (Mexico); Ibis, 1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; British Honduras; Choctum, Cahabon, Coban, San Pedro Martir, Volcan de Fuego, and Escuentla, Gua- temala; San Pedro..Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Irazti distr. and Bebe- dero, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Calobre, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Minca, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela? ).—LawREnceE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 177? (David, Chiriqui).—Btaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, June 2).—Sciarer and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 353 (Lion Hill).— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 493 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas, breeding?; Houston, Texas).—Gunpiacn, Reprt. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 286; Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 127 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1892, 95.—Sumicurasr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Vera Cruz, migrant).—ALLen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 146 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, Aug.), 150 (e. Colorado, sum- mer), 178 (Kansas; Wyoming; Colorado; crit.).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (common); 3d ed., 1875, 8.—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 183 (Colorado) ; Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (do. ).—Couxs, Check List, 1873, no. 216; Birds N. W., 1874, 193; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 604 (Pembina, North Dakota, breeding; crit.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (San José, Costa Rica, Mar., Apr.).—Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 142 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 176 (descr. young).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, 314 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 195, pl. 35, fig. 5; iii, 1874, 518 (El Paso Co., Colorado).—McCautey, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 669 (Wolf Creek, u. Texas, breeding).—McCuesney, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, May 19 to Sept. 1),— MerriLL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown, Texas!).—Satvin, and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 123 (Minca, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb.); Biol. Centr.-Ain., Aves, i, 1887, 460.—Sxapg, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 181 (food).—ZeLEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Guatemala). [Icterus] baltimore Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 158.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 36. I[eterus] baltimore Ne.son, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois, May 8 to Sept. ). Yelerus baltimore LemBryer, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 63, pl, 9, figs. 1, 2. Ps[arocolius] baltimore WaGuER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 27. Y[phanthes] baltimore Vrertiot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 708. Yphantes baltimore Virttiot, Gal. Ois., i, 1824, 124, pl. 87.—Woopnovss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 79 (Indian Terr.; e. Texas).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 90 (Mexico).—Haymonp, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 291 (Franklin Co., Indiana).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). [ Yphantes] baltimore Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432. H[yphantes] baltimore CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183. Hyphantes baltimore Gunpiacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 10 (Cuba).—Moorg, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Cays, bet. Belize and Omoa, British Honduras).— Cazanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 7 (San José, Costa Rica).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62 (monogr.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir. Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica). Yphantes baltimorensis ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (Chiriqui). Hyphantes baitimorensis SctaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz); 1859, 57, 365 (Jalapa). Icterus baltimorensis ScLatER and Sarvin, Ibis, 1859, 20 (Vera Paz, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 279 (Blewfields R., Nicaragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Pennsylvania; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David, Chiriqui) ; 1870, 190 (Calobre, Veragua); Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nica- ragua).—Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 37, 285 (Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 117 (South Carolina).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota). Icterus baltimorus Witson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 88, pl. 53, fig. 4 (female).— McI.wraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 90 (Hamilton, Ontario). Oriolus tricolor Miiuzr, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 87 (based on Le Baltimore bdtard, du Canada, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 506, fig. 2; = adult female). ICTERUS BULLOCKII (Swainson). BULLOCK’S ORIOLE, Adult male in summer.—Greater part of pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, lores, postocular streak, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and broad stripe down middle of throat, black; rest of head and neck (including a broad superciliary stripe and sometimes the whole 1 Discredits alleged breeding at Matamoras. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3815 forehead), orange or orange-yellow,’ the under parts similar, but rather paler or more yellowish orange posteriorly; rump and upper tail-coverts orange or orange-yellow, more or less (often strongly) tinged with olive; lesser wing-coverts partly black, partly (next to bend and anterior border) orange; exposed portion of middle and greater coverts white, forming a large patch; rest of wings, including greater portion of inner webs of greater coverts, black, the secondaries (except at base of five or six outermost) broadly, the primaries more narrowly, edged with white; middle pair of rectrices black, except at base; next pair mostly black; remaining rectrices orange-yellow, with more or less of black or dusky at tips (sometimes also on subbasal por- tion of inner webs); maxilla black, mandible bluish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color in dried skins. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but scapulars and interscapulars margined with grayish, feathers of under parts faintly margined with whitish, and those of rump and upper tail-coverts tipped with light grayish. Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck yellowish olive, becoming grayer posteriorly; back, scapulars, and rump olive-grayish, the back sometimes narrowly or indistinctly streaked with dusky; upper tail- coverts and tail olivaceous saffron yellow, or wax yellow, rather brighter on edges of the rectrices; sides of head (including superciliary stripe), sides of neck, and chest (sometimes most of throat also—more rarely most of under parts) saffron yellowish or dull orange-yellow; chin and median line of throat more whitish, sometimes blotched with black (chin and median line of throat rarely solid black); rest of under parts dull buffy whitish, the sides and flanks tinged with pale olive- grayish, and breast (sometimes abdomen also) tinged with yellow; anal region and under tail-coverts more yellowish, sometimes distinctly yellow; wings dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a distinct band, the greater coverts and remiges edged with white or grayish white. Immature male (second year).—Similar to the adult female, but chin - and median line of throat solid black, the lores also black, and size slightly larger. Young male, first plumage.—Similar to adult female, but throat entirely yellowish, wing-markings more buffy whitish, and plumage in general more or less suffused with buffy, especially the under parts. Young female, first plumage.—Similar to the young male, but slightly paler. Adult male.—Length (skins), 171.5-193 (180.3); wing, 97-102.4 (99.8); tail, 75.7-81.8 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-20.6 (18.5); depth 1Varying from almost lemon yellow to deeper than cadmium orange, the average hue about the “‘orange”’ of my ‘‘ Nomenclature of Colors.” 316 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 24.1-25.4 (24.9); middle toe, 15.7- 17.8 (16.3).} Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-190.5 (177); wing, 89.4-98.3 (93.7); tail, 69.3-79.2 (74.4); exposed culmen, 17-19.8 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 8.6-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 23.4-25.4 (24.6); middle toe, 15.5- 17.8 (16.3).? Western United States and British provinces and plateau of Mexico; north to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southern Assiniboia; east to eastern border of the Great Plains in middle portions of South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas (Manhattan), Indian Territory, and Texas, more sparingly to eastern portion of the sume States; breeding south at least to States of Sonora and Chihuahua, northern Mexico; in winter south to States of Colima (Manzanillo), Mexico (Tlalpam, valley of Mexico), Puebla (Huehuetlan, Huachimango), and Durango (Chacala, Papasquiaro). Accidental in Maine (Sorrento, Hancock County, November, 1889). Xanthornus bullockit Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 436 (tableland of Mexico). Agelaius bullockii Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 176. Icterus bullockti Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—Aupvuzon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 9, pls. 388, 433; Synopsis, 1839, 143; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 43, pl. 218.—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 87 (Sacra- mento Valley, California).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 549; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 20 (Guadalupe Cafion and Eagle Pass, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 416.—Xanrtus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Cooprer and Sucxtey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 209 (Puget Sound, etc.).—Scuarsr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (California; n. Mexico).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv, 1864, 121 (British Columbia).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 217; Birds N. W., 1874, 195.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 273.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. 1 Twelve specimens. ? Twelve specimens. Specimens from California are smaller than those from the interior, and apparently average rather duller in coloration; average measurements of equal series from east and west of the Sierra Nevada, respectively, are as follows: Ex- Depth ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed } of bill | Tarsus. ey e culmen,| at base. MALES, Six adult males from Great Basin and Rocky Mountain district ....-...........22.cneceeseecne 101.1 80.5 19.1 10.2 24,9 | 16.3 Six adult males from California..............-..-- 98.6 7 18 9.7 24.9 16.3 FEMALES. Six adult females from Great Basin and Rocky Mountain district ..............0..220eeceee seen %5.5{ 76.2] 18.5 9.4] 25.1] 166 Six adult females from California................- 91.7 72.1 18 "8.9 24.1 16 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 817 Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 34, fig. 7—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 65 (Denver, Colorado; measurements).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8 (summer resid. ).—Furrani-Penrnz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 150 (Huehuetlan, Puebla, Jan.).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47 (interior British Columbia) . Iei[erus] bullockti Maxim1.1an, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 259 (descriptions, etc. ). [Icterus bullockit] Cours, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 678-682 (biography). Icterus bullocki Scuater, Ibis, 1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 365.—Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas,May to Aug. ).—ScLarer and Sanyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362 (valley of Mexico); Exotic Orn., 1869, 188.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (Lawrence, e. Kansas; 5 specs., May, June,1871).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 199, pl. 34, fig. 3—Hernsnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 320 (Utah; Colorado; Arizona; habits, etc.).—Rmpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 508 (Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 272.—McCautry, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 669 (Wolf Creek, n. Texas; rare).—Srennett, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 25 (Hidalgo, Texas, breeding; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1879, 397 (Lometa, Texas, breeding).—MEerRILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 135 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 327.—AmeErican OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 508.—Acrrspore, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 462.—Hancocr, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding. )—Cooxn, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 171 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding; Manhattan, e. Kansas; etc.; dates).— Brewster, Auk, v. 1890, 92 (near Bangor,! Maine, 1 spec., Noy., 1889).— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. A., iii, 1890, 143 (Ashcroft, British Colum- bia).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (e. side Cascades; rare sum. resid.).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 405 (common in w. Kansas; e. to Manhattan).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 109 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 238 (San Antonio, Texas, sum- mer resid.).—Sinairy, Rép. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Hidalgo).—Brn- pirE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 486, pl. 7, figs. 10-13 (eggs).— Nenruinc, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 293, pl. 31, fig..1.—Kyiaur, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88 (Sorrento, Hancock Co., Maine, 1 spec., Nov., 1889).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, abt. on e. side of Cascade range; Chilliwack on w. side).—Carrott, Auk, xvii, 1901, 345 (Refugio Co., Texas, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Neb. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meet., 1901, 54 (Ft. Robinson and Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, breeding).— CrawrorD, Proc. Neb. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meet., 1901, 77 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, May).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 236 (Edgemont, Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding). [ ¥phantes] bullockii Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 432. Yphantes bullockii Hzzrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survy., x, pt. vi, 1859, 52 (Sacra- mento Valley, California; descr. notes and nests and eggs).—Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 189 (Mexico). Hyphantes bullockii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62. Icterus (Hyphantes) bullockii Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1872, 685 (Utah; Idaho). ‘Locality erroneous; should be Sorrento, Hancock County; see Knight, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Maine, 1897, 88. 318 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Icterus bullocki] var. bullocki Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 184. [icterus] bullocki SctatEr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. I[cterus] bullocki Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 409.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 378. Psarocolius auricollis Maximit1an, Reise Nordam., i, 1839, 367 (Fort Pierre, South Dakota; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York City).—Bamp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Missouri R.). ICTERUS ABEILLEI (Lesson). ABEILLE’S ORIOLE, Similar to J. budlockiz, but adult male with rump, upper tail-coverts, sides, flanks, auricular region, and sides of neck black; adult female and immature male darker and grayer than those of L. budlockii, espe- cially on sides of head. Adult male.—Above uniform deep black, from forehead to upper tail-coverts, inclusive; lores, auricular region, anterior portion of malar region, chin and median portion of throat, sides of neck, sides, and flanks uniform black; rest of under parts, including malar region (except extreme anterior portion), and under wing-coverts yellow, more or less inclining to orange anteriorly; a more or less distinct supraloral line of orange-yellow; wings black, relieved by a large white patch covering middle and greater coverts (inner webs of the latter black) and broad white edgings to innermost secondaries, the longer primaries more narrowly edged with white or pale gray; tail yellow, the middle pair of rectrices mostly black and the rest with more or less of black on terminal portion; maxilla blackish, mandible bluish with dusky tip; legs and feet (in dried skins) dusky horn color. Adult female.—Above gray, tinged with olive-yellowish on the head, the feathers of the back darker centrally; an indistinct dusky median. stripe on chin and throat; sides of throat, malar region, and chest yellowish; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts grayish, the latter tinged with yellow; abdomen and median portion of the breast dull whitish; wings dusky, the remiges and greater coverts edged with light gray, the latter (except the innermost) and middle coverts broadly tipped with white; tail yellowish olive. Immature male.—Similar to adult female, but yellow of chest, etc., brighter, and black throat-stripe usually more distinct. Adult male.—Length (skins), 177.8-188 (181.9); wing, 102.9-106.7 (104.6); tail, 80-86.4 (83.6); exposed culmen, 17.3-18.8 (17.8); depth of bill at base, 8.6-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 23.1-25.4 (24.1); middle toe, 15.5-16.5 (16).* Adult female.—Length (skin), 175.3; wing, 96.5; tail, 79.2; exposed culmen, 17.8; depth of bill at base, 8.9; tarsus, 25.1; middle toe, 15.2 1 Five specimens. ? One specimen, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 319 Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of San Luis Potosi (Jesus Maria), Puebla (Chalchicomula), Mexico (Tlalpam, valley of Mexico), Morelos (Huitzilac), Jalisco (Hacienda el Molina), Guan- ajuato (Celaya), and Vera Cruz (Orizaba). (?)[Oriolus] costototl Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 385 (‘‘Nova Hispania’’; based on Icterus nove hispanie Brisson, Orn., ii, p- 95; Xochilol et Costototl Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iii, p. 210). Ps{arocolius] coztotott Waauer, Isis, 1829, 757. [ Yphantes] coztototl Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 432 (Mexico). H[yphantes] costotot! Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 183, footnote. Xanthornus abeillei Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 101 (Mexico; coll. Abeillé). Icierus abeillit Scuarrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 252 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 130 (Mexico) ; Ibis, 1883, 354 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 366 (City of Mexico; “North Mexico”’).—Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362 {City of Mexico) ; Exotic Orn., pt. i, 1869, 187, pl. 94.—Duaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato).—Saxvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 262 (Mexico). Icterus abeilli SALvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 462. [Icterus] abeillei ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 36. Icterus abeillet Jour, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 781 (Hacienda el Molina, Jalisco). I[clerus] abeillei Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 378. [Pendulinus] abeillii Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 433. Hyphantes abeillei Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 62 (monogr.). [Icterus bullocki] var. abeillei Barry, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 184 (diagnosis) . Icterus bullocki, var. abeillei Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 184, footnote (references). Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot. Agelaius Vietttor, Analyse, 1816, 33. (Type, Oriolus pheniceus Linneeus.) Agelaeus (emendation) Cazanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 188. Ageleus (emendation) ScuarErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127. Agelasticus' Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 188. (Type, Turdus thilius Molina.) Thilius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvi, 1853, 833. (Type, Turdus thilius Molina. ) Melanophantes Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xix, Apr., 1867, 63. (Type, Icterus xanthomus Sclater. ) (?) Chrysomus (not Chrysoma Risso, 1826) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 274. (Type, Oriolus icterocephalus Linnzus. ) (?) Xanthosomus? Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 189. (Type, Oriolus icte- rocephalus Linneeus.) (?) Erythropsar Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. [Phila., xviii, Mar., 1866, 17. (Type, Agelaius frontalis Vieillot. ) Small or medium-sized semiterrestrial paludicoline Icteride with bill shorter than head, conical or cuneate, compressed; rather long and 1“Von dy elaéninos, gesellig, in Heerden lebend.”’ 2Von gary Sos, gelb, und s@ua, Leib. Kérper.” 3820 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. pointed wing; tail three-fourths to nearly six-sevenths as long as wing, more or less rounded; adult males black with red, orange,’ yellow, or tawny lesser wing-coverts;' adult females much smaller and conspicu- ously streaked.’ Bill shorter than head, elongate-conical or cuneate, compressed, with straight or nearly straight outlines, its basal depth between one-half and one-third the length of culmen, its basal width much less; culmen straight or nearly so, usually more or less depressed in middle portion and elevated and arched basally, more or less flattened, especially the mesorhinial portion, ending posteriorly in an obtuse point; maxillary tomium straight or nearly so, usually faintly convex in middle, the rictal portion strongly deflexed; mandibular tomium straight to near base, when strongly deflexed, with a gradual curve, the subbasal por- tion sometimes (in South American species) slightly arched; gonys straight or nearly so, shorter than maxilla from nostril. Nostril small, oval or roundish (sometimes more or less pointed anteriorly), with a narrow but distinct superior operculum, posteriorly in contact with feathering of frontal antiz. Wing moderate or rather long (less than four to nearly five times as long as culmen, three and a half to nearly four and a half times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately pro- duced (slightly less to much more than length of culmen), rounded or truncate; outermost (ninth) primary intermediate between sixth and fifth, equal to fifth, slightly shorter than fifth, or (in A. cyanopus), shorter than fourth; eighth, seventh, or sixth primaries longest, or these three equal in length; inner webs of two or three outer primaries very faintly sinuated beyond middle. Tail three-fourths to nearly seven-eighths as long as wing, more or less rounded (sometimes nearly even), the rectrices broadest near ends, the inner webs of lateral pair many times broader than the outer. Tarsus decidedly longer than culmen, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, as long as tarsus or slightly shorter; lateral toes with claws reaching to base of middle claw; hallux much shorter than lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Coloration.—Adult males uniform black, with lesser wing-coverts red, orange, yellow, or tawny;* adult females conspicuously streaked, both above and below,‘ except in Antillean species.* Range.—The whole of America, except arctic and antarctic portions, 1 Except in two South American species, which are entirely black. % 2 Except in the West Indian species, which are either like the males or (in 4. assimilis) wholly black. 7 3 Except in two South American species, 4. cyanopus and A. forbesi, which are entirely black. *In A. cyanopus the under parts yellow, with streaking restricted to sides and flanks, 5In A. assimilis the adult female is entirely black; in A. humeralis and A. xanthomus the sexes are alike. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 321 Lesser Antilles, and Galapagos Archipelago, (About twelve species, not including subspecies.) The above diagnosis and description of external structural charac- ters are drawn up from the type species and others which are eyvi- dently congeneric, besides two South American species (A. thilius and A. cyanopus),' which, though aberrant, seem scarcely different enough to warrant generic separation. In addition to these typical or nearly typical speciesof Agelacus, Dr. Sclater includes? six others. Three of these coincide so closely with the typical Agelv// in structural details that, notwithstanding great difference in their style of coloration, I am for the present compelied to refer them to the same genus, though of the opinion that differences may be found which will warrant their generic separation. One of these species (Or/olus teterocephalus Lin- nzus) is the type of Vevthosomnus Cabanis. This species differs from the typical Agu‘ in having the culmen less elevated basally, the mesorhinium less flattened, the wing-tip shorter, the toes and claws more slender, and the plumage of the adult male is uniform deep black, with the whole head, neck, and chest yellow. The other two speciesare closely allied, and one of them (lge/adus ruffeu pills Vieillot) is the type of Arythropsar Cassin. This has the bill quite as in typical Ageluius, but the feet are much more slender, with the claws rela- tively longer, and the coloration black, with crown and throat chestnut. A. forbes: Sclater I have not seen, but believe that it should be expunged from this genus, since it is said to have the *‘ feathers of the head and neck lanceolate and with shining shafts,” the ‘‘mesorhinium much flattened,” and the base of the mandible denuded and somewhat tuberculate—characters which, quite apart from others that may cxist, are certainly not to be found in any species of true yelacns. 1. imthurmz Sclater is so exceedingly unlike any species of zlge/a/ns that it is difficult to understand why it should ever have been placed in that genus. It seems to me far more nearly related to (/sca/us,and I have accordingly made it the type of a new genus, Pseudugeliens.’ The remaining species, the Oriolus flanux of Gmelin, has usually been placed in Yanthosomus by those who accord the latter generic rank; but it is by no means congeneric with the type of Vnthoxonuns, nor apparently with any other species, and having been overlooked hy Dr. Cabanis, while Mr. Cassin, in his generous distribution of sub- generic names seems to have forgotten it, I have felt compelled to make a new one (Xanthopsar)* for this species. 'The first-named of these is the type of Cabanis’s genus Agelasticus (Mus. Hein., i, September, 1851, 188.) *Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 339-348. *Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 155. 8654—-voL 2—01 21 322 BULLETIN 50, UN‘TED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AGELAIUS. a. General color uniform black. b. Lesser wing-coverts red, orange, yellow, or tawny. c. Lesser wing-coverts red or orange. d. Plumage with a strong bluish green gloss; lesser wing-coverts dull crimson; middle coverts white or (in winter only) light brownish buff. (California and Oregon, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains. ) Agelaius tricolor, adult male (p. 324) dd. Plumage without distinct gloss; lesser wing-coverts scarlet, orange-red, or orange; middle coverts buff, ochraceous, tawny, or partly (sometimes wholly) black. e. Middle wing-coverts mostly black; or else wing 130 or more. (Agelaius gubernator. ) f. Lesser wing-coverts usually rich vermilion or scarlet; middle coverts mostly black; culmen, from base, averaging not more than 21.8. g. Larger, with relatively shorter tail, bill, and toes (wing averaging 136.9, tail 93.2, culmen 21.3, depth of bill at base 12.7, tarsus 32.5, middle toe 22). (Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau. ) Agelaius gubernator gubernator, adult male (p. 326) gg. Smaller, with relatively longer tail, bill, and toes (wing averaging 125.2, tail 91.9, culmen, from base, 21.8, depth of bill at base 11.4, tarsus 30, middle toe 21.8). (California and western Oregon.) Agelaius gubernator californicus, adult male (p. 327) ff. Lesser wing-coverts usually orange or orange-red; middle coverts mostly buff; culmen, from base, averaging 23.1. (Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau. )...Agelaius gubernator grandis, adult male (p. 329) ee. Middle wing-coverts entirely buff, ochraceous or tawny, or if partly tipped with black the wing less than 130 (usually less than 127). f. Larger, the wing averaging more than 120.6. g. Larger (wing averaging 126, culmen, from base, averaging 23.3, depth of bill at base averaging 13.5). (Interior of British America; Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, etc., during migration). Agelaius pheeniceus fortis, adult male (p. 338) gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 126, culmen, from base, usually averaging more than 22.9, depth of bill at base averaging not-more than 12.7). h. Middle wing-coverts paler buff; bill stouter (depth at base averaging 12.7). (United States and more southern British Provinces east of Rocky Mountains, except Florida and Gulf coast.) Agelaius pheniceus pheniceus, adult male (p. 330) hh. Middle wing-coverts deeper buff, ochraceous or tawny; bill more slender (depth at base averaging less than 12.7.) i. Wing and tail longer (wing averaging 125.5, tail 93.5, culmen, from base, 23.9, depth of bill at base 12.4, tarsus 30.5, middle toe 21.8.) (Southern Arizona, lower Colorado Valley in Cali- fornia, southwestern New Mexico, and south through Mexican States of Sonora and Sinaloa to Tepic. ) Agelaius phoniceus sonoriensis, adult male (p. 337) ii. Wing and tail shorter (wing averaging not more than 123.2, tail not more than 91.7). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3823 j. Bill longer and more slender (culmen, from base, averaging 24.4, depth of bill at base 11.7). (Northwest coast district, in Washington and British Columbia; occasionally south to Cali- fornia in winter.) Agelaius pheeniceus caurinus, adult male (p. 341) jj. Bill shorter and stouter (culmen, from base, averaging 23.1, depth of bill at base 12.2). (West slope of Rocky Mountains to California, northern Lower California, and Western = Texas) ....Agelaius pheniceus neutralis, adult male (p. 339) ff. Smaller, the wing averaging not more than 114.3. g. Wing averaging more than 111.8. h. Wing averaging less than 113, culmen averaging not more than 24.1. i. Wing averaging 112.5, tail 87.9, culmen 24.6, depth of bill at base 11.4, tarsus 28.5, middle toe 20.3. (Florida and along Gulf coast. to Galveston, Texas. ) Agelaius pheniceus floridanus, adult male (p. 333) ui. Wing averaging 112, tail 82.8, culmen 23.1, depth of bill at base 11.4, tarsus 27.9, middle toe 20.1. (Southern Texas, low- lands of eastern Mexico, Yucatan, and south to Nicaragua. ) Agelaius pheeniceus richmondi, adult male (p. 335) hh. Wing averaging 114.3, culmen averaging 25.9. (Bahama islands, Florida Keys, and southeast coast of Florida. ) Agelaius pheniceus bryanti, adult male (p. 334) gg. Wing averaging 108.2. (Cuba, including Isle of Pines. ) Agelaius assimilis, adult male (p. 342) ce. Lesser wing-coverts neither red nor orange. d. Lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous or tawny. (Cuba.) Agelaius humeralis, adult male and female (p. 343) dd. Lesser wing-coverts lemon-yellow. (Porto Rico.) : Agelaius xanthomus, adult male and female (p. 344) bb. Lesser wing-coverts black, like rest of plumage. Agelaius assimilis, adult female (p. 342) aa. General color not black, but more or less streaked, at least on throat. b. Under parts of body unicolored, or with distinct streaks only on anterior half. ce. Color more grayish, the plumage with a soft, silky gloss. Agelaius tricolor, adult female (pp. 324, 325) cc. Color more sooty, the plumage without distinct, if any, gloss. d. Larger (wing averaging more than 107.9). e. Less streaked below, the whole under surface of body usually uniform dusky or sooty; wing averaging 108.4, tail 71.6, culmen 18.3, depth of bill at base 10.4, tarsus 27.9, middle toe 19.3. Agelaius gubernator gubernator, adult female (p. 327) ee. More streaked beneath, the breast always (?) distinctly streaked; wing averaging 110.5, tail 77.2, culmen 19.6, depth of bill at base 11.7, tar- sus 28.2, middle toe 20.3. Agelaius gubernator grandis, adult female (p. 329) dd. Smaller (wing averaging 103.9). Agelaius gubernator californicus, adult female (p. 328) bb. Under parts of body conspicuously streaked throughout. ¢. Darker, the under parts with dusky and whitish streaks about equally broad or the former broader, the upper parts with darker colors predominating. d. Larger, the wing averaging more than 95.2, tail averaging 72.4 or more. 324 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. e. Darker, with streaks of under parts more blackish; upper parts with much of rusty in winter. f. Larger, with longer bill (wing averaging 103.1, tail 77.5, culmen 20.8, tarsus 26.9); streaks on under parts more blackish, and upper parts with more rusty in winter. Agelaius pheniceus caurinus, adult female (p. 341) ff. Smaller, with shorter bill (wing averaging 98.3, tail 74.2, culmen 19.3, tarsus 25.9); streaks on under parts less blackish, and upper parts with less rusty in winter. Agelaius pheniceus pheniceus, adult female (p. 331) ee. Paler, with streaks of under parts more grayish; upper parts with little if any rusty in winter. Agelaius pheniceus neutralis, adult female (p. 339) dd. Smaller, the wing averaging 93.7, tail averaging 71.1. (Coloration ag in A. p. pheniceus, but averaging slightly darker. ) Agelaius pheniceus floridanus, adult female (p. 333) cc. Paler, the under parts with dusky or grayish streaks usually narrower than the whitish ones, the upper parts with paler colors predominating. d. Larger, with shorter and thicker bill (wing averaging 105.5, tail 78.1, cul- men 19.1, depth of bill at base 11.8). Agelaius pheniceus fortis, adult female (p. 338) dd. Smaller, with longer and more slender bill (wing averaging not more than 102.4, tail not more than 73.4, culmen 19.3 or more, depth of bill at base not more than 10.2). e. Larger, except bill (wing averaging 102.4, tail 73.4, culmen 19.8, depth of bill at base 9.9, tarsus 26.7, middle toe 19). Agelaius pheeniceus sonoriensis, adult female (p. 337) ee. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 92.7, tail 68.6, tarsus not more than 25.6). f. Under parts with ground color duller white, the dusky streaks broader; white terminal margins to wing-coverts narrower. Agelaius pheeniceus richmondi, adult female (p. 335) Jf. Under parts with ground color purer white, the dusky streaks narrower; white terminal margins to wing-coverts broader. Agelaius pheeniceus bryanti, adult female (p. 334) AGELAIUS TRICOLOR (Audubon). TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD. Adult male in summer.—Uniform glossy blue-black, the plumage with a silky luster; lesser wing- coverts brownish carmine or dull crimson;' middle coverts white, i in abrupt and conspicuous contrast; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but plumage still softer and more glossy and middle wing-coverts more or less tinged with brownish buff. Adult female in summer.—Above dusky, the plumage with a strong greenish or bronzy luster in certain lights; pileam narrowly streaked with brownish gray, most distinctly along the median line, where, Very different from the bright vermilion, scarlet, or orange of A. gubernator and A. pheniceus and their subspecies, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B25 however, not forming a stripe; scapulars and interscapulars with light brownish gray edgings to inner webs; lesser wing-coverts broadly margined with brownish gray (sometimes tinged with brownish red toward junction of wing with body); middle coverts abruptly mar- gined with white or white and gray; greater coverts, secondaries, innermost primaries, and rectrices narrowly edged with light brown- ish gray; outermost primaries narrowly edged with white; a distinct superciliary stripe and a malar stripe of pale brownish gray or dull buffy whitish, narrowly streaked with dusky; space between these lighter-colored stripes nearly uniform dark brownish gray; chin and throat pale grayish buffy or dull whitish, the latter streaked with dusky, especially along sides; chest streaked with dusky and pale grayish buffy in about equal amount; rest of under parts dusky, with more or less distinct paler margins to feathers, these most distinct on breast; bill blackish, the mandible more or less paler, sometimes horn color; legs and feet brownish black; iris brown. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but plum- age softer, more glossy, and of a more grayish cast, with pale (light buffy grayish) margins to feathers of lower parts much broader. Immature female (in first winter).—Similar to the adult female in winter, but much browner, the pileum, hindneck, and back strongly tinged or washed with brown, and the superciliary and malar stripes, lighter streaks of anterior under parts, and margins of wing-coverts brownish buffy. Young (sexes alike).—Much like summer female, but general color browner and under parts of body narrowly streaked with dull grayish white; middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with dull buffy whitish, producing two narrow bands; tertials narrowly mar- gined with dull buffy whitish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 203.2-229.9 (211.1); wing, 117.6-123.7 (121.2); tail, 84.3-95.3 (88.1); culmen, 22.1-24.1 (23.4); depth of Dill at base, 10.4-11.7 (11.2); tarsus, 28.7-30.7 (29.7); middle toe, 21.3- 23.1 (22.4).? Adult female).—Length (skins), 180.3-199.4 (188.2); wing, 104.4- 109.7 (106.7); tail, 74.2-80.3 (75.4); culmen, from base, 19.8-21.1 (20.1); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 25.4-26.9 (26.4); middle toe, 19.1-20.3 (19.8). Valleys of California, northern Lower California (San Rafael Val- ley, ete.), and southwestern Oregon (Klamath Lakes; Wapeta Lake and Beaverton, Washington County). Icterus tricolor ‘Nuttall’? AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 1, pl. 388, fig. 1 (Santa Barbara, California;? coll. U. §. Nat. Mus.).—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 186. 1 Nine specimens. * Ten specimens. ® According to label of type, from Audubon’s collection. 326 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Agelaius tricolor Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,29.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 27, pl. 214.—GampeL, Journ. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 48 (California; notes); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 204 (do.).—Hzrrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, 1852, 268 (near Shasta City, n. California; habits); Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1859, 53 (Suisun Valley, n. California; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—WoopnHouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 80 (San José Valley, California).—Newsrrry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (Klamath Basin, Oregon).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 530; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 403; (?) Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Colorado R., California, Dec.).—Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10 (monogr.).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 265.—Barp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 165, pl. 33, figs. 5, 6, 7.— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 500.—Anruony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Beaverton and Wapita Lake, Washington Co., w. Ore- gon).—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (San Gorgonio, San _ Bernardino Co., s. California, winter and May 26).—Emerson, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 428 (Poway, San Diego Co., s. California).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 456, pl. 6, figs. 18, 19 (eggs).—Nzuruine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 257.—GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (range).—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 168 (Lake Tahoe, Cali- fornia, breeding). Agelzus tricolor CoopER, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1875, 9 (Saticoy, California; descr. eggs).—Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 505 (Sacramento, California); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 262.—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 318.— Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 249 (Santa Clara Valley and Santa Barbara, California; habits).—BrLprne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. i, 1879, 421 (Stockton, California, Mar. 22 and Apr. 5).—Sciarsr, Ibis, 1884, 11 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 342 (Santa Barbara and Stock- ton, California). A[gelaius] tricolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 371. A[gelzus] tricolor Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404. [Agelxus pheeniceus.] Var. tricolor Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156. Agelxus pheniceus . var. tricolor Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 212. [Ageleus pheeniceus] d. tricolor Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 186 (synonymy). AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR GUBERNATOR (Wagler). EICOLORED BLACKBIRD. Similar to A. phaniceus pheniceus, but adult male with middle wing- coverts black or with black tips; the adult female with under parts of body uniform black or sooty and upper parts nearly or quite uniform dusky; wing and tarsus longer, tail, bill, and middle toe shorter. Adult male.—Unitorm deep black, with a faint bluish gieen gloss in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts rich poppy red or vermilion; middle coverts black, or (if not entirely black) at least broadly tipped with black, the basal portion tawny- Pat: or ochraceous; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 327 Immature male.—Lesser wing-coverts partly black, the red portions often of an orange-tawny or ochraceous-rufous hue. Adult female.—Nearly or quite uniform dark sooty brown, the chin and throat streaked (usually broadly) with whitish, buff, or pinkish, the superciliary region narrowly streaked with the same, producing a more or less distinct stripe. Adult male.—Length (skins), 208.3-233.7 (218.9); wing, 124.5-144.3 (136.9); tail, 85.9-101.6 (93.2); culmen, from base, 20.3-22.9 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 11.4-13.7 (12.7); tarsus, 30-34.3 (32.5); middle toe, 19.8-22.9 (21.1).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-191.5 (176); wing, 104.1-116.3 (108.5); tail, 64.8-80 (71.6); culmen, from base, 17.3-19.3 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 26.4-29.2 (27.9); middle toe, 18.5-21.6 (19.3).? Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Durango (Carceria; Ciudad Durango), Zacatecas (Monte Escobedo), Jalisco (Lagos; Lake Chapala; La Barca; Tonila), Guanajuato, Michoacan (Patzcuaro), and Mexico (valley of Mexico?). Ps[arocolius] gubernator WaGLER, Isis, iv, 1832, 281 (Mexico). Agelaius gubernator Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 110 (Mexico).— (?) GaMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 204, part (w. Mexico).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11, part (monogr.)—AMeErRIcAN ORNITHOL- oaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 499, part.—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 218 (Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan). (?) Ageleus gubernator ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico), Agelzus gubernator ScLaTER, Ibis, 1884 10, part (Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 341, part.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 454, part (valley of Mexico). Al[gelzus] p[heniceus] gubernator Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, art. Apes gubernator gubernator Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 154 (geog. range). [Agelaius] gubernator Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 430 (Mexico). [Agelzeus] gubernator ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part. A[gelaius] gubernator Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370, part. Agelaius pheniceus, var. gubernator Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part. AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR CALIFORNICUS Nelson, CALIFORNIAN BICOLORED BLACKBIRD. Similar to A. g. gubernator, but wing decidedly shorter, bill longer and more slender, tarsus shorter, and middle toe longer; adult female more or less streaked above, at least on pileum and back. Adult male.—Length (skins), 198.1-218.4 (212.1); wing, 118.4-129.3 (125.2); tail, 81.3-96 (91.9); culmen, from base, 19.8-23.1 (21.8); depth of bill at base, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 28.2-31 (30); middle toe, 20,8-29.4 (21.8).° Seventeen specimens. 2 Seven specimens. 3 Ten specimens. 328 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 175.3-190.5 (183.1); wing, 100.8- 107.4 (103.9); tail, 68.1-76.7 (72.1); culmen, from base, 18.5-19.§ (18.8); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 25.7-27.9 (26.7); middle toe, 18.8-20.1 (19.3). ; Northern and central coast district of California (Mendocino, Sonoma, Marin, San Francisco, San Joaquin, Santa Clara and San Benito coun- ties) and northward to coast of Washington (Cape Disappointment); migrating or straggling eastward to Shasta, Yuba, and Plumas counties, southward to Los Angeles and Riverside counties. Agelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 30.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 29, pl. 215.—GamBeEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1847, 204, part (California).—Woopaouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 80 (California).—NewsBerry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (San Francisco and Sacramento Valley, California).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 530 (Columbia R.; Petaluma, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Sacramento Valley, and Cocomongo Ranch, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 402.—Herermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. vi, 1859, 53 (California; desc. nest and eggs).—KEnNeERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, pt. iv, 1859, 31, part (Cocomongo Ranch, s. California).—Cassiy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 313 (San Francisco, California, Nov.).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 263.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 33, figs. 4, 8—AmERIcAN OrNITHOLOGIST’s Union, Check List, 1886, no. 499.—Anraony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Beaverton and Wapita Lake, Washington Co., w. Oregon).—(?) Emerson, Bull. no. 7, Cal. Ac. Sci., 1887, 428 (Poway, San Diego Co., California).—(??) Bonp, Auk, vi, 1889, 341 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec., Apr. 14).—LAwrencr, (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 45 (Grays Harbor, Washington ).—Fisner, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 75 (s. end Owens Lake, s. California, June 11; Ojai Valley, s. California, Dec.; etc.)—Brnpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 455, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17 (eggs).—NeEnruinG, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 257. 2 A[gelaius] gubernator Ripaway, Man, N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370. : Ageleus gubernutor ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San José Valley, California); Ibis, 1884, 10, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 341, part (San Francisco, California),—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 454, part. [Agelzeus pheeniceus.] Var. gubernator Cours, Key, N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156. Ageleus pheniceus .. var. gubernator Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 212a.— Hexsiaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 249 (Los Angeles, Cali- fornia, June; Fort Tejon, Cal., Aug.). [Agelzrs phoeniceus] c. gubernator Cours, Birds, N.W., 1874, 136, part (synonymy). Agelaius phoniceus, var.'gubernator BairpD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part. Agelaius pheniceus gubernator Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874,171 (Sacra =|. mento, California). Agelius phieniceus, 8. gubernator [Ridgway] Bruprne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, March 21, 1879, 420 (Stockton, California, resident; Marysville, California, Feb. ). Agelieus pherniceus gubernator Ripaway, Proc.U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 183; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261a.—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 317. Ban 12% yp 1Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 329 Algeleus] p[heniceus] gubernator Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part. Icterus gubernator Nurrari, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 187 (Oregon). Agelaius gubernator culifornicus Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 59 (Stockton, Cali- fornia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—American OrnirHo.oaist’s Union Commit reg, Auk, xiv, 1897, 128—(??) Cooxz, Birds Colorado, 1897, 94 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec., Apr. 14, 1889).—Grinnett, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (Bixby and El Monte, Los Angeles Co., California, in winter) .— Kosse, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappointment, Washington, breeding, abundant) .—Mariiarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 124 (San Benito Co., California, resident ).—(?) Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 168 (Sly Park and Lake Tahoe, Sierra Nevada, breeding).—Rmaw.y, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range). AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR GRANDIS (Nelson). ATLIXCO RED-WING, Similar to A. gy. gubernator, ut wing, tail, bill, and middle toe longer, the bill more slender; adult male with lesser wing-coverts more orange, the middle coverts always (7) more or less buffy or tawny (usually extensively so, sometimes with black only on tips of innermost coverts); adult female more extensively streaked beneath, the chest (sometimes even breast and upper part of abdomen) streaked, as well as throat. Adult male.—Length (skins), 218.4-237.5 (221.2); wing, 130-139.2 (136.1); tail, 90.9-105.4 (94.7); culmen, from base, 22.1-25.1 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 11.4-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 31.5-33.8 (32.8); middle toe, 29.1-24.1 (23.6). Adult female.—Length (skins), 184.2-190.5(188.5); wing, 108-113.5 (110.5); tail, 76.5-78.7 (77.2); culmen, from base, 18.8-19.8 (19.6); depth of bill at base, 11.4-11.9 (11.7); tarsus, 26.9-29 (28.2); middle toe, 19.8-20.6 (20.3).” Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Puebla (Atlixco, Chietla, Orizaba,’ etc.), Morelos?, Tlaxcala (Laguna del Rosario; Nativitas)?, and Hidalgo (Real del Monte)? (2) Agelaus pheniceus (not Oriolus pheeniceus Linneeus) Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. 8., 1, 1827, 436 (Real del Monte and sides of the Cordillera, Hidalgo, Mexico). (?) Agelzeus pheniceus ScLateR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862; 135, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part (in svynonomy).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (Real del Monte and sides of Corderilla, Hidalgo; Chietla, Puebla; Orizaba, Vera Cruz). ' Eight specimens. ” Five specimens. *I doubtfully refer Orizaba specimens to this form. The two specimens examined differ from the Atlixco examples in having the lesser wing-coverts bright vermilion red instead of orange-chrome, one of them having the hill decidedly longer and more slender. In this last respect another Puebla skin (exact locality unknown) is even more aberrant, while the lesser wing-coverts are still deeper red. It is possible the birds resident in eastern Puebla may constitute still another form. 330 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (2) Agelaius phenicius Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz). (?) Agelaius pheeniceus Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, 1886, 151 (Chietla, Puebla). Ageleus gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Jalapa); Ibis, 1884, 10, part; Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 341, part (Jalapa; Orizaba).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 454, part (Orizaba; Jalapa; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala ?). (?) Agelaius gubernator FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Laguna del Rosario and Nativitas, Tlaxcala).—AmeEricaN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 499, part. [Ageleus] gubernator ScLatErR and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr, 1873, 37, part. A[gelaius] gubernator Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370, part. Agelaius pheniceus, var. gubernator Barn, BrewER and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 163, part. Agelaius pheniceus grandis Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 57 (Atlexco, Puebla; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). Agelaius gubernator grandis Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 154, geog. range). AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS PHCENICEUS (Linneus). RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. Adult male in swummer.—Uniform deep black, with a very faint greenish blue gloss in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts bright poppy red or vermilion (varying to scarlet or even, more rarely, to orange- chrome); middle coverts wholly buff or ochraceous-buff (paler at tips, sometimes almost white in midsummer birds); bill, legs, and feet deep black; iris brown. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male but buff of middle wing-coverts deeper (more ochraceous-buff or buffy clay color) and interscapulars and scapulars narrowly margimed with rusty. Immature male.'—Black; scapulars and interscapulars broadly mar- gined with rusty and light grayish buffy; pileum and hindneck more or less streaked with the same; innermost greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged with light rusty or buffy, the remaining remiges (especially secondaries), greater coverts, and rectrices more narrowly edged with whitish or pale buffy; lesser wing-coverts more or less intermixed with black (except in older birds) and middle coverts with more or less of black (mostly black in younger birds), the red of lesser coverts more orange than in adults; black of under parts more or less broken by dull whitish or buffy margins to feathers, and superciliary ‘There is great variation among immature birds, doubtless according to age; but the series examined is not sufficient to enable me to characterize more explicitly the different stages of transition from young to adult. Winter birds in immature plumage have the lighter markings more distinct and more pronouncedly rusty and buffy than spring examples. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 331 region showing a more of less distinct indication of a buffy or dull whitish stripe. Adult female in summer.—Above dusky, varied with paler streaks and edgings; pileum with a more or less distinct median stripe‘ of pale buffy grayish, the dusky broad lateral stripes usually more or less streaked with brown or rusty; hindneck and sides of neck broadly streaked with pale buffy or grayish; scapulars and interscapulars more or less edged on inner webs with pale buffy grayish, on outer webs with rusty; secondaries, innermost primaries, rectrices, and primary coverts narrowly edged with pale grayish or buffy grayish, the upper tail-coverts margined with the same; greater coverts and outermost primaries edged with dull whitish; lesser coverts broadly margined with brownish gray or red, or both (often extensively red); middle coverts black, broadly margined terminally with white or pale buffy; a broad superciliary stripe of white, finely streaked with dusky, usually becoming buff or salmon color anteriorly (over eyes and lores); a broad postocular stripe of dusky; malar region and under parts dull white (the chin, throat, and malar region often buff or salmon pink), the under parts of the body broadly streaked or striped with dusky (sometimes almost black), these stripes broadest on flanks; under tail-coverts dusky, margined with white or pale buffy; chin and throat sometimes immaculate, but the latter usually marked with small wedge-shaped or triangular streaks of dusky, the sides of the throat margined by a more or less distinct dusky submalar stripe; bill dusky (the mandible usually paler, more or less horn colored); legs and feet dark horn color or dusky. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but the lighter markings of upper parts more conspicuous, more pronouncedly buffy and rusty, and the sides of head and under parts more or less tinged with buffy (superciliary stripe sometimes clear buff). Young (sexes alike).—Much like adult female, but superciliary and malar stripes, chin, and throat yellowish (ocher yellow or buff-yellow), under parts of body with ground color pale butfy or yellowish, with the dusky streaks narrower; edgings to remiges distinctly buffy brown or fulvous. Adult male.—Length (skins), 205.7-236.2 (216.7); wing, 116.3-125.7 (120.9); tail, 88.6-96 (91.7); culmen, from base, 22.4-25.4 (23.6); depth of bill at base, 12.2-13.5 (12.7); tarsus, 29.2-32.8 (30.2); middle toe, 20.6-22.6 (21.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 172.7-189.2 (177.5); wing, 95.3-101.6 (98.3); tail, 70.1-77.5 (74.2); culmen, from base, 17.3-20.3 (19.3); depth of bill at base, 10.7-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 25.4-26.4 (25.9); middle toe, 17.3-19.1. (18.3).® 1 Except in much-worn midsummer specimens. ? Fourteen specimens. ® Ten specimens. 332 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATFS NATIONAL MUSEUM. Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, except Florida and Gulf coast; west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains; north to Nova Scotia, Province of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, ete. [Oriolus] pheniceus Linn.xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 161 (based on Sturnus niger, alis superne rubentis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 13, pl. 13).—Gmexin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 386.—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 178. Agelaius phoeniceus (not of Swainson, 1827) Swainson, Fauna Bor. Am., ii, 1831, 280.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 141; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 31, part, pl. 216.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.—Cas- stn, Proc. Av. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part, pl. 33, figs. 1, 2, 3.— Genrry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 97 (habits).—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’sSurv., 1873 (1874), 82 (Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding) .— AMERICAN OrniTHOLoGIstTs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.—Cooxkg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 163, chiefly (includes 1. p. fortis; dates, etc.).— Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 313.—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 572 (localities in Manitoba, etc.; habits; notes).—Brwprrg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 449, part, pl. 6, figs. 138, 14, 15 (eggs).—NEaRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 252, pl. 29, fig. 4. Al[gelaius] phoeniceus MAxim1L1aNn, Journ. fir Orn., vi, 1858, 263 (Pennsylvania, upper Missouri R., etc.). A[gelaius] pheniceus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 369, part. Al[gelaeus] phoeniceus CaBAnts, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 188 (South Carolina). [Agelaius] phaeniceus BonAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 430. Agelxus pheniceus (not of Sclater, 1857) ScLtarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (e. United States); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part Nova Scotia; Canada; District Columbia; [llinois).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 212, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cluh, iii, 1878, 175 (descr. young).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 184, part.—Merriay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, 1 spec., May 22, 1882).—-BickNELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 249 (song). —Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (in synonymy). [Agelwus] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part. Agelxus pheniceus HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 64 (Denver, Colorado, May, June). [Agelaius pheniceus] var. pheniceus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part. Afgelxus] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part. [Agelzcus pheniceus] a. phaniceus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 146, part (synonymy). Agelaeus phoeniceus Hensitaw, Zool. Exp. 100th Merid., 1875, 313, part (Colorado). Agelaius pheniceus pheniceus Rrpaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., Apr. 15, 1901, 153, in text, 154 (geog. range). Icterus phoeniceus TemMinck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 47. I[cterus] phoeniceus Lich rENsTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 19. Icterus pheniceus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 31, in text; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 52.—Nurrauz, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1882 169.—AvubDuzon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 348, pl. 67; v, 1839, 487. Icterus phoniceus AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 5, in text. Ps[arocolius] phoeniceus WaAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 10. Sturnus predatorius Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 30, pl. 30, fig. 1. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 333 AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS FLORIDANUS Maynard. FLORIDA RED-WING, Similar to A. p. phaniceus, but decidedly smaller, and with bill longer and more slender (both relatively and absolutely); adult male with color of middle wing-coverts rather deeper, at least in winter; adult female not constantly different in coloration from that of A. ». pheniceus, but chin and throat perhaps more often pinkish buff or salmon color, and this color when present rather deeper and often extended backward over chest. Adult male.—Length (skins), 195.6-218.4 (209.3); wing, 109.2- 114.8 (112.5); tail, 84.8-90.2 (87.9); culmen, from base, 22.9-96.7 (24.6); depth of bill at base, 10.9-11.9 (11.4); tarsus, 26.7-80 (28.5); middle toe, 18.8—24.1 (20.8).1 Adult femalv.—Length (skins), 170.2-185.4 (178.3); wing, 88.9-95.8 (92.7); tail, 67.1-74.9 (70.4); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.6 (20.3); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 24.4-29.5 (26.2); middle toe, 16.8-19.3.! : Peninsula of Florida (except southeastern coast and keys?), and along Gulf coast to Galveston, northeastern Texas (breeding).” Agelzus pheniceus (not Oriolis pheniceus Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 284, part (Florida; crit.).—Covurs, Key, 1872, 156, part; 2d ed., 1884, 404, part; Check List, 1873, no. 212, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.—Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 87 (Okahumkee, Florida).—Ripew ay, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261, part.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 134, part. Agelaius pheniceus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr.).— AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.—Coomss, Auk, ix, 1892, 205 (Bayou Teche, St. Marys Parish, Louisiana, breeding).— Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (Louisiana, breeding). Agelaius pheniceus bryanti (not of Ridgway) Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 320, part (Tar- pon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrer, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 12; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, no. 498b, part; 2d ed., 1895, no. 498), part (coast Louisiana; Florida, part).— Bennire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (coast Louisiana; Florida, part). Agelaius pheniceus floridanus Maynarp, Birds Eastern N. Am., 2d ed., pt. 40 [1896], 689.—AmeErican OrnitHoLoaists’ Union Commitreg, Auk, xiv, 1897, 121, no. 498c.—Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range). 'Ten specimens. * Although slightly different in average proportions from Florida examples, breed- ing birds from the coast of Louisiana (Averys Island) and Texas (Galveston) are so very close to them that I refer them to A. p. floridanus with little hesitation. The females examined agree minutely in coloration with those from Florida, as do also 334 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. AGELAIUS PHCNICEUS BRYANTI Ridgway. BAHAMA RED-WING, Similar to A. p. floridanus, but bill still longer; adult female much paler, with under parts more purely white, the dusky streaks much nar- rower, and dusky gray or brownish gray instead of nearly black; pileum brown, narrowly streaked with dusky (instead of the reverse), and lighter streaks on hindneck, back, and scapulars much broader and more conspicuous, the darker markings of the same portions less black, the rump and upper tail-coverts more grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 193-214.6 (205.2); wing, 112.3-120.7 (114.3); tail, 83.8-88.1 (86.1); culmen, from base, 25.7-26.2 (25.9); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 27.9-30.2 (29.2); middle toe, 19.1-19.8 (19.6). Adult female.—Length (skins), 165.1-182.9 (173.2); wing, $9.9-95.8 (92.5): tail, 64.8-71.6 (68.6); culmen, from base, 18.5-20.3 (19.3); depth of bill at base, 10.2-10.4 (10.2); tarsus; 24.4-25.4 (24.9); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.3).! Bahamas (New Providence; Abaco; Andros; Berry Islands; Bimini; the males from Louisiana (I have not seen males from Texas), the only apparent difference being the slightly shorter and thicker bills of the birds from Louisiana and Texas, in which respect they are intermediate between floridanus and pheniceus, though nearer the former, as they also are in other measurements. Average measurements are as follows: Culmen,} Depth . Locality, Wing. | Tail. eae ; ee Tarsus. ae ase. |at base. 2 MALES. Ten adult males of A.p. floridanus (from Florida).| 112.5 87.9 24.6 11.4 28.5 20.8 Four adult males from coastof Louisiana (Averys Island and Timbaline Island)........-..-.-...- 113.3 85.6 23.9 12.2 28.5 20.8 Ten adult malesof A. p. pheniceus.......-.-.06---- 119.6 91.7 23.4 12.7 30.7 21.3 FEMALES. Ten adult femalesof.A. p. floridanus (from Florida).| 92.7 70.4 20.3 9.9 26.2 17.8 Twoadult females from coastof Louisiana (Averys ASLAN) cccnaenodaaieraecesaede nt easaeemmemtinees ' 96.5 73.9 21.1 11.2 26.4 7.8 Two adult females from Galveston, Texas ........ 96.8 721). 21.3 11.2 27.7 li Ten adult females of A. p. pheniceus........-..--5+ 98.3 74.2 19.3 10.9 25.9 18.3 So far as the females from Louisiana and Galveston are concerned (those examined are all breeding birds), it may be observed that in size they are intermediate between pheeniceus and floridanus; but there being only two specimens from each place it may reasonably be expected that measurements of a larger series would show different results. ' Five specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. $385 Great Bahama; Cay Sal), and adjacent coast of Florida (Lake Worth; Miami; Cocoanut Grove), including Florida Keys to Key West.! (?) Agelaeus phoeniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 11 (Cuba). Agelzus pheniceus Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 98. [Ageleus] pheniceus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Agelaius pheniceus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (New Provi- dence, Bahamas).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108 (Baha- mas; Cuba?). A[gelaius] pheniceus bryanti Riwaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370 (Bahamas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Agelaius pheniceus bryanti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613; Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco, Bahamas); Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range).—AmericaNn OrniTHoLocists’ Union Commirres, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 12, part; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, no. 498), part (Bahamas; s. Florida, part); 2d ed., 1895, no. 498), part (do.).—Norrsrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 71 (Andros I., Bahamas; habits).—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 295 (Berry Islands, Bahamas), 296 (Bimini, Bahamas), 350 (Great Bahama and Abaco, Bahamas), 352 (Cay Sal, Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110, 146 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence, Andros, and Cay Sal islands, Bahamas; Florida Keys).—Brnpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (Bahamas; s. Florida, part). AGELAIUS PHGENICEUS RICHMONDI Nelson. VERA CRUZ RED-WING. Similar to A. p. floridanus, but slightly smaller; adult female much lighter colored, or about intermediate in coloration between those of A. p. floridanus and A. p. bryanti. Adult male.—Length (skins), 186.7-215.9 (197.9); wing, 102.6-120.1 (112); tail, 72.1-93.5 (82.8); culmen, from base, 20.8-26.7 (23.1); depth of bill at, base, 10.4-12.7 (11.4); tarsus, 25.9-31.2 (27.9); mid- dle toe, 18.8-22.4 (20.1). Adult female.—Length (skins), 157.5-185.4 (171.2); wing, 87.6-97.5 (91.9); tail, 63-77.5 (68.3); culmen, from base, 18.5-21.1 (19.6); depth of bill at base, 8.9-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 24.6-26.4 (25.7); middle toe, 16.8-19.1 (18).* Coast district and lower Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas (north 'T refer three females from southeastern Florida (Lake Worth, Miami, and Key West) to this form with some doubt. They differ from the two Bahaman examples in having the under parts much less purely white. I am inclined to think, however, that these are individual differences which would disappear in a large series of specimens. *The adult female of A. p. richmondi is precisely similar in coloration to that of A. Pp. sonoriensis, but is much smaller. ‘Thirty-eight specimens. ‘Fourteen specimens. Specimens from southern Texas, Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), and Nuevo Leon are larger than those from farther southward, and haye shorter and thicker bills, bit the females 336 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to Velasco!) and southward over the coast plain of Tamaulipas (Mata- moras, Alta Mira, etc.), Nuevo Leon (Monterey), and Vera Cruz (Tlalcotalpam, Guiterrez, Zamara, etc.), to Yucatan (including ‘island of Cozumel), British Honduras (Belize), and eastern Guatemala (Lake Peten, Duefias?, Coban?); in winter, south to eastern Nicaragua (San Carlos) and Costa Rica (Rio Frio). Agelxus pheeniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Belize, British Honduras; Peten, e. Guatemala).—(?) Scua- TER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Tlalcotalpam, Vera Cruz), (?) 1859, 381 (Oaxaca); Ibis, 1884, 10, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part (n. Yucatan; Cozumel J.; Belize; Lake Peten, Guatemala; Duefias, Guate- mala?; Bebedero, w. Costa Rica?).—(?) ScuaTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Duefias, Guatemala).—(?) Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 303 (Costa Rica).—Sennert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, 1878, 24 (Lower Rio Grande, Texas; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1879, 397 (lower Rio Grande).—Merrit1, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—Nenrune, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (s. e. Texas, breeding) .—(?) Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 392 (La Palma, w. Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 446 (n. Yucatan).— Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453 (Tlalcotalpam, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca?; n. Yucatan; Cozumel; Belize; Peten, Coban?, and Duefias?, Guatemala; La Palma, Bebedero, and Nicoya, w. Costa Rica’). (2?) Agelxus phaeniceus BoucarD, Liste Ois. Guatemala, 1878, 36, part. Agelaius pheniceus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (Yucatan; crit. ).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (Bebedero and Nicoya, w. Costa Rica),—ZELEpoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10.—Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—Srons, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Progreso, Yucatan).—R#oaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 108 (Nueces Bay, Texas, breeding).—Ricumonp, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Frio, e. Costa Rica; San Carlos, Nicaragua).— Sinciey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 371 (Corpus Christi and Hidalgo, breeding ).—Carro.., Auk, xvii, 1900, 344 (Refugio Co., Texas breeding). do not differ materially, if at all,in coloration. Average measurements are as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. Manas ot hilt Tarsus. aa base. | at base. MALES, Seven adult males from coast of southern Texas.| 115.3] 86.9 22.6 11.9 29 2.4 Three adult males from Tamaulipas and Nuevo L@Olt xine cst se Se sesiccoidases assays necieascus, 114.3 86.6 24.4 11.7 29 21.3 Eight adult males from Vera Cruz .....-..-.-.+-+- 110.7] 84.8 25.4 11.7 29.2 21.3 Ten adult males from Yucatan............----.+-- 111.5} 84.3 23.6 11.2 28,2 19.8 Eight adult males from Guatemala (breeding DIES) pccp cote teetansnddw ede seees as seaetimaeean, 110.7 85.9 24,1 12.2 28.7 20,8 Two adult males from Nicaragua (San Carlos, WARTER DITGS) «cnn scdac canesies ve sess edeciecaeaaes 107.2 | 78.2 22.9 1.7 29 20.8 Three adult males from Monte Cristo, Tabasco....{ 110.2 | 81.5 24.1 10.9 28.7 Jowweeere FEMALES, Nine adult females from coast of southern Texas.| 93.2] 68.6 19.6 10.2 25.7, 188 One adult female from Vera Cruz (Tlalcotalpam, breeding bird) .casicsiuvcnstccaakareseatxannnases 87.6) 66.8 20.8 9.4 24.6 16.8 Four adult females from Yucatan..........-...--- 90.4 | 66.8 19.8 9.7 25.7 18 Seven adult females from Monte Cristo, Tabasco..| 92.7 69.1 20.1 9,9 |. cc. eee eefeererert | eee See ‘All specimens seen by me from Velasco and southward are of this form, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 337 [Ageleus] phanicens Scuater and Sauviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37, part. Agelaius pheniceus bryanti (not of Ridgway) American Oxnirnoxocists’ UNIon Comnirrer, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 498d, part (Yucatan; Nicaragua ).— Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (Yucatan; N icaragua). Agelaius pheniceus sonoriensis (not of Ridgway) Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part (lower Rio Grande Valley). Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan. 1897, 58 (Tlalcotalpam, Vera Cruz, 8. e. Mexico; coll. U. 8. .Nat. Mus.).—Rmeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range). AGELAIUS PHGNICEUS SONORIENSIS Ridgway. SONORAN RED-WING. Similar in coloration to A. p. richmondi, but much larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 207-237.5 (221); wing, 121.9-129.3 (125.5); tail, 85.9-101.1 (93.5); culmen, from base, 22.6-25.4 (23.9); depth of bill at base, 11.4-13.2 (12.4); tarsus, 29-31.8 (30.5); middle toe, 21.1-22.9 (21.8).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 172.7-199.7 (183.6); wing, 98.6-105.4 (98.8); culmen, from base, 17.8-21.3 (19.8); depth of bill at base, 9.44 10.9 (9.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.7); middle toe, 17.8-20.3 (19.1).? Lower Colorado Valley, in California and Arizona, southern Ari- zona in general, and southward over the coast plain of Sonora and Sinaloa to Territory of Tepic;* Cape St. Lucas, Lower California?.* 1 Thirteen specimens. ? Twenty-four specimens. ; ‘Specimens from Tepic are larger than those from Sinaloa, and may not really be referable to this form, the matter being rendered the more doubtful because all the Tepic examples are males. Possibly the thick-billed large subarctic form (A. p. fortis) may extend farther southward upon the high mountain meadows than it has yet been traced, even to that portion of the Sierra Madre immediately north of the Valley of the Rio Grande de Santiago, and there intergrade with the coast form (A. p. sonoriensis). Should this hypothesis prove correct, then these large Tepic specimens would be intergrades. Some of these Tepic specimens are large enough to be referable to A. p. fortis, but their bills are too long, and on the whole they come decidedly nearer to A. p. sonoriensis. Comparative average measurements of the two series and of A. p. fortis are as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen. oF bill Tarsus. oe at base. MALES. Twenty-three adult males of A. p. fortis...-..-..-- 126 98 23.3 13.5 29,8 22.4 Six adult males of A. p. sonoriensis? from Tepic ..| 126.7 95. 8 24.6 13.2 30.7 22.1 Six adult males of A. p. sonoriensis from Sinaloa..| 124.5] 92.5 23.4 11.9 30 21.6 One adult male of A. p. sonoriensis from Arizona..| 121.9 85.9 21.6 12.2 32.8 20.8 FEMALES. Seventeen adult females of A. p. fortis .....--..--- 105. 4 78.1 19,1 11.8 26.5 19.1 Kightadultfemalesof A. p. sonoriensisfrom Sinaloa} 102.9 72.9 20.3 9.9 27.2 18.5 Twoadult females of A. p. sonoriensis from Sonora .| 104.1 77,5 18.8 9.9 25.9 17.8 Nineadultfemales ofA. p. sonoriensis from Arizona | 102.1 72.9 19.3 9.9 26.2 19.1 ‘The only specimen from the Cape district of Lower California that I have seen is a female, and seems to be referable to this form. It is without date, and in rather poor condition. 3654—voL 2—01——22 338 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Agelaius phoeniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzeus) WoopHouse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 80.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part (Espia, Sonora); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Saltillo, Nuevo Leon; Espia, Sonora),— (?) Kenyervy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30, part (New Mex- ico).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 212, part.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr.).—Cooprsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part (lower Colorado Val- ley).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 261, part.—Brerwsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (Tucson, Arizona, June).—Be.pine, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 350 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).—Scuater, Ibis, 1884, 10, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part (in synonymy).— AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTSs’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (Mazatlan). [Agelaius] pheeniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part. Ageleus pheniceus Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part. Afgelxus] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404, part. Agelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Barrp, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Colorado R., California).—Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 31, part (Bill Williams’ Fork and Colorado R., Arizona; Mojave R., California).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan; Tepic).—(?) Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Pinal Co., Arizona; common resident). Agelaius pheniceus longirostris (not Agelaius longirostris Salvadori!) Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 370.—AmeERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commitrer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 128 (Check List, no. 498a).—Pricg, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 92 (Yuma, Arizona, winter). A[gelaius] pheeniceus sonoriensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 370 (Mazat- lan, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Agelaius pheeniceus sonoriensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, 1901, 154 (geog. range).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTIS’ Union, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 498a.— Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 120 (Santa Clara Valley, s. Ari- zona).—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 453, part.—Neztson, Auk, xvii, 1900, 125 (crit.).—A.nEn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua; Pachico, n. e. Sonora). (?) Agelaius Bairp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1859, 301, 304 (CapeSt. Lucas). AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS FORTIS Ridgway. NORTHERN RED-WING. Similar to A. p. phaniceus, but decidedly larger? and with the bill usually relatively much shorter and thicker; adult male and female in winter plumage, and immature male, fiat in coloration to the same of A. p. sonoricnsis; differing from the latter in larger size and conspicuously shorter and thicker Dill. 1 Agelaius longirostris (not of Vieillot, 1819) Salvadori, Atti del Reale Accad. Scienz. Torino, ix, Apr., 1874, 632 (western Mexico; coll. Count Turati). (See Nelson, Auk, xvii, 1900, 125.) * Decidedly the largest of all the forms of .1. pheniceus, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 339 Adult male. —Length (skins), 212.1-241.3 (223.1); wing, 123.5-139.3 (126); tail, 88.5-105.4 (98); culmen, from base, 19.8-26.5 (23.3); depth of bill at base, 12.7-15 (13.5); tarsus, 29-31.5 (29.8); middle toe, 90.1-23.5 (22.4).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 172.7-195 (186.2); wing, 101.6-109.2- (105.5); tail, 71.1-83.1 (78.1); culmen, from base, 17-21.2 (19.1); depth of bill at base, 10.9-12.7 (11.8); tarsus, 24.6-28.2 (26.5); middle toe, 18.3-20.6 (19.1).? Breeding range, Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior districts of British America. During migrations, the Great Plains, from eastern base of Rocky Mountains to Manitoba (Red River Set- tlement), Minnesota (Fort Snelling, May 11), Nebraska (Omaha, March 9), Iowa (Burlington, October), Indian Territory (Beaver Creek, November), western Illinois (Henderson County, Morgan County, March), northern Kentucky (Mason County, December), and south- ward through more southern Rocky Mountains to Arizona (Fort Verde, December, February; Big Chino Valley, March), and western Texas (El Paso, February). : Agelaius pheniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linnzus) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part (Red River Settlement, Manitoba*); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part. Ageleus tricolor (not Icterus tricolor Audubon) Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 81 (Mac- kenzie R., British America). Ageleus gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Buaxisron, Ibis, 1863, 81 (Mackenzie R.). Agelaius pheniceus fortis Ringway, Proce. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 153 (Omaha, Nebraska; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.), 154 (geogr. range). AGELAIUS PHCNICEUS NEUTRALIS Ridgway. SAN DIEGO RED-WING. Similar to A. p. sonoriensis, but smaller, the adult female darker, with streaks less strongly contrasted above, those on lower parts rather broader and grayer, the upper parts with little if any rusty, even in winter plumage. Adult male.—Length (skins), 199.4-228.6 (213.1); wing, 116.8-127 (122.9); tail, 85.1-97.8 (90.7); culmen, from base, 21.6-24.9 (23.1); depth of bill at base, 10.9-13.2 (12.2); tarsus, 28.7-31 (30.2); middle toe, 20.6-23.4 (21.6).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 167.6-193 (181.9); wing, 96.5-104.1 (101.3); tail, 67.1-78.2 (72.4); culmen, from base, 18.5-21.1 (19.6); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.4 (10.9); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.9); middle toe, 16.8-20.6 (19.1).° 1 Twenty-three specimens. ? Seventeen specimens. 5 See next to last paragraph on p. 527 of work cited. ‘Thirty-two specimens. °Twenty-seven specimens. 340 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Southern California’ (to the Pacific coast inSan Diego and Los Angeles counties), northern Lower California, Great Basin district, and south- ern portion of Rocky Mountain plateau; north to eastern British Columbia (Vernon, etc.); breeding southward to northern Chihuahua (Pacheco), New Mexico, and western Texas (Ysleta, 30 miles east of El Paso; Langtry, Valverde County, etc.); in winter, south to southern Texas (Brownsville, etc.). Agelaius pheniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linneeus) Barirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.—KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30 (s. California).—(?) Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—(?) Cooper and Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 207 (Oregon and Washing- ton).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10, part (monogr. ).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159, part.—(?) Hensaaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 121 (Apache, Arizona, Aug.).—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 122 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 498, part.—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (Coahuila and San Bernardino valleys, s. California; breeding).— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33, part (e. side of Cascade Mts.).— Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, part (Vernon, e. British Colum- bia).—GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (Los Angeles Co., Cali- fornia; resident). Agelzus pheniceus Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1877, 1309 (Carson, Nevada); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 313, part (Utah).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 212, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 316, part.—(?) ScLaTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 340, part.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 453, part (in synonymy). 1§$pecimens from southern California and northern Lower California seem to be somewhat different from Great Basin examples, but I do not venture to separate them, the series of specimens being scarcely satisfactory. In adult males of this form many specimens show more or less black tipping to the middle wing-coverts, this being observable in some specimens from the interior (Nevada) as well as in some of those from the coast (San Diego County, etc.). Average measurements are as follows: Culmen,| Depth i Locality. Wing. | Tail. from || of bill | Tarsus. madle base. |at base. : MALES. Eleven adult males from Los Angeles County and North Ward woovesasesseievedeyuteesceredacaseeecesn 122.9] 88.9 22.6 12.4] 30 2.1 Ten adult males from San Diego...............--. 123.2 89.7 23.1 12.2 30.2 22.1 Six adult males from Seven Wells and Tecate, Lower California ............2.00...000ceee eee eee 122.7] 89.4 22.4 W.7} 29.7] 28 Eleven adult males from Great Basin............. 123.4 91.2 23.9 11.9 30.5 21.1 FEMALES, Two adult females from Riverside and Red Bluff.| 101.1 72.6 19,1 10.4 25.9 18 Ten adult females from San Diego................ l.1| 71.9 19.6 10.9 21.2 19.3 One adult female from Tecate Mountains, Lower CaORNIN:«,...c.n20nk sa dileseeetnons dacenxceirdesee 100.6 | 73.9 19.1 10.7 | 26.2] 188 Seven adult females from Great Basin ............ 99.6 721 19.6 10.7 26.9 18 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 341 [Agelzeus pheeniceus] «. pheniceus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 503 (locali- ties in Nevada and Utah; measurements, etc. ). [Ageleus] pheniceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156, part. [Agelzeus aa a. pheniceus Couxs, Birds N. W., 1874, 186, part (in syn- onymy). A[gelzus] pheniceus HEeNsHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Exp., 1879, 302 (foot of e. slope Sierra Nevada, summer resid.; Carson, Nevada, in winter).—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884; 402, part. A[gelaius] pheeniceus . . . var. gubernator Riveway, Bull. Essex Inst. vii, Jan., 1875, 37 (Nevada). Agelaius gubernator Benpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 122 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding; descr. eggs). [Agelwus pheeniceus] 8. gubernator Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 504, 505, part (Carson City and Truckee Reservation, N evada). Agelxus gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 341, part (Reno, Nevada). Ageleus pheniceus . . . var. gubernator Hensaaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 249 (Los Angeles, California, June; Fort Tejon, California, Aug.). Agelaius pheeniceus var. gubernaor Hensuaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1877, 1305 (e. side Sierra Nevada). Algeleus] pheniceus gubernator HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 302 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; Reno, etc., Nevada; crit. ). Ageleeus pheniceus gubernator Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 165 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 128 (Walla Walla, Washington). (?) Agelaius phaniceus longirostris (not. A. longirostris Salvadori) Grinne.t, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 33 (near Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Cal- ifornia, March, Nov.). Agelaius pheeniceus neutralis Ripaway. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 153 (Jacumba, San Diego Co., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ), 154 (geog. range). AGELAIUS PHG:NICEUS CAURINUS Ridgway. NORTHWESTERW. RED-WING. Similar to A. p. pheniceus but wing and bill longer, the latter more slender; adult male with buff of middle wing-coverts deeper (deep ochraceous-buff or ochraceous in winter plumage); adult female rather more heavily streaked with black below and, in winter plumage, with upper parts much more conspicuously marked with rusty. Adult male.—Length (skins), 218.4-231.1 (222.8); wing, 116.1-129.5 (123.2); tail, 86.1-97.3 (91.7); culmen, from base, 22.9-25.7 (24.4); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 28.2-31 (29.5); middle toe, 21.3-29.4 (21.8). Adult female.—Length (skins) 172.7-198.1 (189); wing, 97.8-107.2 (103.1); tail, 71.1-83.1 (7 7.5); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.8 (20.8); tarsus, 25.4-27.9 (26.9); middle toe, 18.3-19.8 (19.1).? Northwest coast district, from British Columbia (Vancouver Island and coast of mainland) south through western Washington and Oregon to northern California (Mendocino County, May 20). 1 Nine specimens. 342 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Agelaius pheeniceus (not Oriolus pheniceus Linneeus) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 526, part (Fort Steilacoom, Washington) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 401, part.—Coopsr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 261, part.—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 33, part (w. side Cascades; Vancouver I., breed- ing).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, part (Victoria and Lulu Island, British Columbia; Washington).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (s, British Columbia; crit.).—Kopss, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappoint- ment, Washington, breeding). A[gelaius] pheniceus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 369, part. Agelaius pheniceus sonoriensis (not of Ridgway) Brewster, Auk, x, 1893, 237 (Chil- liwack, British Columbia, Jan. to Mar.; crit.). Agelaius pheniceus caurinus Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 153 (Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; coll. U. S Nat. Mus.), 154 (geog. range). The following references to forms of Agelaius pheniceus I have not been able to satisfactorily allocate: Agelxus pheniceus ScuaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 135, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Guatemala).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resident).—Betpina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 420 (Stockton and Marysville, Calfornia, Feb. to Apr.).—Oariy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soe., iii, 1882 (43), (Navarro Co., Texas, resident; habits). Agelaius pheeniceus FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 151 (Chietla, Puebla).—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 213 (Red Bluff and n. of Mount Shasta, California).—Brckaam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 670 (San Antonio, Texas, winter).—Artrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Mircnett, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding up to 9,000 ft.).—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 122 (Shasta Valley, n. California). Aguelaius gubernator (not Psarocolius gubernator Wagler) KEnnerzy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1857, 11 (Pueblo Creek, New Mexico). Agelaius phenicius (?) SumicHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 553 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; migratory ?). AGELAIUS ASSIMILIS Gundlach. CUBAN RED-WING, Adult male.—Similar to adult male of A. pheniceus floridanus or A. p. bryanti, but smaller, with shorter and thicker bill; length (skin, one specimen), 198.1; wing, 107.2-109.2 (108.2); tail, 81.8-83.3 (82.6); culmen, from base, 23.4-24.9 (24.1); depth of bill at base, 11.4-12.4 (11.9); tarsus, 26.7-27.9 (27.2); middle toe, 21.1 (21.3).? Adult female.—Entirely uniform black, including lesser wing-coverts; length (skins), 172.7-182.9 (177.8); wing, 91.7-95.3 (93); tail, 68.1-74.9 (71.9); culmen, from base, 21.1-21.6 (21.3); depth of bill at base, 11.4- 11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 25.4-26.7 (25.9); middle toe, 17.3-20.3 (18.5).” Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles. Agelaius assimiles ‘‘ Gundlach, MSS.”’ Lemprys, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 64 (Cuba). 1Two specimens. ? Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 348 Agelaius assimilis Lemprys, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, pl. 9, fig. 3.—Gunp- LacH, Journ. fiir Orn., iv., 1856, 12; 1861, 332, 413; 1862, 189; 1874, 131; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 288; Boston Journ. N. H., vi, 1857, 316.— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 10 (monogr. )—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129, 146 (Cuba; Isle of Pines). [Agelxus] assimilis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Al[gelaius] assimilis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 371. Ageleus assimilis Sctarer, Ibis, 1884, 10 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 341. [Agelaius pheeniceus] var. assimilis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 159. [Agelzeus pheeniceus] b. ussimilis Couns, Birds N. W., 1874, 186 (synonymy. ) AGELAIUS HUMERALIS (Vigors). TAWNY-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD, Adult male.—Uniform glossy black, with a faint bluish green reflec- tion in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts uniform cinnamon-rufous or tawny, the middle coverts similar but paler, especially at tips; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown; length (skins), 167.6-188 (176.5); wing, 99.6-107.2 (103.4); tail, 74.2-83.8 (78.7); culmen, from base, 17.8-19.1 (18.3); depth of bill at base, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 23.6-25.4 (24.4); middle toe, 17.8-19.3 (18.5). Adult fale Sintec to adult male but smaller and with the cin- namon-rufous or tawny wing-patch more restricted, at least the middle coverts being partly black (sometimes wholly so); length (skins), 160-177.8 (167.4); wing, 92.7-96.5 (94.7); tail, 69.1-74.9 (72.9); culmen, from base, 16.5-17.3 (17); depth of bill at base, 8.9-10.2 (9.4); tarsus, 22.6-24.1 (23.4); middle toe, 16.5-17.8 (17).? Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Leistes humeralis Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, Nov., 1827, 442 (near Havana, Cuba). Icterus humeralis D’Onarony, i in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 91, pl. 20. Agelaius humeralis Gunpuaca, Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 130; Revert Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 288.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei, Phila., 1866, 11 (monogr. ).— PEuzuin, Ibis, 1873, 28 (crit.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 220; Birds W. I., 1889, 107; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, 1892, 308 (habits). Agelaeus humeralis GunpLacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 13; 1861, 332. Ageleus humeralis Scuatmr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 136; Ibis, 1884, 11 (monogr.); Cat Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 342 (San Cristobal, Cuba). [Agelaius] humeralis Boras, Conse. Ay., i, 1850, 480 (‘‘Antilles’’). —Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 33, no. 6473. [Agelzus] humeralis ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Al[gelaius] humeralis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 371. 1Seven specimens. 344 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. AGELAIUS XANTHOMUS (Sclater). YELLOW-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD. Adult male.—Uniform glossy black, with a faint bluish green reflec- tion; lesser and m‘ddle wing-coverts clear lemon yellow, the latter sometimes slightly paler (rarely inclining to white at tips); bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown; length (skin, one specimen), 198.1; wing, 107.2-108; tail, 83.8-86.9 (84.8); culmen, from base, 20.8-22.1; depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 24.1-25.4;. middle toe, 19.6-19.8.+ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male in coloration, but smaller; length (skins), 172.7-198.1 (185.4); wing, 95-97.3 (96.3); tail, 74.2-78.7 (77); culmen, from base, 19.8-20.3 (20.1); depth of bill at base, 8.1- 8.9 (8.6); tarsus, 24.1-24.9 (24.4); middle toe, 18.3.’ Young.—Unitorm dull black, except lesser wing-coverts, which are light buffy yellow or yellowish buff, the middle coverts partly of the same color. finmature.—Similar to adults, but yellow wing-patch more or less broken posteriorly by spots or blotches of black. Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. (Island of St. Thomas?) Agelaius chrysopterus ViEttLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 539 part (St. Thomas, W. I.); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 713, part.—Gunp acs, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 211 (Porto Rico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 177 (Porto Rico). Agelxus chrysopterus SUNDEVALL, Céfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Férh., 1869, 597 (Porto Rico). [Ageleus] chrysopterus ScLaTer and Sa.vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37 (Porto Rico). Icterus xanthomus Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 181 (‘‘Mexico;’’ coll. P. L. Sclater).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 168 (Porto Rico).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 254 (Porto Rico). Hyphantes xanthomus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 63 (monogr.; Porto Rico; St. Thomas ?). Agelzus xanthomus SciatER, Ibis, 1884, 12 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus,, xi, 1886, 343. [Agelzus] xanthomus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Agelaius «xanthomus Cory, Auk, iii, Apr., 1886, 221; Birds W. I., 1889, 108; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892 14, 110, 132 (Porto Rico; accidental on Mona I.). Genus NESOPSAR Sclater. Nesopsar Scuater, Ibis, i, Oct., 1859, 457, footnote. (Type, Iclerus nigerrimus Osburn. ) Rather small, uniformly black Icteride with the bill longer than the head, narrowly wedge-shaped, the wing about three times as long as the culmen, rounded, the tail about two-thirds as long as the wing, even, the tarsus about one-fourth as long as the wing. Bill longer than head, slender-conical or narrowly wedge-shaped, compressed, acute, with straight outlines, its basal depth about one- third the culmen, or less, its basal width less than the depth; culmen straight, flattened, the flattened surface widening gradually toward 1 4 y . I'wo specimens. * Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 345 base, where terminating in an obtuse point at a distance posterior to the nostrils which about equals the basal width of the mandible; com- missure straight, or nearly so, to beyond nostrils, where deflexed to the rictus. Nostril on lateral median line of maxilla, nearly circular, with overhanging membrane (narrower anteriorly), its posterior edge touching feathering of frontal antia. Wing moderate or rather short (more than three times as long as culmen, about four times as long as tarsus), the tip moderately produced (longest primaries exceeding secondaries by between one-half and two-thirds the length of culmen); outermost (ninth) primary equal to fourth or intermediate between fifth and fourth; seventh and sixth longest, the eighth but little shorter; inner webs of outer primaries not perceptibly sinuated. Tail a little more than two-thirds as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices broad, but not widened terminally as in Aye/azus, the lateral ones with inner web more than three times as wide as the outer. Tarsus decidedly shorter than culmen, slightly less than one-fourth as long as wing, its anterior scutella distinct on inner but indistinct on outer side; middle toe, with claw, slightly longer than tarsus; claws of lateral toes reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux shorter than lateral toes but much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit; all the claws strongly curved, acute. Coloration.—Uniform black, in both sexes. Range.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) NESOPSAR NIGERRIMUS (Osburn). OSBURN'S BLACKBIRD. Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely uniform glossy blue-black; bill, legs, and feet black, the former sometimes brownish basally. Adult male.—Length (skins), 175.3-185.4 (180.3); wing, 99.6-101.6 (100.6); tail, 73.2-74.2 (73.7); culmen, from base, 26.7-30.5 (28.5); depth of bill at base, 9.7; tarsus, 22.6-23.4 (22.9); middle toe, 16.5-17.8 (17). Adult female.—Length (skins), 158.8-177.8 (171.5); wing, 94.5-97.8 (95.5); tail, 63.5-71.9 (68.8); culmen, from base, 25.1-26.7 (25.7); depth of bill at base, 9.7-9.9 (9.9); tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 17.3.’ Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. [Icterus ?] nigerrimus OspuRN, Zoologist, 1859, 6661, in text (Jamaica; coll. P. L. Sclater). Nesopsar le Scuater, Ibis, i, Oct., 1859, 457, footnote; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 74; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 353.—Axprecut, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 197.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 299.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 223 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 110 (do); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 130.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 178. 1 Two specimens. ? Three specimens. 346 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Nesopsar] nigerrimus ScLaTER and Sayin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. N[esopsar] nigerrimus Newton (E. and A.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 103. Agelaius nigerrimus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 12 (monogr.).— PEuzELn, Ibis, 1873, 28. Ageleus nigerrimus ScuaTER, Ibis, 1884, 14 (monogy.). Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. Xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, June 15, 1850, 431. (Type, Icterus icterocephalus Bonaparte, = I. xanthocephalus Bonaparte. ) Medium-sized terrestrial and paludicoline Icteridee, with bill decid- edly shorter than head; wing long and pointed (nearly seven times as long as culmen, the ninth or eighth primary longest); tarsus nearly one-fourth as long as wing; middle toe with claw nearly as long as tarsus, the lateral toes with their claws reaching beyond base of middle claw, the claws long and not strongly curved; color black or dusky, with more or less of yellow on chest (adult male with head and neck yellow also and with a white patch on wing). Bill decidedly shorter than head, stout-conical, compressed, with nearly straight outlines, its basal depth about equal to distance from nasal fosse to tip of maxilla, its basal width much less; culmen straight, flattened, the basal end elevated and slightly arched; gonys straight or very slightly convex, slightly shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly straight to behind nostril, where strongly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril pyriform-oval (obtusely pointed ante- riorly), overhung by a very broad and prominent horny operculum, its posterior end in contact with the feathering of the frontalantiea. Wing long (nearly seven times as long as culmen), long-tipped (primaries exceeding secondaries by about twice the length of the culmen), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary usually longest, the eighth and seventh, successively, but little shorter, the former sometimes equal to the ninth, rarely a little longer; inner webs of four outer primaries slightly sinuated near tips. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, slightly rounded or double-rounded, the rectrices rather hard and stiff; outer web of lateral rectrix very narrow in middle portion, widening subter- minally. Tarsus more than twice as long as bill from nostril, nearly one-fourth as long as wing, rather slender, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe with claw reaching beyond base of middle claw, the inner longer, with its claw reaching to middle of middle claw; hallux nearly as long as outer toe, decidedly stouter, its claw nearly as long as the digit, rather slender, and not strongly curved; anterior claws not strongly curved. Coloration.—Adult male black with head, neck, and chest yellow, the wing with a white patch; adult female and young dusky with under parts more or less streaked, the chest with more or less yellow. Range.—Western and central temperate North America. (Mono- typic.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 347 XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS (Bonaparte). YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, and chest yellow or orange (varying from canary yellow to almost cadmium orange, rarely to saturn red); lores, orbital region, anterior portion of malar region, and chin black; rest of plumage uniform black, relieved by a white patch on the wing, involving the primary coverts (except their tips and shafts) and portions of the outermost greater coverts; anal region yellow or orange; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but yellow or orange of pileum and hindneck obscured (sometimes almost con- cealed) by dusky tips to the feathers. Adult female in summer.—General color dusky grayish brown or sooty; no white on wings; a more or less distinct superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat dull whitish, usually more or less tinged with yellow, passing into light yellow (naples yellow or buff-yellow) on chest; breast broadly streaked with white; anal tuft yellowish; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but super- ciliary stripe and cheeks (malar region) dull buff-yellowish; chin and throat duller whitish; chest deeper yellow (ocher yellow), and white streaks on breast less distinct; bill dusky brownish, paler on mandible, especially basally. Inmature male, first winter.—Similar to the winter female, but larger; general color darker (nearly black on pileum, auriculars, and orbital region); superciliary stripe deeper ocher yellow; malar region, chin, and throat chrome yellow, and chest dull cadmium yellow or orange-ochraceous; no white streaks on breast; primary coverts nar- rowly tipped with white. (In following spring and summer similar, but -yellow of chest, etc., purer, pileum, etc., blacker, and primary coverts without white tips.) Young (first plumage).—Head, neck, and chest pale cinnamon or dull ochraceous-buff, paler (dull whitish) on chin and throat; pileum with a median stripe of dusky; rest of plumage mostly dusky, the feathers (especially wing-coverts and tertials) more or less distinctly margined with pale cinnamon or dull tawny; breast more or less ‘streaked with dull whitish; median line of breast and abdomen and thighs dull whitish. Nestling.—General color plain cinnamon or cinnamon-buff (varying to clay color), much paler on under parts of body, where sometimes . inclining to dull whitish; on the back, scapulars, and rump the buffy or cinnamomeous color more or less broken by dusky bases to the feathers; edge of wing whitish; greater wing-coverts very broadly tipped with whitish or pale cinnamon-buffy; primary-coverts more narrowly tipped with whitish; bill brownish; legs and feet light-colored (flesh color in life?). 348 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 218.4-256.5 (242.3); wing, 135.1-145.5 (141.2); tail, 93-108.5 (102.6); culmen, from base, 21.1-25.1 (22.9); depth of bill at base, 11.9-18.2 (12.4); tarsus, 33.3-37.1 (35.8); middle toe, 23.4-26.2 (24.6).} Adult female.—Length (skins), 190.5-210.8 (204.7); wing, 110-117.9 (118.8); tail, 78.7-87.6 (81.8); culmen, from base, 19.6-21.1 (20.3); depth of bill at base, 9.9-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 29.7-31.5 (80.5); middle toe, 20.3-22.1 (21.1).? More open districts of western and central North America; north to southern British Columbia, Assiniboia, Athabasca, Keewatin (to about 58° 30’), and Manitoba; breeding east to the prairie sloughs of the upper Mississippi Valley, as far as northeastern Illinois (Cook and Lake counties), northwestern Indiana (Lake County), southwestern Michigan (7), southern Wisconsin, etc.; breeding southward to Ari- zona, New Mexico, and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras), probably to northern Mexico in general; in winter southward over the greater part of Mexico, as far as States of Sinaloa (Culiacan, Mazatlan, Pre- sidio), Jalisco (Lake Chapala, Mesquitic), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Tlaxcala (Laguna del Rosario), and Puebla (Chietla, Huehuetlan, San Martin Texmelucan). Accidental straggler to Ontario (Toronto, several records), Quebec (Godbout), Maine (Spruce Head), Massachu- setts (Watertown), Connecticut (Hartford), Pennsylvania (Allegheny County, Meadville), West Virginia (Upshur County), Maryland (Anne Arundel County), District of Columbia, South Carolina (Chester County), Florida, Cuba, and even to Greenland (Nenortalik, Septem- ber 2, 1820). Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1826, 223 (western North America, also South America); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 52.—Avupuson, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 6, pl. 388. 1 Eleven specimens. *Seven specimens. Specimens from the Mississippi Valley have, as a rule, the head, neck, and chest paler yellow (never orange?) than those from west of the Rocky Mountains, though the series examined is much too small to show whether the difference is constant or not. Measurements of the two series compare as follows: ‘Culmen, Depth . Locality. Wing. | Tail. |. (of bill) Tarsus. a base. . MALES. Five adult males from Mississippi Valley ......... 140 101.1 22,1 18 36.3 24.4 Six adult males from Utah, California, etc ........ 142 108.9 22.9 12.2 35.6 24.6 FEMALES. Two adult females from North Dakota............ 114.8 80 19.6 10.4 30 a1 Five adult females from Utah and southern Cali- PORN oo cis cic ole jas siereevewexe tease teeveeceaxa dace 113.3 | 82.3 20.6 10.4 | 30,7] 208 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 349 Agelaius wanthocephalus Swarnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 281 (n. to 58°).—Bonaparre, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 29.—AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 140; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 24, pl. 213.—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 326 (New Mexico).—Woopxouvss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 80.—Nzwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. vi, 1857, 86 (Sacramento Valley, Pitt R., and Klamath lakes, n. California).—HErrrmAnn, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey., x, pt. vi, 1859, 52 (California; Fort Inge, Texas).—Maxmu11an, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 261 (upper Missouri R.).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 11 (monogr.; near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, several).—Txirre, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota). Ageliaus xanthrocephalus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 204. . X[anthocephalus] xanthocephalus JorDAN, Man. Vert., ed. 4, 1884, 92.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 368. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Rrpcway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 356.—AmEnican OrniTHoLogists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 497.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222 (Cuba; references); Birds W. I., 1889, 109 (Cuba).— Frerrari-Pergz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Chietla, Huehuetlan, and San Martin Texmelucan, Puebla, Dec., Jan., May; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Jan., Oct.)—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222; Birds W. I., 1889, 109 (Cuba, 1 spec.) Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (Assiniboia and Red R. valleys, Manitoba, summer).—Treat, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (near Hartford, Connecticut, 1 spec., July).—Ripeway, Auk, iv, 1887, 256 (Spruce Head, Maine, 1 spec., Noy.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 312.—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 22 (Tucson, Florence, etc., Arizona, fall, winter, and spring).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 162 (localities, dates, etc.).— Warren (H.B.), Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 212 (near Philadelphia, 1 spec.; Meadville, Crawford Co., 1 pair, Mar. 25, 1890).— Rives, Birds Virginias, 1890, 70 (near Buckhannon, Upshur Co., West Vir- ginia, 1 spec., spring 1888).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding ).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 571 (Mani- toba localities, habits; notes).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 396 (summer resid.).—Hassprouck, Auk, x, 1893, 92 (District Columbia, 1 spec., Aug. 29, 1892).—Norron, Auk, x, 1893, 302 (Metinac I., Knox Co., Maine, 1 spec., Aug. 17, 1882); xi, 1894, 78 (do.)—Nurtine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, no. 3, 1893, 274 (Chemawawin, lower Saskatchewan, abundant).—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 446, pl. 6, figs. 10-12 (eggs).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 248, pl. 29, fig. 3.—Burner, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. for 1891, 165 (Lake Co., Indiana); Birds Indiana, 1897, 892 (Lake Co., breeding).—Knicat, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 86 (Spruce Head, Knox Co., Maine, 1 spec., Aug. 17, 1882).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312 (Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, 1 spec., Apr. 26, 1895).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (Chilliwack, British Columbia).—BryeEr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (s. w. Louisiana, winter resid. ). Xantocephalus xantocephalus Reser, Proc. Md. Ac. Sci., 1891, 139 (near Curtis Bay, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland, 1 spec., Sept. 10, 1890). Icterus icterocephalus (not of Daudin, 1800, ex Oriolus icterocephalus Linnzus) Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1835, 27, pl. 3 (Rocky Mts.).—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1882, 170; 2d ed., 1840, 187. Algelaius] icterocephalus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 188. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Serv., ix, 1858, 531; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 18 (Nuevo Leon; El Paso, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 404.—Sciatsr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 136; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (valley of Mexico).—Gunpxacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 178 (Cuba, 1 spec.); 1874, 183 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 288.—Atten, Am. Nat. iii, 1869, 636 (Watertown, Massachusetts); Bull. 3850 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 178 (Kansas, Utah); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 498 (Iowa), 518 (n. Hlinois).—Covrs, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 195-200 (biography); Check List, 1873, no. 213; 2d ed., 1882, no. 319; Birds N. W., 1874, 188.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 267.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (e. Kansas, breeding).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 167, pl. 32, fig. 9; pl. 33, fig. 9. Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—NewrTon, Man. N. H. Greenland, 1875, 99 (Nenortalik, 1 spec., Sept. 2, 1820).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 442 (Massachusetts, accidental).—Rrpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 502 (Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 260.—Srnnetr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 24 (Hidalgo, s. Texas, winter resid.).—MerriLt, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).—Gusss, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 487 (s. w. Michigan, breeding? ).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Godbout, prov. Quebec, 1 spec., Sept. 1878).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 137.—Brxpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546 (San José del Cabo, Lower California).—Loomis, Auk, i, 1884, 293 (Chester, South Carolina, 1 spec., Apr. 18, 1884); ii, 1885, 192 (do.).—Seton, Auk, ii, 1885, 334 (Toronto, Ontario, several records).— Fsiupen, Ibis, 1889, 489 (Barbados, Lesser Antilles).—Cory, Cat. Birds W. I., 1892, 110, 146 (Cuba; Barbados). [Xanthocephalus] icterocephalus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 156.—Scuater and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14 (Cuba). X[anthocephalus] icterocephalus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111 (n. e. Illinois, summer resid. ).—Covzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 404. Agelaus longipes Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, no. 6, June, 1827, 436 (table- land of Mexico; coll. Bullock Mus. ). Xanthocephalus longipes ScuaTER, Ibis, 1884, 14 (monogr.; Presidio, near Mazat- lan, etc.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 350.—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 455. Ps[{arocolius] perspicillatus W AGLER, Isis, 1829, 753 (ex Icterus perspicillatus Lichten- stein, manuscript). [ Xanthocephalus] perspicillatus BoNaParTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 431. Ageleus perspicillatus Rerinnarpr, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Nenortalik, Greenland; 1 spec., Sept. 2, 1820). Icterus frenatus LIcHTENSTEIN, Isis, 1843, 60 (Greenland).—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Greenland).—Reinuarpr, Vid. Med. for 1853 (1854), 82 (Greenland). Genus LEISTES Vigors. Leistes Vicors, Zool. Journ., ii, no. vi, July, 1825, 191. (Type, Oriolus americanus Gmelin, = Emberiza militaris Linneeus.) Pedotribes! Casants, Mus. Hein., i, Sept. 10, 1851, 191. (Type, Oriolus guian- ensis Linneeus, = E'mberiza militaris Linnzeus. ) Rather small terrestrial Icteride with short conical ‘bill, short tail, rather long, pointed wings, and long legs, the under parts with more or less of red. Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, acute, its depth at, base much more than one-half the length of culmen (nearly equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), its basal width more than 1“Von @edorp1f7s, den Erdboden hiufig betretend.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 351 one-half the length of culmen; culmen nearly straight but elevated and decidedly arched basally, faintly depressed in middle portion and slightly decurved terminally, the top broad and rounded; gonys straight, shorter than maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium nearly straight, but faintly concave anteriorly and convex in middle, the ric- tal portion very strongly and rather abruptly deflexed; mandibular tomium nearly straight for terminal half, then arched and strongly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril rather large, triangular (obtusely pointed anteriorly), overhung by a prominent and conspicuous con- vex horny operculum, the posterior end touching feathers of frontal antie. Wing moderate (nearly five times as long as culmen, more than three times as long as tarsus), the tip well produced (projecting for more than length of culmen but less than length of tarsus), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary longest, the eighth, seventh, and sixth, suc- cessively, but little shorter; inner webs of two outer primaries slightly sinuated; longest tertial projecting decidedly beyond secondaries. Tail short (about five-eighths as long as wing), even, the rectrices rigid, broad, with extreme tip more or less pointed, with aculeate tips of the shafts slightly projecting. Tarsus long (more than half as long again as culmen, nearly one-third as long as wing), slender, the anterior scu- tella distinct; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus; outer toe with claw falling far short of base of middle claw, the inner slightly longer but with claw still falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long as inner toe (longer than outer), much stouter, its claw nearly as long as the digit, rather slender, strongly arched, acute. Coloration.—Above blackish, or streaked and barred with brown and dusky; beneath with more or less of red. Range.—South America, from Argentina and southern Brazil to the Isthmus of Panama (Chiriqui). (Two species.) LEISTES MILITARIS (Linnzus). CAYENNE RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD. Adult male in breeding dress.—Uniform black, with traces (more or less distinct) of grayish brown bars on upper tail-coverts and rectrices and of lighter edgings on wing-feathers; throat, chest, breast, and upper portion of abdomen uniform rich vermilion red; bill black; legs and feet blackish brown. | Adult male after breeding season.—Similar to the above, but the black portions of the plumage broken by light brown or pale buffy grayish edgings, these most conspicuous on median line of pileum, back, scapulars, wings, and under tail-coverts; terminal portion of tertials, rectrices, and longer upper tail-coverts barred with brownish gray; bill horn brown, the mandible paler; legs and feet horn brown. Adult female in breeding dress.— Above black, broken by pale butty brownish edges to feathers, producing rather broad streaks on back, 352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. scapulars, and hindneck; pileum with a distinct median stripe of pale grayish buffy streaks, the black lateral portions narrowly and indis- tinctly streaked with light olive-brownish; lesser wing-coverts broadly margined with brownish gray, the margins or edges of other wing- feathers more brown or buffy; rump grayish olive, broadly but not distinctly, streaked with dusky; terminal portion of secondaries and rectrices barred, more or less, with brownish gray; upper tail-coverts brownish gray narrowly barred with dusky; a broad superciliary stripe of dull buffy; a blackish postocular streak; auricular region and sides of neck light buffy grayish brown, the latter streaked with blackish; chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper part of abdomen plain light wood brown or dull brownish buff, the breast and abdomen tinged with pink- ish red; lower abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts light buffy olive, broadly streaked with dusky, the last also narrowly barred with the same; under wing-coverts uniform sooty black; edge of wing, particu- larly the carpal region, pinkish red. Adult female after breeding scason.—Similar to the preceding, but paler markings of upper parts broader (the blackish streaks corre- spondingly narrower), and the color more brown; general color of under parts rather deeper, with dusky streaks on flanks, etc., narrower; under wing-coverts dusky grayish. Young.—Somewhat like post-nuptial adult female, but chest and sides streaked with dusky." Adult male.—Length (skins), 187.2-194.3 (170.4); wing, 88.9-99.1 (95); tail, 48.8-67.8 (55.4); culmen, from base, 19.8-22.9 (20.3); depth of bill at base, 10-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 27.9-39.8 (30.5); middle toe, 20.6-23.5 (22.1). Adult female.-—Length (skins), 165.1-170.2 (167.4); wing, 83.8-89.9 (86.1); tail, 58.3-61 (57.2); culmen, from base, 17.8-19.3 (18.5); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 10.4; tarsus, 28.2-30.5 (29); middle toe, 19.6-22.4 (20.6).° 1 The single young bird seen by me has partly assumed the adult plumage. ? Kighteen specimens. 3 Five specimens. Adult males from different localities average as follows: Locality, Wing.| Tail, |“from’”| of bill | Tareus,| Middle base. | at base. Two adult males from Chiriqui and Panama ..... 91.4 56.6 19.8 11.9 29.7 21.8 One adult male from Bogota, Colombia........... 93.5 BBE | rujctrcaicia 19:9 27.9 21.1 Two adult males from eastern Peru and Rio Madeital cc occ. sntels dunce Fodeenaesieecsesese 94.2] 58.7 21.6 1.2} 30.7] 226 Five adult males from lower Amazon............. 98.8 63.8 22.1 12.2 31.8 22.6 Five adult males from ‘Cayenne and British GUAM Assis saci yaaa neice oe Sees veee: eae Sede oss 95 60.2 21.6 w.9} 30.5] 221 Three adult males from Trinidad ................. 91.9} 54.4 20.8 i.2] 29.2] 21 While considerable differences in measurements are thus indicated, I am unable to detect any local variation in plumage, at least among adult males. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 853 Amazon Valley (Santarem, Pard, Mexiana, etc., Brazil; Xeberos, eastern Peru) and northward through Cayenne, British Guiana (Roraima; Demerara), Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia (Bogota), and Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill; Panama) to Chiriqui (Mina de Chorcha; David); western Ecuador (Guayaquil). [Emberiza] militaris Linn mvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 178 (based on Turdus ater, pectore coccineo. Mus. Adol. Friderici, i, 1754, 18; ‘‘America’’). [Tanagra] militaris Linnmvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 316.—Gmaz.in, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 895.—Latnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 431. Agelaius militaris ViErLior, Gal. Vis., ii, 1834, 128, pl. 88. Ps[arocolius] militaris WaGuER, Syst. Av., 1827, Psarocolius, sp. 11. Leistes militaris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 14 (monogr.; Bra- zil; Guiana; Trinidad).—Lénnpere, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Bd. 22, Afd., iv, no 1, 1896, 29 (crit. nomencl. ). [Oriolus] guianensis Linnxu., Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 162 (based on Jcterus guianensis Brisson, Orn., ii, 107).—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 388.— Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 179. [Trupialis] guianensis Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 430 (Guiana; Brazil).— Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras. iii, 1856, 260. P[edotribes] guianensis CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Sept., 1851, 191 (Guiana). Leistes guianensis ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 19 (Bogota, Colombia), 265 (Santarem, lower Amazon); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 138 (Cayenne; Trin- idad; Bogota); Ibis, 1884, 21 (monogr.); Cat. Birds-Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 348 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua; Panama; Bogota; Guayaquil, w. Ecuador; Trinidad; Roraima and Georgetown, British. Guiana; Cayenne; Mexiana I., lower Amazon; Rio Madeira; Cayutaba, Brazil).—Taytor, Ibis., 1864, 84 (Trinidad).—Sciater and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 573 (Para, lower Amazon), 750 (Xeberos, e. Peru); 1869, 252 (Venezuela); 1873, 267 Xeberos).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 176 (Veragua, Panama), 191 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua); Ibis, 1885, 218 (British Guiana).—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 576 (Trinidad).—Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 381 (Pard).—Taczanowsk!, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1884, 427.—A.uen, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 79 (Santarem, lower Amazon).—SaLvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 458 (Mina de Chorcha; Lion Hill, Panama’ R. R.).—Rixer and Cuapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 269 (Santarem).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 37 (Trinidad). [Leistes] guianensis ScuareR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38. [Oriolus] americanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 386 (based on Troupiale de Cayenne Buffon, Hist. Nat. des Ois., 3, 218, etc.).—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 178. Icterus americanus TemMincxk,. Cat. Syst., 1807, 47. (?) Xanthornus rubricollis Hann, Vogel aus Asien, etc., pt.v, 1819, pl. 2. Leistes erythrothorax ‘‘Natterer’’? Peuzey, Orn. Bras., iii, 1870, 197, 326 (Cuya- taba, Brazil; coll. Vienna Mus. ). (Leistes] erythrothoraxc ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 38. Leistes superciliaris (not Trupialis superciliaris Bonaparte) Forsss, Ibis, 1881, 339 (Cabo, n. e. Brazil; habits). Genus STURNELLA Vieillot. Sturnella Vrettiot, Analyse, 1816, 34. (Type, Alauda magna Linneus. ) Cirulus Brepow, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fir Natiirg., drit. jahrg., erster band, 1837, 413, in text. (Type, C. pratensis Bredow, = Sturnella meridionalis Sclater. ) Pedopsaris Guoaur, Handbuch, 1842, 292. (Type, Alauda magna Linnzus. ) 3654—voL 2—01 23 354 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mediun:-sized terrestrial Icteride with long, slender, bill, short tail with pointed rectrices, and long legs and toes, the plumage much streaked and barred above, more or less yellow beneath, the lateral rectrices partly white. Bill about as long as head (or slightly shorter or longer), narrowly wedge-shaped, acute and depressed at tip, its basal depth about one- third the culmen or a little more, its basal depth slightly less; culmen nearly straight, but faintly convex terminally, straight or slightly depressed in middle, more or less elevated and arched basally, flat- tened, especially between the frontal antiz, where distinctly ridged lat- erally; gonys straight, or slightly concave terminally, slightly shorter than maxilla from nostril; commissure nearly or quite straight to much behind nostril, then strongly and rather abruptly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril ovate, obtusely pointed anteriorly, overhung by a prominent thick horny operculum, its posterior end in contact with feathering of the ‘frontal antize. Wing moderate or rather short (about three to three and a half times as long as culmen, about two and a half to nearly three times as long as tarsus), its tip rather short (less than length of culmen) but pointed; outermost (ninth) pri- mary equal to or longer than sixth, rarely slightly shorter, sometimes longest, the ninth to the sixth longest (these nearly equal); inner web of four outer primaries faintly sinuated; longest tertial projecting decidedly beyond secondaries. Tail short (between two-thirds and three-fourths as long as wing), rounded, the rectrices rigid, narrowed terminally, the two or three middle pairs pointed and more or less acuminate. Tarsus long (much longer than culmen, nearly or quite one-third as long as wing), rather stout, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe with claw falling much short of base of middle claw; the inner toe slightly longer, but its claw still not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux longer than lateral toes, slender, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; all the claws rather slender, not very strongly curved. Coloration.—Above brownish, conspicuously streaked and barred with blackish; under parts with more or less of yellow, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts streaked with dusky; lateral rectrices partly white; adults with a black shield-shaped or crescentic patch on chest. fange.—Temperate and tropical North America; South America north of Amazon Valley; Cuba. (Three species.) Examination of a very large series of meadowlarks from that portion of the United States east of the Great Plains, representing prac- tically all parts of that extensive region, reveals a very decided varia- tion in size and coloration according to climatic areas, specimens from the extreme South being decidedly smaller, in all their measurements, and darker in color than those from northern localities. The change is such a gradual one, however, that the satisfactory definition of two BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 365 or more forms becomes a matter of extreme difficulty. The first formal separation of a southern form was made by Mr. Outram Bangs, who named a Florida subspecies Stwrnella magna arqutula,' all represent- atives of the species from eastward of the range of 8. neglecta, except- ing those from the peninsula of Florida, being referred to 8. magna magna. Mr. Frank M. Chapman has more recently reviewed the subject,” and concludes, regarding the status of S. a. wrgutulu, that ‘if the application of this name be restricted to the isolated Florida bird, it may prove a convenient means of expressing the slight differ- entiation which that form exhibits. If, however, as its proposer sug- gests, it be applied to the Gulf Coast and Mississippi Valley specimens, it will only result in the confusion which always follows our attempts to definitely name differences which do not definitely exist.” With much the same material as that upon which Mr. Chapman based his conclusions, and many additional specimens, I find myself unable to agree with him. In the first place, the Florida birds are not isolated, the range of the species being quite continuous; in the second, the breeding birds from the coast district of Louisiana show the characters of Florida birds carried still farther—that is, they are both smaller and darker; again, breeding birds from the southern portions of Illinois and Indiana (within the limits of the Austroriparian or Lower Austral life-zone) are far more similar in size and coloration to those from the extreme South than they are to those from New England and the east- ern Middle States. In short, if the species be subdivided at all within the eastern or humid division of the Austral life-zone, the questions to be decided are (1) how many divisions are necessary or desirable, and (2) where the geographic line or lines separating their breeding ranges should be drawn. After considering these questions very carefully in all their bearings I have arrived at the conclusion that to recognize two forms, corresponding in their breeding ranges with the Transition and Upper Austral zones on the one hand, and, essentially, the Lower Aus- tral on the other, would better express the facts. It is true, necessarily, that within each of these two geographic areas there is considerable local variation, but this is comparatively insignificant. It is also true that Florida specimens are not appreciably different within the Lower Aus- tral and Tropical divisions of the peninsula, respectively, and that specimens from the extreme western portions of the humid division of the Lower Austral zone (in southeastern Texas) are so much different from those of other parts of that faunal area as to merit recognition as a third form, this also extending southward into the Tropical zone in northeastern Mexico; consequently the respective ranges of these two Southern forms do not coincide absolutely with the limits of faunal areas. 1Proc. New England Zool. Club, i, Feb. 28, 1899, 19-21. (The Florida birds had previously been referred by Mr. Chapman to 8. m. mexicana.) ‘A Study of the Genus Sturnella. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xiii, article xxii, 297-320, (Author’s edition published Dec. 31, 1900.) 356 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The construction of an analytical ‘‘ key” to the various recognizable forms of Sturnella isa most difficult matter, the differences being purely comparative, and therefore not easy to tabulate. The following attempt is far from satisfactory as a means of certain identification, but may be of help in the determination of specimens. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF STURNELLA. a. Breast, etc., bright yellow, relieved by a crescentic or horseshoe-shaped jugular patch of black. (Adults. ) b. Yellow of throat confined between the maxille, or if extending over lower edge of the latter the upper parts dark colored, with broad and conspicuous black stripes. c. Largerand paler; wing averaging 117 or more in males, 106 or more in females. d. Larger, with upper parts browner and yellow of under parts lighter (lemon or gamboge); wing averaging 122.4 in male, 107.4 infemale. (Transition and Upper Austral life-zones of eastern North America.) Sturnella magna magna (p. 357) dd. Smaller, with upper parts grayer and yellow of under parts deeper (slightly orange); wing averaging 117.1 in male, 106.4 in female. (Western por- tion of Lower Austral life-zone, from coast of Texas to southern Arizona and northern Sonora.)......---------- Sturnella magna hoopesi (p. 361) cc. Smaller and darker; wing averaging less than 117 in males, less than 100 in females. d. Larger; wing averaging more than 110 in males, 98 or more in females. e. Wing shorter, tail and bill longer; yellow of under parts lighter, more lemon or gamboge (asin S.m. magna); auricular region grayish, dis- tinctly streaked; male with wing averaging 111.8, culmen 32.8, tarsus 41.4; female with wing averaging 99.1, culmen 28.7, tarsus 38.3. (Humid portion of Lower Austral life-zone, from Florida to Louisiana and southern I]linois.)....-..--...------- Sturnella magna argutula (p. 360) ee. Wing longer, tail and bill shorter; yellow of under parts deeper, more orange (as in S. m. hoopesi); auricular region buffy white, less streaked; male with wing averaging 116.1, culmen 30.9, tarsus 40.9; female with wing averaging 98, culmen 30.5, tarsus 37.1. (Plateau districts of cen- tral and southern Mexico and Guatemala. ) Sturnella magna mexicana (p. 362) dd. Smaller; wing averaging 103.6 in male, 94.5 in female. (Coloration as in S. m. mexicana, but upper parts browner.) (Coast district of Vera Cruz and southward to Veragua.)....... Sturnella magna inexpectata (p. 364) bb. Yellow of throat covering more or less of malar region; upper parts paler and grayer, more barred than striped. ce. Larger, with broader black jugular shield; male with wing averaging 125, tail 75.7; female with wing averaging 110.7, tail 65.8. (Western United States and northern Mexico.) -............----- Sturnella neglecta (p. 365) ce. Smaller, with narrower black jugular shield; male with wing averaging 102.1, tail 65.8; female with wing averaging 93.7, tail 60.2. (Cuba.) Sturnella hippocrepis (p. 368) aa. Breast, etc., pale yellow, without any black jugular shield, the latter replaced by dusky spotting. (Young. !) 'The young of but few of the forms are represented among the specimens examined; consequently a ‘‘key’’ for their determination is not attempted. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 857 STURNELLA MAGNA MAGNA (Linnzus). MEADOWLARK. Adult male in summer.—Pileum with a narrow median stripe of pale dull buffy or dull buffy white, separating two broad stripes of black, streaked narrowly with brown or brownish gray, these streaks some- times obsolete on forehead; a broad superciliary stripe, lemon yellow from nostril to above eye, the remaining portion dull buffy white; a narrow postocular stripe of black; lores, malar region, and auricular region dull grayish white, the last indistinctly streaked with grayish; sides of neck dull grayish white, usually more or less tinged with buff, narrowly streaked with black, the hindneck pale brownish buffy with broader streaks of black; scapulars and interscapulars broadly black medially, more or less broadly edged and tipped with brown (wood brown, isabella color, or sometimes almost cinnamon), but this passing on extreme edges and tip into buffy whitish or pale buff, producing distinct narrow streaks; rump and upper tail-coverts buffy, broadly streaked with black, these black streaks broader on upper rump, those on upper tail-coverts with serrated margins; middle pair of rectrices black medially, pale brownish gray or grayish brown laterally, the black median portion more or less deeply serrated on the margins, rarely forming isolated bars; second and third (sometimes fourth) rectrices (counting from middle) with outer webs serrated with pale brownish gray or grayish brown along edge, black next to shaft, their inner webs chiefly dull black or dusky indistinctly barred or serrated with paler; three outermost rectrices extensively white, the outermost (sometimes the one next to it also) almost entirely white, and sometimes the fourth rectrix (counting from outside) with more or less of white on inner web; lesser wing-coverts dusky centrally, broadly margined with gray, those toward bend of wing tinged with yellow; middle coverts similar, but with the broad gray margin more brownish; greater coverts light buffy grayish brown (broccoli brown or inclining to isabella color), edged with paler, their inner webs mostly uniform dusky and outer webs barred (but not entirely across) with the same; secondaries similar in coloration to the greater coverts, the tertials usually with the black forming a large central irregular patch, but sometimes broken into regular and widely separated trans- verse lines or bars; primaries dusky grayish, the outermost broadly edged with white, the rest with outer webs broadly and more or less ser- rately edged with light grayish brown or gray; primary coverts similar in coloration to primaries, but more edged with white; alule black or dusky margined with pale gray or grayish brown; chin whitish; throat, breast, and abdomen bright lemon yellow; a broad crescent of black on chest, the extremities of which are confluent with a black postmalar spot; sides of breast white broadly streaked with black, the sides and 858 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. flanks similar, but more or less tinged with buff and with black streaks rather narrower; under tail-coverts pale buffy or buffy white, nar- rowly streaked with black; thighs plain buff or buffy white, sometimes with a few very narrow streaks of dusky; under wing-coverts. white, becoming yellow along edge of wing; maxilla black or dusky, edged with paler; mandible grayish in dried skin (pale grayish blue in life) with tip dusky; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish in dried skins, pale pinkish gray in life. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but with less black and more brown above, the tips of the scapulars and interscapu- lars broadly tipped with brown, laigely covering the black portion of the feathers; blackish lateral stripes of pileam more broadly streaked with brown, the median stripe more buffy; flanks, under tail-coverts, etc., more buffy. Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male, but much smaller; lateral stripes of pileum more broadly streaked with brown, the post- ocular stripe brown streaked with black, instead of uniform black; sides of head and neck more buffy; black jugular crescent relatively smaller, the feathers usually more or less tipped with light grayish; yellow of throat, breast, etc., rather duller. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but browner above, with the black spots on back and scapulars more concealed, and the white parts more buffy. Young.—Above much like adults, but the scapulars, interscapulars, and tertials margined terminally with whitish or buffy; head-stripes less sharply defined, the superciliary stripe dull buffy throughout; yellow of breast, etc., very pale and dull, changing gradually into the buffy of sides, flanks, etc., the latter much less distinctly or sharply streaked; black jugular crescent wanting, but in its place a cluster of dusky spots or flecks occupying approximately the same area. Adult male.—Length (skins), 215.9-255 (235.5); wing, 114.3-129 (129.4); tail, 67.6-86.4 (78.7); culmen, from base, 30.7-36.8 (34.3); tarsus, 38.9-46.2 (41.9); middle toe, 27.2-32.3 (80.2). Adult female.—Length (skins), 190.5-215.9 (202.9); wing, 104.6- 113.8 (107.4); tail, 65.8-73.7 (67.6); culmen, from base, 26.9-31.5 (30); tarsus, 36.1-40.6 (37.8); middle toe, 25.4-80 (27.2).” 1 Twenty-one specimens, the average according to locality being as follows: Culmen aes : Locality. Wing.| Tail. | from | Tarsus. oe base. : Seven adult males from New England States ............--- 123.2] 80.3 35.3} 41.9) 30.5 Fourteen adult males from castern Middle States........... 121.9 78 33.8 41.9 80.2 Nine adult males from upper Mississippi Valley ............ 118.1 75.2 33.5 40.4 28.5 (Nearly all of the above breeding birds. ) * Kight specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 859 [Alauda] magna Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 167 (Carolinas; hased on Alauda magna Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 33, pl. 33); ed. 12, i, 1766, 289.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 801. Alauda magna Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 20, pl. 19. Sturnella magna Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 535; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 406.—Haypen, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, xii, 1862, 169.—VeERRILL, Proc. Essex Jnst., iii, 1862, 157 (s. Maine, summer).—Buax- iston, Ibis., 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, Apr. 15).—ALLEN, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 496 (Iowa, etc.).—Trippx, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1872, 239 (Iowa).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 118 (England, escaped ).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8; ed. 3, 1875, 8 (summer resident).— Gentry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 98 (habits).—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 174, pl. 34, fig. 2.—Mzarns, Bull. Nutt..Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 36 (Fishkill, New York, winter).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 263; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 316, colored plate (frontis- piece).—CHaAmBERLAIN, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunsw., no. 1, 1882, 41 (New Brunswick, rare summer resident).—Know.ton, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 182 (Middlebury, Vermont, Dec. 9).—Laneriie, Our Birds in their Haunts, 1884, 84, 85 (habits; song).—BickneL1, Auk, ii, 1885, 250 (song).—ScuatTer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358, part.— AMERICAN OrnirHovoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 501, part.—THompson, Trans. Canad. Inst., i, 1890, 3 (Toronto, Ontario, Jan., Feb. ).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 400 (abundant in e. and middle, rare in w. Kansas).—Braz, Year- book U. 8. Dept. Agric. for 1895, 420-426, fig. 110 (food, etc. ).—NEnruina, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 159, pl. 29, fig. 5. Knieut, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 87 (rare summer resident).—Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Muskoka and Port Sydney, n. Ontario, summer).—Brewster, Auk, xviii, 1901, 194 (Rangely, Maine, 1 spec., Apr. 21). S[turnella] magna Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 372. [Sturnella magna] var. magna Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 172. [Sturnella magna] a. magna Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy). Sturnella magna magna Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, i, Feb. 28, 1899, 20, in text. (?) [Sturnus] ludovicianus Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 290 (‘‘ Louisiana;”’ based on Sturnus ludovicianus Brisson, Orn., ii, p. 449, pl. 41, fig. 1).—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 802.—Larxsam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 323. Sturnus ludovicianus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 180.—Nurt- TALL, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 147.—Aupupon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 216, part; v, 1839, 492, pl. 136. Sturnella ludoviciana Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 282.—AupuBon, Syn- opsis, 1839, 148, part (includes S. neglecta).—Scuater, Ibis, 1861, 177 (Suf- folk, England); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 30 (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 23 (monogr.).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 145 (Johnson Co., w. Missouri). [Sturnella] ludoviciana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 429. Cacicus alaudarius Dauptn, Traité d’ Orn., ii, 1800, 325 (based on Sturnus ludovi- cianus and Alauda magna Linneus). S[turnella] collaris Vieriuor, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 633 (cites Slurnus ludovicianus and Alauda magna Linneeus, etc. ). Sturnella collaris Virrttot, Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 134. Sturnus collaris WAGER, Syst. Ay., 1827, Sturnus, sp. 1, 360 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sturnella colaris VierLiot, Gal. Ois., i, 1834, pl. 90. [Sturnella magna.] a. Subsp. typica Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358, in list of specimens (District Columbia; New York; Illinois). STURNELLA MAGNA ARGUTULA Bangs. SOUTHERN MEADOWLARK. Similar to S. m. magna, but decidedly smaller and coloration darker; upper parts with relatively more black (this prevailing on back in breeding season), the brown markings deeper or more decidedly brown (varying from raw umber to mummy brown); yellow of under parts averaging deeper; white on lateral rectrices more restricted. Adult male.—Length (skins), 205.5-234.7 (219.2); wing, 104.6-118.9 (111.8); tail, 67.6-78.5 (72.9); culmen, from base, 30.5-35.1 (82.8); tarsus, 39.4-43.9 (41.4); middle toe, 27.4-31.8 (29.2).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 191.8-199.4 (197.1); wing, 95.3- 101.6 (99.1); tail, 60.2-67.1 (63); culmen, from base, 27.9-30.2 (28.7); tarsus, 36.3-40.6 (38.4); middle toe; 25.9-30.2 (27.4).” Lower Austral or Austroriparian life-zone of eastern United States, from Florida, the Carolinas (2), etc., to Louisiana, and north through lower Mississippi Valley to southeastern Illinois (Richland, Lawrence, and Wabash counties) and southwestern Indiana (Knox County).’ 1 Sixteen specimens. ? Fight specimens. Average measurements according to locality are as follows: 1 Culmen, . Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | Tarsus. Mode base. . MALES. Ten adult males from southern Florida....................- 112.5 73.4 32.5 41.7 29.7 Seven adult males (breeding) from coast of Louisiana. ..... 110.5 71.4 33.3 41.1 28.5 Eight adult males (breeding) from lower Wabash Valley...| 115.6 72.1 32.3 38.6 27.4 FEMALES. Five adult females from southern Florida ...........-...... 100.3 63.8 29 38.6 27.7 Three adult females from Louisiana ..............-.....---- 96.5 62 28.7 37.6 26.9 Two adult females from lower Wabash Valley.............. 103.1 62.5 29.5 35.8 27,2 5T feel compelled to refer to this form the meadow-larks breeding in the lower Wabash Valley, for the reason that they agree far more closely in size and coloration with Louisiana and Florida birds than they do with those from the upper Missis- sippi Valley, eastern Middle States, and other portions of the Upper Austral life-zone— those of the Transition zone being still more different. The measurements given above will, when compared with those of S. m. magna on page 358, clearly show their status as based on measurements. Regarding their coloration, it may be said that no difference worthy of consideration seems to exist when birds taken in the breed- ing season are compared (winter birds from the lower Mississippi Valley are unfor- tunately not available), though Florida specimens seem, as a rule, to have the black jugular crescent slightly narrower than others. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 361 Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnius ludovicianus Linneus) Auten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 288, excl. syn. (e. Florida; crit. ). Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linneeus) Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 87 (Okahumkee, Florida).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 139, part (Florida).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 105 (Louisiana, breeding). Sturnella magna mexicana (not Sturnella mexicana Sclater) Caapmay, Auk, v, 1888, 273 (Gainesville, Florida; crit.).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 320 (Tarpon Springs, etc., Florida; crit.).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 461, part. Sturnella magna argutula Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Soc., i, Feb. 28, 1899, 20 (Dunedin, Hillsboro Co., Florida; coll. E. A.and O. Bangs).—ALuen, Auk, xviii, 1901, 174 (republication of original descr. ). STURNELLA MAGNA HOOPESI Stone. TEXAS MEADOWLARK. Similar to S. m. magna, but yellow of under parts deeper even than in S. m. argutula, and of a slightly (sometimes decidedly) orange hue; coloration of upper parts paler, with black bars on tertials and middle rectrices more frequently isolated, as well as narrower; size of upper Mississippi Valley specimens of S. m. magna. Adult male.—Length (skins), 200.7-230.6 (215.6); wing, 113-126 (117.1); tail, 63.5-79.2 (72.4); culmen, from base, 30.2-35.6 (33.3); tarsus, 37.8-44.4 (41); middle toe, 24.1-33 (28.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 195.6-205.7 (200.1); wing, 100.3- 109.7 (106.4); tail, 64-73.7 (68.3); culmen, from base, 30.5-33.5 (31.7); tarsus, 36.8-39.4 (87.8); middle toe, 27.4-30.5 (28.7). Southeastern Texas and westward through Rio Grande Valley and southern New Mexico (San Luis Springs, Guadalupe Mountains, etc.) to southern Arizona (Calabasas, San Bernardino Ranch, Sachill, etc.); southward into Sonora (San Pedro, Cachuta, Nacory, Santa Cruz River, ete.), Chihuahua (San Diego), and Tamaulipas (also probably Coahuila and Nuevo Leon). ‘Twenty-seven specimens. * Nine specimens (all from Texas). Adult males from different localities average as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. /Culmen.|Tarsus. M Gale Eight adult males from Corpus Christi, Texas (measured by Tee RAGE NW yh a eA accha den ten tee de Mats che sls ree anv cet 116.8 | 74.9 84.8] 42.9 30.9 Eight adult males from other parts of Texas (measured by J.H. RUC YW) sehespesdts soiceessa ines wis oc esepised Sa ciaetersjerreysitaoece 116.6 73.9 33.8 40.6 28.2 Nine adult males from Mexican boundary (New Mexico ANGLATIZONAY 20 cule caedosdaseseecsnacucemsceedestuaeaay nes 119.2 69.6 32 39.9 26.7 Two adult males from southern Tamaulipas .............--- 116.1 | 72.4 31.7| 40.6 30.5 Three adult males of S. m. mexicana from Guanajuato, Du- Tango, and Michoacan ..........222-2-2.22022ecee eee ee eee | 115.3 70.1 30.8 37.1 25 362 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sturnella magua (not lauda magna Linneeus) Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, Dec.).—Srnnerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 24 (Brownsville, Texas).—MeErRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 133 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).—(?) Oarisy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882 (45) (Navarro Co., Texas, Oct. to Feb.).—Nexruine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 166 (Harris Co., s. e. Texas, resident).— Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas), — Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892,-108 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—Stne- LEY, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 371 (Corpus Christi, Rio Grande City, and Hidalgo, Texas).—Brnpire, Life Hist. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 458, part(Texas),— Carrot, Auk, xvii, 1900, 345 (Refugio Co., Texas, breeding). S{turnella] mexicana (not of Sclater) Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 487 (Fort Brown, Texas). Sturnella mexicana Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 152 (Fort Brown, Texas). Sturnella magna var. mexicana [Ripaway and] MeErRiL1, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 134, excl. syn. (Fort Brown, Texas, summer resident). [Sturnella magna.] Var. mexicana OaiLBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882 (45) (Navarro Co., Texas, summer resident; habits). Sturnella magna mexicana ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 90; Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua; San Pedro, Cachuta, and Nacory, n. e. Sonora).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 183, 218, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 263a.—Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 198 (Crittenden, Arizona, July).—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton, Check List, 1886, no. 501a.—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 461, part, pl. 6, fig. 22 (Fort Brown, etc., s. Texas; Matamoras, Tamaulipas).— Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 167 (Rio Grande and Eagle Pass, Texas). S[turnella] m[agna] mexicana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406, part. S[turnella] magna mexicana RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 372, part. Sturnella magna hoopesi Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Mar., 1897, 149 (Brownsville, Texas; coll. J. Hoopes!).—AmeEnrican OrnirHoLoaists’ UNION, Auk, xvi, 1899, 113 (Check List, no. 501a). STURNELLA MAGNA MEXICANA (Sclater). MEXICAN MEADOWLARK. Similar to S. m. hoopesi, but’ averaging smaller, especially tail and bill; brown markings of upper parts more decidedly brown, the paler markings decidedly buffy, especially the median crown-stripe; black markings of back and rump more solidly black, those of the former more confluent; black postocular stripe broader; black jugular cres- cent averaging narrower; yellow of under parts (while equally deep) decidedly duller, inclining to saffron yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 210.3-243.6 (221); wing, 110.2-121.4 (116.1); tail, 64-72.4 (69.6); culmen, from base, 29.5-33.5 (31); tarsus, 38.1-43.4 (40.9); middle toe, 25.7-31.5 (29.7).” Adult female.—Length (skin), 186.7; wing, 97.3-99.1 (98); tail (one 1Type now in collection of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. ? Eleven specimens. : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 363 specimen), 66; culmen, from base, 29.2-31.8 (30.5); tarsus, 35.8-38.6 (87.1); middle toe, 25.4-28.5 (26.9).! Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca (northern and western), Guanajuato, Durango, Jalisco, etc., and Territory of Tepic; also, highlands of southeastern Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guatemala.” Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linneeus) Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 436 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo).—Scuatzr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358, part. Stlurnella] hippocrepis (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 429, part (Mexico). Sturnella hippocrepis ScraTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 381 (Oaxaca).—ScLaTer and Sa.vtn, Ibis, 1859, 19 (Duefias, Guatemala).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 34 (Duefias). Sturnella mexicana ScuaTEr, Ibis, 1st ser., iii, Apr., 1861, 179 (Jalapa, Cordova, and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll P. L. Sclater?); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139 (Jalapa).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 24 (Mexico; Guatemala). [Sturnella magna] var. mexicana Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 172, part. Sturnella magna var. mexicana Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Barrio and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca). [Sturnella magna] d. mexicana Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 190, part (synonymy). Sturnella ludoviciana mexicana ScuaTeR, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 26, part. Sturnella magna mexicana AMERICAN OrnrrHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 50la, part.—FERRARI-PEeRrEz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Llano de Chapulco and Chietla, Puebla).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 456, part (descr. eggs). [Sturnella magna.] c. Subsp. mexicana Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 360, in list of specimens, part (localities in Mexico and Guatemala). [Sturnella] ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnzeus) ScLaTeR and SALvIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part. Sturnella ludoviciana Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 36. Sturn[ella] ? Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552, part (plateau region, Vera Cruz). (?) Sturnella magna alticola Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 266 (Ocuilapa, Chiapas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). 1 Two specimens. Adult males from eastern and western Mexico, respectively, average as follows: 5 Culmen, , Locality. Wing. | Tail. ony Tarsus, Miadie ASE. "Six adult males from eastern Mexico .......22----+++2+20+++ 115.6| 70.4] 30.2) 40.9] 29.2 Five. adult males from western Mexico ............--+-++-+- 116.3 68.6 32 40.9 30.2 Five adults from Guatemala and Chiapas.........-.-.------ 111.8 68.8 31.5 40.9 28.7 ? With the same material before me I can not satisfactorily make out Mr. Nelson’s 8. m. alticola (Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 266) as a sufficiently well-characterized subspe- cies. Mr. Nelson compares it primarily with S.m. magna, but I fail to understand his reason for doing so, its very close relationship to S. m. mexicana being obvious. The specimens from the highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas are not, however, in satisfactory plumage, and possibly I may be in error in uniting the supposed form to S.m. mexicana. 3864 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. STURNELLA MAGNA INEXPECTATA Ridgway. CENTRAL AMERICAN MEADOWLARK, Similar to S. m. mexicana, but decidedly smaller; plumage of upper parts still more decidedly brownish; yellow of under parts clearer or purer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 179.1-235.7 (199.9); wing, 94.7-111 (103.6); tail, 57.9-77.7 (67.8); culmen, from base, 27.4-32.5 (30.2); tarsus, 37.6-44.2 (38.4); middle toe, 27.9-31.2 (27.4).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 170.4-216.7 (197.6); wing, 90.2-98.6 (94.5); tail, 58.9-67.3 (62); culmen, from base, 26.4-30.2 (28.5); tarsus, 35.6-39.1 (87.8); middle toe, 26.9-29.7 (27.9).* Atlantic lowlands of southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Minatitlan) and Chiapas (Palenque), and southward through eastern Guatemala and Honduras (Segovia River) to Costa Rica and Veragua.? Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linneeus) ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiriqui).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 317 (Honduras).— Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Veragua); 1867, 142 (David, Chiri- qui).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José, Costa Rica).— Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (Cartago, etc., Costa Rica). Sturnella hippocrepis (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (near Belize, British Honduras, on pine ridges) . Sturnella mexicana (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 177 (David, Chiriqui).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Veragua).— ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Casta Rica, 1882, 10. [Sturnella magna] var. mexicana Barrp, BREweErR, and Raewas, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 172, part. Sturnella magna mexicana ZeLEDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San José, Alajuela, Cartago, and Santa Ana, Costa Rica).—CyeErriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 250 (San José). 1 Seventeen specimens. ? Ten specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. ae Tarsus. inigale 2 base. : MALES. Four adult males from lowlands of Vera Cruz (Minatitlan).; 102.6 70.1 30 40.4 29.2 Five adult males from lowlands of Chiapas (Palenque)....| 101.6 63.8 30.7) 41.1 29.2 Two adult males from southern Honduras (Segovia River).' 96.5 58.9 28.5 38.6 28,7 Six adult males from Costa Rica .....--.....02-.e0eeeeee eens 108.5 72.9 31 41.1 29.7 One adult male from Veragua................22.0eeeeeee ....! 103.6 73.2 31.8 40.1 27.7 FEMALES. Three adult females from Vera Cruz (Minatitlan)....-..... 93 61.2 27.4 | 387.1 27.4 Three adult females from Chiapas (Palenque).............. 94 59.7 29 38. 4 28.5 One adult female from southern Honduras (Segovia River). 90.2 |..--..-- 26.4) 37.1} 27.4 Three adult females from Costa Rica....-...-....0..2.0..005 97.8 | 64.5 29.5] 38.9 28.5 5T am doubtful as to the correctness of referring the birds from Costa Rica and Vera- gua to this form. They are considerably larger, and apparently more richly colored, though the series of specimens is not sufficient to show whether the apparent differ- ences are constant. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 865 [Sturnella magna.] .c. Subsp. mexicana ScLaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, , Xi, 1886, 360, in list of specimens, part (localities in Costa Rica, Veragua, and Chiriqui) Sturnella ludoviciana mexicana Sciater, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 26, part. Sturn[ella] ? Sumicorasr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552, part (hot region, Vera Cruz). Sturnella magna inexspectata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 37, Aug. 6, 1888, 587 (Segovia River, Honduras; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). S[turnella] magna inexpectata Stonx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, 152. Sturnella magna inexpectata Banes, Auk., xviii, 1901, 370 (David, Chiriqui). Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linneus) ScvaTeER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358, part.—Unperwoop, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volcan de Miravalles,. Costa Rica). STURNELLA NEGLECTA Audubon. WESTERN MEADOWLARK, Similar to S. magna hoopest, but different in proportions, the wing averaging longer, the tail, tarsi, and toes shorter; coloration much grayer and more ‘‘broken” above, the broad lateral crown stripes never uniform black, but always (except in excessively worn plumage) more or less conspicuously streaked with pale grayish brown; malar region always largely yellow, usually including both anterior and extreme posterior portions; blackish streaks on sides and flanks varied with spots of pale grayish brown, the ground color of these parts paler buffy (often white, scarcely if at all tinged with buff); black jugular crescent averaging decidedly narrower. Adult male.—Length (skins), 211.1-257.3 (232.7); wing, 118.4-129 (125); tail, 68.3-82.6 (75.7); culmen, from base, 29.7-36.6 (33.8); tarsus, 36.6-41.7 (38.9); middle toe, 25.4-28.5 (26.9).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 196.6-228.6 (211.8); wing, 104.6- 116.6 (110.7); tail, 60.7-72.1 (65.8); culmen, trom base, 27.7-32.5 (30.5); tarsus, 33.5-37.6 (86.3); middle toe, 22.9-26.7 (25.1).” 1Twenty-three specimens. * Fourteen specimens. Specimens from east and west of Rocky Mountains average, respectively, as follows: Locality. Wing.| Tail. “from Tarsus. aoe ase. MALES. Eight adult males from east of Rocky Mountains (Minne- Sota fOTEXAS) sewecpinshnwems 2s nececemadparessebseasecsaetee-| 126 77 32.5 38. 6 26.9 Seven adult males from Great Basin and Arizona........... 125.7 75.9 34 38.6 26.7 Six adult males from west of Sierra Nevada and Cascades...) 123.2 74.7 32.8 39. 4 26.9 One adult male from Vancouver Island.........2--+++-+2++- 128 72.6 34.8 38.6 27.7 One adult male from Cape St. Lucas ......2.2-2-2e2e0+ eee 125.5 | 73.9 33.8] 40.4 27.4 FEMALES. Three adult females from east of Rocky Mountains......... 110.2 66.3 29.2 36.8 25.9 Six adult females from Great Basin and Arizona.........--- 110.5 64.3 30.2 36.1 25.1 Four adult females from California ..........-.2-22----++6+- 111.8 67. 1 30.5 36.1 24.6 One adult female from Cape St. Lucas .......-------.2----++ 109.5 66.3 30.2 36.6 22.9 Iam not able to discern any variation of coloration according to locality, speci- mens from extreme parts of the range of the species being, apparently, quite identical in this respect. 366 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Western United States, southwestern British Provinces, and north- western Mexico; east to prairie districts of Mississippi Valley, in Min- nesota, Iowa, Missouri, Indian Territory, and Texas (occasionally to Illinois, Wisconsin, and southern Michigan’); north to southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, and western Manitoba; south over northern Mexico to States of Tamaulipas (Mata- moras, etc.), Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Durango, Jalisco (Tonila), and Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Altata).’ Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linneeus?) Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 148, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 128 (e. Kansas), 157 (South Park, Colorado). [Sturnella] ludoviciana ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part. Sturnella neglectu AupuBON, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 339, pl. 489 (upper Missouri R., above Fort Croghan ).—Woopuovss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 78 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico).—Newnerry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 86 (Sacramento Valley, Calitornia).— Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 537; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 19 (Matamoras, Tamaulipas; Coahuila; Espia, Sonora; San Elizario, Texas; Fort Yuma and San Diego, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 407.— Kenvyervy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 31 (Texas, New Mexico, etc. ). —HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54 (California).— Xantvs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Cooprr and Suckuiry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 208 (California; Oregon; Washington).—Sciater, Ibis, 1861, 179.—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 492 (San Antonio, Texas, chiefly in winter).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 23 (monogr.).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas; Oct., Nov.).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 270.—Trippr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 239 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding; habits; notes; crit.).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (e. Kansas, abundant).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 34, fig. L— Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 506 (Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, song, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 264; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 317.—AuLen (J. A.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 123 (Ingham Co., Mich., Sept. 28 to Oct. 19).—McGerr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 53 (Chickasaw, Floyd, and Mitchell counties, n. e. Iowa, and MowerCo., s. e. Minnesota, May; intermediates said to have been observed ).— AuLEN (C. N.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 145 (song).—OarBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, (46), (Navarro Co., Texas, resident): —BELDING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 531 (Cerros I., Lower California); vi, 1883, 351 (La Paz, Lower California). [Sturnella] neglecta Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 429. S[turnella] neglecta Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 406. ‘ Accidentally to Massachusetts (Bristol )?. *It is difficult, with the material examined (so many specimens being without dates), to determine how far southward in Mexico this species breeds. It certainly does breed entirely across the continent, from the coast of Texas (Corpus Christi, etc.) to the coast of California, in the same localities with 8. magna hoopesi, both forms breeding on both sides of the United States-Mexican boundary line. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 367 Sturnella ludoviciana, var. neglecta ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 1872, 138 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas), 146 (Cheyenne, Wyoming), 150 (e. Colorado), 168 (Ogden, Utah), 178 (summary of localities); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 46, 48, 60 (North Dakota and Montana; descr. eggs). Sturnella ludoviciana neglecta Scratur, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 25. Sturnella magna, var. neglecta Barry, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 176.—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (Nevada). S[turnella] magna var. neglecta Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111, 152 (n. e. Illinois, summer resid.) . [Sturnella magna. ] Var. neglecta Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 157.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8. Sturnella magna . . . var. neglecta Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 214a.—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov. 1873, 183 (Colorado).—Hxnsnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 317 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Ari- zona; habits). [Sturnella magna] var. neglecta Barkp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 178. [Sturnella magna] b. neglecta Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy). Sturnella magna neglecta Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 33 (Wah- satch Mts., Utah).—McCautey, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 668 (upper Red R. Valley, n. Texas; New Mexico; habits).—Covzs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 603 (Pembina, North Dakota, westward); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 322.—McCuesnery, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 79 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, Apr. to Oct. ).—Grpzs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 488 (Michigan, rare).—American OrnitHotocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 501a.—Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 293 (Guadalupe L., Lower California, 1 spec., Mar. 22.)—Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 18 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—NeELson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll., Alaska, 1887, 169 (Sitka, Alaska, fide Lord).—Kryes and Wiu.tams, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Sci., v, 1888, 26 (Floyd Co., Iowa; more numerous than S. magna).— Becxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 671 (Corpus Christi ?, Beeville ?, and San Antonio, Texas).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 167 (localities, dates, etc.).—Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breed- ing).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 401 (common in w. and mid., rare ine., Kansas).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (both sides Cas- cade range; winters on Vancouver I.).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 573 (Manitoba localities; habits; song).—AtrwarTer, Auk, ix, 1892, 237 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 355 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 781 (s. Jalisco).—AntHony, Auk, xii, 1895, 140 (San Fernando, Lower California, winter).—Warren (O. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 192 (Marquette Co., Michigan, 1spec., May 10).—Meap, Auk, xii, 1895, 302 (Racine, Wisconsin ).— Benvire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1896, 462, pl. 6, figs. 23, 24 (eggs).— Bepine, Auk, xiii, 1896, 29 (songs); xv, 1898, 56 (do.).—GRINNELL, Publ. i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 6 (Santa Barbara I., California), 16 (San Clemente I.).—(??) Scuppsr, Auk, xv, 1898, 333 (Bristol Co., Massa- chusetts, 1 spec., Apr. 9, 18981).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-7 (1899) , 222 (Altata, Sinaloa).—Carrot, Auk, xvii, 1900, 345 (Refugio Co., Texas, winter resid. ). [Sturnella magna] var. neglecta ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 52 (east- ward range, etc. ). 1Extremely doubtful. The specimen was not taken. 368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. S{turnella] magna neglecta HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 302 (e. base Sierra Nevada).—Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 372. Sturnella ludoviciana neglecta Scuarer, Ibis, 1884, 25 (monogr.). [Sturnella magna] b. Subsp. neglecta ScLaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 360, in list of specimens (Vancouver I., San Juan L., etc.). Sturnella hippocrepus (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) Hermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, 1852, 269 (Suisun Valley, California). Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linneus) Scrarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358, part.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 456, part (Coahuila; Espia; Mazatlan; Ciudad, Durango? ). STURNELLA HIPPOCREPIS (Wagler). CUBAN MEADOWLARK, Similar to S. neglecta, but decidedly smaller (except bill and feet) and coloration darker and browner above; malar region less exten- sively yellow; black jugular crescent narrower; flanks and under tail-coverts much more strongly buffy; anal region yellow, like abdo- men, instead of white or very pale buff, like under tail-coverts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 193.8-219.5 (208); wing, 96.5-107.2 (102.1); tail, 61.2-69.9 (65.8); culmen, from base, 31.5-34 (82.3); tarsus, 36.8—40.4 (38.6); middle toe, 26.2-28.7 (27.7).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 186.7-215.1 (198.1); wing, 88.9- 101.1 (93.7); tail, 53.1-67.8 (60.2); culmen, from base, 29.2-32.5 (30.7); tarsus, 35.1-39.4 (36.1); middle toe, 24.9-28.7 (25.9).” Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles. Sturnus hippocrepis Wacusr, Isis, 1832, 281, in text (Cuba). Sturnella hippocrepis CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 14 (critical).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 266 (crit.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Sciater, Ibis, 1861, 179 (Cuba); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 139 (Cuba).—Atsrecnt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 206.—Gunpracn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 332, 413; 1871, 276; 1874, 183.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 24 (monogr.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 222 (synonymy and descr.); viii, 1891, 294 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 109 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 304 (Trinidad Valley, Cuba; song, etc.; crit.). S[turnella] hippocrepis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. S[turnella] hippocrepis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 429, part (“‘Antilles’’). [Sturnella] hippocrepis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. [Sturnella magna] var. hippocrepis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 172. [Sturnella magna] ¢. hippocrepis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 190 (synonymy). Sturnella ludoviciana hippocrepis ScLaTER, Ibis, Jan., 1884, 25 (monogr. ). [Sturnella magna] d. Subsp. hippocrepis Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 360, in list of specimens (San Cristobal, Cuba). Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnzeus) Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, 1827, 442 (Cuba). [Sturnella] ludoviciana ScLatER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 38, part (Cuba). 1 Nine specimens. 2 Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 369 Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnzeus) Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 358 (Cuba).—Saivin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 456, part (Cuba). Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson. Dolichonyx Swatnson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 351; Philos. Mag., new ser., i, June, 1827, 435. (Type, Fringilla oryzivora Linnzeus. ) Small, semiterrestrial Icteride with short finch-like bill, acuminate rectrices, long tarsi, very long middle toe, and long slender claws; adult male black varied with buff and whitish in spring and summer; adult male in fall and winter, adult female at all seasons, and young brownish yellow, conspicuously streaked above. Bill much shorter than head, conical, compressed, its basal depth greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its basal width nearly the same, or about equal to length of gonys; culmen nearly straight, but slightly convex terminally; the base elevated and more or less arched, the middle portion sometimes slightly depressed; gonys straight or very faintly convex, nearly equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium slightly concave terminally and subbasally, slightly convex in middle, the basal portion decidedly and rather abruptly deflexed from beneath posterior end of nostril to rictus; mandibular tomium straight or nearly so to near base where abruptly deflexed to the rictus. Nostril above lateral median line of the maxilla, rather large, oval, with distinct superior operculum, the feathering of the loral antie extending beneath to about its middle. Wing long (about six and a half times as long as culmen, more than three and a half times as long as tarsus), with the tip much produced (longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus), pointed; outermost (ninth) primary nearly or quite equal to eighth, sometimes longer; ninth, ninth and eighth, or eighth primaries longest, the seventh but little shorter; ninth and eighth (sometimes also theseventh) primaries with inner webs very slightly emarginated near tip, the termination of the broader portion forming, in adults, a more or less distinct tooth-like projection or point; longest tertial projecting decidedly beyond secondaries. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices rigid and with abruptly acuminate tips. Tarsus long (about one and three-fourths times as long as culmen), slender, its anterior scutella distinct; middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus; claws of lateral toes falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, stouter, its claw nearly or quite equal in length to the digit; all the claws very slender, acute, not strongly curved. Coloration.—Adult male in spring and early summer black varied by a large buff or buffy whitish nuchal patch, the scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts white tinged with gray; adult male after summer 8654—voL 2—01 24 370 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. molt, adult. female at all seasons, and young, brownish above, con- spicuously streaked with black and buffy, brownish buffy or yellowish beneath. Range.—Kastern and central temperate North America; West Indies and South America in winter. (Monotypic.) DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS (Linnzus). BOBOLINE. Adult male in spring.—General color black; hindneck buff; scapu- lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, more or less tinged with gray, especially the upper rump, which is sometimes uniform gray; inter- scapulars more or less edged with buff, forming streaks, especially along the median line; tertials and innermost greater wing-coverts margined with pale yellowish passing terminally into grayish brown; longer primaries narrowly edged with pale yellowish; inner webs of rectrices more or less broadly tipped with grayish; feathers of flanks and under tail-coverts more or less distinctly margined with buffy or whitish; thighs with feathers on outer side more broadly margined with buff; bill black; legs and feet dusky brownish; iris brown. Adult mate in summer.—Similar to the spring plumage, but nape white, or nearly so, and whitish or buffy margins to flank feathers and under tail-coverts almost absent, from abrasion. Adult femule in spring.--General color above light buffy olive; pileum with a broad median stripe of pale buffy olive or olive-buff, and two broad lateral stripes of black, the latter streaked with light buffy olive; back broadly streaked with black, the edges of some of the feathers light olive-buff, producing two nearly parallel narrow stripes when the plumage is properly arranged; rump feathers and upper tail- coverts with more or less distinct (usually mostly concealed) central wedge-shaped or sagittate streaks of dusky; wings and tail dusky, with conspicuous edgings of pale yellowish and light grayish olive; sides of head (including a broad superciliary stripe), sides of neck, and under parts light olive-buffy, more decidedly buffy or yellowish across chest and along sides and flanks, paler and straw yellow or yellowish white on throat and abdomen; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts broadly streaked with dusky; a narrow dusky postocular stripe; bill brown, paler on mandible, darker on terminal portion of maxilla; iris brown; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins). Adult female in summer.—Similar to the spring plumage, but upper parts with the ground-color paler and grayer and the black streaks more sharply ‘defined; under parts rather paler. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but more richly colored, especially the under parts. Adult male in fall and winter.—Similar in coloration to the adult female, but larger. BIRDS Of NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 371 Young, first fall and m/nter.—Similar to (and not with certainty distinguishable from?) the adult female. Young, first pluimage.—Similar to the adult female, but ‘entire plumage, particularly below, of a more buffy color; there is a necklace of faint dusky spots across the breast, and the flank streaks are almost indistinguishable.” ! Adwt male.—Length (skins), 160-188 (169.2); wing, (3.7-101.6 (97.5); tail, 62.7—-68.6 (65.3); culmen, from hase, 14.7-17.5 (15.5); depth of bill at base, 10.4-11.7 (10.9); tarsus, 26.4-25.5 (27.4); middle toe, 20.8-22.4 (21.8) .” Adult femalv.—Length (skins), 152.4-166.4 (158); wing, 85.1-89.7 (87.4); tail, 58.7-64.5 (61); culmen, from base, 14.5-15.5 (15); depth of bill at base, 9.7-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 24.-297.2 (25.9); middle toe, 18.5-21.1 (20.1).° Eastern and central temperate North America; breeding from Penn- sylvania, northwestern West Virginia (Fairview), central Ohio, central Indiana (south to Vigo, Tippecanoe, Clinton, Marion, Madison, Dela- ware, Wayne, and Union counties), northern Illinois, southern Iowa (Decatur and Mahaska counties), South Dakota, and Utah, northward to provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Assiniboia, and British Columbia (both sides of Cascade range), to about 40° on the Atlantic coast and 52° in the interior; west to Utah (Salt Lake and Utah val- leys), northeastern Nevada (Ruby Valley), Idaho (St. Joseph River), and southeastern British Columbia (Chilliwack); during migration southward through West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Vieque, Sombrero, Barbados, Grenada), and the Atlantic coast of Central America (from Yucatan southward) to South America, as far as Para- guay, southern Brazil, Bolivia, etc.; also to the Galapagos Archipelago (James, Charles, and Chatham islands), and the Bermudas. [Fringilla] oryzivora Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 179 (based on Avis _ arundinacee Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 1758, pl. 291, smaller fig. ). 1Chapman, The Auk, vi, 1890, 121. I have not been able to examine a specimen of the young in first plumage. *Twenty specimens. * Eight specimens. Eastern and western specimens compare in average measurements as follows: Culmen,|Depth of . Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | bill at | Tarsus. las base. base. . MALES. Ten adult males from Atlantic States....-.......- 96.5 66 155 10.9 27.4 21.3 * Ten adult males from west of Mississippi River...| 98.3 65.5 15.5 10.9 27.4 21.3 FEMALES. Five adult females from Atlantic States ........-- 87.1 61.5 15 10.2 25.4 19.6 Three adult females from west of Mississippi River. 87.9 59.9 15 10.4 26.7 20.8 372 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Emberiza] oryzivora Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 311.—Gmeuin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 880.—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 408. Emberiza oryzivora Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 48, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 351; Philos. Mag. n. s., i, 1827, 435 (tableland of Mexico).—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Ber.- Am., ii, 1831, 278.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.—Aupvuzon, Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 10, pl. 211.—GouLn, in Darwin’s Zool. Voy. “« Beagle,’’ iii, 1841, 106 (James I., Galapagos).—Gosss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 229.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, autumn).—Woop- House, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 81 (Indian Territory; Texas).—Caxanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 11 (Cuba).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 522, 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 399.—Maximi11An, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 266 (upper Missouri R. ).— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 72 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador); 1861, 74 (Jamaica); Ibis, 1884, 2 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 331 (Nevis, Lesser Antilles; Cozumel I.; n. Yucatan; British Honduras; Chepo and Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Panama; Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela; Camacusa, British Guiana; Cayenne; Rio Javari, upper Amazons, etc.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Auprecnt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197 (Jamaica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 99 (Sombrero, W.I.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 616 (Grenada).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 15 (monogr.; Rio Negro; La Plata; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; Cuba; Jamaica).—Satvin, Ibis, 1864, 386 (Lighthouse Reef, etc., British Honduras) ; 1866, 194 (Belize, British Honduras); 1885, 191 (Cozumel I.), 218 (British Guiana); Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 491 (James I., (xalapagos).—Coorer, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 78 (Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 255 (Ruby Valley, Nevada).—PE.zE.y, Orn. Bras., 1871, 199 (Mattogrosso).—Sc.atTer and SALvIn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 781 (Merida, Venezuela) ; 1876, 16 (Paucartambo, Peru); 1879, 509 (Medellin, Colombia).—Trirpr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 238 (Decatar and Mahaska counties, s. Iowa, breeding; habits).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 168, 178 (Ogden, Utah, breeding ?); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 59 (bet. Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, Montana); Bull. Ain. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 84 (Falls of Madeira, Bolivia); iii, 1891, 379 (Corumba, prov. Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil, Mar. 1) ; xiii, 1900, 163 (Cienega, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Sept., Oct.) ; Auk, xvii, 1900, 365 (Cienega, and Bonda, Colombia).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 210; 2d ed., 1882, no. 312; Birds Northwest, 1874, 178; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 599 (Pembina, North Dakota, westward; Rocky Mts., lat. 49°; hab- its).—Merriam, An. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 686 (Ogden, Utah, June); Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 45 (Connecticut, breeding).— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, (breeding); 3d ed., 1875, 7 (do.).—Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 149, pl. 32, figs. 4,5.—Gunpaca, Journ, fiir Orn., 187+, 129 (Cuba).—Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1871-73 (1874), 19 (Provo, Utah, breeding).—HENsHAW, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 311 (Provo, Utah; Huerfano, Colorado, May).—Ripeway, Bull, Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 23 (Ruby Valley, Nevada), 30 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 257; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xix, 1897, 567 (James I., Gala- pagos); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 307.—Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 346 (Salt. Lake City ).—McCuesney, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v, 1879, 78 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, May 19 to July 29).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 42 (descr. young).—Roperts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 15 (Grant and Traverse counties, Minnesota, breed- ing).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 97; Auk, iii, 1886, 220 (West Indian ref- BIRDS. OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 873 erences); vi, 1889, 31 (LittleCayman) ; viii, 1891, 351, 352 (Inagua, Anguilla, and Cay Sal, Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 107; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 110 (New Providence, Watlings, Gt. Inagua, Cay Sal, and Anguilla, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica, and Vieque, Greater Antilles; Grenada and Barbados, Lesser Antilles) .— Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 129.—ALLEN and Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 192 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 18-23).—Brcx- NELL, Auk, li, 1885, 152 (song).—Acerspora, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—American Ornrrmotoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 494.—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 421.—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1886, 448.—Berepscu, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1887, 116 (Paraguay); 1889, 3 (Tonantins, prov. Solimoes, n.w. Brazil, May 6).— Keyes and Wiitiams, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Nat. Sci., v, 1888, 24 (breeding in centr. and n. Iowa).—Cooks, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 160 (dates, etc. ); Birds Colorado, 1897, 93 (summer resid. e. of mountains); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 4, 1898, 163 (Denver, June; Colorado Springs, Sept. 5).—CHApMan, Auk, vii, 1890, 39 (winter range and migration routes), 120 (changesof plum- age) ; x, 1893, 309, pl. 7 (changes of plumage).—Rrves, Cat. Birds Virginias, 1890, 69 (Fairview, West Virginia, breeding).—Smirx (R. W.), Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 118 (Greene Co.,s. w. Ohio, breeding. )—Brriepscu and Srouz- MANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 378 (Ica, Peru, Nov., Dec. ).—RicHmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 496 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Aug. to Oct.).— Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 178 (Jamaica, Oct. to Apr.).—Sxruumn, Auk, xi, 1894, 180 (changes of plumage).—RicuMmonp and Know tron, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Galla- tin Valley, Montana, Aug., abundant).—Uztrey and Watvace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 153 (Wabash, Indiana, breeding).—Benprrr, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 429, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2 (eggs).—Burimr, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1896, 227 (breeding south to Vigo, Boone, Marion, and Decatur counties, Indiana); Birds Indiana, 1897, 886 (breeding south to Vigo, Tippecanoe, Clinton, Marion, Madison, Delaware, Wayne, and Union counties).—OxBrr- HOLSER, Bull. Ohio Agric. Station, tech. ser., i, no. 4, 1896, 301 (Wayne Co., n.e. Ohio, abt. summer resid. ).—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 235, pl. 29, figs. 1, 2.—Hap.ery, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 188 (Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, breeding).—Merritu, Auk, xv, 1898, 14 (St. Joseph R., Idaho, breeding).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312 (breeding in s. w. coun- ties of Pennsylvania).—RoruscHiLp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1890, 171 (James, Charles, and Chatham islands, Galapagos).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Elmsdale and Beaumaris, n. Ontario, May to Aug.). [Dolichonyx] oryzivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 155.—ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 37.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. D[olichonyx] oryzivorus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 187.—NeExson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 111, 152 (n. e. Illinois, breeding).—Nerwron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 400.— Riveway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 366. Dolichonyx orizivorus JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bermudas, autumn).— Marca, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 299 (Jamaica). [Dolichony2] oryzivora Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 437. Dolichonyx oryzivora AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 138.—Wixuis, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 134 (Santa Marta, Colombia; Bolivia).—Scuarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1876, 16 (Paucartambo, high Peru).—Zr.Epon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10. Dolichonix oryzivora LemBrye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 57. Dolichonyz orizyvora Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (New Provi- . dence, Bahamas, May). 374 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Icterus agripennis Bonararrr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iy, 1825, 48; Ann. Lye. N.Y., ii, 1828, 53.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 185.— AupusBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 283, pl. 54; v, 1839, 486. Dolichonyx agripennis Ric#arpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1837, 176. Ps[arocolius] caudacutus WaGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, 32. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, var. albinucha Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 192 (‘‘Missouri plains and Rocky Mountains, west to Ruby Valley, Nevada; Salt Lake Valley’’); v, Dec. 1873, 198! (Ogden, Utah; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). [Dolichonyx oryzivorus] var. albinucha Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ili, 1874, 517, in text (characters). Dolichonyx oryzivorus . . . B. albinuchus Ripe@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 500 (Ruby Valley, Nevada, Aug.; Salt Lake Valley, Utah, May; etc. ). Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha AmeRIcAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 494a.—Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, breeding).—Tuomp- son, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 571 (range in Manitoba; habits). D[olichonyx] oryzivorus albinucha Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 366. Dolichonyx oryzivora albinucha Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, breeding on both sides of Cascade Range). Family CCAREBIDE. THE HONEY CREEPERS. Small slender-, acute-, or hook-billed ‘‘ nine-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines with the tongue deeply incised (bifid or tritid) and fringed or brushy at tip; transpalatine processes much reduced, forming minute spikes or points; interpalatine spur abortive, or small; palatines pro- duced backward over pterygoids.* Bill very variable in shape and relative length; sometimes rather stout and bent wedge-shaped (i. e., the culmen decidedly convex, but gonys straight); sometimes slender, slightly decurved terminally, and as long as or longer than head (Chlorophanes; Cyanerpes); sometimes very acute at tip and more or less decurved (Cwreba; Daenis), or much compressed, with tip conspicuously hooked and angle of gonys pos- terior to nostrils (Yiglossa; Duiglossopis). Nostril exposed, longitudi- nal (linear or oval) overhung by membrane. Rictal bristles obvious (Chlorophanes, Digloxsa, Clossiptila) or obsolete (other genera). Wing moderate, rather pointed (eighth to sixth primaries longest, ninth shorter than seventh but longer than fourth). Tail much shorter than wing (usually shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), even, enarginate, slightly double-rounded, or rounded. Tarsus variable in relative length, distinctly scutellate anteriorly; middle toe with claw about equal in length to tarsus (sometimes a little more or less); basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to lateral toes, especially to the outer; claws of lateral toes reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux about equal in length to lateral toes but much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit. “The Cerebide are all of small size; they have typical Oscinine ? Redescribed through inadvertence. ?See Lucas, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-310. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B75 tarsi, with the posterior face smooth, and with indications of several scutes more or less obsolete on the anterior face. The wings are of moderate length, without any indication of the first or external pri- mary, and with the second, third, and fourth primaries usually nearly equal and longest. The bill is small and slender and without any notch at the extremity of the upper mandible, but varies in structure . . . The tongue is penciled at the extremity.” ! It is at present not possible to give a satisfactory diagnosis of the Family Coerebide since the internal structure of more than half the genera remains practically unknown. What little is known of the anatomical characters of the group pertains to the genera Cyunerpes, Cereba, and Glossiptila; and since these may be regarded as the cen- tral or most typical forms of the group, any conclusions based on them alone would be more or less open to doubt; at least until the internal structure of such forms as Conirostrum, Diglossa, Oreomanes, and Xenodacnis is known, the limits of the group can not be fixed with precision, nor its relationships satisfactorily determined. The limits of the family, as defined by Dr. Sclater,’ have already been restricted by the elimination of the genus Certhidea, which Mr. Lucas, by examination of its osteology and anatomy, has found to be certainly not Ccerebine, but probably Mniotiltine;* and it is by no means improbable that further contraction may ultimately be required. So far as the typical genera, Cercba, Glossiptila, and Cyanerpes are concerned, Mr. Lucas finds them to represent a well-circumscribed group, of uncertain affinities, though apparently more nearly related to the Australasian family Meliphagide (Honey-eaters) than to the American families Mniotiltide and Tanagride, usually held to be the nearest relatives of the Cerebide. The gist of Mr. Lucas’ con- clusions * is as follows: (1) ‘‘As vroups of birds are constituted the Coerebide are certainly sufficiently distinct to stand apart, and the gap between them and the Mniotiltide seems widest,* although this may be due to a tendency on my part to place considerable weight on the general pattern of the palate.” Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 1. *Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, xi. * Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 309, 310. ‘Notes on the Anatomy and Affinities of the Ccerebidee and other American Birds, by Frederic A. Lucas, Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 299-312; illustrated by many figures. It would be interesting to know whether Mr. Lucas’s conclusions on this point would have been modified by examination of Conirostrum and Ateleodacnis, genera which have hitherto been referred to the Coerebide (the latter forming part of the genus Dacnis) but which I have found it necessary to refer to the Mniotiltide. Possi- bly, as in the case of another supposedly Ccerebine, but in reality Mniotiltine, genus (Certhidea), the gap between the two groups would have been emphasized. (See Lucas: The Anatomy and Affinities of Certhidea, Proc. U. $. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 309, 310.) 376 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (2) ‘‘ That the members of the Coerebide do not form a homogeneous group, but contains at least three well-marked types.” Leaving out the genera Diglossa, Diglossopis, Dacnidea, Ateleodac- nis, Oreomanes,' and Conirostrum, whose internal structure has not, to my knowledge, been investigated, it is obvious from Mr. Lucas’s obser- vations that the remaining Coerebide comprise three quite distinct groups, whose distinctive characters are as follows: a. Crop small or absent; tongue bifid; dorsal pteryla broader; feathers shorter, more compact. b. Crop present but small; tongue fringed; intestinal convolutions simple. Chlorophanes, Cyanerpes, Dacnis, bb. Crop absent; tongue brushy; intestinal convolutions extremely complicated. Ceereba. aa. Crop well developed; tongue trifid; dorsal pteryla narrower; feathers longer, IOOSER ws cass e baciicd + Get ceisaetece See aS Se x eee eared oes Glossiptila, ‘“‘Tn their tongue,” says Mr. Lucas, ‘‘the Ceerebide are markedly different from the Mniotiltide, but it is largely a difference of degree rather than of kind. They differ in toto from the Tanagride, are quite distinct from the Drepanide, and find their nearest relatives in Acanthorhynchus.? ‘The relationship with the tanagers is not very close, although such short-billed forms as Chlorophanes* and Daenis, which unfortunately were not available, might bring the two groups a little closer. ‘Tn size, form, pterylosis, structure of tongue, and pattern of con- volutions of alimentary canal, there is a strong resemblance between Cereba [i. e., Cyanerpes| and Acanthorhynchus [Meliphagidee], and so far the two forms exhibit a most interesting case of parallelism. The palate, too, on superficial examination looks not unlike that of @los- siptila. ... “Finally, it must be said that the members of the Cerebide do not form a homogeneous group, for the family contains at least three well- marked types, Cereba [ Cyanerpes], Certhiola [ Cwreba], and Glossiptila, and these types differ from one another in a very marked degree. While Dacnis and Chloruphanes have not been examined by me, the figures of skulls and tongues of these genera indicate that they belong near Coreba [Cyanerpes]. These genera form a well-marked group containing those species nearest to the Mniotiltide and characterized by a long, cleft, feathered, but not suctorial tongue, small crop-like dilatation of the esophagus, and simply convoluted intestine. ** Certhiola{, Cereba] has a bitid brushy tongue, no crop, extremely com- plicated intestine, and produced angle to the mandible. The tongue resembles that of some Meliphagide; and the other characters are like some found in the Drepanidide. Glossiptila, with its loose ptilosis, 1T am inclined to regard Oreomanes as a Mniotiltine type, related to Conirostrum. The bill of this genus is strongly suggestive of that of Helinaia. 2A member of the Meliphagide. 8 Chlorophanes, however, is not a short-billed form.—R. R. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ie decided crop, and unique trifid tongue, is equally well characterized, and certainly should stand apart, seeming to hold with respect to Carebu [ Cyanerpes| much the same position that Chaimcea does with the wrens.” ! Even after removing the genera Conirostrum and Ateleodaenis,” Iam very doubtful as to the naturalness of the group known as the Ceere- bide; but until the internal structure of Diglossa, Diglossopis, Chloro- phanes, Dacnis, Hemidaenis, and Oreomanes shall haye been sufficiently investigated, any further change in the limits of the supposed family would be premature. I have been strongly tempted to separate, as a distinct family, the genera Diglossa and Diglossopis, on account of the peculiar and very remarkable modification of the basal portion of the mandible, these two genera differing from all other Coerebide in hav- ing the gonydeal angle decidedly posterior to the nostril—a character quite unique, so far as I am at present aware, in the Order Passeri- formes, or at least the Suborder Oscines. The Honey-Creepers, or Guit-Guits, are peculiar to the forest-clad regions of tropical America, the family, like so many other Neotrop- ical groups, being most developed in the basin of the Amazon and adjacent parts of Colombia and Ecuador. One genus (Ce@reba) is most numerously represented in the West Indies, where almost every island possesses its peculiar form. One genus ((Glossiptila), the representa tive of a distinct subfamily (Glossiptiline) is peculiar to Jamaica. Altogether about seventy-five species and eleven genera are recognized, of which six genera, but only about twenty-five species, occur within the geographic field of this work. KEY TO THE GENERA OF C@REBIDA. a, Bill much compressed, with tip of maxilla abruptly hooked or uncinate; mandi- bular rami very short, the gonydeal angle decidedly posterior to the nostril. Diglossa (p. 378) aa. Bill not much compressed; tip of maxilla not abruptly hooked or uncinate; mandibular rami of normal length, the gonydeal angle anterior to the nostril. b. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than tarsus; bill more subulate, the tip obtuse; maxillary tomium more or less obviously notched subterminally. ec. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than sixth; wing-tip not longer than tarsus, the latter longer than middle toe with claw; adult males glossy green with pileum and sides of head black;* adult females duller in color, without black Gn héad. 2 occ<. cceneecee ceo sees ete seeeekesees Chlorophanes (p. 382) 'Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, 309. ? These two genera, both of which are peculiarly South American, and therefore extra-limital to the present work, I have been obliged to remove from the Ceerebidee and transfer to the Mniotiltidee, or else, as the only alternative, combine the two families into one, the birds of these two genera being, so far as external characters are concerned, quite inseparable from the last-named group. Unfortunately, their ana- tomical structure has not been investigated; but I believe that when this has been done it will be found that they too, like another supposedly Coerebine genus (Certhidea) possess the Mniotiltine type of tongue and palate. (See Lucas: “The Anatomy and Affinities of Certhidea,” in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, 309, 310.) 3A South American species (C. purpurascens) is violet-blue with blackish wings and tail but without black pileum; the adult female unknown. 3878 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ce. Outermost primary longer than sixth; wing-tip nearly twice as long as tarsus, the latter shorter than middle toe with claw; bill more slender; adult males rich blue with wings and tail, together with throat or back, black; adult females plain greenish above, beneath paler and more yellowish, more or less streaked with darker ....----.-...-.------ Cyanerpes (p. 384) bb. Exposed culmen shorter than tarsus; bill more conical (or bent wedge-shaped) with tip acute. c. Outermost primary equal to or longer than sixth; tarsus slightly longer than middle toe with claw; adult males blue and black or yellow and black; females much duller in color, without black areas......-.-.- Daenis (p. 390) ce. Outermost primary shorter than sixth; tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw; adult males neither blue and black nor yellow and black. d. Bill more slender, strongly decurved terminally (the gonys more or less concave); commissure as long as middle toe with claw; tail rounded; under parts white and yellow or gray and yellow, or else whole plumage black (sexes alike in color) ......-.-.-.-----+---------- Coereba (p. 397) dd. Bill stouter, not decurved terminally (the gonys straight); commissure shorter than middle toe with claw; tail even or slightly emarginate; adult male dull grayish blue with rufous throat-patch; female brownish above, paler beneath ......-.-.-------------------- Glossiptila (p. 423) Genus DIGLOSSA Wagler. Diglossa Wacurr, Isis, 1832, 280. (Type, D. baritula Wagler. ) Agrilorhinus Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sc. Nat. Bologna, i, 1838, 408. (Type, A. sittaceus Bonaparte, =Diglossa baritula Wagler. ) Ancylorhinus (emendation) ScLater, Ibis, 1875 204 (ex Agrilorhinus Bonaparte). Serrirostrum LAPRESNAYE and D’Orxieny, Mag. de Zool., 1838 (Synopsis Avium, ii, p. 24). (Type, S. carbonurium Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny.) Uncirostrum LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1839, 100. (Type, Serrirostrum carbonarium Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny.) Campylops LIcHTENSTEIN, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 56. (Type, C. hamulus Lichtenstein, = Diglossu baritula Wagler. ) Tephrodiglossu Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 273. (Type, Serrirostrum carbonariun Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny. ) Pyrrhodigiossa Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 274. (Type, Diglossa mystacalis Lafresnaye. ) Cyanodiglossa Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864,274. (Type, Agrilorhinus personatus Fraser. ) Melanodiglossa Cassty, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 274. (Type, Uncirostrum lafresnayei Boissonean. ) Ceerebide with the bill much compressed and inclined upward ter- minally,’ the tip of the maxilla abruptly hooked or uncinate; mandible, recurved, falcate, very acute at tip, with base of gonys decidedly pos- terior to nostrils. Bill shorter than head, its lower outline conspicuously longer than the upper; culmen more or less elevated basally, then straight or more or less concave, the terminal portion abruptly decurved, the tip of the maxilla forming a distinct hook or unguis, preceded by a more 1The upward inc lineation of the wid in ‘hide genus is a very striking feature. In most birds the bill projects on a line with the longitudinal axis of the head, but in Diglossa it inclines upward ata very decided angle with this axis. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 379 or less distinct subterminal tomial notch; maxillary tomium, posterior tothe subterminal notch, nearly or quite straight to near the base, where more or less convex; mandible recurved, falcate, with very acute tip and very short rami, the gonys strongly convex, its base very broad and much posterior to the nostrils. Nostrils exposed, narrow, longitudinal, overhung by broad membrane. Rictal bristles rather long but weak. Wing moderate, rather rounded (seventh and sixth, or seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fourth, sometimes shorter than first). Tail decidedly shorter than wing (sometimes shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), more or less rounded or slightly double-rounded. Tarsus rather long (nearly one-third to more than one-third as long as wing); middle toe with claw decidedly shorter than tarsus. Coloration.—Adult males (also adult females of some species) usually plain bluish or blackish, the under parts sometimes partly rufous or chestnut; if the general color bluish, the forehead and lores (some- times auriculars also) black; if the general color black, the lesser wing- coverts usually bluish gray or white. Range.—Southern Mexico to Colombia and thence through moun- tains of western South America to Peru and Bolivia. (Only two species north of Panama.) Not having seen all the species of this genus, I am not able to form an opinion respecting its proper limits.1. Judging from the species that have been examined, however, I am inclined to believe that it will be necessary either to merge the generally accepted genus Diglossopix* into Diglossa, or else to recognize one or more addi- tional genera, to include species which are intermediate in structural characters or differ in certain respects from both types. In Diglosso- pis the modifications of the bill which are so remarkable in typical Diglossa ave not carried nearly so far; the tip of the maxilla is but faintly hooked; the general trend of the bill is more nearly on a line with the longitudinal axis of the head; the exposed culmen is nearly as long as the lateral length of the mandible (instead of being much shorter—sometimes less than two-thirds as long), and the inferior out- line of the mandible is but. slightly convex. The nasal fosse are also much more exposed, the latero-frontal feathering encroaching much more upon the nostrils in Diglossa. Some of the species referred to Diglossa, as, for example, D. personata, are in the particulars men- tioned almost exactly intermediate between typical Déglossa and Diglossopis, though there seems to be rather more of a gap between these intermediate forms and Diglossop7s than between the former and true Diglossa. 1The species which I have not seenare D. gloriosa, D. pectoralis, D. mystacalis, D. carbonaria, and D. glauca. * Diglossopis Sclater, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, xvii, 1856, 467. (Type, D. cerulescens Sclater. ) 380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIGLOSSA. u. Bluish gray above (darker on pileum). (Adult males. ) b. Under parts of body cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous. (Southern Mexico; Guate- Mala: )eseeataGesent e's ssaeeciessesaes Diglossa baritula, adult male (p. 380) bb. Under parts of body slate-gray. (Costa Rica, Veragua. ) Diglossa plumbea, adult male (p. 381) aa. Olive or olive-grayish above. (Adult females and young. ) b. Under parts buffy or cinnamon-buffy (tinged with olive laterally). Diglossa baritula, adult female and young male (p. 380) bb. Under parts pale olive, light grayish olive, or olive-grayish. Diglossa plumbea, adult female and young male (p. 381) DIGLOSSA BARITULA Wagler. MEXICAN DIGLOSSA, Adult maie.—Head and neck, except throat, blackish slate or slate- blackish, darker (nearly black) on forehead and lores, more grayish on sides of neck; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain slate color anteriorly, passing into slate-gray pos- teriorly; wings and tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadly margined with slate-gray; lower throat, under parts of body, under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts plain rufous-cinnamon or russet; maxilla brownish black, mandible blackish terminally and on terminal half of gonys, otherwise pale brownish or brownish white (in dried skins); legs and feet horn brown- ish (in dried skins); length (skins), 100.1-109 (105.2); wing, 55.1-58.7 (57.2); tail, 42.2-46.7 (45); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7 (9.9); tarsus, 16-18 (17.3); middle toe, 9.9-11.4 (10.9).* Adult female.—Above, including sides of head and neck, plain olive, lighter and rather brighter on lower rump and upper tail-coverts; under parts brownish buffy, strongly tinged on chest, sides, and flanks with pale olive; remiges and rectrices dusky with light olive edgings, these broader and approaching dull white on tertials; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 102.1-112.3 (108.2); wing, 54.9-55.1 (55.1); tail, 43.2-47.5 (45); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 16.5-17.8 (16.8); middle toe, 10.4-11.4 (10.7).? Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but duller olive above; greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with pale brownish and tertials broadly edged with the same; under parts (sometimes, at least) slightly tinged with cinnamon. Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the adult male and adult female, according to age. Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Jico), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Morelos (Tetela del Volean; Huitzilac), Michoacan 1 Kight specimens, from Mexico. 2 Four specimens, from Mexico. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 381 (Patzcuaro), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), and Oaxaca (Mount Zampoal- tepec); Guatemala.! Diglossa baritula Waauxr, Isis, 1832, 281 (Mexico; coll. Wirzburg Mus. ).— Hauy, Orn. Atlas, xii, 1834-36, pls. 1, 2.—Hartiaus, Rev. Zool., 1842, 56.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 401.—Reicuensacu, Handb., ii, 1853, 233, pl. 554, figs. 3762-3763.—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.; 1856, 286 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 376 (Juquila and Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 48 (Jalapa; Guatemala); Ibis, 1875, 207 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 3 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa; Quesaltenango, Calderas, Coban, and Santa Cruz Mts., Guatemala).—SciaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 14 (Guatemala).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 273 (monogr.)— SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (alpine region, Vera Cruz).— Ducis, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 140 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Saxvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 174 (Guatemala).—Satvrn and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1883, 242.—Frrrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (San Salvador el Verde and Huejotringo Puebla). D[iglossa] baritula Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 157, pl. 42.—Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 97 (Mexico). [Diglossa] baritula Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 118, no. 1474.—ScLarer and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15. : Agrilorhinus sittaceus Bonapartr, Nuoy. Ann. Scienz. Nat. Bologna, i, 1838, 408 (Mexico; coll. Florence Mus.),—Larrusnays, Rev. Zool., Oct., 1839, 292, in text. Uneir[ostrum] sittaceum Larresnayz, Rev. Zool., Oct., 1839, 292, in text. Uncirostrum brelayi LarREsNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1839, 100 (Mexico; coll. Charles Brelay). Agrilorhinus olivaceus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, 22 (Mexico? ; type in Brit. Mus.). DIGLOSSA PLUMBEA Cabanis. COSTA RICAN DIGLOSSA. Adult male.—Above plain deep bluish slate color, darker (bluish slate-black) on pileum, paler (bluish slate-gray or deep plumbeous) on rump; remiges and rectrices black with bluish slate-gray edgings; lores black; sides of head otherwise like pileum, but rather darker; under parts plain slate-gray, paler on abdomen; maxilla brownish black; mandible light brownish basally, dusky terminally; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); iris brown; length (skins), 105.4-110.2 (107.7); wing, 58.8-55.4 (54.9); tail, 39.6-44.5 (42.7); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 17.5-18.8 (18); middle toe, 11.2-12.2 (11.4).” Adult female.—Above deep olive-gray or grayish olive, the ramp more grayish; under parts deep olive-grayish, paler and tinged with ' The single Guatemalan specimen, an adult male, differs decidedly from all the adult males from Mexico (eleven in number) in having the entire throat siate-gray and the axillars and under wing-coverts pale buffy or rusty whitish instead of being of the same deep rufous-cinnamon color or russet as the under parts. According to Dr. Sclater, however, ‘‘Guatemalan specimens have less plumbeous on the throat, thereby approaching D. sittoides.’? Evidently, therefore, Guatemalan specimens require careful comparison with Mexican examples. * Four specimens, 382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. buffy on chin, the abdomen dull buffy whitish; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skin), 100.6; wing, 52.8; tail, 39.1; exposed culmen, 10.4; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 11.4.7 Young (both sexes). —Ahbove plain olive; beneath paler olive. Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. Diglossa plumbea CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Nov., 1860, 411 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 275 (monogr.).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (San Juan and Quebrada Honda, Costa Rica).—Franraius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 297 (Irazti, San Juan, and Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 ( Volean de Chiriqui, Chiriqui).—Scuarer, Ibis, 1875, 217 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 9.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Cartago, Navarro, Naranjo, Volcan de Irazti, and La Laguna, Costa Rica, 4,000-8,000 ft.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 243, pl. 15a, figs. 1, 2.—Ze.epon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Volcan de Traztt).—Cnerrig, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (descr. young). [Diglossa] plumbea Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 15. Genus CHLOROPHANES Reichenbach. Cliorophanes? RetcHenspacH, Handb. d. sp. Orn., i, 1853, 233. (Type, Cereba atricapilla Vieillot, = Certhia spiza Linneeus. ) Rather large Coerebide with the bill as long as or longer than head, slightly decurved terminally, the maxillary tomium more or less dis- tinctly notched subterminally; adult males glossy green, with pileum and sides of head black; or if violet-blue, the pileum also blue. Bill about as long as head, or a little longer, narrow, gradually taper- ing and slightly decurved terminally; culmen straight or nearly so for about basal half, then gently decurved to the tip; gonys straight or very slightly concave toward tip; maxillary tomium with a slight sub- terminal notch. Nostril exposed, longitudinal, narrow, overhung by broad membrane. Rictal bristles minute, very weak. Wing moder- ate, rather pointed (eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth much longer than fifth), the tip about equal to length of tarsus. Tail much shorter than wing (decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), emarginated. Tarsus rather short (about one-fourth as long as wing or a little less, less than length of commis- sure), its scutella rather distinct; middle toe with claw shorter than tarsus. Coloration.—Plumage very glossy; adult males bright green or bluish green, with pileum and sides of head black, or else violet-blue with lores, wings, and tail black; adult females* similar but duller in color, without black on head. 1One specimen. *yA@pds viridis, pavds lucidus. ’The female of the blue species, C. purpurascens, is unknown. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3883 Range.—Guatemala to southern Brazil and Bolivia. (Two species.) This genus contains, so far as known, only two species. One of these, C. purpurascens Sclater and Salvin, is of very restricted range, being confined to Venezuela; the other occupies almost the entire area of continental tropical America, or from Guatemala to southern Brazil and Bolivia. In various parts of this extensive range it has become differentiated into an undetermined number of geographic forms or sub- species, only one of which, however, occurs within the limits of the present work. The adult male of C. purpurascens differs from that of C. spiza (in all its forms) in having the pileum mainly blue instead of uniform black, and in having the general color purplish blue instead of green. The female and young are unknown. The Central Ameri- can form of C. spiza is larger and of a less bluish green color than its South American representatives. CHLOROPHANES SPIZA GUATEMALENSIS (Sclater). NORTHERN GREEN HONEY CREEPER. Similar to C. s. sp¢za, but larger (especially the bill), and adult male with green of under parts less bluish. Adult male.—Pileum, sides of head (down to and including malar region), and chin, deep black; rest of plumage very glossy viridian green, more bluish in some lights; alula, primary-coverts, primaries, and rectrices dusky, edged with viridian green, the middle rectrices green with a median streak of black; maxilla black, edged (except toward tip) with yellowish; mandible yellowish (in dried skins*); legsand feet horn brown or dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 122.9-143.8 (180.6); wing, 68.6-76.2 (69.9); tail, 44.2-53.3 (48.5); exposed culmen, 15.5-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 17-19.1 (18); middle toe, 10.9-13.7 (12.2).? Adult female.—Above plain glossy yellowish grass green, beneath lighter, more apple green; bill and fect as in adult male, but mandible usually more or less tinged with dusky; length (skins), 117.6-141.7 (129.5); wing, 65.3-71.1 (69.6); tail, 42.7-52.6 (47.2); exposed culmen, 15.5-17.8 (16.5); tarsus, 17.5-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 11.9-12.7 (12.4).° Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but duller in color. Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the adult male and female, according to age. Eastern Guatemala (Choctum, Kampamak, Yaxcamunal, etc., 2,000 to 3,000 feet), to Isthmus of Panama (to western Ecuador?); Cuba??? 1 According to Richmond (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487) the mandible in life is naples yellow, the iris burnt sienna. ? Twelve specimens. 3 Eight specimens. 884 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Chlorophanes guatemalensis SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 129 (Guate- mala; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Choctum, Guatemaia).— Sciater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala); 1872, 315 (Chontales, Nicaragua); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Boquete de Chitra and Cordillera del Tole, Veragua) ; 1870, 185 (Calovevora, Veragua). Chlorophanes guatemalensis SaALvapori, Atti. R. Acad. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 172 (Costa Rica). Chlorophanes spiza var. guatemalensis LAwrENcE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Juiz and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Naranjo, Costa Rica). Chlorophanes spiza guatemalensis Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888. 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—(?) Atten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 69 (Ecuador).—Cuerriz, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 369 (Divala, Chiriqui). [Dacnis] guatemalensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 118, no. 1471. Chlorophanes spiza (not Certhia spiza Linnzeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui).—Cory, Birds West Indies, 1889, 69 (Cuba? ); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (do.)—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits).—Unprrwoon, Ibis, 1896, 435 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica). Chiorophanes atricapilla (not Cereba atricapilla Vieillot) SctareR and Savin, This, 1859, 14 (Guatemala).—SaLvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Guate- mala; crit.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 319 (Panama R. R.).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 31.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 55 (Cuba ?). [Chiorophanes] atricapilla ScLateR and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16, part. [Dacnis] cxrulescens (not Chlorophanes cerulescens Cassin) Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 118, no. 1472 (Guatemala; Nicaragua). (2?) Chlorophanes spiza exsul Beruepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 548 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador;! coll. Count von Berlepsch). Genus CYANERPES Oberholser. Cereba (not of Vieillot, 1807, nor Vigors, 1825) AuTHOoRs. Arbelorhina (not of Cabanis, 1847) Aurrors. Cyanerpes” OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, no. 1, Jan., 1899, 32. (Type, Certhia cyanea Linnzeus. ) Small, long-billed, brightly colored Ceerebide, with the outermost (ninth) primary equal to or longer than seventh, and with the tarsus much shorter than exposed culmen. Bill longer than head, subulate, slightly decurved terminally, rather broad and depressed basally, the basal width decidedly greater than basal depth. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinally oval, with very ‘ According to Dr. Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 29) birds of this species from western Ecuador are referable to this form, an opinion in which Messrs. Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 247) concur. I have not seen a specimen cer- tainly from that district, but the only Ecuadorean example (without definite locality) examined by me is an extreme example of the Colombian form (Chlorophanes spiza cerulescens Sclater). Paes KUavog = cyaneus, + gays.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 385 broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obsolete or very minute. Wing long (more than four times as long as tarsus), the tip well produced (longer than tarsus); ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth equal to or longer than seventh: Tail less than two- thirds as long as wing (decidedly less than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus rather short (much shorter than exposed culmen, much less than one- fourth as long as wing), the acrotarsial scutella rather distinct; middle toe with claw longer than tarsus; claws of lateral toes reach- ing about to base of middle claw, the outer slightly longer than the inner; basal phalanx of middle toe united for its entire length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; hallux about as long as lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit, very strongly curved. Coloration.— Adult males rich blue or violet-blue, with lores, wings, and tail (also throat or else back) black; females green above, beneath paler (sometimes yellowish or buffy), more or less streaked. fange.—Southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil; Cuba. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CYANERPES. a, General color blue and black. (Adult males. ) 6. Chin and throat purplish blue, like rest of under parts; back black; inner webs of remiges partly yellow. (Southern Mexico to southern Brazil; Cuba.) Cyanerpes cyaneus, adult male (p. 386) 6b. Chin and throat black; back purplish blue; inner webs of remiges without yellow. e. Black of throat not extending beyond, truncated posteriorly; general color violet-blue (smalt or hyacinth). (Colombia to Bolivia and eastern Peru.) Cyanerpes ceruleus, adult male (extralimital) ce. Black of throat extending over chest, rounded or convex posteriorly; general color ultramarine or french blue. d. Larger (wing 52.1-60.4, exposed culmen 15.5-19.6); blue color duller. (Isthmus of Panama to Guatemala. ) Cyanerpes lucidus, adult male (p. 389) 1CYANERPES CERULEUS (Linnzus). [Certhia] cz rulea Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 118; ed. 12, i, 1766, 185. C[ereba] cerulea Viertiot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 610. Cereba cxrulea ScLatTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 33. A[rbelorhina] coerulea CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675. Cyanerpes ceruleus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy; geog. range). [Certhia] ochrochlora GmeE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 472 (based on Yellow- cheeked Creeper Latham, Gen. Synopsis, i, pt. 2, p. 734; Surinam). [Certhia] surinamensis Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 295 (based on Certhia ochrochlora GMELIN, Yellow-cheeked Creeper Tatham, Synopsis, ii, p. 734). A[rbelorhina] brevirostris CaBANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene- zuela; coll. Heine Mus.). Cereba brevirostris SCLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Bogota, Colombia). Coereba coerulea microrhyncha Brrterscn, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxii, Oct., 1884, 287 (Bucaramanga and Bogota, Colombia; coll. Count von Berlepseh). 3654—voL 2—01——25 386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dd. Smaller (wing 48.3; exposed culmen 12.7); blue color brighter. (Colom- pia to upper Amazon Valley.) Cyanerpes nitidus, adult male (extralimital?) aa. General color dull green above, paler beneath, the chest sometimes streaked. (Adult females and young. ) b. Under wing-coverts and part of inner webs of secondaries yellow; chest without distinct streaks; throat not buffy. Cyanerpes cyaneus, adult female and young (p. 386) bb. Under wing-coverts white, or yellowish white; inner webs of secondaries without any yellow; chest distinctly streaked; throat buffy. c. Lores buffy, like throat; chest streaked with dark green; sides and flanks green streaked with white. Cyanerpes ceruleus, adult female and young (extralimital) cc. Lores dusky; chest streaked with blue; sides and flanks plain green. Cyanerpes lucidus, adult female and young (p. 390) CYANERPES CYANEUS (Linnzus). BLUE HONEY CREEPER, Adult male.—Lores, orbits (terminating in an obtuse angle behind eye), hindneck, back, wings, and tail deep black; crown light turquoise or nile blue; inner webs of secondaries, except terminal portion, part of inner webs of primaries, and part of under. wing-coverts canary yellow; rest of plumage uniform smalt blue; bill black; legs and feet vermilion red in life, fading to pale brownish or yellowish in dried skins; length (skins), 105.4-120.9 (116.8); wing, 58.2-68.6 (63.2); tail, 34.3-39.1 (36.6); exposed culmen, 15-18.5 (16.5); tarsus, 18-15.2 (14.2); middle toe, 9.7-11.9 (10.7).’ Adult female.—Above plain dull green or olive-green, the wings and tail dusky with green or olive-green edgings; greater portion of inner webs of secondaries, part of inner webs of primaries, axillars, and under wing-coverts canary yellow; under parts pale olive-greenish, the throat, median portion of abdomen, and tips of under tail-coverts Arbelorhina exrulea microrhyncha Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta, Colombia). A[rbelorhina] longirostristris (err. typ.) Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Caracas, Venezuela; coll. Heine Mus. ). Cereba longirostris ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (upper Amazon).—FINscH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 561 (Trinidad). Cyanerpes czruleus longirostris OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy, crit., etc.). This species doubtless divisible into two or more geographic forms or subspecies. ‘CYANERPES NITIDUS (Hartlaub). Cereba nitida Harruaus, Rev. Zool., 1847, 84 (n. Peru; coll. Bremen Mus.).— Sctater Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Bogota, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 35. A[rbelorhina] nitida CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96, footnote. Cyanerpes nitidus OprrHousEr, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 35 (synonymy; range). Twenty-two specimens, from Middle America. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 387 pale olive-yellowish or whitish; chest indistinctly streaked with pale olive-greenish and pale olive-yellowish or whitish; bill blackish; legs and feet dull red in life, brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 99.8— 119.4 (113); wing, 59.4-64.5 (61.7); tail, 32.5-37.8 (35.1); exposed culmen, 15-18.5 (17); tarsus, 13-15.5 (14.7); middle toe, 9.7-11.7 (10.7)." \Nineteen specimens, from Middle America. After careful comparison of all the material available I am unable to discover any appreciable or constant difference between South American and Middle American examples of this species, except that specimens from the coast of northern South America (Venezuela to Santa Marta, Colombia) have very long bills, and may consti- tute a fairly well-marked subspecies C. c. brevipes (Cabanis). It is possible that a satisfactory division may be made based upon females, as claimed by Mr. Oberholser ( Auk, xvi, 1899, 33), but after careful examination of specimens which, however, are very inadequate, I am compelled for the present to forego any attempt at such division. If any form is to be separated it seems to me that the Cuban birds should be thus distinguished, for the few females from that island which I have geen appear to be considerably paler and more uniform in color beneath than any others. c Average measurements according to locality are as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. Bae Tarsus. es culmen. : MALES. Two adult males from Cuba.........-------------0eeeeee eee 64.5 38.1 17.8 15.2 10.9 Six adult males from southern Mexico .....-...-.-----+--+-- 64.8 37.1 15.7 14.5 10.7 Two adult males from Guatemala. ...........----------+---+ 61.7 35.1 16.3 14 10.9 Four adult males from Honduras (Truxillo).........-.------ 62.5 35.6 17 14 10.2 Two adult males from Nicaragua .....-..-. sew neaeeacts 61.5 35.3 17.8 14.7 10.7 Six adult males from Isthmus of Panama.........---------- 63.2 37.6 16.5 14.5 10.9 Four adult males trom Santa Marta, Colombia..........---- 66.3 39.9 18.5 14.5 10.4 One adult male from Caracas, Venezuela .....-.-...-------- 65.8 38.9 | 22.1 14.7 10.2 Four adult males from Margarita Island, Venezuela.......- 65.8 38.9 21.1 14.7 10.4 Four adult males from Trinidad ............--------+--+---- 65.3 38.1 16.8} 14.5 10.2 Three adult males from Tobago...........-------+----2200++ 69.1] 41.7 18.3 | 16 10.7 Two adult males from British Guiana...........---------+--- 64 37.3 LG eG). | apes disizcellainrsi annie s _Two adult males from lower Amazon (Pard)-...--..--------- 61.2 38.1 15.2 14.2 9.4 Three adult males from eastern Brazil (Bahia)........----- 63.8 37.1 15.7 14.2 10,2 Three adult males from southwestern Brazil (Chapada)....| 66.3 39.6 14.5 15.5 10.4 FEMALES. One adult female from Cuba.......---------+2+-eeee eee eee 59.9 82.5 17.3 15.2 11.4 Five adult females from southern Mexico ....- -| 62.5 35.1 16.5 14.5 10.9 Five adult females from Guatemala.. .-..----- ---| 68 35. 8 17 14.7 10.9 Three adult females from Honduras ....-.---- | 61.7 33.8 16.3 15 9.9 Two adult females from Nicaragua.......------ -| 60.5 35.1 18 14 10.7 Three adult females from Isthmus of Panama - 60.5 35. 6 17.8 14.7 11.2 One adult female from Venezuela. .-.....- 66.5 39.6 18.3 15.2 11.4 Two adult females from Margarita Island. 63.5 | 36.8 19.3] 14.7 10.2 Three adult females from Trinidad ..- 63 37.6 18.8 | 14.5 10.2 Two adult females from Tobago....-. -| 65 39.1 19.8 15.2 10.9 Three adult females from Bahia. . - 62 36.8 18.5 | 14.2 10.2 One adult female from Chapada .. 66.5 | 40.6 15.5} 14.7 9.9 888 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young male.—Similar to the adult female. Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the adult male and female, according to age. (The black wings and tail are assumed before the blue appears.) Continental tropical America in general, from southern Mexico (States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, etc.’) to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia; but in South America only east of the Andes; Cuba; Jamaica (accidental ?). (?) [Certhia] cayana Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 186 (based on Brisson, Orn., iii, p. 636, pl. 23. fig. 2).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 475.— Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 293. [Certhia] cyanea Linnaxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 188 (based on Certhia nigro cxruleoque varia Edwards, Nat. Hist., ii, p. 114, pl. 264, fig. 1; Certhia bra- siliensis cxrulea Brisson, Orn., iii, 628, pl. 31, fig. 5, etc.).—Gmexin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 483.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 291. Ceereba cyanea Viettot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 44; Ene. Méth., 1823, 610; Gal. Ois., i, 1834, 288, pl. 176.—Maximinian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 761.—D’Orsiany and LarresnayE, Mag. de Zool. 1839 (Synop. Av, p. 24).—Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 150.—SciateEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 140, 286 (David, Chiriqui); 1857, 263 (Ega, upper Ama- zons); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Cayenne; Brazil; Amazons); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 32 (s. Mexico to s. e. Brazil and Bolivia; Cuba).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 266 (monogr.).—Tavtor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1873, 260 (Sarayacu, etc., e. Peru); 1879, 597.—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 179 (Sarayacu, e. Ecuador); 1867, 570 (Pard, lower Amazons), 749 (Rio Huallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 166, 627 (Venezuela).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Costa Rica).—Finscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 561 (Trinidad).—Pr.zE.n, Orn. Bras., 1871, 25.—Sa.vry, Ibis, 1872, 315 (Chon- tales, Nicaragua); 1885, 207 (British Guiana); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882,177 (Brazil; Trinidad; Guatemala).—-Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 378.—Boucarp, Liste Ois-Guat., 1878, 31.—SaLvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Manaure, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, 2,700 ft.) ; 1880, 119 (Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 248.—Forses, Ibis, 1881, 330 (Estancia, n. e. Brazil).—Tacza- nowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 9 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 436.—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 382 (Sucuyd, Nicaragua).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 53 (Cuba); Birds West Indies, 1889, 67 (do.).—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 339 (near Kingston, Jamaica, 1 spec., May 17, 1890).—UnpErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 485 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica). [Cereba] cyanea ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16. N[ectarinia] cyanea Swarnson, Birds Western Africa, ii, 1838, 141. A[rbelorhina] cyanea Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Brazil). Arbelorhina cyanea CaBants, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675.— Gunp.acu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 290; Orn. Cuba, 1893, 105.— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 579 (Truxillo, Honduras),—ZELE- pon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Las Trojas de Puntarenas, San José, Alajuela, Pozo Azul de Pirris and Monte Redondo de San José).— Bervepscu, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1889, 295 (Yurimaguas, e. Peru).—Auzey, Bull. 1Among Mexican localities cited appears the Valley of Mexico; but since the species is a bird of the tierra caliente, or true tropical districts, there is doubtless an error in this case. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 889 Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 347 (Chapada, prov. Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil; crit.; descr. eggs).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 310 (San Pablo, s. Cuba); vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117, 155 (Cuba).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escon- dido and San Carlos, Nicaragua).—Cuerris, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Lagarto, Boruca, Térraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). Cyanerpes cyaneus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1891, 32 (synonymy; geog. range, etc.).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1891, 31 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama). (?)[Certhia] cyanogastra Lariam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 295 (based on Blue-throated Creeper Latham, Synopsis, ii, 734). (?)[Certhia] flavipes Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 472 (based on Blue-throated Creeper Latham, Synopsis, ii, 734). Cereba carneipes ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 376 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, s. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1864, 178 (‘ ‘valley of Mexico’’); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 52 (Oaxaca).—ScLarrr and Savi, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Duefias, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R.).—LAwrReEnce, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 291, 317 (Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137; (Cordillera de Tolé, Santiago, and Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra, Castillo, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (hot district, Vera Cruz). Cereba cyanea var. carneipes Boucarp, Cat. Av., 1876, 239, no. 7444 (Mexico). Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 33 (crit.; s. Mexico to Panama). A[rbelorhina] brevipes Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene- zuela; coll. Heine Mus. ). Cereba brevipes REIcHENBACH, Handb. Spec. Orn,, 1851, 237. Cyanerpes cyaneus brevipes OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 33 (synonymy; crit. ). A[rbelorhina] eximia CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 96 (Puerto Cabello, Vene- zuela; coll. Heine Mus.). Cereba cyanea eximia BurtepscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 287 (Bucaramanga, Colombia). Arbelorhina cyanea eximia Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 679, (Margarita I., Venezuela).—Rosinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 679 (habits).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Cyanerpes cyanea eximea ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xviii, Aug. 25, 1900, 173 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia). CYANERPES LUCIDUS (Sclater and Salvin). SHINING HONEY CREEPER. Adult male.—Lores, chin, throat, and upper median portion of chest uniform deep black; wings, tail, and thighs black; rest of plumage plain dull ultramarine or french blue, lighter more azure blue on head; bill black; legs and feet canary yellow in life,* dull yellowish in dried skins; length (skins), 91.4-109.7 (100.6); wing, 52.1-60.5 (57.4); tail, 26.4-32.3 (29.5); exposed culmen, 15.5-19.6 (18); tarsus, 14-16.3 (14.7); middle toe, 9.7-11.4 (10.7).” 1Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488. *Ten specimens. 390 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult femule.—Pileum and hindneck dull grayish blue or greenish, the forehead (sometimes crown also) usually narrowly streaked with whitish; rest of upper parts plain dull grass green or parrot green; lores brownish dusky; malar region blue or partly blue; chin and throat buff; median under parts dull whitish, the chest streaked with blue; sides and flanks plain grayish green; bill black; legs and feet sage green in life,’ brownish in dried skins; length (skins), 93.5-103.1 (98.6); wing, 50.8-57.4 (54.6); tail, 25.4-30.5 (27.9); exposed culmen, 18.5-19.6 (19.1), tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15); middle toe, 9.4-10.7 (10.4). Young mate.—Similar in coloration to the adult female. Immature male.—Variously intermediate in color between adult male and female, according to age. Central America, from Guatemala (Choctum) to the Isthmus of Panama (line of Panama Railroad). Cereba cerulea (not Certhia cerulea Linnzeus) ScLater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 140 (Veragua). ~ Cereba lucida ScLaTeR and Saxvin, Ibis, 1st ser., i, Jan., 1859, 14 (Guatemala) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Panama R. R.).—Moorsg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 53 (Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 291, 318 (Panama R. R.).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 35 (Choctum, Guatemala; Bugaba, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 267 (monogr.).—Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (David, Chiriqui); 1870, 185 (Bugaba, Veragua).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 32,—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 249. (Cereba] lucida Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 117, no. 1453.—ScuaTer and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16. Arbelorhina lucida Heine and RetcHEnow, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1882, 60.— ZeLEpDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (San José, Puerto Limon, and Pozo Azul de Pirris)—Cnerrin, Auk, ix, 1892 23 (San José, Costa Rica); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca and Térraba, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.).—RicuMonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits; color of unfeathered parts, etc.) . Cyanerpes lucidus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 34 (synonymy; range). Genus DACNIS Cuvier. Dacnis Cuvizr, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 395. (Type, Motacilla cayana Linnevs.) Cyanodacnis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 268. (Type, Motacilla cayana Linneeus. ) Polidacnis Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 269. (Type, Dacnis angelica De Filippi. ) Eudacnis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, Nov., 1864, 270. (Type, Dacnis flaviventris Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny. ) Coerebide with the bill shorter than the head, acute-conical or wedge- shaped, very slightly decurved terminally (at least the maxilla), and tip acute; tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw; adult males blue 1Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488. *Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 391 and black (sometimes with white or yellow abdomen or scarlet thighs), or else yellow and black with greenish pileum. Bill shorter than head, narrowly conical or wedge-shaped, usually very slightly decurved terminally, with tip acute; culmen nearly straight for basal half or more, thence slightly and gradually decurved to the acute tip of the maxilla; gonys straight or some- times faintly concave terminally. Nostrils exposed, longitudinally oval, overhung by rather broad membrane. Rictal bristles very minute or obsolete. Wing moderate, rather pointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth longer than sixth, sometimes equal to longest); wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus (usually decidedly longer). Tail much shorter than wing (decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), even or very slightly rounded. Tarsus about as long as commissure or a little longer, distinctly scutellate; middle toe with claw about equal to tarsus or slightly shorter. Coloration.—Adult males bright bluish green to violet-blue, varied with black, some species with the abdomen, etc., white or yellow, or with scarlet thighs; or else the plumage yellow and black, with greenish pileum; adult females much duller in color; greenish, olive, or brownish above, pale: below, the head sometimes bluish, with grayish throat. ange.—Nicaragua to Peru, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. This genus has hitherto included some half dozen species which cer- tainly do not belong to it. These are D. pulcherrima Sclater, which I have made the type of a new genus, /ridophanes,' and referred, provisionally at least, to the Tanagride,” and the last six species given by Dr. Sclater (except possibly D. salmonz, which I have not seen), these latter, according to my views, constituting a distinct genus (Ateleodacnis Cassin *) and belonging to the Mniotiltide. Of the spe- cies left in Dacnzs the most aberrant is D. flaviventris.t This has the bill straighter than any other species (almost perfectly straight, in fact), and has the tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw; the coloration is very different from that of other species, clear lemon yellow replacing blue, but the pattern is essentially the same. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DACNIS. a. Lores and at least part of back black; under parts (except throat, in some species) bright blue or green, or else greenish black with scarlet thighs. (Adult males.) b. Under parts of body blue; thighs blue or bluish gray; wings with conspicuous blue edgings. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, 1891, 150. *See page 2, this volume. 3 Ateleodacnis Cassin, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 270. (Type, Dacnis leucogenys Lafresnaye. ) * Daenis flaviventris Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny, Mag. de Zool., 1839, Synop. Av., 21. 392 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. c. Throat black; under wing-coverts gray. (Dacnis cayana. ) d. General color bright cerulean or turquoise blue, changing to bluish green; throat deeper black. (Colombia to southern Braziland Bolivia; Chiriqui?) Dacnis cayana cayana, adult male (p. 392) dd. General color bright ultramarine or cobalt blue, changing to greenish blue; throat dull greenish black. (Isthmus of Panama to Nicaragua. } Dacnis cayana ultramarina, adult male (p. 394) ce. Throat bluish green; under wing-coverts white. (Isthmus of Panama.) Dacnis viguieri, adult male (p. 396) bb. Under parts of body greenish black; thighs scarlet; wings entirely black. (Costa Rica to Colombia.) ....-.-------- Dacnis venusta, adult male (p. 396) aa. No black on lores nor back; under parts of body yellowish green, or light buffy grayish anteriorly passing into buffy or buffy yellowish posteriorly. (Adult females and young. ) b. Under parts yellowish green, the throat bluish gray; pileum greenish blue; wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices edged with bright yellowish green. c. More yellowish green, with head lighter and more greenish blue. Dacnis cayana cayana, adult female and young male (p. 392) cc. Clearer green, with head deeper and less greenish blue. Dacnis cayana ultramarina, adult female and young male (p. 395) bb. Under parts light buffy grayish anteriorly, passing into buffy posteriorly (the abdomen more yellowish); wing-coverts plain greenish gray or olive, the remiges and rectrices edged with same. Dacnis venusta, adult female and young male (p. 397) DACNIS CAYANA CAYANA (Linnzus). CAYENNE DACNIS. Adult male.—Lores, postocular streak (of variable extent), chin, throat, and back, uniform black; wings and tail black; middle wing- coverts tipped with bright greenish blue, greater coverts and tertials broadly, secondaries and primaries (in part) narrowly, edged with the same; rest of plumage bright cerulean or turquoise blue viewed toward the light, changing to bluish green when viewed from the light; bill brownish black, the mandible more brownish (fleshy in life) basally; iris reddish brown;' legs and feet brownish in dried skins, fleshy* or bluish’ in life; length (skins), 99.6-133.6 (115.1); wing, 61.2-68.6 (65); tail, 41.7-48 (44.2); exposed culmen, 11.9-14 (18.2); tarsus, 15.7-16.8 (16.3); middle toe, 10.2-11.4 (10.7). Adult female.—Y ellowish grass green, orighter on rump and upper tail-coverts, rather lighter (approaching apple green) on under parts; head dull greenish blue or bluish green (nile blue or bery! green), the throat paler and grayer; lesser wing-coverts darker and duller green- ish blue; bill and feet as in the male, but the former rather browner; length (skins), 103.1-130.3 (116.6); wing, 57.2-68.6 (68); tail, 39.6-47 ' Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 330. *D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 221. ‘Fourteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 393 (43.7); exposed culmen, 11.7-14.7 (13.2); tarsus, 15.2-17.5 (16.5); mid- dle toe, 9.7-12.2 (10.7)." Eastern tropical South America, from southern Brazil, and Bolivia to Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia; Chiriqui?? 2? [Motacilla] cayana* Linnaxvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 336 (based on Blue Manakin Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, pl. 263, lower fig.; Sylria cayanensis cxrulea Brisson, Orn., iii, 534, pl. 28, fig. 1).—Gmezin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 990. D{acnis] cayanus D’Orpiany and Larresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1839 (Synop. Av., p. 20) (Yuracares, prov. Chiquitos, Bolivia). D{acnis] cayana Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 95 (Cayenne). [Dacnis] cayana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 400.—ScLaTer and Satvuy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16. Dacnis cayana SrrickLanD, Contr. Orn., 1851, 15 (crit.; synonymy).—ScLATER, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 106 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 110 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador), 252 (Trinidad; Guiana; Cayenne; Brazil; e. Peru; Bolivia); 1855, 137 (Bogota, Colombia); 1857, 263 (Ega, upper Amazons); 1858, 452 (Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 50 (Bogota, Colombia; Trinidad; Cayenne); Ibis, 1863, 313 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1886, 19, part (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chir- iqui; South American localities).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 268 (monogr.).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).—ScLaTer and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 179 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 570 (Par, ' Nine specimens. The specimens measured average as follows, according to locality: Locality. Wing. | Tail. ieee el Tarsus. oe MALES. Four adult males from Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’’) .......------- 67.1 44.2 13.2 16 10.4 Two adult males from Trinidad...............--2.2+--22-+-- 62,2 42.4 12.7 15.7 10.4 One adult male from British Guiana...-......-.....-.------ 62 42.9 TS lbccwesacdbesedass Five adult males from eastern Brazil ........-------..2----- 64.5 44,2 13.2 16.5 10.7 Two adult males from southwestern Brazil (Chapada)...... 67,6 46.5 13.7 16.3 11.2 : FEMALES. One adult female from Colombia (‘‘ Bogota’) ....-----.---- 67.3 47 13.5 16 10.7 Three adult females from Trinidad ...........-..-----+--+-+ 62.2 43.9 14.2 16.5 10.9 One adult female from British Guiana ............-...-----+ 67.2 39.6 11.7 16.5 10.2 One adult female from lower Amazon (Santarem)......---- 60.5 43.4 12.2 15.2 9.7 Two adult females from southwestern Brazil (Chapada) .../ 66.8 44.7 13.7 17.5 9.7 One adult female from Bolivia............002+0seeeeeesee ee 62.2 | 43.7 12.2 16 9.9 The South American birds will probably require subdivision into two or more geographic subspecies. Specimens from Colombia are, as a rule, more decidedly blue than those from other parts of South America, especially those from southern — Brazil, which, besides being larger, are decidedly greenish and have the black duller, especially that on the throat. (See Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, 1891, p. 347, where average measurements of 20 adult males from Chapada, Matto Grosso, are given as follows: Wing, 68.8; tail, 45.5; exposed culmen, 13.) ? Although Chiriqui examples have, at least generally, the light blue color of true D. cayana, I am exceedingly doubtful whether they should be referred to that form. Lack of adequate material, however, prevents me from reaching a satisfactory con- clusion in the matter. *See Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 235. 394 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lower Amazon), 749 (Rio Huallaga, e. Peru), 977 (Amazonia); 1873, 259 (lower Ucayali, Xeberos, Chamicuros, Pebas, and Ega, e. Peru); 1875, 237 (province of Tachira, Venezuela); 1879, 496 (Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia), 597 (Rio Tanapaya, etc., Bolivia).—Lioravup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 124.—Satvavort, Atti. R. Ac. Sci. Torino, ii, 1868, 261 (crit.; synon- ymy).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 25.—Layarp, Ibis, 1878, 378 (Pard).— TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 510 (Monterico, centr. Peru); 1882, 9 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 428.—ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 78 (Santarem, lower Amazon); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 80 (Mapiri and Falls of Madeira, Bolivia); iii, 1891, 347 (Chapada, prov. Matto Grosso, s. w. Brazil; crit.).—Forsxs, Ibis, 1881, 330 (Caxanga, Recife, etc., n. e. Brazil).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 244, part (South American localities).—Satvin, Ibis, 1885, 207 (British Guiana).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad).— Inerine, Aves d. Est. S. Paulo, 1899, 141 (Iguape). [Fringilla] cyanomelas GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 924 (based on Fringilla cerulea, mento, gula, etc., nigris Koelreuter, Nov. Comm. Petrop., xi, 434, pl. 15, fig. 6). D[acnis] cyanomelas CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 95 (Brazil). Dacnis cyanomelas REIcHENBACH, Handb., ii, 1853, 227.—BurmeistEr, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 153.—Brrxepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 235 (Santa Cat- arina, s. Brazil; synonomy, crit., etc.); 1889, 294 (Tarapoto, upper Amazons; crit.).—Boucarp and Brerterscu, The Humming Bird, ii, 1892, 43 (Porto Real, Brazil). : [Motacilla] cyanocephala GmE.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 990 (= female; based on Sylvia viridis Brisson, Orn., iii, 531, pl. 28, fig. 4; Blue-headed Warbler Latham, Synopsis, ii, pt. 2, 503, etc.; Cayenne). Nectarinia cyanocephala Swatnson, Zool. Mlustr., ser. i, vol. ii, 1822, pl. 117. D{aenis] cyanocephala Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102 (not pl. 34, fig. 2). —CABANis, | in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 675. Dacnis cyanocephalus D’OrBieny, Voy. Amer. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 221 (Paraguay; Bolivia). ‘ (?) N[ectarinia] czruliocephala Swainson, Birds West Africa, ii, 183-, 141. Nectarinia bicolor (not Sylvia bicolor Vieillot, 1807) BeckLEmicHEw, Nouy. Mém. Soc. Mosce., i, 1829, 378, pl. 23. D[acnis] bicolor Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 102. Coereba caerulea (not of Vieillot) Maximi.ian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 766. Dacnis cyanater Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 458.—LarresnayE and D’Orsiexy, Synopsis Avium, i (Mag. de Zool., 1837), 21 (Yuracares, prov. Chiquitos, Bolivia).—Pucueran, Rev. et Mag. Zool., vi (2), 1854, 70 (crit.). Dacnis nigripes (not of Pelzeln) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 269 (monogr. ). [Dacnis cayana.] b. Subsp. typica ScuateER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 20, in list of specimens. ; DACNIS CAYANA ULTRAMARINA (Lawrence). ULTRAMARINE DACNIS, Similar to D. ¢. cayana, but adult male usually with the blue of a much deeper and less greenish hue, the color changing from bright ultramarine or cobalt blue when viewed toward the light to greenish blue viewed from the light; chin and throat decidedly duller black,* or 1The throat is similarly dull colored in examples of so-called D. cayana from southwestern Brazil (Chapada), but the birds from that district should undoubtedly be separated as a distinct subspecies from true D. cayana, being much larger as well as greener than the typical form from the lower Amazon Valley, Cayenne, etc. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 395 dull grayish black washed with dull blue; adult female less yellowish green than that of D. c. cayana, with blue of head deeper and less greenish. Adult mate.—Lores, short triangular postocular streak, and back black, the last sometimes slightly glossed or overlaid with dull bluish; chin and throat dull grayish black or blackish gray, tinged or glossed with dull blue; wings and tail black, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with bright blue, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the secondaries and primaries in part (sometimes also median rectrices), narrowly, edged with the same; rest of plumage bright blue, usually cobalt or ultramarine when viewed toward the light,’ changing to more greenish blue when viewed from the light; concealed portion of upper tail-coverts black, the plumage of under parts grayish beneath the sur- face; bill brownish black terminally, more brownish basally, especially on mandible; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 102.9-119.9 (110.7); wing, 60.2-66.3 (63); tail, 41.1-44.7 (42.7); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.7 (18); tarsus, 15.2-17 (16); middle toe, 10.2-10.9 (10.7).? Adult female.—Y ellowish grass green, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts, rather lighter (approaching apple green) on under parts; head greenish blue, the throat light bluish gray; lesser wing-coverts darker greenish blue than head, the centers of feathers (like those of pileum) darker; bill and feet as in the adult male, but the former more distinctly and extensively brownish basally; length (skins), 105.4-117.3 (118); wing, 62-64.3 (63.5); tail, 40.9-44.5 (42.7); exposed culmen, 13- 14 (13.5); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (16); middle toe, 10.9-11.4 (11.2).° Isthmus of Panama (Panama Railroad) to eastern Nicaragua (Grey- town; Rio Escondido; Chontales, etc.). Dacnis cerebicolor (not of Sclater) Lawrences, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 219 (Panama R. R.). Dacnis ultramarina Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 106 (Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence’); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 97 (Angostura, Costa Rica).—ScLaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.).—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 269 (monogr.).—Sa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 (Chepo, Isthmus of Panama).—Brrersca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 236(crit. ).— Satyin and Gopmay, Biol. Cent.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 244.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Las Trojas de Puntarenas).—RicuMmonp, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Terrdba, s. w. Costa Rica). [Dacnis] ultramarina ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16. [Dacnis cayana.] a. Subsp. ultramarina ScuateR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 20, in list of specimens. 'The color of D. c. cayana in the same position is cerulean or turquoise blue, changing to bluish green. "Seven specimens. 5 Five specimens. 396 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (?) Daenis cayana (not Motacilla cayana Linnzeus) SALvin, Ibis, 1870, 185 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua); 1872, 313, 314 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 19, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Chepo, Veragua; Lion Hill and Panama, Panama R. R.). (?) Dacnis cayana glaucogularis Brruerscnh and Stovzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Aug. 1, 1896, 336 (La Gloria and La Merced, centr. Peru; coll. Branicki Mus. ).} DACNIS VIGUIERI Oustalet. VIGUIER’S DACNIS, Adult male.—Bluish green, the lores, back, and tail black; primaries black, with inner webs edged with white; distal secondaries blackish, edged with green, proximal secondaries (tertials) broadly edged with yellowish green, their inner webs blackish; bill and feet black; length, 119.9; tail, 50; tarsus, 15; exposed culmen, 9.9. ‘* Head, throat, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts bright green glossed with blue, corresponding with the color called in France cendre-vert; lores, back, and tail deep black; remiges black, their inner webs edged with white; innermost secondaries black margined with clear green, the remaining secondaries for the greater part green with an inner margin of black; lesser (?) coverts glossy yellowish or golden green, the other coverts brilliant green glossed with blue, but the concealed portions black; bill and feet uniform black. Iris golden yellow (according to M. Viguier).”? Isthmus of Panama (coast of Gulf of Darien). A very distinct species, which I have not seen. Dacenis viguieri Oustauet, in Salvin and Godman’s Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Nov., 1883, 246 (Isthmus of Panama; coll. Paris Mus. ). Dacnis viguert Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, pl. 15a, fig. 3. DACNIS VENUSTA Lawrence. SCARLET-THIGHED DACNIS, Adult male.—Forehead, lores, orbits, triangular postocular mark, anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat, and rest of under parts (except thighs) greenish black or dark ‘‘invisible” green; thighs bright scarlet; head and neck, except as described, scapulars, median portion of back, rump, and part of upper tail-coverts rich turquoise blue; wings, tail, and longer upper tail-coverts black; under wing- coverts partly white; bill black; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 114.8-124 (119.1); wing, 63.5-71.4 (68.8); tail, 1 Typical specimens (received from the Branicki Museum) are undistinguishable from a light-colored example of D. c. ultramarina from Chiriqui. All Peruvian specimens examined agree with the Central American form in the color of the throat (as distinguished from that of D. c. cayana), but none of them exhibit the deep blue color characteristic of most specimens of D. c. ultramarina, being in this respect like true D. cayanu. ? Free translation of Oustalet’s original description, in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Aves, i, 246. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 397 41.7-48.2 (42.4); exposed culmen, 12.2-13 (12.4); tarsus, 15.2-16.5 (15.7); middle toe, 10.4-11.2 (10.9).! Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck dull or dusky greenish olive, the feathers narrowly and indistinctly tipped or margined with brighter greenish; sides of head and neck glaucous-green; back olive, tinged or washed with dull greenish; scapulars, rump, and upper tail- coverts glaucous-green, the last brighter, inclining to nile blue; wings and tail olive, with indistinct paler edgings, except the middle and greater wing-coverts which, respectively, are tipped and edged distinctly with light olive; chin, throat, and chest light buffy grayish, changing posteriorly to buffy yellowish on abdomen and buff on anal region and under tail-coverts, the thighs tinged with red; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 111.3-122.9 (118.4); wing, 61.7-69.1 (66); tail, 40.6-42.9 (41.4); exposed culmen, 11.9-13.2 (12.7); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.5); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (11.2).? Immature male.—Forehead, lores, postocular space, anterior part of malar region, chin, and throat uniform black, as in the adult male; rest of head bright cerulean or turquoise blue, becoming dusky olive on occiput; otherwise like the adult female. Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but duller and grayer above, the sides of head and neck gray instead of blue; no blue on scapulars; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with pale grayish. Highlands of Costa Rica (Dota mountains, Tucurriqui, Turrialba, Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo Azul de Pirris, ‘Candelaria, etc.) to Colom- bia (Remedios, province of Antioquia).’ Dacenis sp. Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 319 (Panama R. R.). Daenis venusta (not Sylvia venustu Descourtilz, 18564) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., vii, 1862, 464 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 97 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Sciarzr, Ibis, 1863, 315, pl. 7 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 24 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, and Bugab4, Veragua; Panama; Remedios, Colombia).—Scuarrr and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 497 (Remedios, prov. Antio- quia, Colombia).—Cass1n, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 269 (monogr. ).— Satvaport, Atti Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 172 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 (Bugaba, Veragua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1883, 245.—Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Naranjo de Cartago; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Turrialba).—CHErRin, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (descr. young); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 17 (Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica). [Dacnis] venusta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 117, no. 1461.—Scriater and Savin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 160. 1Six specimens. * Five specimens. *T have not seen Colombian specimens. These should be carefully compared with those from Costa Rica. ‘Sylvia venusta Descourtilz, Orn. du Brésil, 1854-56, 37, pl. 42, fig. 3; = Dacnis [Ateleodacnis] analis D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye. 898 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus CCEREBA Vieillot. ‘Coereba Virtiiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 70. (Type, Certhia flaveola Linneus. ) Certhiola SuNDEVALL, CEfy. Vet.-Ak. Hand]. Stockholm, 1835, 99. (Type, Certhia flaveola Linneeus.) Arbelorhina! CaBANIs, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, 325. (Substitute for Cereba Vieillot).” Rather small Corebide with very acute decurved bill, long tarsus (nearly one-third as long as wing) and rounded tail, witk very broad rectrices; plumage varied with dusky or grayish and yellow, white, or grayish, or else entirely black. Bill about as long as head or a little shorter, strongly decurved ter- minally, with tip very acute; culmen distinctly ridged, gradually curved downward from the base; commissure distinctly arched, most strongly so toward base, the rictal portion fleshy or tumid; gonys slightly con- cave, its base forming a slight but decided angle; depth of bill at base equal to about one-third exposed culmen or slightly less, the basal width decidedly less than the depth. Nostril exposed, longitudinal, occupying about the lower half of nasal fossa. ictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, rather pointed (eighth, seventh and sixth primaries longest, ninth intermediate between fifth and fourth); wing-tip slightly shorter than commissure, much shorter than tarsus. Tail much shorter than wing (decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries), rounded, the rectrices very broad. Tarsus long (nearly one-third as long as wing), its scutella rather distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe almost entirely free from inner toe, but united for more than half its length to outer toe. Coloration (sexes alike).—Above grayish, olive, or blackish, usually with a yellow patch on rump and a white spot at base of primaries; a white, gray, or yellowish superciliary stripe; under parts whitish or grayish, the breast (sometimes abdomen also) yellow; lateral rectrices tipped with white. (Two species, or possibly representing a color phase of normally colored species, entirely black.) Lange.—Neotropical Region in general, but wanting in Cuba, the Galapagos Archipelago, and on Pacific coast of South America from Peru southward. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CCEREBA. a. Plumage parti-colored (blackish or grayish, yellow, white, etc.). 6. A conspicuous and sharply defined superciliary stripe of white or yellow. c. Superciliary stripe white. ( Adults.) d. Throat unicolored (white, gray, or dark slaty); malar region and whele throat same color, abruptly different from blackish of pileum. e. Throat grayish white or very pale gray (not darker than gray no. 9°). 1«" ApBniros, Kneif; piv, Nase.” *See Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 32. ’Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, pl. ii, fig. 9. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 399 f. Flanks pale gray, very slightly if at all tinged with yellow; lower abdo- men and anal region white or yellowish white. (Bahama Islands.) Coereba bahamensis, adults (p. 401) f. Flanks yellowish gray or olive, strongly tinged with yellow; lower abdomen and anal region yellow. g- Black on lores and beneath eyes broader (as in C. bahamensis); white superciliary stripe much narrower; white spots at tip of lateral rectrices much smaller. (Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. ) Coereba caboti, adults (p. 404) gg. Black on lores and beneath eyes narrower; white superciliary stripe broader (as in C. bahamensis); white spots at tip of lateral rec- trices much larger. h. Smaller, with larger bill (male averaging wing 61.2, tail 41.9, exposed culmen 15); yellow of rump tinged with olive. (Islands of Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, Greater Antilles. ) Coreba sharpei, adults (p. 404) hh. Larger, with smaller bill (male averaging wing 65.8, tail 46.2, exposed culmen 14); yellow of rump purer. (Island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea.)....Coereba tricolor, adults (p. 405) ee. Throat distinctly gray (not paler than gray no. 7). f. Throat paler gray (no. 6 or no. 7). g. Back, etc., sooty blackish; white wing-spot large and conspicuous; breast, etc., brighter yellow. h. Throat deeper gray (no.6); rump pure lemon or canary yellow; breast, etc., deeper yellow. (Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela; islands of Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada.) Cereba luteola, adults (p. 406) hh. Throat paler gray (no. 7); rump olive-yellow; breast, etc., lighter yellow. (Island of San Miguel, Bay of Panama.) Ceereba cerinoclunis, adults (p. 408) gg. Back, etc., olive, grayish olive, or brownish gray; white wing-spot (if present) small, rarely conspicuous; breast, etc., paler and duller yellow. h. White wing-spot usually distinct (sometimes obsolete); smaller (wing not more than 59.9). (Southern Mexico to Colombia; Ecuador?; Peru?) .....-------- Coereba mexicana, adults (p. 409) hh. White wing-spot obsolete (entirely concealed by primary coverts); larger (wing 62.2). (Coast district of Guiana and Brazil. ) Cereba chloropyga, adults (extralimital'). Jf. Throat darker gray (slate-gray, or darker). g. Throat slate-gray. h. Smaller, especially the bill (exposed culmen 11.7-12.2); back and wings browner or more sooty. (Island of Haiti, Greater Antil- eG) ce cses Ges s ae cote Cereba bananivora, adults (p. 411) 1Ca@REBA CHLOROPYGA (Cabanis). C[erthiola] chloropyga Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 97 (Bahia, e. Brazil; coll. Heine Mus.). ; ; Certhiola chloropyga ScuatER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 44. : Cereba chloropyga ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 348 (Abrilonga, Cuyaba, and Chapada, s. w. Brazil; crit.) : (?) Clerthiola] guianensis Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 97 (Griana; coll. Heine Mus. ). Certhiola guianensis ScuatrR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 53 (Cayenne). (?) Certhiola majuscula CaBANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 413. 400 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hh. Larger, especially the bill (exposed culmen 13.2-15.2); back and wings darker, more blackish. (Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Johns, Culebra (?), Anegada (?) and Tortola (?), Greater Antilles.)...-...-- Coereba portoricensis, adults (p. 412) gg. Throat blackish slate. h. White wing-spot not truncated posteriorly, but following edges of primaries more or less beyond it; rump-patch clear yellow, larger and sharply defined; breast darker and duller yellow (wax yel- low). (Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.) Ceereba flaveola, adults (p. 414) hh. White wing-spot (if present) truncated posteriorly; rump-patch decidedly olivaceous or olive-yellowish, smaller and less sharply defined; breast lighter and clearer yellow. i. White wing-spot larger; breast tinged with ochraceous. (Island of St. Croix, Greater Antilles.) ..Ccreba newtoni, adults (p. 416) ii. White wing-spot smaller, sometimes obsolete or altogether want- ing; breast clear yellow like abdomen. j. White superciliary stripe broader; white wing-spot larger; smaller (wing of female 56.1-56.6, tail 34.3-34.8). (Islands of St. Vincent and Grenada, Lesser Antilles. ) Coereba saccharina, adults (p. 415) jj. White superciliary stripe narrower; white wing-spot (if pres- ent) much smaller; larger (wing of female 56.9-58.4, tail 39.4-40.1). k. No white at base of primaries (except concealed by primary coverts); smaller (wing of male averaging 58.2, tail 40.4, exposed culmen 14). (Islands of Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. Christopher, Nevis, Barbuda and Antigua, Lesser Antilles.) ...-...------ Coreba dominicana, adults (p. 417) kk. A white spot at base of primaries; larger (wing of male averaging 58.9, tail 41.1, exposed culmen 14.2). (Islands of St. Bartholomew, Saba, and St. Eustatius, Lesser Antilles:) <2 26 2<:ic204 Coreba bartolemica, adults (p. 419) dd. Throat bicolored (black and white—at-least the lower portion being the latter color); malar region and sides of throat black, like pileum. e. Throat blackish anteriorly as well as laterally; a gray rictal streak. f. White superciliary stripe shorter, terminating above end of auricular region; whitish space on lower throat much smaller; gray rictal streak more distinct; olive-yellowish band across lower rump indistinct. (Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles. ) Coereba barbadensis, adults (p. 420) ff White superciliary stripe longer, terminating behind auricular region; whitish space on lower throat much larger; gray rictal streak less distinct; olive-yellowish band across lower rump much more distinct. (Island of Curacao, Caribbean Sea.) Cereba uropygialis, adults (p. 420) ee. Throat blackish only laterally; no gray rictal streak. (Islands of Mar- tinique and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.) Coereba martinicana, adults (p. 421) ce. Superciliary stripe bright yellow. Cereba martinicana and C. uropygialis, young! (p. 421) ‘I have not seen a specimen of C. martinicana in first plumage; but in that species younger birds retain the yellow superciliary stripe, at least in part, after the other- wise fully adult plumage has been acquired. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 401 bb. Without a conspicuous or sharply defined superciliary stripe of white or yel- low. (Young.) ce. Throat pale dull grayish, or if tinged with yellow the back paler grayish brown and wing more than 57. d. Back, etc., grayish brown or brownish gray; white wing-spot large, con- spicuous; wing 57.1-61 or more. e. Paler, with less yellow below (only on the breast). , Coreba bahamensis, young (p. 401) ee. Darker, with more yellow (mostly yellow) below. Coreba tricolor, young (p. 405) dd. Back, etc., light olive; white wing-spot obsolete; wing 53.3. Coereba chloropyga, young (extralimital). cc. Throat yellow or yellow and dusky; wing not more than 55.9. d. A distinct white spot at base of primaries. e. Under parts mostly yellow. Jf. Sides of throat mostly dusky; white wing-spot larger, the primaries edged with white for some distance beyond it. Cereba flaveola, young (Addenda) Jf. Sides of throat with little ifany dusky; white wing-spot smaller, nearly truncated... 2.2..c6sse<2-+2e5see% Cereba portoricensis, young (p. 412) ee. Under parts light olive, tinged with yellow on breast. Cereba bananivora, young (p. 411) dd. No distinct white spot at base of primaries. e. Side of throat dusky ...-..-.------.--- Cereba barbadensis, young (p. 420) ee. Whole throat yellowish ..........----- Cereba mexicana, young (p. 410) aa. Plumage unicolored (plain blackish). lL. Larger (wing of male 64, tail 42.7, exposed culmen 16, tarsus 19.6, middle toe 12.7). (Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. ) Ccereba atrata, adults (p. 422) bb. Smaller (male averaging 59.7, tail 36.3, exposed culmen 14.2, tarsus 18.8, middle toe 11.9). (Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.) Cereba wellsi, adults (p. 423) CCZEREBA BAHAMENSIS (Reichenbach). BAHAMA BANANAQUIT. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain sooty blackish slate, the back, scapulars, wings, and tail usually somewhat lighter than the pileum, sometimes inclining to brownish gray; a large white spot or patch at base of six to seven outermost primaries; remiges and rectrices more or less distinctly edged with pale grayish, the tertials, in fresh plumage, rather broadly margined at tips with the same or grayish white; tail narrowly tipped with whitish (except in worn plumage), the three outermost rectrices with a large terminal spot of white, about 11.414 in extent on lateral rectrix; rump lemon or canary yellow; a broad white superciliary stripe, extending from nostril to occiput; loral and auricular regions and sides of neck sooty blackish slate, like pileum, the loral and auricular areas narrowly connected beneath eye; malar region (except anterior point), chin, throat, and upper chest white, or grayish white; lower chest, breast, and median portion of upper belly lemon yellow; rest of under parts white, the flanks tinged with yel- lowish gray, the lower abdomen sometimes faintly tinged with yellow; 3654—voL 2—01——26 402 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bill black, the tumid rictal portion pale brownish (flesh color in life?); legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins). Young.— Above brownish gray or deep drab-gray, the primaries and rectrices marked with white and (together with secondaries) edged with paler gray as in adults; lower rump olive-yellow, much less dis- tinct and more restricted than the pure yellow patch of adults; sides of head brownish gray, without any white superciliary stripe or else with this merely indicated; malar region paler grayish or dull grayish white, faintly tinged with yellow; chin, throat, and upper chest dull yellowish white; rest of under parts similar, the lower chest, breast, and upper abdomen more distinctly yellowish, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with brownish gray; bill and feet as in adults, but the former rather more brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 109.7-127.8 (117.6); wing, 61.2-68.3 (65); tail, 39.1-48.8 (45); exposed culmen, 14.5-16.8 (15.2); tarsus, 18.5-20:8 (20.1); middle toe, 11.4-13.2 (12.4).! Adult female.—Length (skins), 93-120.4 (108.2); wing, 56.6-62 (59.7); tail, 37.6-43.2 (40.1); exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.7); tarsus, 17.5-20.3 (18.8); middle toe, 11.9-18 (11.9). 1 Twenty specimens. 2 Twelve specimens. Average measurements of specimens from different islands are as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. jon Tarsus. ee culmen. : MALES. Two adult males from New Providence.........-..----.--++ , 65 45.7 15.2 20.3 12.4 Two adult males from Concepcion Island... 64.3 46.2 15.2 19.8 12.2 Two adult males from Eleuthera Island ......... 63.8 41.4 15.2 19.3 12.2 Three adult males from Watlings Island......... 66.5 46.7 15.7.) 20.3 13 Five adult males from Rum Cay ..........-.----- 65.8 46.2 15.2 20.3 12.7 Two adult males from Abaco. ....-....---.-.----- 62.5 43.2 15 19.8 12,4 Two adult males from Green Cay ...-.-.-..--.--- 64 43.7 15.2 ]° 20.3 11.9 One adult male from Cat Island ...............-. 67.1 47.8 15.2 20.3 12.4 One adult male from Inagua ......-...----2-++.sseee ee eee ee 64.5 44,2 15 19.6 12,2 FEMALES. Two adult females from New Providence ...........-.2.-.5- 58.4 39.9 13,2 18.5 11.9 One adult female from Concepcion Island ..........-...---- 60.7 42.7 13.7 19.3 12,2 One adult female from Eleuthera Island................---- 61 39.4 13.7 19.1 11.2 One adult female from Watlings Island. 60.5 42,2 14 19.1 11.4 Two adult females from Rum Cay ...--..-.02.---- eee e ee eee 61.5 40.6 14.5 20.3 18 Three adult females from Abaco ..... ssuvwuseevetstss| 68:2] Eleven specimens. Breeding specimens from the coast of Virginia compare in measurements with those from South Carolina and Georgia, as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. oes Tarsus. culmen. MALES. Twelve adult males from South Carolina and Georgia ......--.----- 58.8 42,7 10.6 16.7 Nine adult males from coast of VITUS con wesng ens cicsnen cian dn caccue 58.3 42,2 10.6 16.6 FEMALES. : Seven adult females from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida..... 55.1 38.9 10.2 16.2 Four adult females from coast of Virginia (Dismal Swamp)........- 54.1 39. 4 10.1 15.9 The two series are practically identical in coloration, 3654—voL 2—01——31 482 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young male in first autumn.—Essentially like the adult male, but the bluish gray of upper parts more or less strongly tinged with olive- green, especially on head and neck; sides and flanks tinged with brown- ish buffy; yellow of throat and breast duller, the darker jugular area more or less obscured by yellowish tips or margins to the feathers; a whitish supraloral mark. (Adult males in winter differ from spring and summer specimens mainly, if not wholly, in having a slight tinge of olive-green to the bluish gray of head, neck, and rump and a slight olivaceous tinge to sides and flanks.) Young female in first autwnn.—Differing from the adult female in the same characters which distinguish the young male in same plumage. Young, first plumage.—Above plain slate-gray, slightly tinged with olive-green; middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; chin and upper throat pale yellowish; lower throat, chest, sides, and flanks plain light gray (intermediate between mouse gray and gray no. 6); abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; remiges and rectrices as in adults. More southern portions of Atlantic and eastern Gulf coast districts of United States, breeding from Florida, Georgia, and Alabama (vicin- ity of Mobile) at least to coast of Virginia (Cape Charles, Eastville, Dismal Swamp, etc.), probably to Delaware and southern New Jersey; occasional farther northward (District of Columbia and vicinity; Car- lisle, Pennsylvania; Sing Sing and Shelter Island, New York; Cape Cod, Massachusetts);’ also occasional in more southern portions of the interior (Rockwood, Tennessee, April 24; Mount Carmel, Illinois, April 19); apparently wintering mainly in Florida.’ [Parus] americanus Linn.xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 190 (Carolina; based on Parus fringillaris Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 64, pl. 64); ed. 12, i, 1766, 341.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1007.—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 571. [Motacilla] americana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960. [Sylvia] americana Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520. Sylvia americana Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 83, part.—Avpvuzoy, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 78, part, pl. 15. Sylvicola americana RicHaRpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836 (1837), 17L— AupDuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 57, part,pl. 91. Parula americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20, part.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.—Covzs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 108 (South Carolina); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 20 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 58, part; 2d ed., 1882, 1A considerable number of specimens from these northern localities I am quite unable to distinguish from southern examples; in fact, if taken in Georgia or South Carolina, they would be considered very typical, some of them extreme, examples of the subspecies, as restricted. *Extralimital specimens are so few in number and in such condition of plumage that I am not able to make out satisfactorily the winter ranges of the three forms of this species, - BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 483 no, 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, part.— Merziam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 86 (Ocklawaha R., Florida).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 48 (Camden Co., Georgia, breeding).—Loomis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 211 (Chester Co., South Carolina, breed- ing).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 88, part. [Parula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part.—ScuaTEr and Sat- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. Plarula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290, part. M[niotilta] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part. » [Mniotilta] americana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3448, part. C[ompsothlypis] americanaCaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, part (in synonymy).— Riveway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part. Compsothlypis americana SunDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rico).—Srrsucer, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.—AmERIcAN Ornt- THoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 648, part.—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 193, part—Waynz, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., Florida, breeding).—Brewster, Auk, xiii, 1896, 45 (diagnosis; crit.). C[hloris] americana Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part. Motacilla eques Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 46 (based on Figuier cendré, de la Caroline, Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 731, fig. 1). (?) [Motacilla] ludoviciana Guz in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 983 (Louisiana; based cn Ficedula ludoviciana Brisson, Orn., iii, 500, pl. 26, fig. 4). (?) Motacilla ludoviciana Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. (?) [Sylvia] ludoviciana Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535.—STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 713. Sylvia torquata Vixituot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 38, pl. 99 (based on Parus americanus Linnzeus and Motacilla ludoviciana Gmelin); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 438. Thriothurus torquatus StepHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 194. Sylvia pusilla (not of Latham, 1790) Wizson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 17, pl. 28, fig. 3. Sylvicola pusilla Swarnson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 169. S[ylvicola] pusilla Swanson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245. The following references I am unable, chiefly from lack of satisfac- tory material, to allocate: Sylvia americana D’Orgieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 62. Sylvicola americana JonEs, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1839, 59.—DrEnwny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Cuba; Jamaica).—Jarping, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Ber- mudas, Jan.).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Apr. 21).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 213 (Bermudas).—Branp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Brewenr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 67 (Bahamas), 184 (Porto Rico), 250 (Porto Rico). Parula americana Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix) .—Cass1n, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 376 (St. Thomas).—Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 26 (Jamaica).—GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1873, 411 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 176 (Porto Rico).—A.srecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—McILwrairn, Proc. ‘Very doubtfully a Compsothlypis, and if referable to the present species can only be applied, notwithstanding the locality, to the present form. Santo Domingo is also given as part of the range. 484 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Essex Inst., v. 1866, 85 (Ontario).—ALLen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 267 (Florida, winter).—Corn, Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 395, 396, 397 (s. Alle- ghenies).—Scort, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 221 (West Virginia, breed- ing).—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., i, 1875, 134-( Virginia, breeding).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 55; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Santo Domingo); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 24. Compsothlypis americana CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, 1855, 476 (Cuba).—Conry, Auk, iii, 1886, 26 (West Indian references and localities); viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher); Birds W. I., 1889, 40; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 117, 155 (St. Bartholomew).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Punta Rassa, Florida, migr.; Key West, Florida, winter).—Cuerrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (winter, till Apr. 2).—Wzs.pg, Auk, xiv, 1897, 289 (Cape May, New Jersey; nesting habits, etc.).—Danigt, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding). COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA USNEZ Brewster. NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER, Similar to C. a americana, but slightly larger, with smaller bill and darker, richer coloration; adult male with blue of upper parts deeper, and black of lores more intense; lower throat or upper chest (some- times both) blackish or dusky (the feathers sometimes tipped with chestnut), forming a more or less distinct, often very conspicuous, band; lower chest orange-tawny, tawny, or chestnut (the feathers usually margined with yellow), forming usually a distinct and often abruptly defined patch; sides usually more or less tinged or spotted with chestnut. Adult male.—Length (skins), 97-118 (104.7); wing, 57-63 (60.6); tail, 39.5-45 (42.5); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.7); tarsus, 15.5-18 (16.8)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 93-105 (99.7); wing, 54-59.5 (56.9); tail, 38.5-42 (40.1); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.9); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5). 1 Thirty-four specimens, ? Nine specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows: f Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. culmen. MALES. Twenty adult males from Massachusetts and Connecticut.......... 61 42.2 9.9 16.7 Fourteen adult males from New York and Pennsylvania........... 60.6 42.5 9.7 16.8 Sixteen adult males from District of Columbia and vicinity........ 59.4] 42.2 10.1 16.6 FEMALES. Six adult females from Massachusetts and Connecticut............- 56.9 39.7 9.7 16.5 Three adult females from New York and Pennsylvania ............ 56.8 | 40.7 10.8 16.5 Eight adult females from District of Columbia and vicinity ........ 54.9 39.9 10.1{ 163 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 485 Eastern United States and British Provinces, breeding from the interior districts of Virginia and Maryland’ northward to Maine, Anti- costi Island, New Brunswick, and northern Ontario(?); casual in south- ern Greenland; in winter throughout West Indies.’ Sylvia americana (not Parus americanus Linneeus) Bonaparrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 83, part.—AupugBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 78, part.—Prazopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 11.—TuHompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, App., 1853, p. 24. Sylvicola «umericana AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 57, part.—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 207 (Essex Co., Massa- chusetts).—Wiuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 252 (Nova Scotia). S[ylvicola] americana Maxim111an, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 116, part (Pennsylvania) . Parula americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20, part.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.—Verrri1, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1863, 233 (Oxford Co., Maine).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 59 (Springfield, Massachusetts).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1868, 283 (vic. New York City).—Brewer, Am. Nat., i, 1867, 117 (nesting habits); xvii, 1875, 439 (New England).—Triprr, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 177 (habits, etc.).—Covgs, Proc. Essex. Inst., v, 1868, 269 (Essex Co., Massa- chusetts); Check List, 1873, no. 58, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 93, part;,Birds N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, part.—Turnsu.t, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23; Phila. ed., 16.—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 361 (Upton, Maine, etc.).—Herrricx, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 30 (New Brunswick ).—Pacxkarp, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 271 (eats cankerworm).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part, pl. 10, fig. 7.—Newron (A.), Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 98 (Southern Inspectorate, 1 spec., 1857).—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1884, 370 (Anticosti I., June, July); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22 (descr. young).—Mrnot, Birds New England, 1877, 99.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 88, part. [Parula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part.—ScLaTer and Sa.- vin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. P[arula] americana Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290, part. M[niotilta] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part. Mniotilia americana Reinnarnt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (s. Greenland, 1 spec., 1857). [Mniotilta] americana Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 238, no. 3448, part. (?) Clompsothlypis] americana Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20, part (North America).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part. Compsothlypis americana SresnecER, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.—BrickneL., Auk, i, 1884, 212 (song).—AmeErican ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 648, part.—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver, Butler, and Armstrong coun- ties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Neasrune, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 193, part, pl. 11, fig. 1. 1§pecimens from the District of Columbia and adjacent parts of Maryland and Vir- ginia are mainly referable to this form, though averaging slightly less in length of wing and tail but more in length of bill; many are intermediate in coloration between the present form and C. u. americana, while occasional specimens can not be distin- guished from the latter. 2Some West Indian (winter) specimens are undoubtedly of this form; but the differences between C. a. usnex and C. a. americana in winter plumage are so much obscured that it is difficult to distinguish them at that season. 486 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. C[hloris] americana Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part. Compsothlypis americana usnex Brewster, Auk, xiii, Jan., 1896, 44 (Lake Umba- gog, Maine; coll. W. Brewster).—AmeEricaN ORNITHOLOGIsTs’ Union Com- mitre, Auk, xiv, 1897, 123.—(?)Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, breeding). COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA RAMALINZ:! Ridgway. WESTERN PARULA WARBLER. Similar in coloration to C. a. usnew, but smaller even than ( a. americana. Adult male.—Length (skins), 92-105 (94.8); wing, 54.5-61.5 (57.3); tail, 39-45 (40.9); exposed culmen, 8-11 (9.9); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 97-101 (98.3); wing, 52.5-54 (53.5); tail, 37.5-40 (88.5); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.8); tarsus, 14.5-16.5 (15.8).* Sylvia americana (not Parus americanus Linnzeus) AupuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 78, part. Sylvicola americana Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 59, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 57, part.—WoopHoussg, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 71.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).—Reap, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi., 1853, 399 (n. Ohio).—Pratren, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soe., 1855, 602 (Ilinois).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (Tlac- otalpam, Vera Cruz).—Triprg, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 114 (Minnesota). Parula americana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List. 1838, 20, part.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 238, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 168, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 169, part.—ScLater and Sauvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas).— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1From Ramalina, a genus of lichens, species of which are very abundant in bottom-land forests of the lower Mississippi Valley, where in many localities fre- quented by the present bird it is much more abundant than Usnea, if not altogether replacing the latter. ? Twenty-six specimens. 3 Three specimens. Average measurements for different localities are as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. culmen. MALES, Seven adult males from Michigan (6) and Minnesota (1) ........... 58.6 41.6 9.2 16.4 Six adult males from southern Illinois and Indiana ................ 58,4 41.6 10.1 16.6 Four adult males from Louisiana and Mississippi ................--. 56.7 40.6 10.4 16.5 Nine adult males from Texas: ................cee0c2-eneeeeeecenecees 56.1] 40.1 10.1 16.7 FEMALES. One adult female from southern Indiana (Knox Co.) ............-- 54 38 9 14.5 One adult female from Louisiana (New Orleans) ...........-..---.- 62.5 37.5 9.8 16.5 One adult female from Texas (San Antonio) ..........-...02c.e2--- 54 40 10.5 16.5 The coloration is very uniform throughout the extensive area inhabited by this form, breeding males from Louisiana and Texas being as richly colored and with as conspicuous a dusky chest-band as those from Minnesota and Michigan. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 487 no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Oct., Jan.).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, win- ter).—Attzny, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 175 (Kansas, etc.); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 265 (Leaevnworth, Kansas) .—ArKEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado, 1 spec., May 11.)—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 58, part, 2d ed., 1882, no. 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 46, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, part.—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 141 (w. Missouri, breeding).—AizEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado) .— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4 (Leavenworth).—Rineway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1878, 180 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 88, part.—Amrs, Bull. Minn. Ac. Sci., 1874, 55 (Minnesota):—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpawav, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part; iii, 1874, 504 (El Paso Co., Colorado).— Nenruine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (s. e. Texas, breeding).—Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 90 (Memphis, Tennessee, and Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi, breeding).—Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 377 (St. Louis, Missouri, breeding; descr. nest). [Parula] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 93, part.—SciaTer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. Pl[arula] americana Rinaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 368 (Illinois, breed- ing).—Borrs, Cat. Birds s. Mich., 1875, no. 22 (breeding).—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 98 (n. e. Tilinois, breeding ).—Covuzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 290, part. M[niotilta] americana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part. M[niotilta] americana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3448, part. Compsothlypis americana StEaNEGcER, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part.—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLoGists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 648, part.—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 131.—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 547 (e. Kansas, breeding).—NEaRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 193, part.—RicaMonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, 1 spec., Oct. 26).—Bryer, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 112 (Louisiana, breeding). C[ompsothlypis] americana Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491, part. C[Moris americana] Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 60, part. COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI SPECIOSA Ridgway. CHIRIQUI PARULA WARBLER. Similar to C. p. pitiaywmi,* but darker and bluer above, throat and chest deeper orange-ochraceous, and middle wing-coverts without white tips; similar in last-mentioned character to P. p. znornata, but much more richly colored. Adult male.—Above dull indigo blue, relieved by a triangular patch of olive-green occupying the interscapular region; lores, suborbital region, and anterior margin of forehead black; outermost greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, but no white tips to middle 'Compsothlypis pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot). ; Syhia pitiayumi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 276; Compsothlypis pitiayumi Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 21; C[ompsothlypis] p[itiayumi] pitiayumi Ripeway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 in text.—Sylvia venusta Tem- minck, Pl. Col., livr. 49, 1824, pl. 293, fig. 1.—Sylvia plumbea Swainson, Zool. Mllustr., ii, 1821-22, pl. 189.—Parula brasiliana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310. 488 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. coverts; inner webs of two outermost rectrices with a large, subter- minal subquadrate patch of white, the third rectrix sometimes with a small white subterminal spot; malar region, chin, breast, sides, flanks, and abdomen rich lemon yellow; throat and chest deep orange-ochra- ceous; anal region, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white; maxilla black, mandible pale colored (yellowish in life); iris brown; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 83.8-104 (94.9); wing, 47.5-55 (59.5); tail, 35.3-41 (89.1); exposed culmen, 9.1-10 (9.7); tarsus, 15.7-18 (16.1); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.1). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but usually slightly duller in color, with white tips to outermost greater wing-coverts less dis- tinct, and the throat and chest less deeply orange-ochraceous, or yel- low slightly tinged with that color; length (skins), 92.7-104.1 (98.9); wing, 47.5-51.8 (49.6); tail, 35.3-38.6 (36.9); exposed culmen (one specimen), 9.1; tarsus, 15.2-15.5 (15.3); middle toe, 9.6-9.9 (9.7). Nicaragua (Ometepe) to Chiriqui (Boquete de Chitra; Volcan de Chiriqui) and Veragua (Calobre). Parula inornata Barro, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 171, part (Angostura and Dota, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Barranca, Angos- tura, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Satvaport, Atti. Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 172 (Costa Rica).—Franrztus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 292 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182, part (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete de Chitra, Chiriqui; Calobre, Veragua).—Sa.vrn and-Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 120, part (Barranca, Angostura, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete de Chitra, Chiriqui; Calo- bre, Veragua).—Nurtine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 391 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).—Suarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643, part (Turrialba, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra), [Parula] inornata ScuareR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. [Parula pitiayumi] var. inornata Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part (Costa Rica). [Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. a. Parula inornata SHaRpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., a, 1885, 260, part (Costa Rica; Chiriqui). Clompsothlypis] inornata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492, part. Compsothlypis inornata ZpuEpoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106 (Naranjo de Cartago; Dota). Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 (Boquete, Chiriqui; coll. U 8. Nat. Mus. ). COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI INORNATA (Baird). GUATEMALAN PARULA WARBLER, Similar to C. p. speciosa, but much duller in color (bluish slate- gray instead of dull indigo blue above, the chest but slightly tinged with orange-ochraceous). Similar also to C. p. nigrilora, but with the flanks and abdomen (except extreme lower portion) yellow, without white tips to middle wing-coverts (or else with these véry indistinct, and with only the outermost (if any) greater coverts tipped with white. 1 Eleven specimens. 2 Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 489 Adult male.—Above plain bluish slate color or dark plumbeous, relieved by a triangular patch of olive-green occupying the interscap- ular region; lores, anterior portion of forehead, and suborbital region blackish; outermost middle and greater wing-coverts sometimes with indistinct white or pale grayish terminal spots; inner webs of two to three outermost rectrices with a subterminal spot of white, largest on outermost rectrix; under parts yellow (gamboge or lemon), becoming yellowish white on lower abdomen and anal region, the chest slightly tinged with orange-ochraceous, the flanks tinged with olive; under tail- coverts and under wing-coverts white; maxilla black, mandible pale colored (yellowish in life?); legs and feet dark horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 92.7-97.8 (95.2); wing, 50-51.6 (51); tail, 37.3- 40 (88.9); exposed culmen, 9-9.4 (9.1); tarsus, 15.9-16.8 (16); middle toe, 9.4-9.6 (9.5). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but slightly paler and duller in color; length (skin), 91.4; wing, 47.5; tail, 36.6; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 14.5; middle toe, 8.4.” Young, first plumage.—Above plain grayish olive, inclining to olive- green on back; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with pale grayish; under parts dull white, the chest and sides of breast shaded with pale olive-grayish. Highlands of Guatemala (Choctum) and Chiapas (Ocuilapa; near Tuxtla Gutierrez). Parula brasiliana (not Sylvia brasiliana Lichtenstein) Satvin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Guatemala). [Parula] inornata Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Nov., 1864, 169.—SciarER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. , Parula inornata Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Nov., 1864, 171, part (type from Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. O. Salvin).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182, part (Choctum).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 120, part, pl. 8, fig. 1 (Choctum).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643, part (Choctum). [Mniotilta] inornata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 238, no. 3451. [Parula pitiayumi] var. inornata Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 208, part (Guatemala). Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata SrrsneceR, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170. [Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. a. Parula inornata Suarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 260, part (Guatemala). CLompsothlypis] inornata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492, part (Guatemala). Compsothlypis inornatus Netson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (near Tuxtla Gutierrez, e. Chiapas). Clompsothlypis] p[itiayumi] inornata Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text. Three specimens. 2 One specimen, from Ocuilapa, Chiapas. 490 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI NIGRILORA (Coues). SENNETT’S PARULA WARBLER, Similar to C. p. inornata, but with two distinct white wing-bands and without yellow on flanks; differing from C. p. pulchra in smaller size, much narrower white wing-bands (the second occupying less than terminal exposed half of greater coverts), and white subterminal spot on inner web of lateral rectrices much smaller, rarely indicated on third rectrix. Adult male.—Head and neck (except chin and throat), scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain, slightly bluish, slate-gray, the lores and suborbital region distinctly darker, inclining to black, especially the former; innermost middle wing-coverts also slate-gray, the outermost ones broadly tipped with white, forming a distinct spot or short bar; greater coverts with inner webs blackish, outer webs slate-gray, broadly tipped with white (except on innermost feathers), the white occupying less than the terminal exposed half; remiges dusky with slate-gray edgings, the outer webs of tertials mostly gray; rectrices dusky edged with bluish slate-gray, the inner webs of two or three outermost with a subterminal spot of white; back yellowish olive-green, forming a triangular patch; malar region, chin, throat, breast, and upper part of abdomen yellow (lemon or gamboge), deepening on chest into saffron or ochraceous yellow; lower abdomen, anal region, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white; sides and flanks dull whitish, slightly tinged with grayish, rarely slightly tinged with rusty or pale chestnut; maxilla black, mandible pale yel- lowish brown (yellow in life?); iris brown; legs and feet brownish in - dried skins; length (skins), 94-105.4 (99.3); wing, 49-53.8 (51.6); tail, 37.6-42.77 (89.9); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.4 (9.6); tarsus, 15.2-16 (15.7); middle toe, 9.6-10.2 (9.6). Adult female.—Similar to the male but slightly smaller and duller in color; length (skins), 90.2-97.8 (94); wing, 45.249 (47); tail, 33-37.6 (35.3); exposed culmen, 9.9; tarsus, 15.2-16.8 (16); middle toe, 9.4.’ Eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira; Tampico), Nuevo Leon (Montemorelos), and San Luis Potosi (Valles); north to- southern Texas. Parula pitiaywmi (not Sylvia pitiaywmi Vieillot) Brewrr, Ibis, 1878, 116 (Fort Brown, Texas). Parula nigrilora Couzs, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 1, Feb. 5, 1878, 11 (Hidalgo, Texas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 207; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 94.—Srnnert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 12 (Hidalgo, Texas, habits); v, 1878, 384 (Lomita, Texas; habits; descr. nests and eggs; measurements).—MeErrit, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 123 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Brewenr, Ibis, 1878, 204.—ALLEN, 1Ten specimens. *Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49] Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 121; Ibis, 1889, 236 (Tampico, Tamaulipas; Nuevo Leon; Valles, San Luis Potosi). [Parula] pitiayumi var. nigrilora Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 208, footnote, in text. Parula pitiayumi nigrilora Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 171; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 89a. [Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. 6. Parula nigrilora Suarrn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 261, pl. 11, fig. 2. P[arula] nigrilora Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 291. Compsothlypis nigrilora StesnecER, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170.—AMERICAN ORNI- tHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 649.—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 244 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Nenr.ina, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1898, 195. Clompsothlypis] nigrilora Rripgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 491. COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI PULCHRA (Brewster). BEAUTIFUL PARULA WARBLER. Similar to Cp. nigrilora, but larger and with much more white on wing-coverts, that on greater coverts occupying more than exposed half (sometimes extending quite to tips of middle coverts) in adult male; flanks more often and more strongly tinged with rusty or pale chestnut. Similar also to C. p. insularis but smaller; flanks paler and less strongly tinged with chestnut; white on wing-coverts much more extended; white subterminal spot on inner webs of lateral rectrices much larger, always distinct on second, sometimes present on third; adult male with lores and orbits distinctly blackish. Young, first plumage.—Above plain brownish gray, the back slightly tinged with olive; beneath dull white, the sides of breast slightly tinged with gray, the upper throat and center of breast faintly tinged with pale yellow; white wing-bands much narrower than in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 99.1-101.6 (99.8); wing, 53.3-56.9 (54.6); tail, 39.1-43.9 (41); exposed culmen, 9.6-9.9 (9.7); tarsus, 15.5-16 (15.7); middle toe, 9.6-10 (9.9). Adult female.—Length (skin), 96.5; wing, 51.8; tail, 39.6; tarsus, 15.7; middle toe, 9.6.” Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Hacienda San Rafael), Sinaloa (Presidio; Plomosas), and Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra). Parula nigrilora (not of Coues) Smarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643 (Presidio, near Mazatlan, w. Mexico). Compsothlypis pulchra Brewster, Descr. Supposed New Birds from W. North Am. and Mex., Jan. 31, 1889, 93; Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 93 (Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua, n. w. Mexico; coll. W. Brewster). 1 Three specimens. 2 One specimen. 492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. .COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI INSULARIS (Lawrence). TRES MARIAS PARULA WARBLER, Similar C. p. pulchra, but larger; flanks darker, much tinged with grayish and more or less strongly tinged with chestnut; white on wing-coverts more restricted (as in C. p. négrilora); subterminal white spots on inner web of lateral rectrices smaller, present on only one or two, instead of two or three; adult male with lores and orbits not distinctly darker than pileum and auricular region, or at least not approaching black. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106.7-115.6 (118); wing, 54.1-59.2 (57.4); tail, 45.7-52.6 (48.8); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 18.5-19.8 (19); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).* Adult femate.—Length (skins), 106.7-109.2 (108.4); wing, 53.3-55.4 (54.6); tail, 46-49 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.3); middle toe, 9.6-10.4 (9.9).? Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. Parula pitiayumi (not Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 266 (Tres Marias Islands, w. Mexico). Parula insularis Lawrences, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Feb., 1871, 4 (Tres Marias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 278 (Tres Marias); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part (Tres Marias).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 121, part (Tres Marias).—Snarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 648, part (Tres Marias) . [Parula pitiayumi] var. insularis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 207 (Tres Marias). (Parula pitiaywmi.] Subsp. v. Parula insularis SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 263, excl. syn. part and locality ‘‘ Socorro.” Compsothlypis insularis StEINEGER, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 170, excl. syn. part.—NEL- son, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 55 (habits, etc.; crit.) CLompsothlypis] insularis Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492. COMPSOTHLYPIS GRAYSONI Ridgway. 5 SOCORRO WARBLER, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain dull gray, sometimes strongly tinged with greenish olive, the interscapulars olive-green, forming a triangular patch; middle and greater wing-coverts rather broadly tipped with white, passing into brownish gray on innermost feathers; inner webs of lateral rectrices edged with white, but without any well defined white subterminal spot; loral and suborbital regions dull grayish, flecked with whitish or pale yellowish; sides of head and neck grayish, like pileum, etc., but somewhat paler; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and whole breast rather light dull gamboge or canary yellow, scarcely, if at all, deepening in color on chest; abdomen and anal region very pale yellowish; under tail-coverts yellowish white; 1 Twelve specimens. * Six specimens. i 4 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 493 flanks pale yellowish olive; under wing-coverts white; maxilla black; mandible very pale brownish (yellowish in life?), usually dusky at tip; iris brown; legs and feet deep horn brown (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 107.9-111.8 (109.7); wing, 52.1-53.3 (52.6); tail, 46.7-48.3 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 17.8-19 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7-10.9 (10.8).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 110.5-114.3 (112.3); wing, 52.1-53.3 (62.8); tail, 46.2-47 (46.7); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10.1); tarsus, 19-19.3 (19.1); middle toe, 9.9-10.7 (10.2).? Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, northwestern Mexico. Parula insularis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1871, 4, part (Socorro Island, n. w. Mexico); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 300 (Socorro); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1874, 269, part (Socorro).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 121, part (Socorro).—Snarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 643, part (Socorro). [Parula pitiaywmi] var. insularis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 207, part (Socorro). Parula pitiayumi insularis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 171, 215 (Socorro); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 89. [Parula pitiayumi.] Subsp. y. Parula insularis Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 263, part (not description) . Compsothlypis insularis SrryneGER, Auk, i, 1884, 170, part. C[ompsothlypis] graysoni Ripaway. Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 492 (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Group, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Compsothlypis graysoni Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614. —Townsenn, Proc. U.8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 185 (Socorro). ANTHONY, Auk, xv, 1898, 317 (Socorro). Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Coues. Peucedramus Cours, in Henshaw’s Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 201. (Type, Sylvia olivacea Giraud. ) Peucedromus (emendation) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 142. Similar to Dendroica, but bill weaker, more subulate; tail more deeply emarginate; a white spot at base of primaries in connection with two white wing-bands. Bill much shorter than head, short-subulate, of uniform depth for most of its length, depressed basally, compressed terminally; subter- minal notch of maxillary tomium indistinct or obsolete. ictal bristles weak and few (only three distinct). Wing long, pointed; eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, the ninth but little shorter, equal to or longer than fifth; wing-tip very long (longer than tarsus). Tail equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, deeply emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing, very slender, its scutella indistinct (fused on outer side); middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of 1 Four specimens. ? Three specimens. 494 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about half its length to middle toe. Coloration.—Head, neck, and chest tawny, orange-rufous, or deep ochraceous (adult male), or buffy yellowish (female), with a black band covering loral, suborbital and auricular regions (adult male), or a dusky patch on auricular region (female); two white wing-bands, a white spot at base of longer primaries, and much white on inner webs of Jateral rectrices. Nidijication.—Arboreal. Range.—Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala, and high mountains of southern and central Arizona. (Monotypic.) PEUCEDRAMUS OLIVACEUS (Giraud). OLIVE WARBLER, Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, and chest plain ochraceous, the sides of head with a broad band of black, involving the lores, orbits, and auricular region; lower hindneck and extreme upper back yellowish olive-green, this sometimes extending over whole hindneck to, and including, the occiput; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail- coverts plain mouse gray; wings and tail dull blackish; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two con- spicuous bands, of which the anterior one is the broader; innermost greater coverts edged with light grayish olive-green; secondaries edged with more yellowish olive-green; primaries narrowly edged with whit- ish, the seventh to the third white at base, forming a conspicuous spot; rectrices narrowly edged with pale grayish, usually becoming more olive-greenish basally; inner webs of two outermost rectrices largely white, this occupying much the greater part on exterior rectrix, the outer web of which is also largely white; median portion. of breast and abdomen dull white, shading on sides and flanks into light olive- grayish; under tail-coverts white, with part of concealed portion dull grayish; bill blackish, with part of the mandible (usually basal half or more) light brownish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer male, but color of bead, neck, and chest duller, more clay color; sides and flanks more brownish; back, etc., more olivaceous. Adult female in summer.—Pileum and hindneck olive-greenish (vary- ing from yellowish olive-green to dull greenish olive); supra-auricular region, sides of neck, throat, and chest yellowish (varying from dull lemon yellow or light gamboge to dull sulphur yellow, the chin and throat sometimes nearly white); auricular region dusky, at least in part; lores dull grayish; suborbital region mixed dusky grayish and dull whitish; rest of plumage as in adult male, but white wing-bars narrower, and white spot at base of middle primaries smaller, some- times obsolete. reed BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495 Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer female, but plumage of softer texture and posterior wing-band more or less tinged with yellowish. Immature male (second year).—Identical in coloration with adult female. Young male, first plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain dull olive or brownish olive; supra- auricular region and sides of neck dull yellowish buffy, the latter tinged with olive; chin, throat, and chest dull yellowish buffy; other- wise like adult female. Young female, first plumage.—Similar to the young male but paler and grayer above; supra-auricular and post-auricular regions pale brownish buffy; chin, throat, and chest still paler buffy, the chin and upper throat dull buffy whitish. j Adult male.—Length (skins), 113-129 (120); wing, 72-78 (74.8); tail, 50-56 (53.6); exposed culmen, 9.1-12 (10.7); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2); middle toe, 10.5-13 (11.2).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-125 (117);* wing, 67-73 (69.9); tail, 47.2-58 (49.4); exposed culmen, 9-12 (10.5); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2); middle toe, 10.4-12 (11.5).4 Highlands (coniferous belt) of Mexico, Guatemala, and southwestern United States; north to central Arizona (Huachuca, Chiricahua, Santa ‘Length before skinning of six Arizona specimens, 127-137.2 (134.2). (Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137.) Sixteen specimens. *Length before skinning of five Arizona specimens, 127-132.1 (129.5). (Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137. ) ‘Thirteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average in measurements as follows: pet Ex- + ma Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed -| Tarsus. ere “f culmen, 7 MALES. Nine adult males from Arizona and south to Jalisco........ 75.2 52.8 10.9 17.9 10.8 Four adult males from southeastern Mexico.............--- 75.6 54.2 10.6 18.8 11.5 Three adult males from Guatemala (2) and Chiapas (1)....] 72.5 51.5 10.4 18.4 11.9 FEMALES. r Four adult females from Arizona (3) and Chihuahua (1)...| 70.5 | 49.9 10.7 17.7 10.9 Hight adult females from southeastern Mexico ......-....-. 70.2 50.2 10.6 18.5 11.4 One adult female from Guatemala .......2..2...0000202e eee 65.6 | 41.2 9.2] 18 12 There is an appreciable difference in size and coloration between specimens from Arizona and northwestern Mexico on the one hand and those from Guatemala on the other, the latter being smaller and brighter colored; but specimens from southern Mexico, while nearer the Guatemalan examples in coloration, are larger even than the Arizona birds. On the whole, I am unable to make out satisfactorily two, or More, geographic forms, and therefore reduce P. o. awrantiacus to a synonym of P. olivaceus, 496 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Catalina, Graham, Mogollon, and White Mountains), south to Choctum and Chilasco, Guatemala. Sylvia olivacea Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, 29, pl. (7), fig. 2 (‘‘Texas;”’ type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Sciarer, Prac. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66. Sylvicola olivacea Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (‘‘Texas’’).—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1855, 283, pl. 48, Rhimamphus olivaceus SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Dendroica olivacea Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 305; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 205 (Choctum, Guatemala; Popocatapetl, Mexico; Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine region Vera Cruz, 5,000 to 10,000 ft.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 258, pl. 14, fig. 4.—HensHaw, Am. Sportsman, v, Feb. 20, 1875, 328 (Mount Graham, Arizona).—AmERIcAN OrniTHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 651.—Mzrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding in pine belt).—Nernruinc, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 197.— Price, Auk, xii, 1895, 17-19 (nesting habits, etc.).—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba, 11,000 ft.).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft., in pines; notes). D[endroica] olivacea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494. Dendreca olivacea Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Jalapa; Popocatapetl).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 191 (Guatemala) . [Dendreca] olivacea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 99.—ScLaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. Dendroeca olivacea Sunprvaty, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610 (monogr). Peucedramus olivaceus Hensnaw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 202 (Mount Graham, Arizona; habits, etc.).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 172, 216, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 92.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 135 (Chi- ricahua and Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona; habits).—Covss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 233; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 110.—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 352 Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona). Pleucedramus] olivaceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 296. Peucedromus olivaceus SALVIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 142. [Mniotilta] olivacea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3479. Sylvia teniata Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, ii, 1847, 104 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus.); Rev. Zool., 1848, 245. [Sytvicola] teniata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309. M[niotilta] teniata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1844, 196. Peucedramus olivaceus aurantiacus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 1074 3 33, May 21, 1896, 441 (Chilasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Genus DENDROICA Gray. (?) Rhimamphus Rarinesqug, Journ. de Phys., 1819, 417. (Type, R. cirinus ©... Rafinesque, = avis fictita?) (See Baird, Pacific R. R. Rep., ix, 1858, 264 9...) Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1845, 342.) Rhimanphus (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein,, i, 1851, 19. 28 Be Sylvicola (not of Humphrey, 1797, nor Hitbner, 1810, nor Swainson, 1827, 00 |) |, Jardine, 1837) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841 32. (Type, Motacilla coronata Oat Linnzeus.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 497 Dendroica Gray, List Gen. Birds, App., 1842, 8. (Type, Motacilla coronata Lin- neus. a ae Agassiz, Nomencl. Zoolog. Index Univ., 1846, 119. Perissoglossa Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 180. (Type, Motacilla tigrina Gmelin.) Small or medium-sized arboreal or subarboreal Mniotiltide, with the bill slender-conoidal, its basal width not greater than its basal depth, gradually tapering toward the tip, the tip of maxilla percepti- bly decurved, the maxillary tomium with obvious notch; rictal bristles obvious, but not strongly developed; the tail more than two and a half times as long as tarsus, and inner webs of lateral retrices partly white or yellow. Bill shorter than head (usually much shorter), slender-conoidal, tapering gradually to the tip; tip not acute or else (D. tigrina) the maxilla appreciably decurved terminally and with subterminal tomial notch (the latter always present). Nostril longitudinal, linear, nar- rowly oval or subcuneate, overhung by broad membraneous opercu- lum. Rictal bristles obvious, but never very distinct. Wing moderate or rather long, rather pointed (four outermost primaries abruptly longest, the ninth always longer than fifth, frequently longer than fourth, sometimes longest); or, in the distinctively Antillean types,’ rounded, with the ninth primary shorter than the fifth, sometimes shorter than fourth; wing-tip usually equal to or longer than tarsus (decidedly shorter in D. maculosa, D. discolor, and D. palmarum). Tail about equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries (sometimes a little longer or shorter), emarginate, even, double- rounded or slightly rounded. Tarsus one-fourth’? to one-third’ as long as wing, its scutella indistinct, often obsolete or fused on outer side; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus (nearly as long in D. dominica); basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half (sometimes nearly the whole) its length to outer toe, for at least half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Extremely variable, but inner webs of lateral rectrices always with more or less of white or yellow. Midificatton.—Mostly arboreal, sometimes terrestrial or subterres- trial. Range.—Whole of North and Middle America, and more northern and western portions of South America; Galapagos Islands. (Many species.) There is much variation in details of form among the many species of this beautiful genus, and their habits vary correspondingly. Some 'D. plumbea, D. pharetra, D. adelaidz, and D. delicata. *In D. coronata, D. vigorsii, and D. castanea. ‘In D. plumbea, D. adelaidx, and D. delicata; nearly one-third as long in D. pal- marum, D. discolor, and D. maculosa. 8654—voL 2—01——32 498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (for example, D. »/gors?/ and D. dominica) are expert creepers, recalling in their movements along the branches of trees the genus JJniotilta; others (as D. palimarum) keep much upon the ground, where they walk in the graceful manner of a Pipit, accompanying their movements by the same wagging of the tail and tilting or ‘‘ teetering” motion of the body; some of them combine these characteristics to a greater or less degree, while others possess none of them to a pronounced extent. All are expert ‘‘flycatchers,” when the occasion demands, but this is a trait shared by many groups of birds. The bill of D. tégrina is peculiar in the decided attenuation and acuteness, as well as slight but very obvious downward curvature, of the tip, but I can not discover any other character wherein this species differs from other members of the genus. This species was separated by Professor Baird as the type of a new genus, Perissoglossa, through an error, the tongue of a Cerebine bird (probably a species of Cyanerpes) having been examined, described, and figured as that of D. tigrina. This matter has been quite fully discussed by Mr. Lucas,! who finds ‘‘ that while the tongues of the various species [of Dendroica] are constructed on the same plan, . . . there is great specific varia- tion in the execution of details, the extremes, so far as J have examined, being marked by Dendroica maculosa and D. tigrina, and that while these extremes are widely separated, yet the gap between them is bridged over by other species which show intermediate stages.” D. maculosa, D. discolor, and D. palmarwm are the only continental species in which the wing-tip is decidedly shorter than the tarsus, all the other species having the wing-tip at least as long as the tarsus. The first named (D. maculosa) is unique in having the ninth primary decidedly shorter than the sixth instead of equal to it or longer, and is peculiar, so far as coloration is concerned, in the position and pattern of the white spots on inner webs of the rectrices. D. dominica is the only species in which the bill is nearly as long as the head, or in which the tarsus is but slightly longer than the middle toe with claw. With the exception of those allied to D. wstiva, D. pityophila, and the Bahaman representatives of D. wgorsié (D. v. achrustera and D.v. abacoensis), the peculiarly West Indian species (D. plumbea, D. pha- retra, D. adelaide, and D. delicata) have the wing much more rounded, the ninth primary being shorter than the fifth (shorter than the fourth in D. pheretra), and the wing not more than three times as long as the tarsus. Otherwise they are not, collectively, different from the more normal species, and probably should not be separated from them. ‘The Tongue of the Cape May Warbler. By Frederic A. Lucas. The Auk, xi, 1894, 141-144, figs, 1-5. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 499 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DENDROICA. a. Inner webs of rectrices (except iniddle pair) partly yellow. (‘‘ Golden Warblers.’’?) b. No orange, rufous, or chestnut on sides of head or throat, or else the pileum also rufous or chestnut and chest and sides streaked with the same. ec. Under parts bright yellow, the chest and sides streaked with chestnut or rufous. (Adult males.) d, Chin, throat, and sides of head yellow. e. Wing more pointed, the outermost (ninth) primary equal to or longer than sixth, often longest; tarsus shorter, never more than 20, averaging about 18.8; tail relatively shorter, averaging less than 48.5, or else wing averaging 68; continental. (Dendroira wstira.) g. Larger (wing averaging more than 62, tail averaging more than 44) and brighter colored; pileum, in fully adult plumage, decidedly yellowish, often pure yellow, sometimes tinged with tawny orange; wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged with yellow; back, etc., lighter, more yellowish. olive-green. : h. Back, etc., more decidedly olive-green, the upper tail-coverts with less yellow; chestnut streaks on chest and sides much broader.? (United States in general, except southern border from western Texas to Arizona; more southern British Provinces. ) Dendroica estiva estiva, adult male (p. 508) hh, Back, etc., more yellowish olive-green,. the upper tail-coverts with more yellow; chestnut streaks on chest and flank much narrower. 'The so-called ‘‘ Golden Warblers’’ (see Baird, Review of American Birds, p. 193) embrace numerous forms which at first sight seem to be easily arrangeable into three groups according to the color of the head in adult males: (1) Those without a sharply defined orange, rufous, or chestnut patch on the crown; (2) those with a sharply defined crown-patch of rufous or chestnut, and (3) those with the whole head, including the throat, rufous or chestnut. A careful examination, however, shows that no sharp line can be drawn between supposed groups 1 and 2, one form (D. aureola, of the Galapagos Archipelago and Cocos Island) being so clearly inter- mediate that different specimens would fall into either group. In short, there is, in various West Indian forms, including that from the island of Cozumel, every inter- mediate condition between the yellow or olive-green crown of D. wstiva (in which, itself, the crown is sometimes slightly tinged with orange) and the very sharply defined dark chestnut cap of D. capitalis. Furthermore, I fail to find other color characters which will serve to segregate the various forms into smaller groups, not asingle one of those which have hitherto been used for that purpose and which at first sight give promise of utility in that way standing the test of careful examina- tion of even a moderately large series of specimens. With adult females the case is still more difficult, there being in that sex a far greater range of individual variation and the color characters altogether less pronounced. The preparation of an infallible “‘key’’ to the various forms of these ‘‘Golden Warblers”’ the author therefore acknow]- edges to be beyond his ability, and he wishes it to be understood that the one here given, while rendering identification easy in the case of most specimens, may fail with others. It is clearly evident that all these ‘‘Golden Warblers,’’ with the exception, per- haps, of the little-known D. coa, are of common origin, and that many of them rep- resent merely local forms or slightly differentiated subspecies; but where to draw the line between those which seem to be now specifically distinct and those which do not isa very difficult matter, regarding which probably no two authors would entirely agree. * Except in some western specimens, which otherwise are like eastern ones. 500 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. i. Smaller (wing averaging 63.3, tail 47.8). (Southwestern border of United States, from western Texas to Arizona, and south- ward into northwestern Mexico.) Dendroica estiva sonorana, adult male (p. 512) ii. Larger (wing averaging 68, tail 53). (Central Mexico.) Dendroica estiva dugesi, adult male (p. 513) gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 62, tail averaging less than 40) and duller colored; pileum always olive-green, like back, rarely becoming yellowish on forehead; wing-coverts and tertials nar- rowly edged with yellowish olive-gzeen or olive-yellow; back, etc., darker olive-green. (Vancouver Island to Alaska in summer, south to southern California, central Texas, and Nicaragua in winter.) Dendroica estiva rubiginosa, adult male (p. 514) ee. Wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary decidedly shorter than sixth; tarsus longer, very rarely less than 20, averaging 20.9; tail relatively longer, averaging about 48.5; West Indian.! f. Larger (wing of adult male usually more than 60, averaging more than 61); pileum without a distinct patch of tawny, chestnut-tawny, or chestnut, or else wing 62 or more, averaging 65.4. (Dendroica petechia. ) g. Pileum without a distinct patch of orange-ochraceous or tawny, or if pronouncedly thus colored the color not sharply defined nor strongly contrasted laterally against the yellow of the superciliary region; wing averaging not more than 65, usually much less. h. Lighter, brighter, more yellowish olive-green above; the pileum usually more or less tinged with yellow, ochraceous, or tawny, sometimes mostly thus colored; yellowish wing-markings more distinct, more decidedly yellow; yellow of under parts deeper. i. Yellow of under parts Jess intense and chestnut streaks on chest and sides narrower or fewer. j. Wing longer (averaging 65) and bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 10.6). (Island of Jamaica; Haiti?). Dendroica petechia petechia, adult male (p. 515) jj. Wing shorter (averaging 61.4) and bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 11.1). (Island of Grand Cayman.) Dendroica petechia auricapilla, adult male (p. 517) ui. Yellow of under parts more intense, and chestnut streaks on chest and sides heavier or more numerous. j. Smaller (wing averaging 61, tail 47.9, exposed culmen 11, tarsus 20.5); chestnut streaks on chest and sides averaging narrower; crown more rarely tinged with ochraceous or tawny. (Baha- mas.) ....--.- Dendroica petechia flaviceps, adult male (p.517) jj. Larger (wing averaging 62.3, tail 49.1, exposed culmen 11.3, tarsus 21.3); chestnut streaks on chest and sides averaging heavier; crown more often tinged with ochraceous or tawny. (Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix, Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher?, Barbuda, and Antigua. ) Dendroica petechia bartholemica, adult male (p. 518) hh. Darker and duller olive-green above, the pileum usually concolor with back, or nearly so (rarely distinctly tinged with yellow, ‘Except one form on Cozumel Island, Yucatan, and one from the Galapagos Archi- pelago, Cocos Island, and contiguous coast of South America. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 501 ochraceous, or tawny); yellowish wing-markings less distinct, more greenish; yellow of under parts paler. (Island of Cuba. ) Dendroica petechia gundlachi, adult male (p. 520) gg. Pileum with a distinct patch of tawny or rufous-chestnut, this sharply defined and very strongly contrasted laterally against the yellow of the superciliary region.' (Galapagos Archipelago; Cocos Island; coast of Ecuador and Peru?.) Dendroica petechia aureola, adult male (p. 521) ff. Smaller (wing of adult male usually much less than 60, averaging less than 59); pileam with a very distinct patch of tawny, rufous-chest- nut, or chestnut. (Dendroica ruficapilla. ) g. Pileum tawny-ochraceous to deep tawny, the area thus colored not so sharply defined. h. Chest and sides more narrowly streaked with chestnut. (Islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica. ) Dendroica ruficapilla ruficapilla, adult male (p. 523) hh. Chest and sides much more heavily streaked with chestnut. '. Tawny of pileum deeper, covering forehead. (Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.) ..Dendroica ruficapilla rufivertex, adult male ( p. 524) ti. Tawny of pileum paler, becoming more yellowish or changing to yellow on forehead. (Island of St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea.) Dendroica ruficapilla flavida, adult male (p. 524) gg. Pileum chestnut, the area thus colored sharply defined laterally and posteriorly. h. Pileum clear chestnut or rufous-chestnut; streaks on chest and sides paler chestnut. (Island of Curacao, southern Caribbean Sea. ) Dendroica ruficapilla rufopileata, adult male (p. 525) hh. Pileum dark chestnut or bay; streaks on chest and sides darker chestnut. (Island of Barbados. ) Dendroica ruficapilla capitalis, adult male (p. 526) dd. Chin, throat, and sides of head, as well as pileum, chestnut or tawny. e. Back, ete., darker olive-green; wing, tail, and tarsus shorter, bill longer (wing 55.5-57, tail 40-43, tarsus 17-19, exposed culmen 11.5-12). (Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles.) ..Dendroica rufigula, adult male (p. 526) ee. Back, etc., lighter, more yellowish, olive-green; wing, tail, and tarsus longer, bill shorter (wing not less than 60, tail not less than 45, tarsus averaging 20 or more, exposed culmen 11). / J. Chest and sides heavily streaked with rufous-chestnut, the color of throat not sharply defined posteriorly. (Isthmus of Panama and Caribbean coast of Colombia; Veragua ?) Dendroica erithachorides, adult male (p. 527) Jf. Chest and sides very narrowly, if at all, streaked with darker chest- nut, the rufous-chestnut color of throat sharply defined posteriorly. (Dendroica bryanti. ) g. Head slightly lighter chestnut; chest and sides usually with more numerous or broader streaks; wing averaging 65.5, tail 50. (Atlan- tic coast of Central America, from Yucatan to Costa Rica. ) Dendroica bryanti bryanti, adult male (p. 529) gg. Head slightly darker chestnut; chest and sides with fewer or nar- rower streaks; wing averaging 63.2, tail 46.6. (Pacific coast of ‘Males not in fully mature plumage have less of this color on the pileum, and are consequently not easily to be distinguished from those fully adult males of the pre- ceding West Indian forms having the crown most highly colored. 502 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mexico and Central America, from Lower California and Sinaloa to Costa Rica. )..Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps, adult male (p. 530) cc. Under parts duller yellow, usually without streaks, very rarely distinctly streaked. (Adult females and young.’) hb. Sides of head, alone, or together with chin, throat, and chest, orange-tawny, the pileum olive-greenish or dusky grayish; chest and sides without streaks. (JMBICH,) 2 .ocds ss odectacel cbecewses se seseee Dendroica eoa, adults (p. 531) au. Inner webs of rectrices without any yellow. b. Inner webs of lateral rectrices with a distinct patch or spot of white. c. White on inner webs of rectrices on middle portion, present and of nearly equal extent on all but middle pair. (Eastern United States and British Provinces. ) Dendroica maculosa (p. 532) ec. White on inner webs of rectrices on terminal or subterminal portion (or else occupying greater part of the web), present on not more than three or four (very rarely five) rectrices and greatly decreasing in extent from the outermost. d. Bill with tip acute, decurved; sides of neck yellow, or else rump yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, much brighter than the plain grayish olive back. (Eastern North America; West Indies in winter. ) Dendroica tigrina (p. 537) dd. Bill with its tip not acute nor decurved; sides of neck not yellow; rump not yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, different from color of back, or else the latter streaked with darker. e. Wing without light colored bands or edgings, but (usually) with a white spot at base of primaries. (Dendroica cxrulescens. ) jf. Upper parts dark grayish blue; sides of head, throat, and sides black; rest of under parts white. g. Back dark grayish blue, like rest of upper parts (rarely with slight admixture of black). (Eastern North America, breeding from mountains of Pennsylvania northward. ) Dendroica cerulescens cxrulescens, adult male (p. 541) gg. Back mostly black or spotted or clouded with black. (Mountains of North Carolina to southern Pennsylvania. ) Dendroica cwrulescens cairnsi, adult male (p. 545) ff. Above plain olive; under parts pale buffy or yellowish, shaded with olive laterally. g. Lighter and brighter olive above, more yellowish beneath. Dendroica cx#rulescens cerulescens, adult female (p. 541) g. Darker and duller olive above, less yellowish beneath. Dendroica cerulescens cairnsi, adult female (p. 545) ee. Wing with more or less distinct light-colored bands or edgings, or both, but without a white spot at base of primaries. jf. White on inner web of lateral rectrices an extensive and well-defined terminal or subterminal area, extending to shaft, this white spot dis- tinct on at least two lateral rectrices; plumage more or less streaked, either above or below, or else” tail emarginate. g. A yellow spot on rump and one on each side of breast. h. Throat white (sometimes tinged with brownish); twoto three lateral rectrices with a subterminal white spot on inner web. (North 1 Owing to the very great range of individual variation in adult females and imma- ture birds I find myself unable to devise a key to the different species and subspecies. *In D. vigorsti and its subspecies. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 508 America in general, chiefly eastward and northward; West Indies LM WANLET ancecincecced = Seaseekewend Dendroica coronata (p. 546) hh. Throat yellow (rarely white or but faintly tinged with yellow in immature females); four to five lateral rectrices with a white subterminal spot on inner web. (Dendroica auduboni. ) i, Smaller (wing averaging 77.3 in male, 75.4 in female, tail 58.3 in male, 56.7 in female); adult male with forehead, sides of head and back mostly gray, and black on chest and sides of breast less extensive, more or less broken by whitish margins to feathers; adult female less heavily streaked with black on upper parts, sides, and flanks. (Western North America, south into Mexico in winter.) ..Dendroica auduboni auduboni (p. 551) ui. Larger (wing averaging more than 80 in males, more than 76 in females); adult male with forehead and sides of head black, back mostly black, and black on chest and sides of head more extensive, unbroken; adult females more heavily streaked on upper parts, sides, and flanks. j. Smaller (wing averaging 80.5, tail 62, in male); sides of occiput, sides of neck, and hindneck gray streaked with black; white nuchal spot and white spot on sides of lower throat smaller or wanting. (Southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. ) Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons, adult male (p. 555) jj. Larger (wing 82.8, tail 66.3, in male); sides of occiput, sides of neck, and hindneck uniform black; white nuchal spot and white spots on sides of lower throat larger. (Highlands of Guatemala. ). Dendroica auduboni goldmani, adult male (p. 556) gg. No yellow spot on rump nor sides of breast. , h. Throat and chest black or partly black. i. Whole auricular region black, gray, or olive. j. Back and rump gray; superciliary and malar stripes and breast white. k. Pileum, auricular and malar regions, throat, and chest black. (Western United States. ) Dendroica nigrescens, adult male (p. 556) kk. Pileum streaked gray and black; auricular region gray; throat and chest only partly black (otherwise white). Dendroica nigrescens, adult female (p. 557) jj. Back and rump olive-green; superciliary and malar stripes and breast yellow. k. Pileum, auricular region, throat, and chest black. (Western North America, south to Guatemala in winter.) Dendroica townsendi, adult male (p. 559) kk. Pileum streaked black and olive-green; auricular region olive-green; throat and chest only partly black (other- wise yellow)...Dendroica townsendi, adult female (p. 560) ii. Auricular region mostly yellow. j. A black, dusky, or olive postocular streak; back and rump black or olive-green; black of chest extended laterally over sides of breast; pileum plain olive-green, plain black, or streaked olive-green and black. k. Pileum and back plain olive-green; breast and abdomen yel- lowish white or pale yellow. i. Throat and chest uniform black. Dendroica virens, adult male (p. 562) 504 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. u. Throat and chest only partly black. . Dendroica virens, adult female (p. 562) kk. Pileam and back plain black or streaked olive-green and black; breast and abdomen pure white. i. Pileum and back uniform black; throat and chest uniform black. (Texas to Guatemala. ) Dendroica chrysoparia, adult male (p. 565) ll. Pileum and back streaked olive-green and black; throat and chest (usually) only partly black. Dendroica chrysoparia, adult female and immature male (p. 566) jj. No black, dusky, or olive postocular streak, the sides of head entirely yellow; back and rump gray, the former streaked or spotted with black; black of chest with convex posterior outline; pileum at least partly yellow. (Western United States and British Columbia, south to Guatemala in winter.) Dendroica occidentalis, adult male (p. 567) hh. Throat without any black. i. Wing with two distinct bands (across tips of middle and greater coverts, respectively) of white, yellowish, or pale gray—or else with these coalesced into a single large patch. j. Upper parts light grayish blue. (Eastern United States; south in winter to northern South America. ) Dendroica rara, adult male (p. 570) jj. Upper parts not light grayish blue. k. A superciliary stripe of white, yellow, or buff. l. Throat white or pale olive-yellowish; sides of head without yellow. m. Back and auricular region greenish or bluish; no yellow supraloral spot. Dendroica rara, adult female and immature male (p. 570) mm. Back and auricular region brownish gray or grayish brown; a small yellow supraloral spot. Dendroica nigrescens, immature female (p. 557) il. Throat yellow, orange, or buff, or else sides of head mostly yellow. m. Sides of head mostly yellow; throat not wholly yellow, orange, or buff. n. Back olive-green; feathers of pileum dusky basally. Dendroica virens, immature female (p. 562) nn. Back grayish; feathers of pileum yellow basally. Dendroica occidentalis, immature female (p. 568) mm. Sides of head not mostly yellow; throat wholly yel- low, orange, or buff. n. Back neither gray nor plain grayish brown. o. Back olive-green. Dendroica townsendi, immature female (p. 560) oo. Back not olive-green. p. Back black with a whitish or yellowish stripe along each side; throat orange. Dendroica blackburniz, adult male (p. 574) pp. Back not black; throat not orange. ee ‘Except, in D. nigrescens, a small supraloral spot. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 505 q. Back streaked with black, pale yellowish (or dull whitish) and olive; throat and chest. yel- low or pale orange. Dendroica blackburniz, adult female and immature male (p. 575) qq. Back light olive-brownish indistinctly streaked with dusky; throat and chest pale yellowish butis2 ese Dendroica blackburnie, immature female (p. 575) an. Back gray (with or without black streaks) or plain grayish }rown. o. Superciliary stripe white, extending to end of auric- . ular region; sides of neck white; auricular region mostly black. (Dendroica dominica. ) p. Bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 13.8 in male, 12.9 in female); superciliary stripe usually yellow anteriorly. (Atlantic coast of United States, chiefly south of New Jersey; Florida and ‘West Indies in winter. ) Dendroica dominica dominica, adults (p. 578) pp. Bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 11.9 in male, 11.7 in female); superciliary stripe usually entirely white. .(Mississippi Valley; south in winter through Mexico to Nicaragua. ) Dendroica dominica albilora, adults (p. 582) oo. Superciliary stripe yellow, extending but little, if any, beyond eye; sides of neck and auricular region gray. p. Yellow of under parts extending no farther back- ward than upper breast. (Dendroica graciw.) q. Larger (wing averaging 65.1 in male, 61 in female); superciliary stripe whitish at poste- rior extremity; yellow of chest not invading breast. (Northwestern Mexico to Arizona and Colorado. ) Dendroica gracie gracie, adults (p. 584) qq. Smaller (wing averaging 57 in male); super- ciliary stripe shorter, wholly yellow; yellow of chest invading breast. (Southern Mexico to southern Honduras.) Dendroica gracie decora, adults (p. 586) pp. Yellow of under parts extending over breast and abdomen. g. Wing and tail shorter (averaging 54 and 42.3, respectively, in male) ; superciliary stripe nar- rower anteriorly, notencroaching on forehead; less black on sides of crown; colors less in- tense. (Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. ) Dendroica adelaide, adults (p. 587) qq. Wing and tail longer (averaging 56 and 51, respectively, in male); superciliary stripe broader anteriorly, occupying sides of fore- head; more black on sides of crown; gray of back, etc., clearer, and yellow of under parts, 506 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. etc., more intense. (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. )..Dendroica delicata, adults (p. 588) kk. No superciliary stripe of white, yellow, or buff.} i. Back more or less streaked (the streaks sometimes con- cealed); wing-bands white or pale yellow. a. Sides of crown (at least behind eyes) black. n. Sides chestnut; pileum not wholly black. v. Crown olive-yellow; auricular region, throat, and chest white. (Eastern North America, south in winter to Bahamas and Isthmus of Panama.) Dendroica pensylvanica, adults (p. 589) ov. Crown chestnut; auricular region black; throat and chest chestnut. (Eastern North America, south in winter to Colombia.) Dendroica castanea, adult male (p. 592) nn. Sides white, streaked with black; pileum wholly black. (Northern and eastern North America, south over most of South America in winter. ) Dendroica striata, adult male (p. 595) mm. Sides of crown not black. «. Under tail-coverts white. o. Sides of head, sides, and flanks plain pale ish gray (the flanks sometimes tinged with chestnut). Dendroica pensylvanica, immature (p. 589) oo. Sides of head, sides, and flanks light olive or else distinctly streaked. Dendroica striata, immature (p. 596) vn. Under tail-co’erts pale buff. Dendroica castanea, adult female and immature (p. 592) dl. Back plain olive-green, olive, or grayish olive; wing-bands pale gray or dull grayish white. (Dendroica vigorsii.) m. Under parts with at least the anterior half yellow; a yellow supraloral streak; upper parts olive-green. un. Wing longer (averaging 72.9), bill and feet smaller (exposed culmen averaging 10.9, tarsus 18.5, mid- dle toe 12.7); yellow of under parts usually extended over abdomen. (Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces. ) Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii, adult male (p. 599) nn. Wing shorter (averaging not more than 70), bill and feet larger (exposed culmen averaging 12 or more, tarsus 18.9 or more, middle toe 13.4 or more); yel- low of under parts confined to anterior half. o. Smaller (wing averaging 65.9, tail 54.2, exposed cul- men 12, tarsus 18.9), and duller in color. (Island of New Providence, Bahamas. ) Dendroica vigorsii achrustera, adult male (p. 602) oo. Larger (wing 70, tail 57, exposed culmen 13.6, tar- sus 20), and brighter colored. (Island of Abaco, Bahamas. ) Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis, adult male (p. 603) mm. Under parts dull pale grayish, usually tinged with 1Sometimes (in D. vigorsii and its subspecies) there is a rather distinct yellow supraloral line. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 507 yellow on chest (rarely with anterior half pale yel- low); no yellow supraloral line; upper parts dull olive or grayish olive. n. Wing longer (averaging 68.4), bill and feet smaller (exposed culmen averaging 10.6, tarsus 18.2, middle toe 12.4). Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii, adult female (p. 599) nn. Wing shorter (averaging 62.5), bill and feet larger (exposed culmen averaging 12.2, tarsus 19.2, mid- dle toe 13.2). Dendroica vigorsii achrustera, adult female (p. 602) #. Wings with not more than one distinct band, this (if present) across tips of middle coverts, and yellowish. j. Back streaked with black; a whitish orbital ring (interrupted anteriorly); tarsus 21 to 23. (Eastern United States; Baha- mas in winter.).....-.... Dendroica kirtlandii, adults (p. 603) jj- Back not streaked with black; no whitish orbital ring; tarsus less than 21. k. Upper parts plain gray, becoming olive-green on forehead and crown; under parts, except throat and chest, grayish white. (Dendroica pityophila.) i. Gray of upper parts lighter; forehead and crown yellowish olive-green. (Cuba. ) Dendroica pityophila pityophila, adults (p. 605) il. Gray of upper parts darker; forehead and crown ‘‘green- ish-yellow, showing light yellow at base of upper mandi- ble.” (Abaco and Great Bahama islands, Bahamas. ) Dendroica pityophila bahamensis, adults (p. 606) kk. Upper parts not gray; under parts not grayish white. i, Middle wing-coverts tipped with yellow or pale yellowish gray, forming a distinct band; pileum plain olive-green. m. Sides and flanks streaked with black or dusky. n. Back spotted with chestnut; sides of head with black markings; under parts rich yellow, with broad black streaks on sides. (Eastern United States; West Indies in winter.) Dendroica discolor, adult male (p. 607) mn. Back plain dull olive-green, or with only faint indi- cations of chestnut; sides of head with indistinct grayish or dusky markings; under parts dull or pale yellow, with grayish streaks on sides. Dendroica discolor, adult female (p. 607) mm. Sides and flanks not streaked. n. Above plain bright olive-green, beneath rich yellow. (Islands of Grand Cayman and Swan Island, Carib- bean Sea.)-..-.- Dendroica vitellina, adults (p. 610) nn. Above dull olive-green (sometimes partly gray), beneath pale yellow. Dendroica vitellina, immature (p. 611) W. Middle wing-coverts not tipped with yellow or pale yel- lowish gray;? pileum not plain olive green. (Dendroica palmarum. ) 'The middle wing-coverts have a more or less distinct terminal margin of grayish, but there is no approximation to a distinct. bar. 508 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. m. Crown chestnut. n. Under parts of body partly whitish; smaller (wing averaging 64.5 in male, 60.7 in female). (Missis- sippi Valley and interior British Provinces; through Gulf States to West Indies in winter. ) Dendroica palmarum palmarum, adults (p. 612) nn. Under parts entirely yellow; larger (wing averaging 67.1 in male, 64.1 in female). (Atlantic States and eastern British Provinces, south in winter to northern Florida and through Gulf States to Louisiana. ) Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea, adults (p. 615) mm. Crown olive-grayish, streaked with dusky. n. Under parts mostly dull whitish; smaller. Dendroica palmarum palmarum, immature (p. 612) nn. Under parts entirely yellow; larger. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea, immature (p.615) ff. White spot on inner web of lateral rectrices small, not extending to shaft. g. Above plain slate, relieved by a white superciliary streak and two white wing-bars; beneath white medially, slate-gray laterally. (Islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, Lesser Antiles. ) Dendroica plumbea, adults (p. 617) gg. Above plain olive, with superciliary streak and wing-bars pale olive- yellowish or yellowish white; beneath pale olive-yellowish medi- ally, pale olive laterally....Dendroica plumbea, immature (p. 617) bb. Inner webs of lateral rectrices without white spots.! c. Pileum and back streaked with black and whitish; beneath white marked (except on abdomen and under tail-coverts) with wedge-shaped streaks of black. (Jamaica. )..ccceseecesenessees Dendroica pharetra, adults (p. 618) ec. Pileam and back plain olive; beneath pale olive-yellowish, obsoletely streaked, anteriorly and laterally, with pale olive. Dendroica pharetra, immature (p. 618) DENDROICA ASTIVA ZESTIVA (Gmelin). YELLOW WARBLER, Adult male.—General color above clear yellowish olive-green, the pileum more yellowish, usually clear yellow on forehead and at least anterior portion of crown, often tinged with orange-tawny; upper tail-coverts edged with yellow; back sometimes streaked with chest- nut; wings and tail dusky, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the greater wing-coverts and tertials broadly edged with the same; remiges (except tertials) more narrowly edged with yellow- ish olive-green; inner webs of rectrices yellow, tipped with dusky; sides of head and under parts clear rich yellow, the chest, sides, and flanks streaked with chestnut; bill blackish (in dried skins) with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 100-125 (111.5); wing, 60-71 (62.5); tail, 42-53 (44.4); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.1); tarsus, 17-20 (18.6); middle toe, 10-12 (11). ‘There is a more or less distinct white terminal margin, but no approach to the form of a spot. ? Thirty-two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 509 Adult female.—Ahbove plain yellowish olive-green (usually darker than in adult male), the pileum concolor with the back, or at least not distinctly more yellowish; wings and tail as in adult male, but tips of middle wing-coverts and broad edgings of greater coverts and second- aries less purely yellow, usually yellowish olive-green; under parts paler and duller yellow than in adult male, usually without streaks, but sometimes with a few, usually indistinct, chestnut streaks on chest and sides; length (skins), 102-113 (108.7); wing, 57-68 (59.6); tail, 39-45 (42.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10); tarsus, 17-20 (18.6); middle toe, 10-12 (10.8).* Young male wm first autumn.—Very similar in coloration to adult females. Young female in first autwmn.—Similar to duller colored adult females, but duller olive-green above and with under parts dull olive- whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, the under tail-coverts pale yellow. Young (nestling).—Above brownish gray or pale grayish brown; wings dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with pale yellowish, forming two distinct bands, the greater and primary coverts edged with light olive, the remiges more narrowly and sharply edged with yellowish white; orbital ring, chin, throat, chest, and anterior portion of sides pale buffy grayish, the remaining under parts white, tinged on flanks with pale buff. North America in general, except Alaska and north Pacific coast from Vancouver Island northward, and southwestern United States (western Texas to Arizona); migrating southward in winter through eastern Mex- ico and Central America to Colombia (Turbo, Santa Marta, Ocajia, Bogota, etc.), Ecuador (Esmeraldas, La Concepcion, Valle del Chota, etce.), Venezuela (Carapano, Lake of Valencia, etc.), northern Brazil 1Seventeen specimens. Tam not able to make out satisfactorily a western form (D. x. morcomi Coale). Western specimens seem, as a rule, to have shorter wings and longer tail than eastern examples, and adult males are often much less heavily streaked beneath; but the differences appear much too inconstant to justify recognition of a western subspecies. Average measurements are as follows: Ex- r ‘ . Middle Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ” culmen. toe. MALES, Nine adult males from Atlantic States..........-.-2.--2+0++ 63 45.4 10.2 | 18.6 11.1 Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley........---..----- 63.2 44.2 10.2 18.7 11 Eight adult males from Rocky Mountain district........... 62.8 46.4 10 18.8 11 Eight adult males from California ...........----..----+++++ 61.1 46 10.1 18 10.8 FEMALES. Eight adult females from Atlantic States ........-..-----++- 58.7 41.2 10 18.5 10.8 Three adult females from Mississippi Valley........-..----- 62.3 42 10 18 10.6 Four adult females from Rocky Mountain district........-. 59.7 44,2 10.2 19.6 11 Two adult females from California.................20eee0e0+ 59 43 10 19 10.5 510 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Forte do S. Joaquim, Rio Tacutu, etc.), Trinidad, and Grenada (one specimen, November 14, 1882, in U. 8. National Museum collection). No certain record from West Indies, except Grenada, but doubtfully credited to Bahamas and Cuba. Motacilla, canadensis (not of Linnzeus) Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 4 (based on Figuier de Canada Daubenton, P). Enl., pl. 58, fig. 2). [Motacilla] xstiva GmEttn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 996 (based on Figuier de Canada Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. a5, Lasson, Traité d’Orn. 1831, 418. [Sylvia] exstiva Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 551. Sylvia xstiva Viertior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 35, pl. 95; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 225; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 429.—Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 750.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 83.—AupvuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 476, pl. 95.—NurraLt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1882, 370.—Lempere, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, pl. 6, fig. 3 (not the text, which = D. gundlachi Baird). Sylria cestivu TOwNsEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Columbia R. ). Sylricola estiva Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 211.— JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 258.—Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 57, 58; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 50, pl. 88.—NurratL, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed. i, 1840, 417.—Woopxovse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zufii and Colorado R., 1853, 70 (Texas and Indian Territory.) —-Maxrmi.ian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 114 (upper Missouri R.).—Fryscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 564 (Trinidad). M[niotilta] estiva Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] estiva Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3475. Mniotilta xstiva LtotauD, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 176. R[himanphus] aestivus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Venezuela; North Am.). [Rhimamphus] xstiva Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311. Rhinamphus exstivus Scuaver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota, Colom- hia); 1856, 141 (David, Chiriqui); 1857, 202 (Jalapa and San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn. 1860, 326 (Costa Rica). Dendroica xstiva Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 282, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 203, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 195, part.—HEerMANn, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (California).—Xanrtus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 21 (descr. nests).—Sanvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Coorrr and Sucxuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 181 (Wash- ington and Oregon).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 191, 192 (Turbo, n. Colombia).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Forks of Saskatchewan).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Grey- town, Nicaragua); viii, 1866, 284 (New York City).—Franrzivs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 293 (San José, Costa Rica).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., winter).—Hoxpen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Wyoming).—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v., 1873, 180 (Colorado); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 137.—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872 (1873), 675, 705, 713 (Ogden, etc., Utah).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 222, part, pl. 14, fig. 1.—Yarrow and HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 10 (Provo, Utah).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 41 (Utah), 58 (Denver, Colorado, May), 74 (Fort Garland, Colorado; descr. nests), 102 (New Mexico); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 192 (Nevada; Utah; Colorado).—Turnzr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Fort George, Hudson Bay).—AMERICAN OrnirnoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 652, part.—Cory, Auk, iii, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 511 1886, 29 (Cuba ?; Bahamas ?); Birds W. I., 1889, 43; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123.—FeErrari-PErnz, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec.).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 244 (dates of migr., etc.).— Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, breeding).—Cuerris, Auk, vii, 1890, 335 (San José, Costa Rica, winter, and until May 11); viii, 1891, 279, part only ? (Costa Rica; remarks on plumage).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (St. Johns, Newfoundland ).—Merrram, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 105 (Idaho).—(?) Macrarvang, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444, part (entire wooded region of Arctic North America).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 51 (Cartipano, Venezuela, Nov. ); xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda, Prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Aug. 27 to Jan. 31); Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (do.).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484, part (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Aug. 9 to late in Feb.).—Neururne, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 198, pl. 15, fig. 1.—Cirapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 24 (Trinidad).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—GrINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles Co., California, summer resid.).—MerrriLu, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Fort Sherman, Idaho).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 112 (Louisiana, breeding). Dendreca xstiva ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 172 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador; Cayenne; Trinidad; Colombia).—Lawrence, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—BLaxrston, Ibis, 1863, 63 (interior British America ).— Sciater and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1869, 251 (Lake Valencia, Venezuela); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1879, 494.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).—Covers, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 70, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 111, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 54, part, 232 (Colorado, up to 6,500 ft.); Birds Co]. Val., 1878, 252, part.—Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Bugabd, Cordillera del Chucu, Chitra, Calobre, Calovevora, and Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Veragua); Ibis, 1888, 247 (Holbox and Mugeres islands, Yucatan; Ruatan I., Honduras).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 87.— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Ocafia, Colombia).—PsrLzeLx, Orn. Bras., 1871, 71 (Forte do S. Joaquim, Rio Tacutu, n. Brazil).—ALien, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 265, 345, in text (near Denver, Colorado), 396, in text (Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (e. Kansas; Denver, etc., Colorado; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Ogden, Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers).—Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no 4, 1876, 15 (Barrio, Chihuitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 431 (Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 98, part.—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).—Bertpine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 404 (Calaveras Co., California).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 56 (Baha- mas?).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 124, part; Ibis, 1880, 117 (Minca, Colombia, 2,000 ft. alt.).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 499 (San José, Costa Rica, Mar.).—Bicknect, Auk, i, 1884, 212 (song).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 273, 644, part. [Dendreca] exstiva Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 97, part.—ScLaTER and SAL- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. D{endrivca] zstiva Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298, part. Dendroeca wstiva SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 606 ‘ (monogr.). - 5612 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Sylvia] carolinensis LarnHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 551 (= young; based on Jiquier de la Caroline Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 1). [Motacilla] carolinensis Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 615- Muiotilta ? carolinensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Sylvia flaru VEIL, Ois. ‘Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 31, pl. 89 (= female; U. §. during migrations); Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 195; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 455.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. Sylvia citrinella Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 111, pl. 15, fig. 6 (‘‘ fig. 5’’ in text; e. Pennsylvania; coll. Peale Mus.).—Bonararts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 190. (?) Rhimamphus citrinus RarinesqueE, Journ. de Phys., 1xxxviii, 1819, 417 (Ken- tucky). Sylvia childrenii Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 180, pl. 35 (near Jackson, Louisi- ana). Sylvia childreni Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 370. Sylvia rathbonia AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 333, pl. 65 (Mississippi ?). Sylvicola rathbonia Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bona- PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—Nurrauu, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 447. Sylvicola rathbonii AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 58; Birds Am., oct. ed., fi, 1841, 53, pl. 89. M[niotilta] rathbonia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Rhimamphus] rathbonia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311. “‘ Rhimamphus chryseolus Bp. ‘Bull. Soc. Linn. Caen., ii, 1831, 32 (Cayenne).’” Sylvia trochilus (not of Scopoli, 1769, ex Motacilla trochilus Linneeus) Nurra.t, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 406. Dendroica xstiva morcomi Coax, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, Apr., 1887, 82 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593, part. Merrit, Auk, v, 1888, 361 (Fort Klamath, Oregon). D{endroica] exstiva morcomi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494, part. (?) Dendroeca marcomi Satvavort and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, 1899, 8 (La Concepcion and Valle del Chota, centr. Ecuador, Apr.). Dendroica petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linneeus) WELts, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611 (Grenada). DENDROICA ASTIVA SONORANA Brewster. (4 SONORAN YELLOW WARBLER. [| Similar to D. @. estiva, but much paler; adult male lighter and much more yellowish olive-green above, the back frequently (usually?) streaked with chestnut, pileum usually wholly clear yellow, lower rump and upper tail-coverts yellow, faintly streaked with olive-green- ish; wing-edgings all yellow; under parts lighter yellow than in D. @. estiva, and with chest and sides much more narrowly (often faintly) streaked with chestnut; adult female conspicuously paler than in D. e. cestiva, the upper parts often largely pale grayish, the under parts usually very pale buffy yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 107-121 (113.3); wing, 59-66 (63.3); ‘' tail, 45-56 (47.9); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); oi middle toe, 10-12 (10.9). 1Thirteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5138 Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-116 (113.2); wing, 57-61 (58.6); tail, 42-45 (43.2); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18.5-19 (19); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (10).* Western Texas (Frontera, Fort Hancock, etc.), southern New Mex- ico, southern Arizona, and southward into Chihuahua, Sonora, and other parts of northwestern Mexico; in winter, southward to Guate- malu (Naranjo), Nicaragua (Greytown), etc. (2) Sylvicola xstiva (not Motacilla xstiva Gmelin?) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico). Dendroica xstiva (not Motacilla estiva Gmelin) Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 282, part (Frontera, Texas); Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 10 (Frontera) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 203, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 195, part (Mazatlan; Colima).—(?) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—(?) Burcusr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 222, part.—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan; Colima).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona).—AmERICcAN OrnitHoLocists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 652, part.—RicHmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484, part (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, winter) . [Dendroeca] xstiva Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83 (Camp Grant, Arizona). : [Dendreca] wxstirt Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 97, part. Dendreca xstiva Cours, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Los Pifios, New Mexico); Check List, 1873, no. 70, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 111, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 54, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 252, part.—Rineway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 98, part.—LawRENcE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan; Colima).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1880, 124, part.— Riveway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 93, part.—(?) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 644, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan, Mexico). D[endreca] xstiva Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298, part. D{endroica] zxstiva morcomi (not of Coale) Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494, part. Dendroica xstiva [morcomi .. ] Scort, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts., s. Ari- zona, breeding up to 4,500 ft.).—Axien, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts.; crit. ). Dendroica xstiva morcomi Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May). Dendroica xstiva sonorana Brewster, Auk, v, Apr., 1888, 137 (Oposura, Sonora, Mexico; coll. W. Brewster).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Aug. 19).—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 652a.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 608.—AiEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Bisbee, s. e. Arizona; San Diego, Chihuahua). DENDROICA ASSTIVA DUGESI (Coale). DUGES’ YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. w. sonorana, but decidedly larger; adult male without streaks on back* and adult female duller, more grayish in color. Nine specimens. *Only three specimens having been examined, this character may prove inconstant. 38654—VoL 2—01——33 514 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 119-137 (128); wing, 66-71 (68); tail, 50-56 (53); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11-12 (11.3).1 Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-117 (114.6); wing, 62-66 (64.3); tail, 48-50 (48.6); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11.1 Central Mexico, in States of Guanajuato (Moro Leon), Tlaxcala (Apixaco), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), and Morelos (Cuernavaca). Dendroica dugesi Coatz, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, Apr., 1887, 83 (Moro Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico; coll. U.8. Nat. Mus.). D[endroica] dugesi Rtpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495. DENDROICA ZSTIVA RUBIGINOSA (Pallas). ALASKAN YELLOW WARBLER, Similar to D. @. estiva, but slightly smaller and much duller in color. Adult male darker and duller olive-green above, the pileum concolor with the back or else becoming slightly more yellowish on forehead (very rarely distinctly yellowish on forehead and fore part of crown); wing-edgings less conspicuous, mostly yellowish olive-green, sometimes inclining to yellow on greater coverts. Adult female darker and duller olive-greenish above, duller yellow below. Adult male.—Length (skins), 102-113 (108.6); wing, 61-63 (61.9); tail, 40-46 (48.1); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 11 sldult female.—Length (skins), 99-110 (106); wing, 57-62 (59.2); tail, 41-44 (43.2); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 10-11 (10.8). Alaska in general, both along the coast and throughout interior, and _southward to Vancouver Island; migrating southward to southern California, central Texas, and Nicaragua. Motacilla rubiginosa Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 496 (Kadiak Island, Alaska). Dendroica exstiva rubiginosa OBERHOLSER, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 76 (synonymy; deser. ; crit. ).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Committers, Auk, xiv, 1897, 123.—GRINNELL, Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka).—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).—Bisnop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 89 (Bennett, Caribou Crossing, etc., Alaska).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia). Dendroica xstiva (not Motacilla xstiva Gmelin) Datu and Bannister, Trans. Chi- cago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Fort Yukon, St. Michaels, etc., Alaska).—Daw., Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 600.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 222, part (Kadiak; Fort Yukon).—Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 178.—Townsenp, Cruise ‘‘Corwin”’ in 1885 (1887), 94 (Kowak R., Alaska); Auk, iv, 1887, 14 (Kowak R.).—Ne.son, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 201.—(?) Rmoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54, part (coast British Columbia).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664 (Middleton I., Alaska). me ae 7 ee ee eer ee 1 Three specimens. *Ten specimens, + Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 515 D[endroica] xstiva Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 494, part (Alaska). Dendreca xstiva Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Nrtson, Cruise ‘‘ Cor- win’’ in 1881 (1883), 63 (Norton and Kotzebue sounds, Alaska).—Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Kadiak).—Beruprna, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).—McLengrcGan, Cruise “ Corwin,’’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R. and Hotham Inlet, Alaska, breeding). DENDROICA PETECHIA PETECHIA (Linnzus). JAMAICAN YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. estiva estiva, but larger, especially the bill and feet; wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary decidedly shorter than sixth, instead of longer; lateral rectrices with more of dusky at tips and along outer side of shaft; yellow of under parts averaging deeper or richer. Adult male.— -Above bright yellowish olive-green (about the same as in D. westiva estiva), the forehead and crown more yellowish or (usu- ally?) more or less tinged (often strongly so) with orange-ochraceous, but never with a sharply defined patch of this color; rump slightly more yellowish than back; greater wing-coverts and remiges dull slate-blackish, edged with yellowish olive-green, these edgings broader and decidedly yellow on greater coverts and tertials; middle wing-cov- erts broadly tipped with yellow; middle pair of rectrices and outer webs of other rectrices dusky olive, the outermost narrowly edged with yellow; inner webs of three outer rectrices yellow to the shaft, the next yellow very nearly to the shaft, the fifth with marginal half or more yellow—those with most yellow having a wedge-shaped termi- nal space of dusky; sides of head (including lores and superciliary region) and entire under parts rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest and sides streaked with cinnamon-rufous or light reddish chestnut; maxilla dusky with paler tomia; mandible more grayish (pale bluish gray in life?); iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 110-127 (118.5); wing, 64-66 (65); tail, 48-53 (50.3); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10.6); tarsus, 20-22 (20.5); middle toe, 11-12 (11.1).1 Adult female.—Above (including pileum) dull yellowish olive- green, more or less tinged with gray, especially on back and scapu- lars; greater wing-coverts and remiges grayish dusky with light yellowish olive-green or yellowish gray edgings, these broadest on greater coverts and tertials, narrower on secondaries and primaries; ‘Six specimens, from Jamaica. A single adult male from Haiti measures as fol- lows: Wing, 63; tail, 46; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 12. In colora- tion this Haitian specimen agrees in the main very closely with Jamaican examples, but has the forehead and crown olive-yellow with a mere trace of orange-ochraceous, and the dusky color of the remiges and middle rectrices is not so dark. It is possible that a series from Haiti might show constant differences, thus requiring separation of the birds from that island from those of Jamaica. 516 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull yellowish olive-green; tail as in adult male, but yellow of inner webs of rectrices paler and more restricted; sides of head (including lores and orbital ring) and under parts pale yellow (straw yellow or naples yellow), tinged on sides with olive-green, the lower abdomen paler, sometimes nearly white; bill and feet as in adult male, but mandible paler and more brownish; length (skins), 112-130 (119.7); wing, 59-62 (60.4); tail, 47-50 (48.4); exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (10.9); tarsus, 20-22 (21.2); middle toe, 11- 13 (12).! [Many adult females of this form have the yellow of under parts partly replaced by white, and the olive-green of upper parts partly replaced by gray, especially on sides of head and neck, hindneck, and scapulars. There is nothing to indicate that these are younger birds, and I believe that the variation is simply an individual one. ] Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles; island of Haiti? [AMotacilla] petechia Linnzvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, 334 (based on The Yellow Red-poll, Avicula lutea vertice rubro, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 99, pl. i 256, fig. 1).—GmeE in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 983. Motacilla petechia Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 418. [Sylvia] petechia LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535. Sylvia petechia Vin1tiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 32, pl. 91; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xi, 1817, 228; Enc. Méth. ii, 1823, 443. M{[niotilta| petechia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] petechia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3496. Dendreca petechia ScLaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (Jamaica).—Covss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote (synonymy ).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 57.—Snarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 277, 644 (excl. loc. Bahamas). [Dendreca] petechia ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. D[endreca] petechia Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. Dendroica petechia Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 292 (Jamaica).— Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 199 (Jamaica).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 29, part (Jamaica); Birds W. I., 1889, 43, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118, part (Jamaica). D{endroica] petechia Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495, part (Jamaica). [Dendroicn petechia] var. petechia Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217, part (Jamaica; Haiti?). { Dendroica petechia] a. petechia Rrpeway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 349. Sylvicola exstiva (not Motacilla exstiva Gmelin) Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 157. [Dendroeca petechia] e. jamaicensis SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ). (?) [Motacilla] albicollis Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 983 (Santo Domingo; based on Le Figuier de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis Brisson, Orn., iti, 494, pl. 26, fig. 5). (?) [Sylvia] albicollis Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 535. _ (2) Sylvia albicolis Virtitor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 221. ‘Six specimens, from Jamaica. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ag (?) [Motacilla] chloroleuca Gmxtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 984 (Santo Domingo; based on Petit Figuier de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis minor Brisson, Orn., iii, 496, pl. 26, fig. 2). (?) [Sylvia] chloroleuca Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 984. (?) Sylvia chloroleuca SterneEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 704.—Vinixiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 195. DENDROICA PETECHIA AURICAPILLA Ridgway. GRAND CAYMAN YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. p. petechia, but with decidedly shorter wing and larger bill and feet. (Adult female sometimes partly gray above and whitish below, as in D. p. petechia.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 109-126 (119.9); wing, 58-64 (61.4): tail, 48.5-51 (49.6); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.1); tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe, 11-12 (11.4).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-120 (116.6); wing, 59-61 (60); tail, 46-49 (47); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.6); middle toe, 11-12 (11.3).? Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea (south of Cuba). Dendroica petechia gundlachi (not Dendroica gundlachi Baird) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 501 (Grand Cayman). Dendroica auricapilla Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 36, Aug. 6, 1888, 572 (Grand Cayman, Greater Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex Townsend, manuscript). Dendroica aurocapilla Cory, Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Grand Cayman); Birds W. L., 1889, 287 (Grand Cayman); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 129, 155 (Grand Cayman). DENDROICA PETECHIA FLAVICEPS Chapman. BAHAMA YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. p. petechia, but yellow of under parts more intense, and chestnut streaks on chest and sides heavier or more numerous; crown more rarely tinged with ochraceous or tawny. (Intermediate in coloration between D. p. petechia and D. p. bartholemica, but much nearer the latter, from which some specimens are hardly distin- guishable. The adult female is sometimes partly gray above and whitish below, as in the former.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-123 (118.7); wing, 60-64 (61); tail, 44-50 (47.9); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11); tarsus, 20-22 (20.5); middle toe, 11-13 (11.8).° 1 Nine specimens. * Three specimens. 3’ Twenty specimens. 518 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-119 (114.9); wing, 55-60 (57.6); tail, 43-47 (45.3); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 19-22 (21); middle toe, 10-12 (11).* Bahama Islands. (?) Sylvicola xstiva (not Motacilla xstiva Gmelin) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1866, 67 (Bahamas). Sylvicola petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linneeus) Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 67 (Bahamas). Dendroica petechia (not Dendreca petechia Sclater) Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495, part (Bahamas). [Dendroica petechia] var. gundlachi (not Dendroica gundlachi Baird) Barro, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 216, part (Bahamas). Dendreca petechia gundlachi Couns, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, part (Bahamas). Dendreca petechia var. gundlachi Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 58. [Dendroica petechia] 8. gundlachi Rripaway, Proc. U.8. Nat. Mus. viii, 1885, 349, part (Bahamas). [Dendreeca] petechia gundlachi Cory, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 8, part (Bahamas). Dendroica petechia gundlachi Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 30, part (Bahamas); Birds W.LI., 1889, 44; Auk, viii, 1891, 297 (Caicos Islands; Inagua), 298 (Abaco), 350 (Great Bahama), 351 (Inagua); ix, 1892, 48 (Mariguana), 49 (Watlings L,; Inagua); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118(Great Bahama, Abaco, Eleuthera, New Providence, Exuma Keys, Concepcion I., Watlings I., Rum Cay, Long I, Acklin I., Mariguana, North Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua).— Norrurop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros I.).—Rripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence), 336 (Eleuthera), 337 (Watlings I.), 338 (Rum Cay), 339 (Concepcion I.). D{endroica] petechia gundiachi Rroaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 573, in text, part (Bahamas). Dendroica petechia flaviceps CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, no. 1, Dec. 29, 1892, 310 (Rum Cay; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). DENDROICA PETECHIA BARTHOLEMICA Sundevall. PORTO RICAN YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. p. petechia, but wing and tail shorter, bill and tarsus longer (the former also stouter), and coloration more intense; the adult 'Ten specimens. Specimens from different islands average as follows: Ex- i Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. miae . culmen. ‘: MALES. Four adult males from Watlings Island..................--- 60.7 48,2 lL 21 ll Nine adult males from Rum Cay.........2.0.2222-cccceeeees 61 49 1 20 2 One adult male from Cat Island..............220.22e0e2 eee ee 60 47 11 20 12 One adult male from Eleuthera Island.................2.2-. 60 44 ll 21 12 Four adult males from Concepcion Island ................-- 62.2] 48 1.2] 21 2 One adult male from New Providence Island............... 62 47 1 22 2 FEMALES. Three adult females from Watlings Island ................-. 56 44.6 10.6 21 10.3 Four adult females from Rum Cay ........2-...eceeseeeeeeee B85 | 46 1 21 11.2 Three adult females from Concepcion Island ............-.. 58 45 1.3] 21 113 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 519 male with yellow of under parts richer, chestnut streaks on chest and sides much heavier, yellow tips and margins to middle and greater wing coverts more conspicuous, as well as purer yellow, and dusky portions of remiges darker, more nearly black; adult female much more richly colored than that of D. p. petechia, nearly always,' in per- fect plumage, entirely bright yellow beneath, and with the chest and sides usually more or less streaked with pale chestnut. Young.—Above plain olive-gray; remiges and rectrices as in the adult female; middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull grayish white or pale buffy gray, the greater coverts more narrowly tipped with the same; sides of head pale brownish gray, relieved by an orbital ring of dull white; chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast very pale buffy grayish; rest of under parts white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-133 (124.1); wing, 59-64 (62.3); tail, 47-56 (49.1); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.3); tarsus, 21-22 (21.3); middle toe, 11-13 (11.8).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 117-123 (120.3); wing, 56-64 (60); tail, 46-51 (48.6); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe, 11-12 (11.1).° Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; islands of Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, Barbuda, and Antigua, Lesser Antilles.* [Dendroica petechia] var. ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. Bartholomew). 1 Among a series of twenty-seven adult females none show any admixture of gray on the upper parts and only one a very slight admixture of whitish on the under parts. * Nineteen specimens. 3Seventeen specimens. Specimens from different islands average, according to the series measured, as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. aa Tarsus. arene culmen. 2 MALES. Seven adult males from Porto Rico .......-.-..----+-+--++-- 61.7 49.5 AL.7 21 12 Five adult males from ViedUe8 =e csevescwasea yuveeecesnsmcee 62.2 49.6 a 21.8 12 Three adult males from St. Thomas.........------------+++- 63 52.3 11 21.6 11.6 One adult male from Antigua...............--.20e2-+eeeeeee 61 48 ll 21 u One adult male from St. Bartholomew ....-.---.--------+++: 63 47 1 al 12 One adult male from St. Christopher......-..--.------------ 60 47 1 21 12 One adult male from St. Eustatius -.......-----.22---20---+- 65 51 11 20 li FEMALES. Seven adult females from Porto Rico .........-.------+----+ 61.2) 49.1 mg 21 12 Six adult females from Vieques ........-----+++----22+2220-- 59 47.6 11 21.3 11.8 Two adult females from St. Thomas..............--------+-- 59.5 | 46.5 1 21 il One adult female from St. Bartholomew .......------. ----- 59 47 ll 21 12 One adult female from St. Eustatius ..........---. +--+. 60 56 | eecaneas 20 ul ‘I have seen satisfactory series of specimens only from Porto Rico, Vieques, and St. Thomas, and none at all from Virgin Gorda, St. Croix, Anguilla, and Barbuda. 520 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dendreeca petechia var. ruficapilla Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 486 (Barbuda; Antigua). Dendreca petechia ruficapilla Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 255, footnote. [Dendreca] petechia ruficapilla Cory, List. Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendroica petechia ruficapilla Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 31 (Barbuda, Antigua; Porto Rico; St. Thomas); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada), 375 (Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 47 (Anguilla; St. Eustatius); Birds W. I., 1889, 45; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda; Anegada; St. Croix; Anguilla; St. Bartholomew; St. Eustatius; St. Christopher; Barbuda; Antigua). [Dendroica petechia] y. ruficapilla Rrpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 349. Dendroica ruficapilla Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 155 (St. Bartholomew). Dendreca ruficapilla Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 275, 644.—Scuatur, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 499 (Anguilla). Dendroica petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linneeus) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas). Dendreca petechia ScuatTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (St. Croix ).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166, part (Porto Rico).—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 233 (Antigua), 239 (Barbuda). D{endreca] xstiva Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix). Dendroica [no specific name] Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 201 (St. Croix; “St. Thomas). [Mniotilta] ? Baird, Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3497. Dendroeca petechia portoricensis SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak: Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (nomen nudum!). Dendroeca petechia, stirps barthelemica SUNDEVALL, Oiv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 582 (St. Bartholomew; descr. eggs; nomen nudum !). [Dendroeca petechia] a. bartholemica SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Firh. Stockh., _ xxvi, 1870, 607 (St. Bartholomew; coll. Stockholm Mus.). [Dendroeca petechia] b. cruciana SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 608 (St. Croix). DENDROICA PETECHIA GUNDLACHI (Baird). CUBAN YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. p. petechia, but duller in color; adult male with upper parts much darker olive-green, the pileum usually concolor with the back, sometimes slightly more yellowish, very rarely tinged with orange-ochraceous, and wing-edgings less purely yellow; adult female usually duller in color than in D. p. petechia, often grayish olive- green, or even largely gray, above, and dull whitish, merely tinged here and there with yellow, beneath.’ Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-125 (119.1); wing, 60-66.5 (62.1); tail, 46-52 (49.3); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.5); middle toe, 11-13 (11.9).? 'The specimens examined are nearly all in worn plumage, and the differences observed in these may possibly not be observable in good plumaged examples; never- theless, this series of Cuban birds when compared with an equal series in same stage of plumage from the island of Grand Cayman (D. p. auriapilla Ridgway, and one of D. petechia petechia) shows very conspicuous and uniform differences. 2Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 591 Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-125 (119.7); wing, 56-62 (58.7); tail, 44-48 (46.4); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.8); tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe, 11.* Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Sylvia estiva (not Motacilla zstiva Gmelin) Lemprys, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 31 (not pl. 6, fig. 3). Rhimamphus xstivus Capanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1860, 326 (do.).—Gunp.acH, Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 407 (Cuba). Dendroica albicollis (not Motacilla albicollis Gmelin) Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 192 (Cuba).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 264 (Cuba; erit.).—Guwnp.acu, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).—ALsrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 205 (Cuba). Sylvicola petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linnzeus) Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). Dendroica petechia CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 310 (Casilda, s. Cuba; crit.). Dendroica gundlachi Bairp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 197 (Cuba; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Gunpiacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 414 (Cuba). Dendreca gundlachi Gunpuacu, Repert. Fisico—-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234.—Saregr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 278, part (Cuba). [Mniotilta] gundlachi Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3495. [Dendroica petechia] var. gundlacht Bairp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 216, part (Cuba). : Dendreca petechia gundlachi Cougs, BirdsCol. Val., 1878, 255, footnote, part (Cuba). [Dendreca] petechia gundlachi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8, part (Cuba). Dendroica petechia gundlachi Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 30, part (Cuba); Birds W. IL., 1889, 44; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 118, part (Cuba; Isle of Pines). [Dendroica petechia] #. gundlachi Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 349, part (Cuba). D{endroica] petechia gundlachi Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888, 573, in text, part (Cuba). [Dendroica netechia] d. cubana Sunpevatt, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ). DENDROICA PETECHIA AUREOLA (Gould). GALAPAGOS YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. p. petechia, but olive-green of upper parts much darker, and adult male with pileum always rufous-chestnut, forming a well-defined cap, sharply defined laterally against the yellow of the superciliary region. , Adult male.—Pileum uniform chestnut-rufous, sharply defined lat- erally; rest of upper parts plain deep yellowish olive-green, very slightly, if at all, more yellowish on rump, the upper tail-coverts even darker than back; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and remiges edged with yellow, these edgings broader and clearer yellow on greater coverts and tertials, narrower and more or Jess tinged with olive-green on secondaries and primaries; tail dusky, the four middle rectrices inclin- ing to dark olive-green, the rest with inner webs yellow, except at 1Kight specimens. 522 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tips; sides of head (including superciliary stripe), and entire under parts rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest and sides streaked with pale chestnut or cinnamon-rufous; maxilla black, with paler tomia; mandible dusky grayish (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 117-132 (123.7); wing, 62-67 (65.4); tail 47-56 (50.3); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.7); tarsus, 21-99 (21.5); middle toe, 12.* Adult female.—Above plain olive-green, including pileum; wings and tail as in adult male but yellowish edgings much less distinct; superciliary stripe and under parts plain gamboge yellow, paler and duller than in adult male; length (skins), 125-129 (127); wing, 60-64 (61.3); tail, 45-49 (47); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 1+.” Immature male.—Similar to adult female but chest and sides faintly streaked with pale chestnut, hindneck and sides of neck gray, chin and throat whitish, and yellowish wing-edgings more distinct. Younger (?) male.—Pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck gray, the crown tinged with olive-green; rest of upper parts as in plumage last described above, but yellowish wing-edgings less distinct; under parts dull white, tinged with pale yellow on flanks, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts, and with pale gray on sides of chest. Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle, Duncan, Charles, Hood, Chat- ham, Barrington, Indefatigable, Jervis, James, Tower, Bindloe, and Abingdon islands); Cocos Island, off Bay of Panama; Gorgona Island, Bay of Panama?;* coast of Ecuador (Guayaquil)?;* coast of Peru (Santa Lucia; Tumbez) 2° Sylvicola aureola Goutp, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 86, pl. 28 (Galapagos Archipelago).—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309. Dendroica aureola Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 192.—Barrp, Review, 1865, 194, footnote. —Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 (Indefatigable, Charles, James, and Chatham islands).— Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxvii, 1895, 122 (Cocos Island).—Rotus- CHILD and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 147 (Culpepper, Wenman, Abingdon, Bindloe, Tower, Albemarle, Narborough, James, Jervis, Duncan, Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, Gardner, and Hood islands). Dendreca aureola ScLaTER and Satytn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, 323 (Indefatigable, Bindloe, and Abingdon islands).—Satvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 473 (Indefatigable, Bindloe, and Abingdon islands); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 420 (Charles Island).—Suarpx, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 66 (Charles Island); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 282 (Inde- fatigable, Charles, and Abingdon islands; Gorgona Island, Panama Bay; Ecuador; Peru).—Covuss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy).— Taczanowsk!, Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 467 (Santa Lucia and Tumbez, w. Peru).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 8 (Savana de Guayaquil, Estero Carnero, Puntillo, and Santa Elena, w. Keuador; crit.) . 1Ten specimens. ? Three specimens. 5 No specimens seen by me from these localities. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 528 [Dendreca] aureola Scuatzr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D{endroica] aureola Barrp, Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217. [Dendroica petechia] §. aureola Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350. Dendroica petechia ... var. SuNDEVALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 124 (Chatham, Charles, and James islands). [Dendroeca petechia] f. gallapagensis SunpEvatt, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ). (2) [Dendroeca petechia] g. peruviana SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 609 (Callao, w. Peru; coll. Stockholm Mus.; also, Guayaquil, w. Ecuador). (?) [Dendroeca petechia] h. xquatorialis Sunpevauy, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 609 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuador; coll. Stockholm Mus.; also, Callao, w. Peru). DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFICAPILLA (Gmelin). GUADELOUPE YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. petechia bartholemica, but much smaller; adult male (in full plumage) with crown much deeper and more extensively orange- rufous or rufous-chestnut (whole pileum sometimes almost continuously of this color, fading on forehead to a more orange-ochraceous hue); back, etc., darker olive-green; adult female much smaller than that of D. petechia bartholemica, but very similar in coloration, except that the forehead and crown are usually tinged (often strongly so) with orange- ochraceous. Still more similar in coloration to D. p. rujivertex, and about the same size, but adult male with chestnut streaks on chest and sides much narrower and adult female with forehead and crown more or less strongly tinged with yellow and orange-ochraceous. Adult male.—Length (skins), 109-125 (115.1); wing, 56-60 (58.4); tail, 483-48 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.4); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middle toe, 11-12 (11.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-129 (117.2); wing, 538-58 (55.3); tail, 42-45 (43.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.2); tarsus, 18-20 (19.4); middle toe, 11.? 'Kight specimens. ?Eleven specimens. Specimens from the island of Dominica average larger than those from Guadeloupe, averages of the series measured being as follows: Ex- : yi 3 Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Oca culmen. WOE: MALES. Four adult males from Guadeloupe ....-...--+----+--+--++++ 57.4 43.7 10.1 18.7 11.3 Four adult males from Dominica ........--..------+----+0+ 59.4] 47.2 10.6] 19.4 11.7 FEMALES. Seven adult females from Guadeloupe .............-----2-++ 54.5] 43.8 10.1] 19.7 11 Four adult females from Dominica .....-....---.--+----++++ 56.6] 43.4 10.4) 18.9 aa 524 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica, Lesser Antilles. [Motacilla] ruficapilla Gmuxin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 971 (based on Figuier de la Martinique, Ficedula martinicana, Brisson, Orn., ili, 490, pl. 22, fig. 4). [Sylvia] ruficapilla Lara, Index Orn., i, 1790, 540. Dendreca petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linneeus) Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166, part (Dominica).—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 54 (Dominica; descr. nest and eggs) . Dendreca petechia var. melanoptera Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Apr. 22, 1879, 453 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). [Dendroica petechia] 6. melanoptera Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350 (Guadeloupe; Dominica). [Dendreca] petechia melanoptera Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendroica petechia melanoptera Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 31; viii, 1891, 49 (Guade- loupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 45; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118 (Guadeloupe; Dominica). Dendreca melanoptera SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 279, 644 (Dominica; Guadeloupe).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica). DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFIVERTEX Ridgway. COZUMEL YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. r. ruficapilla, but adult male with chest and sides much more broadly streaked with chestnut; adult female with forehead and crown uniform yellowish olive-green, concolor with back, etc. Adult male.—Length (skins), 107-120 (114.5); wing, 56-60 '(58.2); tail, 44-48 (46.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20); middle toe, 10.5-11 (10.9).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 106-118 (110); wing, 55-56 (55.6); tail, 45-47 (45.8); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-21 (20); middle toe, 11.’ Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. Dendroica petechia rufivertex Ripeway, Descr. New Species Birds from Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 1; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, 1885, 21 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 348 (full descr. ), 563. [Dendroica petechia] €. rufivertex Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 350. DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA FLAVIDA (Cory). ST, ANDREWS YELLOW WARBLER. ‘“*Resembles Dendroica rufivertex, but has the orange brown on the head [crown] more restricted and paler; throat unspotted, or very nearly so; underparts, including sides and flanks, heavily striped with rufous brown. Adult male.—‘‘ Top of the head orange brown showing yellow in front of the eye; nape, back, and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive; throat bright pale yellow, touched with one or two indistinct pencil- ings of brown, rest of underparts yellow, heavily streaked with rufous 1 Eight specimens. * Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 525 brown; wings dark brown, edged with yellow; tail-feathers brown, heavily marked with yellow on the inner webs and faintly edged with it on the outer. “Length, 120.6; wing, 59.7; tail, 50.8; tarsus, 20.3; bill, 7.6.”? (Cory.) St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea. Dendroica flavida Cory, Descr. Six New Sp. Birds from Old Providence and St. Andrews, May 27, 1887, 3; Auk, iv, July, 1887, 179 (St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea; coll. OC. B. Cory). DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA RUFOPILEATA Ridgway. CURAGAO YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. r. ruficapilla, but forehead and crown uniform chest- nut, forming a sharply defined oval patch, the adult female with under parts paler yellow. Adult male.—¥orehead and crown uniform rufous-chestnut, forming a sharply defined oval patch; rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive- green, becoming decidedly yellowish on lower rump, the longer upper tail-coverts darker olive-green, with yellowish edges; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with yellow, the secondaries and primaries more narrowly edged with yellowish olive-green; rectrices dusky, edged with yellowish olive-green, the inner webs of four outer- most chiefly yellow; sides of head (including superciliary stripe) and under parts rich, pure gamboge or lemon yellow, the chest broadly streaked with chestnut-rufous, the sides and flanks sometimes more narrowly streaked with the same; maxilla black, with paler tomia; mandible grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); iris brown; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 112-115 (114.2); wing, 56-60 (57.5); tail, 44-47 (45.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); middle toe, 10-12 (11).’ Adult female.—Ahbove plain yellowish olive-green, including pileum, the wings and tail as in adult male; sides of head and under parts yellow, paler and duller than in adult male, and without streaks or else with mere traces of them on chest; length (skins), 102-119 (108.7); wing, 53-57 (54.6); tail, 41-47 (48); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 16-19 (18); middle toe, 10.° Island of Curacao, southern Caribbean Sea. Dendroica rufopileata Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 173 (Curacao, Dutch West Indies; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Bzruerscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 76 (Curacao) .—Prrers, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 116 (Curagao). 1Measurements converted from inches and tenths. ? Four specimens. 5 Three specimens. 526 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. D{endroica] rufo-pileata Rrpeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350 (‘Old Providence;’’ error for Curacao). Dendreca rufopileata SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 281. Dendroica rufo-pileata Rostnson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 165 (Curacao). D{endroica] capitalis rufopileata Bertepscn, Journ. fir Orn., Jan., 1892, 76 (Curacao). DENDROICA RUFICAPILLA CAPITALIS (Lawrence). BARBADOS YELLOW WARBLER, Similar to _D. r. rufopileata, but wing and tail shorter; adult male with chestnut crown-patch much darker (rich dark chestnut or bay) and chestnut streaks on chest and sides darker chestnut and much narrower. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-106 (102); wing, 55-58 (56.6); tail, 48-45 (44); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 19; middle toe, 10.! Adult female.—Length (skin), 115; wing, 54; tail 42; exposed cul- men, 11; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12.” Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles. Dendreca capitalis LAwrencs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, Dec., 1868, 3593 (Barbados, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 306 (crit.).—Covess, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy ).—SHaRpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 280, 645. [Dendreca] capitalis Cory, List Birds W.I., 1885, 8. D{endroica] capitalis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 271.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350. Dendroica capitalis Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 31; Birds W. I., 1889, 45; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 134 (Barbados). [ Mniotilta] capitalis Gray, Hand-list, iti, 1871, 202 (in index). [Dendroeca petechia] c. bartadensis SUNDEVALL, Otv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 608 (monogr. ). Dendreca petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linneeus) Scuatrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Londa., 1874, 174 (Barbados). DENDROICA RUFIGULA Baird. MARTINIQUE YELLOW WARBLER, Adult male.—Entire pileum, including occiput, uniform rufous- chestnut; rest of head, including whole throat and upper median portion of chest, similar but paler (between orange-rufous and cinnamon- rufous), the feathers yellowish beneath the surface; sides of neck and under parts (except as described) rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest. and sides narrowly streaked with the color of the throat, or darker 1 Three specimens. 2 One specimen. *First mentioned and characterized, but not named, by Professor Baird in Review Am. Birds, 1865, 202, in text under Dendroica [rujicapilla]. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 527 chestnut; upper parts (except pileum, wings, and tail) plain deep olive-green,* slightly more yellowish on rump, the upper tail-coverts sometimes indistinctly edged with ycllowish; wings (except lesser coverts) dull black, the middle and greater coverts rather narrowly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and remiges edged with yellow or yellowish olive-green; middle pair of rectrices dusky, edged on outer web with olive-green, on inner with pale yellow; remaining rectrices with inner webs mostly yellow; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish dusky (bluish gray in life’); legs and fect pale brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 112-120 (116); wing, 56-57 (56.5); tail, 40.5-43 (41.7); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 11.’ Young (female ?), first plumage.—Above plain, rather dark olive- green; wings dusky, with dull olive-green edgings to greater coverts and remiges, the middle coverts tipped with the same; under parts pale dull yellow, shaded laterally with olive, the chest indistinctly but broadly streaked with pale rusty. Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Sylvia rujicapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Vrsrtuor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 442, not of p. 440 (Martinique). Dendroica rufigula Bairp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 204 (locality unknown; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 32 (Martinique); 1887, 95 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 46; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 133.— Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350 (Martinique). Dendreca rufigula Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 353 (Martinique; crit.).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 285, 645, excl. syn. part (Martinique). Dendreca. vieilloti rufigula (not Dendroica vieilloti var. rujiguia Barrp, Brewrr, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217) Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote, part. [Mniotilta] rufiguia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3498 (Martinique). Dendreeca vieilloti (not of Cassin) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 125, part (in synonymy). DENDROICA ERITHACHORIDES Baird. PANAMA YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. rufigula, but decidedly larger, with smaller bill; much lighter and more yellowish olive-green above, and under parts much more broadly streaked with chestnut-rufous. Adult male.—Pileum uniform rich rufous-chestnut (exactly as in D. rufigula); vest of head similar but slightly paler (intermediate between orange-rufous and cinnamon-rufous); under parts, posterior to throat, rich gamboge or lemon yellow, conspicuously streaked except on abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, with the color of the throat, the streaks broadest on chest where confluent with the 1 Much darker than in D. erithachorides and allied continental forms, ? Two specimens, é 528 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. uniform color of throat; upper parts (except pileum, wings, and tail) plain yellowish olive-green, slightly paler or more yellowish on lower rump and upper tail-coverts; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and ter- tials broadly edged with yellow, the secondaries and primaries more narrowly edged with yellowish olive-green; rectrices dusky, edged with yellowish olive-green, the inner webs of all except middle pair mostly yellow; maxilla blackish, with paler tomia; mandible grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 112-120 (115.3); wing, 61-70 (66); tail, 47-52 (49.5); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 18-22 (20); middle toe, 12-14 (13). Adult (?) female.—Above plain olive-green, duller anteriorly (espe- cially on pileum), brighter posteriorly (on rump and upper tail-coverts); wings dusky, with light olive-greenish edgings, these inclining to pale yellow on greater coverts and tertials; tailas in adult male, but with much less yellow on inner webs of rectrices, even the outermost having more dusky than yellow on inner web; sides of head paler olive-greenish than pileum, the eyelids pale yellowish; under parts dull lemon or gamboge yellow, shaded laterally with pale olive-greenish; wing, 63; tail, 47; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.’ Immature male.—Similar to the supposed adult female, but chest and sides indistinctly streaked with pale rufous-chestnut, forehead and crown tinged with the same, and the lores, chin, and throat dull orange- yellow. Young (femate?).—Above dull pale olive, or light brownish gray tinged with olive-green; beneath pale dull buffy.® Caribbean coast district of northern Colombia (Cartagena, etc.) and Isthmus of Panama (Buenaventura; Panama City); San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama; Veragua ?! : Sylvia ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Vreiw1o0t, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Gal. Ois., i, 1834, pl. 164. Dendroica erihtachorides (typographical error) Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. ix, 1858, 283, in text (South America; ex Chloris erithachorides Feuillée Journ. Observations Physiques, iii, 1725, 413). Dendroica vieilloti Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., May, 1860, 192 (Cartagena, Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203, part (Cartagena). 1 Five specimens. 2 One specimen. * From a very poor skin, not admitting of detailed description. ‘No specimens seen by me from Veragua. 5 Actually based on specimens (now in the U. S. National Museum collection) from Cartagena, Colombia, collected by Dr. A. Schott, of Lieutenant Michler’s expe- dition, the very same specimens being the types of Dendroica vieilloti Cassin, described two years later. Feuillée being a pre-Linnzean author, it matters not whether his Sylvia erithachorides is the same bird as Baird’s Dendroica erihtachorides; and the latter name being accompanied by a sufficiently good diagnosis of the form must, on account of its priority, supersede the name Dendroica vieilloti Cassin. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 529 Dendroica vieillotit Banas, Auk, xviii, 1901, 30 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama). Dendreca vieilloti Sctarer, Cat. Am. Binds 1862, 32, part (colombia) —Courgs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy). [Dendroica vieilloti] var. vieilloti Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217, (Cartagena, Colombia). [Dendreca] vieilloti ScLarr and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. [Dendroeca petechia] i. panamensis SUNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet. -Ak. Forh., Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 609 (=D. vieilloti Cassin). [Dendroica vieilloti] var. rufigula (not Dendroica rufigula Baird, 1865) Barron, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 217 (lefaenns Panama). DENDROICA BRYANTI BRYANTI Ridgway. BRYANT’S YELLOW WARBLER. Similar to D. ertthachorides, but adult male with chest and sides much less heavily streaked (sometimes almost without streaks), the chestnut- rufous of the throat abruptly defined posteriorly. Adult male.—Pileum varying from rufous-tawny to nearly chestnut, the rest of the head, including usually the whole throat, similar but very slightly paler; hicneeis * back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain yellowish olive-green, the back sometimes indistinctly streaked with dark chestnut or dusky; wings (except lesser coverts) dusky, the middle coverts broadly tipped with yellow, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with yellow, the secondaries and primaries more narrowly edged with yellowish olive- green; tail dusky, the rectrices edged with yellowish olive-green and with inner webs of all except middle pair mostly yellow; under parts, except throat,” rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest and sides usu- ally narrowly streaked with chestnut, rarely almost immaculate; maxilla black, with paler tomia; mandible dusky grayish (bluish gray in life?); iris brown; legs and feet horn color or light brownish (in dried skins); ‘length (skins), 120-134 (124.7); wing, 62-70 (65.7); tail, 46-56 (50); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-22 (20.9); middle toe, 11-18 (12.4).° Adult female.—Exceedingly variable in coloration. Above varying from entirely plain yellowish olive-green to mostly dull ash gray; beneath, from wholly yellow, tinged with olive-green laterally, to white, tinged with gray laterally; chest sometimes very narrowly streaked with chestnut, and head sometimes with scattered feathers of that color; length (skins), 110-121 (116); wing, 58-62 (60.4); tail, 45-46 "Sometimes, apparently, the rufous-tawny color of the pileum descends over the upper hindneck. 2 Usually the entire throat is uniform rufous-tawny or light chestnut-rufous, but this color never invades the chest; sometimes only the upper half (more or less) of the throat is of this color, the lower throat being yellow, like the chest and other under parts. In all cases the color is abruptly defined, all round. 3 Eleven specimens. 3654—voL 2—01—34 530 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (45.8): exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20.5-21 (20.8); middle toe, 11-12 (11.4).3 Tinmature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the adult male and adult female. Gulf coast of Mexico and Caribbean coast of Central America, from Tamaulipas (Tampico) to Costa Rica (Puerto Limon). (?) Dendreca vieilloti (not of Cassin) Sctarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (Mexico). Dendreca vieilloti SaLvin, Ibis, 1864, 380 (Half Moon Cay, British Honduras); 1866, 192 (do.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203, part (Caucun, Yucatan) .— (?) Frayrzrvs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San José, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 125, part (Caucun, Sisal, Progreso, and Celestin, Yucatan; Belize and Half Moon Cay, British Hon- duras) .—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Silam and Rio Lagartos, ' Yucatan).—Suarrs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part (Progreso, Yucatan; Half Moon Cay and Belize, British Honduras). [Dendreca] vieilloti ScLateR and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. Dendroica vieillottii var. bryanti Ripaway, Amer. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 605 (Belize, British Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). [Dendroica vieillott] var. bryanti Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 218, part (Honduras; Yucatan) ; iii, 1874, 504. Dendreca vieilloti bryanti Couns, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote. [Dendreca vieilloti.] Subsp. a. Dendreca bryanti Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 284 (Nicaragua). Dendroica vieilloti bryanti CuErRin, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 521, 524 (Puerto Limon, e. Costa Rica; crit. ). [Dendroica bryanti] a. bryanti Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350. D[endroica] bryanti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495. Dendroica bryanti Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 210 (Progreso, Yucatan). Dendreca bryanti SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part. DENDROICA BRYANTI CASTANEICEPS Ridgway. MANGROVE WARBLER. Similar to D. 6. bryanti, but averaging slightly darker above and decidedly smaller. 1 Five specimens. The most southern specimens (from Puerto Limon, Wosta Rica) do not show the slightest approach in coloration to D. erithachorides, but there appears to bea gradual increase in size southward, average measurements, according to locality, being as follows: Ex- ; Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed j Tarsus. Midd le culmen. MALES. Five adult males from Yucatan.......20-00s.ccsascnesssenes 63.8 | 47.8 tii a 2 Three adult males from British Honduras (Belize).......--. 65.6 50 |} 20.5) Three adult males from Costa Rica (Puerto Limon) ........ 69 55 iL} 2 12,5 FEMALES. Three adult females from Yucatan (one from CozumelIsland.| 59.3 46 11 20:6 un One adult female from British Honduras (Belize) .......... 62 45 | 2 12 One adult female from Costa Rica (Puerto Limon) ......... 62 46 |) 21 2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 531 Adult mate.—Length (skins), 112-120 (116.2); wing, 53-66 (60); tail, 45-49 (46.7); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.1); middle toe, 10-12 (11.8).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-123 (115.7); wing, 56-61 (59.1); tail, 4547.5 (46.6); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 17-22 (20.1); middle toe, 10-12 (11.1).? Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, from Lower California (La Paz) and Sinaloa (Mazatlan) to Costa Rica (Punta Arenas). (?) Dendreca vieilloti (not of Cassin) Sctarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32, part (Mexico). ; Dendreca vieilloti Savin, Ibis, 1866, 192, part (Tempate, Gulf of Nicoya, w. Costa Rica); 1869, 313 (do.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 203, part (Mazat- lan, w. Mexico).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Mazatlan and Guadalajara, w. Mexico), Apr. to Sept.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (Puntas Arenas, w. Costa Rica). [Dendreca] vieilloti ScLaTrR and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. Sylvicola vieillott Finscn, Abh. Nat, Ver. Brem., ii, 1870, 329 (Mazatlan). Dendroica vieillottti, var. bryanti Ripaway, Amer. Nat., vii., Oct., 1873, 605, part (Mazatlan). [Dendroica vieilloti] var. bryanti Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 218, part (Mazatlan). Dendreca vieilloti bryanti Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, Apr. 24, 1882, 414 (La Paz, Lower California); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 257.—Brxp- 1nG, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 536 (La Paz). D{endreca] vieilloti bryanti Covses, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298. Dendreca bryanti Starrs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 645, part (Tempate, Gulf of Nicoya, w. Costa Rica). Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 350, footnote (La Paz, Lower California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—AMERIcAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 653.—ZELEDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106 (Punta Arenas, Costa Rica). D{endroica] bryanti castaneiceps Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 495. [Dendroica bryanti] 8. custaneiceps Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 350 (Mazatlan; Cape St. Lucas). Dendroica vieilloti castaneiceps Carrriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 525 (Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica; crit.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 13 (Punta Mala, delta del Diquis, s. w. Costa Rica). DENDROICA EOA (Gosse). AURORA WARBLER, With yellow inner webs to rectrices, like other ‘‘ golden warblers,” ~~~ but adult male apparently without streaks on under parts, and with sides of head, throat, and chest rufous-tawny. ‘Length 5 inches, expanse 7.6, flexure 2.7, tail 1.9, rictus 0.6 (nearly), tarsus 0.9, middle toe 0.5. rides dark hazel, feet horn-color, beak pale horn, culmen and tip darker. Male: Upper parts olive, approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of head marked with a band of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and meeting both on 1Six specimens, 2 Four specimens. 582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the forehead and on the chin. Wing quills and coverts blackish with yellowish edges. Tail blackish olive, with yellow edges; the outer- most two feathers on each side have the greatest portion of the inner webs pale yellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump, tertials, belly, and under tail-coverts are sparsely marked with unde- fined patches of pale orange. Female: Nearly as the male, but the deep orange is spread over the whole cheeks, chin, throat, and breast. The head and neck are dusky gray, tinged with olive,-and patched with the fulvous much more largely, but irregularly, and as if laid upon the darker hue.” (Original description, the measurements con- verted from inches to millimeters.*) Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Sylvicola eoa GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158 (Jamaica; types in coll. Brit. Mus. ); Illustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849, pl. 34.—Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.— ALBReEcat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 201. M{niotilta] eoa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] eoa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3480. Dendroica cou Barry, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 195, footnote.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1896, 32; Birds W. I., 1889, 46; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 130. D{endroica] cow Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 218. Dendreca eoa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71.—Covzs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 256, footnote (synonymy).—Suarper, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 266, footnote. D{(endreeca] con Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. [Dendreca] eoa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendroeca cou SuxpEvati, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 609 (monogr. ). ° DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gmelin). MAGNOLIA WARBLER, 3 “Inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) with ab boa baud of white across middle portion. : 1This bird continues to be known only from the two original specimens, now in the collection of the British Museum. Regarding these Dr. Sharpe (in Catalogue of the British Museum, x, 266, 267) remarks as follows: The two typical specimens are in the British Museum, but from-long exposure to the light in the gallery have become discolored and faded. They have been care- fully dismounted, like all other typical specimens, and placed in the series of skins; but the coloration is now so different to that described by Mr. Gosse that I have preferred to reproduce his original descriptions. I can scarcely believe that the male bird ever exhibited the rufous color of the throat and chest to the extent shown by Mr. Gosse in his plate of D. eoa, wherein also, by representing the tail in a closed position, the affinities of the bird are hidden. The yellow on the outer tail-feathers is a character of the Dendreca xstiva group, but the color of the throat is only matched by D. blackburniz; and I have no doubt that D. coa is a hybrid between the last-named bird and D. exstiva or D. petechia. To the above I will only add that in my opinion the supposed hybrid nature of D, eoa is extremely improbable, and that the bird is a hybrid between D. blackburniz and D. petechia impossible, for the reason that the proximate limits of the breeding ranges of these two species are at least 700 miles apart. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5383 Adult mate in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck uniform bluish slate-gray or plumbeous, margined laterally by a white supra- auricular streak beginning on upper eyelid; a white spot on lower eyelid; frontlet, lores, suborbital region, auricular region, sides of neck, back, and scapulars uniform deep black, the last sometimes mar- gined with olive-grayish; rump clear lemon-yellow, the upper portion streaked with black and sometimes partly olive-greenish; upper tail- coverts black; tail black, the outer webs of rectrices edged with gray, their inner webs (except middle pair) crossed in middle portion by a broad band of white, about 10-12 wide; wings black, the middle and greater coverts broadly margined and tipped with white, forming a large and conspicuous patch, the remiges and primary coverts nar- rowly edged with gray; under parts, except under taii-coverts, rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the chest, sides, and flanks very broadly streaked with black—these black markings sometimes confluent on the chest; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown. Adult femate in spring and summer.—Much duller in color than the male; gray of pileum and hindneck duller, passing into dull olive- greenish on back, where usually more or less blotched or spotted with black, rarely mostly black; lower rump crossed hy a band of olive- yellow; upper tail-covets black centrally, more or less broadly mar- gined with slate-gray; tail as in male but duller in black; wings duller black than in male, with less of white on middle and greater coverts; sides of head sometimes as in aduit male, usually duller in color, some- times with olive-grayish replacing black; under parts paler and duller yellow than in male, with chest and sides less heavily marked with black (sides and flanks rarely almost without black streaks or spots and spots or streaks on chest few and small). Adult (¢) male in autumn and winter.—Pileum, hindneck, and sides . of neck duil brownish gray; back and scapulars olive-green, the feath- ers with large, mostly conceaied, central spots of black; rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and wings as in the summer male but the last with two narrow bands, instead of a large patch, of white, the greater coverts being edged with gray, like remiges; sides of head grayish, somewhat mottled with black on rictal region, and relieved by a whitish orbital ting; under parts as in the summer male, but chest without black streaks or spots, the black markings conspicuous only on flanks and there more or less concealed. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the supposed adult male of corresponding season, but chest crossed by a broad band of dull whitish or grayish white, and without trace of black on cheeks. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the young male of same season, but smaller and much duller in color, the pileum, ete., decidedly more brownish, the back without distinct concealed. 534 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. black markings, white tail-spots smaller, and flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky. Young male in nestling plumage.—Above dull brownish olive, the back very faintly clouded or spotted with dusky; a very narrow pale dull yellowish indistinct bar across rump; upper tail-coverts dusky, margined with light olive; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale allows buff, producing two bands, the greater cov- erts edged with light brownish olive; remiges edged with gray; under parts pale straw yellow, or primrose yellow, thickly streaked on breast, sides, and flanks with dusky olive, the chest so strongly suffused with olive-brownish as to nearly conceal the yellow. Young female in nestling plumage.—‘ Remiges and rectrices slightly paler than in adult; greater and middle wing-coverts just tipped with fulvous, forming two narrow wing-bands; rest of upper parts, sides of head, including orbital region and eyelids, and breast, dark ashy, somewhat lighter on rump. Abdomen, anal region, and crissum pale sulphur-yellow, blotched somewhat indistinctly anteriorly with ashy. Throat pale ashy, with a few yellow feathers intermixed. From a specimen in my collection shot at Upton, Maine, August 10, 1874. This bird was very young, indeed barely able to fly. Several speci- mens a little further advanced show an increased amount of yellow on the throat and abdomen, but are otherwise similar.” * Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-118 - (113.6); wing, 57-64 (60.1); tail, 47.2-51.8 (48.7); exposed culmen, 8.6-9.8 (9); tarsus, 17-18.4 (17.8); middle toe, 10-11.2 (10.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-112 (109.8); wing, 54.4-57 8 (56-9); tail, 46-48.4 (47.3); exposed culmen, 8.8-9 (8.9); tarsus, 17.2-18 (17.5); middle toe, 10.2-11 (10.5).* Eastern North America, north to Anticosti Island, Magdalen Islands, southern shores of Hudson Bay (Moose Factory, Albany River, etc.), and in the interior to the Great Slave Lake District (Fort’ 1 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 78. 2Ten specimens. — 3 Five specimens. Specimens from opposite sides of the Allegheny Mountains average, respectively, in measurements as follows: Ex- i Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mane culmen. : MALES. Five adult males from Maryland and District of Columbia -| 60.6 49.2 9.3 17.8 10.6 - Five adult inales from Indiana and Illinois................. 59.5 48.2 8.8 17.7 10.6 FEMALES. Four adult females from Maryland and District of Columbia.| 57,5 47.5 8.9 17.4 10.5 One adult female from Indiana ..............2.2202e cece ee B44) 46.4 8.8) 17.8 10.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585 Simpson, Fort Resolution, etc.); breeding southward to northern and western Massachusetts (Winchenden, Worcester County, and moun- tains of Berkshire County), mountains of Pennsylvania (Armstrong, Butler, Clearfield, Indiana, Luzerne, and Pike counties), northern Michigan (Mackinac Island), Manitoba, etc.; west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains, casually to California (Los Angeles, October 21, 1897, and Santa Barbara Island, May 15), and British Columbia; south- ward in migration through more southern United States east of Rocky Mountains; in winter, Bahamas (Eleuthera, Watlings, and New Provy- idence islands), Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico, and through eastern Mexico and Central America to the Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad); accidental in Greenland. [Motacilla] maculosa GuEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 984 (based on Le Figuier tacheté de Pensiluanie, Ficedula pensilvanica nevia, Brisson, Orn., iii, 502; The Yellow-rumped Flycatcher, Musicapa uropygio luteo, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 97, pl. 255). [Sylvia] maculosa LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 536. Sylvia maculosa VrEi1Luot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 33, pl. 93; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 223; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 427.—Sreruens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 715.—Bonaparrs, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 78.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 260, pl. 50; ii, 1834, 145; v, 1839, 458, pl. 1283.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 370.—D’Orsteny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 72. Sylvicola maculosa Swainson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 213, pl. 40.—JaRDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 353, pl. 23, fig. 2.—Boma- PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Aupuzon, Synopsis, 1839, 61; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 65, pl. 96.—Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica; Cuba).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Baha- as).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—ALBREcuT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas). : [Sylvicola] maculosa Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 307. M[niotilta] maculosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] maculosa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3476. R{himanphus] maculosus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20. Rhimamphus maculosus GuNpLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba). Dendroica maculosa Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 284; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 204; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 206 (Moose Factory; Fort Simpson; Fort Resolution, etc. ).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Gua- temala).—SciaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 374 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, s. Mexico).—Gunpiaca, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 326; 1872, 415; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 29 (Porto Rico).—VeERRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 147 (Anticosti I., Gulf St. Lawrence).—Barrp, Brewer, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 232, pl. 14, fig. 2.—Hunsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 58 (Denver, Colorado, May 17); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 196 (do.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 142.—Ratpa, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 139 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 34 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., 536 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Eleuthera, New Providence, and Watlings islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Haiti; Porto Rico).—Amerrican OnnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 657.— Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 391 (Winchenden, Massachusetts, breeding) .— Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 248 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates); Bull. 44, Colorado Agric. Coll., 1898, 168 (near Denver, 1 spec., May 17, 1888).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 19 (Key West, Florida, Apr. 27 and May 17).—Tnompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 618 (Manitoba, breeding).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 116 (Butler and Armstrong counties, w. Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 40, 45 (Indiana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—HaGerup, Auk, viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).- - Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 208, pl. 12, fig. 2,— Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 278 (Chemawawin, Saskatchewan).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Field and Vernon, e. British Columbia).—Wurtr, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michi- gan, breeding; descr. song).—Ricamonp. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Oct. 27 to Feb. 5).—Attmn, Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding ).—Conepon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Dingmans Ferry, Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Youne, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Pottsville, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Bainy, Auk, xiii, 1896, 295 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—GrinnetL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara, etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, 1 spec., May 15); Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles, California, 1 spec., Oct. 21, 1897).—Rivzs, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—F Lemtne, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, abundant summer resid.).— SwartH, Condor, iii, 1901, 145 (Los Angeles, California, 1 spec., Oct. 5, 1901). Dendreca maculosa SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1862, 19 (Cosamaloapam, Vera Cruz) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 32 (Coban, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hili, Panama R. R.).—Braxiston, Ibis, 1863, 63 (interior of British North America).— SctatTErR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Covurs, Check List, 1873, no. 84; 2d ed., 1882, no. 125; Birds N. W., 1874, 62 (mouth of Vermilion R., Nebraska, etc.) ; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 290.— Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Mar.)—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 1-7 (full biog- raphy); iii, 1878, 59 (descr. young); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti and Magdalen islands, breeding).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 106 (Portland, Me., breeding).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 62; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 29.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 97.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 129 (Izalam, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Retalhuleu, Coban, and Choctum, Guatemala, etc.).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 309, 648 (49th parallel; Fort Simpson; Albany R.., etc.). [ Dendreca] maculosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 102.—SciaveEr and SaLvIN, Nom. Av. Neotr , 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. D{[endreca] maculosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304. Dendroeca. maculosa SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 615 (monogr.). Sylvia magnolia Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 63, pl. 23 (= young in autumn).— SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 604.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 194. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5387 DENDROICA TIGRINA (Gmelin). CAPE MAY WARBLER, Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum black, sometimes (espe- cially in midsummer) uniformly so, usually ‘with the feathers, at least those of the occiput, margined more or less distinctly with olive (some- times with rusty); sometimes a spot of rusty on center of crown; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and upper rump olive-green, the feath- ers with a central spot of black; lower rump varying from yellowish olive-green to clear canary yellow; upper tail-coverts blackish, broadly margined with olive-green; middle wing-coverts white or pale yellow, only theirextreme base dusky; rest of wings dusky, the greater coverts more or less broadly edged with white, pale yellow, pale gray, or pale olive, the remiges narrowly edged with light olive-green, these edgings broader and paler on tertials; tail dusky, with olive-green or grayish edgings, the three outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white on inner web, decreasing rapidly in size from the first to the third; superciliary stripe rufous-chestnut, at least posteriorly (the anterior portion sometimes yellow); a blackish loral and postocular streak; suborbital and auricular regions plain cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; sides of neck and under parts yellow, becoming much paler (sometimes white) on flanks, lower abdomen, and under tail- coverts; chest and sides more or less broadly (usually heavily) streaked with black, the throat also sometimes streaked, and often tinged with cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; bill black, the mandible sometimes brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Much like the spring or summer male but black of pileum obscured by broad margins of olive or grayish to the feathers, the black showing as central triangular spots; black spots of back and scapulars nearly concealed; cinnamon-rufous of sides of head largely replaced by yellow; bill paler, the mandible distinctly brownish. Young male in first autwmn.—Much like the adult male in autumn, but colors duller; greater wing-coverts edged with pale olive-grayish, instead of whitish; upper parts showing scarcely any black spotting or streaking and much tinged with grayish; sides of head with scarcely a trace of cinnamon-rufous, yellow of under parts paler, and black streaks of chest and sides narrower and less sharply defined. Adult female in spring and summer.—Above olive, becoming more yellowish on lower rump, where the feathers are sometimes bright olive-yellow with darker mesial streaks, the pileum more or less streaked or spotted with black; wings dusky with light olive edgings, the middle coverts tipped or margined terminally with white, the greater coverts sometimes edged with pale grayish; tail as in adult 588 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. male; a rather indistinct superciliary streak of dull yellowish or whit- ish; under parts dull whitish, usually more or less tinged with yellow, especially on breast, chest, and sides of neck, the chest and sides more or less distinctly streaked with dusky grayish or blackish; bill, etc., as in adult male. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the female in spring or summer, but olive of upper parts more or less tinged with gray anteriorly, pileum without black streaks or spots, paler super- ciliary streak obsolete, and streaks on under parts much less distinct, more grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 107.9-119.4 (113.9); wing, 64~70.1 (66.3); tail, 44.9-49.5 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2 (9.8); tarsus, 16.3-18.8 (17.8); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.3). Adult female.—Length: (skins), 109.2-119.4 (118.3); wing, 61-65.8 (63.6); tail, 43.4-47.5 (45.7); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.7); tarsus, 17.5-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 11.2-12.4 (11.9)? Eastern North America, north to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, southern shores of Hudson Bay (Moose Factory, etc.), and Manitoba, breeding southward to ‘‘northern New England;” during migration southward through more southern United States east of the Great Plains, wintering in the West Indies(Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Croix; Guadeloupe), Yucatan (one record only), and Tobago. Resident in Jamaica, and said to breed on high mountains of that island! [Motacilla] tigrina Gmeuin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 985 (based on Spotted Yellow Fly- catcher, Muscicapa lutea maculata, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., vi, 101, pl. 257, lower fig.). ; [Sylvia] tigrina Laranam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537. Sylvia tigrina Viet.xot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 34, pl. 44, fig. 2; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 228; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 428.—Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 738. M[niotilta] tigrina Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] tigrina Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 239, no. 3465. [Sylvicola] tigrina (not of Richardson, 1837) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. 1 Fifteen specimens. 2Six specimens. Specimens from opposite sides of the Alleghenies average, respectively, as follows: Ex-_ | Depth i Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. mice le culmen.|at base. . MALES. Six adult males from Atlantic States................ 66.3] 46.8 9.8 3.2) 17.8] 121 Nine adult males from Mississippi Valley........... 66.4} 47.5 9.8 3.3] 17.9 12.4 FEMALES. Four adult females from Atlantic States..... ...-.. 64.1 45.5 9.8 3.1 11.7 12.2 Two adult females from Mississippi Valley -........ 62.6 46 9.9 3.2 17.9 14 fi BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 539 Sylvicola tigrina Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo). Dendroica tigrina Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 286; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 206.—Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 436 (Chester Co. , Pennsylvania).—Gunpiacu, Journ fiir Orn.,1861, 326 (Cuba).— Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1863, 125 (near Calais, Maine; Bay of Fundy).—Marcn, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 650.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 28 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 42; Cat. W. I., 1892, 117 (Abaco, Biminis, Berry Is., Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Croix).—Kzyxs, Auk, v, 1888, 211 (Iowa City, Iowa, Nov. 27).— Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 244 (w. Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska, Missouri, etc.; dates).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 133.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida; migr.).— Tompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 617 (Manitoba, breeding) .— Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix).—Nrnruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 196.—CueErriz, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (winter, till Apr. 6). D[endroica] tigrina Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 493. Dendreca tigrina Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix).—Scuatsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33 (Racine, Wisconsin ).—ALBREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).—McI.wrairta, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 85; 2d ed., 1882, no. 126; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 245 (synonymy ).— Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 63; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 25.—CHaAmpgErLAIN, Auk, ii, 1885, 33 (Edmundston, New Brunswick; breeding habits). [Dendreca] tigrina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103. D[endreca] tigrina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 305. Dendroeca tigrina SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616 (monogr. ). Perissoglossa tigrina Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 181.—GuNDLAcH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233; Journ. fiir. Orn., 1872, 412 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 178 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 212, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2.—Brewsrrr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (deser. young).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i, 1880, 172; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 90.—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440 ( Yucatan ).—Cooxg, Orn. and Ool., ix, 1884, 117 (migrations) ; Auk, ii, 1885, 32 (Alda, Nebraska, May 12).—Turwrr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay).—Lawrence, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 621 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 335, 651 (Tobago; etc. ). [Perissoglossa] tigrina ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 9. Plerissoglossa] tigrina Newtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99 (n. e. Illinois; very com. migr.). Sylvia maritima Witson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 99, pl. 54, fig. 3 (Cape May Co., New Jersey; type now in mus. Vassar College; see Orton, Am. Nat., iv, 1871, 714).—SrmpHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 789.—Bonaparrts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 200; Am. Orn., i, 1825, 32, pl. 3, fig 3; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.—Aupuson, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 156, pl. 414.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 371.—D’Orsreny, in LaSagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 70, pl. 10. Sylvicola maritima Jarping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 301; iii, 1832, 291.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 22.—AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 56; 540 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 44, pl. 85.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 424.—Hoy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).—Wixus, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia). —Bry anv, Proc. Bost. So¢. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—ALprecar, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas). [Sylvicola] maritima Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. Certhiola maritima Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 87; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 17. M[niotilta] maritima Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Mniotilta maritima Casor, Naumannia, ii, Heft. iii, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior). Rhimamphus maritimus Gunpuacu, Journ. fitr Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba); 1861, 409 (do.). DENDROICA CARBONATA (Audubon). CARBONATED WARBLER. Apparently resembling D. tégrina, but differing in having no cin- namon-rufous on sides of head, no white spots on inner webs of lateral rectrices(?), and in having the greater wing-coverts tipped with yellow instead of edged with whitish. ‘¢ Young male.—Bill of ordinary length, nearly straight, subulato- conical, acute, nearly as deep as broad at the base, the edges acute, the gap line slightly deflected at the base. Nostrils basal, lateral, ellip- tical, half-closed by a membrane. Head rather small. Neck short. Body slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus longer than the middle toe, covered anteriorly by a few scutella, acutely edged behind; toes scutellate above, the inner free, the hind toe of moderate size; claws slender, compressed, acute, arched. Plumage soft, blended, tufty. Wings of ordinary length, acute, the second quill longest. Tail short, notched. ‘*Carbonated Warbler, Sylvia carbonata, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. i, p. 808. : ‘* Bill brownish-black above, light blue beneath. Iris hazel. Feet light flesh-color. Upper part of the head black. Fore part of the back, lesser wing-coverts, and sides dusky, spotted with black. Lower back dull yellowish-green, as is the tail, of which the outer web of the outer feather is whitish. Tips of the second row of coverts white, of the first row yellow; quills dusky, their outer webs tinged with yellow. A line from the lore over the eye, sides of the neck, and the throat bright yellow. A dusky line behind the eye. The rest of the under parts dull yellow, excepting the sides. ‘Length, 4% inches; bill along the ridge five-twelfths, along the gap seven-twelfths; tarsus three-fourths,”’?. Kentucky (Henderson, May, 1811). This bird continues to be known only from Audubon’s description and coiored plate. ‘Audubon, Birds of America, oct. ed., ii, 1841, 95. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 541 Sylvia carbonata AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 308, pl. 60 (near Henderson, Ken- tucky; type not preserved).—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Canada, i 1832, 405. Syiwicola carbonata Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172. Vermivora carbonata Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21. Helinaia carbonata Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 68; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 95, pl. 109. M[niotilta] carbonata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] carbonata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3493. [Helmitheros] carbonata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315. Dendroica carbonata Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 287; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 207; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 207. D{endroica] carbonata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 493. Dendroeca carbonata Sunpevat, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 618 (monogr.). Dendreca carbonata Maynarn, Birds Eastern U. §., 1882, 521.—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 264, footnote. Dendroica (Perissoglossa ?) carbonata AMERICAN ORNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, 356 (‘‘Hypothetical List,” no. 23). Perissoglossa carbonata Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 214, pl. 12, fig. 3—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 91. Helminthophaga (?) carbonata Couxs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote. DENDROICA C/ERULESCENS C/ZERULESCENS (Gmelin). BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Ahove plain dull grayish indigo blue, the back sometimes more or less spotted or clouded with black; wings, except lesser coverts, black, the middle coverts broadly mar- gined, the greater coverts broadly edged, the remiges narrowly edged, with dull grayish indigo blue, the tertials chiefly of the latter color; primaries (except outermost) extensively white basally, forming a con- spicuous patch; all the remiges with inner webs extensively white basally and edged with white; rectrices black, narrowly edged with dull grayish indigo blue, the three outermost with a large subterminal patch of white on inner webs; sides of head (including lores, orbits, auricular region, and malar region), chin, throat, sides of chest, sides, and flanks uniform deep black, that along sides and flanks somewhat broken by white streaking; rest of under parts, together with axillars and under Wing-coverts, white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Exactly like the spring and summer plumage, but white portion of flanks very faintly tinged with brownish buff, and mandible brownish instead of black. Young male in first fall and winter.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but white of under parts more or less tinged with yellowish, bluish gray of upper parts tinged with olive-green, and black feathers of throat, etc., more or less distinctly margined with whitish. : Adult female in spring and summer.—Ahove plain olive, relieved 542 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. by a white or whitish spot, of greater or less extent,’ at base of longer primaries; rectrices darker and more grayish olive, edged with light bluish or greenish gray, the inner web of outermost rectrix some- times with an indistinct paler, rarely whitish, subterminal spot; a whitish streak on upper and lower eyelids, the former continued back- ward for agreater or less distance over auriculars; under parts, includ- ing malar region, pale, dull olive-yellowish, shaded with olive laterally; bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins). Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but color of upper parts brighter, more greenish olive, under parts more decidedly yellowish, bill browner, and legs and feet paler brown. ‘* First plumage, male.—Remiges and rectrices as in autumnal males, the former slightly paler in color. Rest of upper parts, including the wing-coverts, dark olive-brown; sides of head very dark brown; lores black; throat, jugulum, lower eyelid, and a very conspicuous supra- orbital line, pale buff; breast and sides ashy, tinged with olive. Abdomen, anal region, and crissum strong sulphur-yellow. White spot on base of primaries fully developed. “First plumage, female.—Remiges and rectrices as in autumnal female. Rest of upper parts, including wing-coverts and sides of head, light olive-brown. Lores dull black. Superciliary line, both eyelids, throat, jugulum, abdominal and anal regions, with crissum, light buff. Breast and sides olive, tinged with buff. Spot on base of primaries dirty white.”? Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-120 (114.3); wing, 62-67 (65.2); tail, 49-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 8.5-10 (9.4); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (i8.7).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-121 (114); wing, 60-63 (61.1); tail, 47.5-51 (48.5); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6). Eastern North America, breeding from northeastern Connecticut '(Eastford), mountains of Pennsylvania (Bedford, Cambria, Clinton, Fayette, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Somerset, and Warren counties), north- ern Ontario (Muskoka, etc.), and southern Michigan (vicinity of 1 This spot often very small, sometimes obsolete. 2 Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 57, 58. ’ Seventeen specimens. *Ten specimens. New England specimens compare in average measurements with those from Michi- gan as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed Tarsus. culmen. Twelve adult males from New England (including one from Long TQM) restarts ipviedaka ug’ segee ne obaaleiieweiemiie acuta eoeceen =| 65.2] 50.9 9.3] 18.6 Five adult males from Michigan..........-...222.-. 2002 cece eee eens 65.4] 51.7 9.7 19 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 543 Detroit) northward to Labrador and shores of Hudson Bay; westward, during migration, to base of Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and New Mexico (Rio Mimbres and Rio Grande), accidentally to California (Farallone Islands, one specimen, November 17, 1886); southward in winter to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico), Swan Island (Caribbean Sea), Cozumel Island, Yucatan, Guatemala (Coban), and northern South America (Colombia to central Peru). No Mexican record, except Cozumel Island, Yucatan; nor Cen- tral American, except Coban, Guatemala. [Motacilla] canadensis (not of Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334) Linnxzus, ' Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 336 (based on Le Petit Figuier cendré de Canada, Ficedula canadensis cinerea minor, Brisson, Orn., iii, 527, pl. 27, fig. 6, and Blue Flycatcher, Muscicapa cerulea, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 91, pl. 252, fig. 1).—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 991. Motacilla canadensis Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on Pl. Enl., pl. 685, fig. 2). ; [Sylvia] canadensis Latnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539. Sylvia canadensis Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 115, pl. 15, fig. 7.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 191; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.— Nurraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 398.—Aupupon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 309, pls. 148, 155. Phyllopneuste canadensis Born, Isis, 1828, 321. Sylvicola canadensis Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bona- parTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 61; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 63, pl. 95.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 38.—Woop- Houss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col., 1853, 71 (Texas; Indian Terri- tory).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio Mimbres and Rio Grande, New Mexico) .—Sauut, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Wiu1s, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo).—Brewen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba) .— Aprecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas). [Sylvicola] canadensis Bonararts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. M[niotilta] canadensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3471. Rhimamphus canadensis Gunpiacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861, 408 (do.). Dendroica canadensis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 271; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 193.—GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Marca, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica). Dendreeca canadensis ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— Auprecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).—Dresser, Ibis., 1865, 478 (Texas).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (Tambillo, n. Peru). [Dendreca] canadensis SctateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. [Motacilla] cxrulescens Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960 (based on La Fawvette bleudtre de S. Domingue Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 164; Blue-gray Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 440). Motacilla czrulescens Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 419. [Sylvia] cerulescens LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520. 544 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sylvia cerulescens Vretuior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 25, pl. 80; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 168; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 432.—Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 651.—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 63. Dendroica exrulescens Bairp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 186.—Guwp.aca, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 186; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 413 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 179 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewnr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 254, pl. 12, figs. 10, 11.—Brzwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding); xix, 1878, 303 (Eastford, n. e. Connecticut, breeding).—Ripeway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); x, 1888, 575 (Swan L., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 139.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 654.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 33 (West Indian localities and references); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman); Birds W. I., 1889, 47; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence, Andros, Concepcion, Watlings I., Great Inagua, and Anguilla, Bahamnas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).—Ra.pn, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 188 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Bryanr (W.E.), Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 48 (Farallone Islands, Cali- fornia, 1 spec., Nov. 17, 1886).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 246 (dates, etc.); Auk, xi, 1894, 183 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1 spec.).— Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 18 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida, rare migrant).—Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 410 (Pinopolis, South Caro- lina, Dec. 6).—Nrnrurne, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 201, pl. 14, fig. 2— Keuioae, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kansas, Oct. 17).—Atzey, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Las Nubes, Santa Marta, Colombia, Dec.); Auk, xvii, 1900, 367 (Las Nubes).—Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, breeding).—Wovop (J.C.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Detroit, Michigan, breeding).—Sronz, Auk, xviii, 1901, 110 (sequence of plumages). D{endroica] cxrulescens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 496. Dendroica caerulescens CuERRiE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (Santo Domingo, abundant in winter). [ Dendreca] cxrulescens Cours, Key N. Am, Birds, 1872, 99.—ScLaTER and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—SNnow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendrwca cerulescens Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 76.—Jones, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 11-13 (n. e. Connecticut; breeding habits); Orn. and Ool., vi, 1881, 49 (Connecticut, breeding); ix, 1884, 30 (Eastford, Connecticut, breed- ing).—GunpLacu, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 64.—Brewsrter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 57 (descr. young).—Baac, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vy, 1880, 238 (Hamilton Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 58; Auk, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 26.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 126.(Coban, Guatemala).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 94.—Trisrraw, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—Bickng.L, Auk, i, 1884, 213 (song).—SHarrs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 329, 651 (Jamaica; Haiti; Vera Paz, Guate- mala, etc. ). Dendroeca cxrulescens SUNDEVALL Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610 (monogr. ). Dendroica ceerulescens TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 24; Phila. ed., 17. Dendreeca coerulescens Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 55; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 241 footnote (synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 117. D{endreca] cerulescens Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 300. [Mniotilta] coerulescens GrepeL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 602. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 545 Sylvia pusilla (not of Wilson, 1811) Wrson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 100, pl. 43, fig. 4 (Pennsylvania; not of vol. iv, 1811, 17, pl. 28, = Compsothlypis americana. )\— Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197. Sylvicola pusilla Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica; Cuba). Sylvia leucoptera Wi1son, ‘‘Index, and 2d ed. (Hall’s ed.), ii, 390.7 (Coues.) [Substitute for S. pusilla Wilson, preoccupied. ] Sylvia palustris StepuEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 722 (substitute for S. pusilla Wilson). Sylvia macropos Vieitiot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 451 (substitute for S. pusilla Wilson). M[niotilta] macropus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Sylvia sphagnosa Bonararry, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 199 (substitute for S. pusilla Wilson); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 85.—Nurra.t, Man. Orn U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 406.—Avupugon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 279. Vireo sphagnosa Jarpinz, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 193.—Brewer, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1840, 393. Sylvicola pannosa Gosss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 162 (Jamaica; = female); Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 37. M[niotilta] pannosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Dendreca pannosa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica).— Avsrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica). DENDROICA CAERULESCENS CAIRNSI Coues. CAIRNS’ WARBLER, Similar to D. ¢. crudescens, but adult male darker above, especially the pileum, which is not lighter blue than the back, the latter usually more or less spotted or clouded with black, sometimes chiefly black, the pileum sometimes streaked with black; adult female darker and duller olive above and less yellowish beneath, with the olive of flanks darker and more strongly contrasted with the pale olive-yellowish of abdomen. Adult male.—-Length (skins), 107-122 (115.1); wing, 60.5-68 (65.5); tail, 48.5-54.5 (51.6); exposed culmen, 8.5-9.5 (9.3); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8).! Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-120 (111.6); wing, 58.5-63 (61.5); tail, 45.5-51 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.3); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8).? ' 1 Twenty-five specimens. *Ten specimens. Average measurements of breeding males from mountains of Virginia (Mountain Lake), Maryland (Garrett County), and Pennsylvania (Somerset, Mifflin, Clarion, Fayette, Bedford, and Centre counties), respectively, are as follows: $ Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. culmen. Thirteen breeding males from-Virginia..............2-22--2--2222++ 65.5] 51.8 9.3 18.7 Five breeding males from Maryland..............2.--20-22ee2-2200+ 64.2 50.5 22 18.9 Seven breeding males from Pennsylvania ...........-.--++-+-++-+-+ 66.3 52.1 9.4 18.8 3654—voL 2—01——5 546 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Breeding in mountain districts of Peansylvania* and southward along higher Alleghenies to the Cowee and Black mountains in west- ern North Carolina; Cumberland Island, Georgia, during migration (one specimen, April 9), and Cuba in winter (Matanzas, one specimen, February 14, 1900). Dendroica cerulescens (not Motacilla cerulescens Gmelin) Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 174 (Cowee Mts. and Black Mts., w. North Carolina, breeding at 3,200 to 4,500 ft.).—Loomis, Auk, x, 1893, 154 (Chester Co., South Carolina; notice of specimens with black on back and crown).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila , 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding); Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Topp, Auk, x, 1893, 40, 45 (Indi- ana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Baity, Auk, xiii, 1896, 295 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rivzs, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt). Dendreca cerulescens cairnsi Cours, Papers World’s Congress Orn., 1896, 138, footnote (nomen nudum !). Dendroica cxrulescens cairnsi Cours, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 96 (mountains of w. North Carolina; coll. W. Brewster; here first’ characterized ).—AMERICAN OrnitmoLoaists’ Union Commitrer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 123.—Banes, Auk, xv, 1898, 192 (Cumberland I., Georgia, 1 spec., Apr. 9; crit.). DENDROICA CORONATA (Linnzus). MYRTLE WARBLER, Adult mate in spring and sunmer.—ANove bluish slate-gray, streaked (except sometimes on hindneck) with black, the streaks broadest on back and scapulars; crown with a large, partly concealed, elongated patch of bright lemon yellow, the lower rump witb a triangular patch of paler yellow; wings black with gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts rather broadly tipped with white, producing two distinct bands; upper tail-coverts black margined with slate-gray; tail black with gray edgings, the three outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white on inner web, decreasing in size from the outermost to the 1T am unable to define with any degree of accuracy the respective breeding ranges of this form and of D. c. cerulescens in Pennsylvania. Amung a large series of spec- imens obtained during the breeding season, belonging to the collection of the Biolog- ical Survey, are some which I can not distinguish from typical D. ¢. eairnsi (some of them apparently extreme examples, even, of that form) from Cambria, Clarion, Elk, Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Indiana, McKean, Somerset, and Westmoreland counties, four of these counties, namely, Cambria, Clarion, Fayette, and Somerset, being repre- sented by specimens which I am unable to distinguish from typical D. c. cwrulescens. Breeding specimens from Garrett County, Maryland, vary in much the same way. On the whole, the form is not a very satisfactory one, one of the two characters on which it was based (smaller size) failing altogether (D. c. cairnsi averaging slightly larger, in fact, than D. c. c#rulescens), and the other only partially so, since many specimens of D. ¢. cairnsi have little if any black on the back, while many of D. ¢ cerulescens have quite as much as the average amount shown in D. c. cairnsi. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 547 third; a supraloral spot or streak, and a narrow spot on each eyelid, white, that on upper eyelid sometimes extended backward above auricu- lar region, sometimes confluent with the white supraloral spot; sides of head, including entire loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, uni- form black; malar region, chin, and throat white, the lower portion of the last sometimes partly black; chest more or less heavily spotted or clouded with black, this color sometimes nearly uniform; a large patch of light lemon or canary yellow on each side of breast; median line of breast, together with abdomen and under tail-coverts, white; between the yellow lateral patches and the white median area of the breast an elongated patch of black, confluent with jugular area, and extending backward to the flanks, where broken into broad streaks; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark brown. Adult male in autwnn and winter.—Very different from the summer plumage; above grayish brown, with the black streaks concealed, except on back and scapulars, where much less conspicuous than in summer plumage; yellow crown-patch concealed by brown tips to the feathers; sides of head brown, like pileum, varied by the same white markings as in summer plumage, but these less distinct; chin, throat, and chest brownish white or pale buffy brown, the last more or less streaked with black; lateral yellow pectoral patches less distinet than in summer, usually tinged with brownish and flecked with dusky; black sublateral pectoral areas broken by broad white margins to feathers; wings and tail as in summer, but white bands across former more or less brownish. Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the summer male, but smaller and duller in color; the upper parts tinged (sometimes strongly) with brown; yellow crown;patch smaller; wing-bands nar- rower; sides of head brown or dusky brownish gray, instead of black; less of black on chest and sides of breast, and yellow lateral pectoral patches smaller and paler yellow. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the winter male, but smaller; upper parts more decidedly brown, with streaks obsolete, except on back; yellow crown-patch more restricted (sometimes nearly obsolete); wing-bands, eyelids, etc., pale brown; under parts pale buffy brown anteriorly and laterally, the median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull yellowish white; yellow patches on sides of breast indistinct, sometimes obsolete. Young, first iene —Above distinctly streaked with grayish dusky and white; beneath grayish white, streaked with dusky; wings and tail much as in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-140 (129); wing, 70-78 (74.1); tail, 50-60 (56.2); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 18-21 (19.6); middle toe, 10.5-13 (12).* 1 Twenty-five specimens, 548 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-140 (130); wing, 67-75 (70.5); tail, 51.4-59 (56.1); exposed culmen, 8.2-10.4 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19,6 (18.7); middle toe, 11.2-12.8 (12)." North America in general, chiefly east and north of Rocky Moun- tains; breeding from mountains of western Massachusetts (Berkshire Co.), northeastern New York (Adirondacks), northern Michigan (Macki- nac Island), Manitoba, etc., to limit of tree-growth (Labrador to west- ern Alaska); wintering from United States (except extreme northern portions) southward to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico), island of Old Providence (Caribbean Sea), and through Mexico (both coasts) and Central America to Isthmus of Panama; acci- dental in Greenland (three records), eastern Siberia (Tschuktschi Peninsula, May); occasional in Bahamas. Said to breed in Jamaica! [Motacilla] coronata Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 333 (based on Golden- crowned Flycatcher, Muscicapa aureo vertice, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. 187, pl. 298, fig. 1).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 974. Motacilla coronata BoppaERrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 44. [Sylvia] coronata Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538.—VierLLot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 24, pls. 78,79; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 178; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 426.—Wut1son, Am. Oyn., ii, 1810, 188, pl. 17, fig. 4; ii, 356, pl. 45, fig. 3.—Srernens, Shaw’s Gren. Zool., x, 1817, 636.—Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824,192; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77.—Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.—Licutrensretn, Preis- Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Alvarado and Temascaltepec); see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57.—Nutraut, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 361.—AvpuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 303, pl. 153.— D’Orsreny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 60.—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 267 (Labrador). Sylvicolu coronata Swarnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 216.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Aupugon, Synopsis, 1839, 51; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 23, pl. 76.—Gossn, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 155.— Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica and Cuba).—Jarp1ng, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, Sept. to Dec. 17).—Huropis, Jardine’s 1 Twenty-one specimens. Western specimens average slightly larger, but the difference is too inconstant to justify separation, especially in the absence of any difference in color. Average measurements are as follows: Ex- i Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus.| Middle culmen. MALES. Seven adult males from Atlantic States..........2.2.-.--.5- 72.8} 54.8 98] 19.4 21 Five adult males from Mississippi Valley ......-.--.-.--+.-- 74 56.2 9.7 | 20 1.8 Four adult males from Rocky Mountains ..................- 75 66 9.8] 19.2 113 Ten adult males from Pacific coast (including Alaska) ..... 74.9 | « 87,2 10.2] 19.6 12.2 FEMALES. Seven adult females from Atlantic States .........-2.--..665 69.1 | 54.3 8.6| 18.4 1.9 Three adult females from Mississippi Valley ..........--.... 72.6 57.9 9.6 18.8 Dd Four adult females from Rocky Mountains ............--.-- 69.8 55.8 91] 188 1.9 Seven adult females from Pacific coast (including Alaska) .| 71.5] 57.4 9.7 | 18.9 12.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 549 Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas, Oct. 30 to Jan. 24).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1850, 213 (Bermudas),—Remnnarprt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 439 (Green- land).—Hewry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1855, 142 (Massachusetts, Jan.); vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas); x, 1866, 251 (Porto Rico); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo) ; Journ. fir Orn., 1866, 184 (Porto Rico).—Satus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond , 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba.)—Axprecnt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas); 1862, 194, 201 (Jamaica). [Sylvicola] coronata Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. M[niotilta] coronata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] coronata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3466. Mniotilta varia Rernnarpt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (s. Greenland; 3 instances). R{himanphus] coronata CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19. Rhimamphus coronata Gunpiacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861, 408 (do).—SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Dendroica coronata Gray, List Gen. Birds, App., 1842, 8.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 272; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 194; Review Am. Birds, 1865,187 (Mirador and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban and Duefias, Guatemala; Jamaica; Porto Rico; ‘‘Panama’’).—Sciarsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295 (Cordova).—Sciater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Coorgrand Suckey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 180 (Whidbey I., Washington, Apr., 2 specs. ).—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 125 (Maine, breed- ing).—Marcna, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 292 (Jamaica, breeding).— GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico.— Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233 (Cuba); Journ. fir Orn., 1872, 413 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 180 (Porto Rico).— Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, Dec., Jan.).—Daur and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Nat. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Nuk- lukahyet and Nulato, Alaska).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).—ArKen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (El Paso Co., Colorado).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 227, pl. 12, figs. 9, 12.—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 58 (Den- ver, Colorado, May 7-17); Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 193 (do. ).— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439(n. New England, breeding ).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 655.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 34; iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); Birds W. I., 1889, 48; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Rum Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).— Ratpu, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 138 (Adirondacks, New York, breeding).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 202.—Townsenp Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R.,n.w. Alaska); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223 (Red Bluff, May, and Humboldt Bay, fall, u. California; ‘‘plentiful’’).— Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 575 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 140.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Catalina Mts., ete., Arizona regular migrant); 430 (Key West, Florida, July 28).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 246-248 (dates, etc.; breeding from n. Minnesota north- ward).—Brupine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 209 (Pacific coast rec- ords).—Cuerniz, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan. 19 and Feb. 15).—Tuompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 618 (Manitoba, breed- ing).—Macraruaneg, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444 (Anderson R., a 550 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Arctic Am., breeding).—Ricnmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Nov. 28 and Feb. 16).—Wuurz, Auk, x, 1893, 227 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—Nurrine, Bull. Lab. N.H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 277 (Chemawawin, Saskatchewan, breed- ing).—Neneruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 204, pl. 13, fig. 5.—Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1893, 54 (Vancouver I. and Washington during migration).—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Berkshire Co., Massachu- setts, breeding).—Tuorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, com- mon in spring).—CHERRIE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (winter, till March 27).— ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 326 (Mount Wachusett, Massachusetts, 1 spec., July 29).—GrinNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara, etc., 1897,7 (Santa Barbara I., California, 1 spec., May 15); Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles Co., California, common winter visitant).—Dwient, Auk, xvi, 1899, 217, pl. 3, upper fig. (sequence of plumages).—Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, 33 (Point Tangent, Alaska, June 3).—Oscoon, N. Am, Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska).—Mar.LLarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 126 (San Benito Co., California, winter resident).—Howet1, Auk, xviii, 1901, 344 (Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, breeding).—BiaEtow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (coast s. Labrador, breeding). [Dendroica coronata] var. coronata Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 219. Dendroica coronatus GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba). Dendreca coronata ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Jamaica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vill, 1863, 484 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (Angostura, Costa Rica); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan. ).—ScLaTER and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Dugis, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 89 (Califor- nia; Straits of Fuca and Puget Sound, Washington).—Nerwron (A.), Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (3 specs. ).—Cougrs, Check List, 1878, no. 78; 2d ed. 1882, no. 119; Birds N. W., 1874, 57, 232 (Colorado, abundant); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 278.—Gunp.Lacn, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 65.—BREwster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 58 (descr. young); (?) vii, 1882, 137 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Mar.; crit.).—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., Nicasio, and Haywards, California); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 95.—Mzarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 34 (wintering in lower Hudson Valley).—Kumurmen, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 74 (Godhavn, Greenland, 1 spec., July 31, 1878); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 182 (e. Maryland, breeding ??).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 127 (Belize, British Honduras; Escuintla, Duefias, San Geronimo, Coban, and Cahabon, Guatemala; Volcan de Chiri- qui, Veragua; etc. ).—Jurrrizs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 118 (winter- ing at Swampscott, Massachusetts).—Benpine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., j, 1879, 405 (Marysville and Murphys, California, Dec. to Feb., abundant).— Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 59; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 30.—ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 158 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Apr., com- mon).—HartLavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 267 (Portage Bay, Alaska).— Netson, Cruise‘ ‘Corwin,”’ 1881(1883) , 64 (Norton Sound, Alaska).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1883, 440 (Izamal, Yucatan).—Fox, Auk, i, 1884, 192 (Hollis, New Hampshire, June 25).—McLenrcan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,” 1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Gooparz, Auk, ii, 1885, 216 (Pine Point, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 551 Maine, Jan. 1; 6 specimens).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 311, 649 (Repulse Bay and Fort Simpson, arctic Am.; Ciudad Durango, July 27!; Mazatlan; Progreso, Yucatan; ete. ). [Dendreca] coronata SctatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. D{endreca] coronata Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 301. Dendroeca coronata SunvEvau, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Firh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rico), 613 (monogr. ).—-Patmain, Vega-Exp., 1887, 276 (Tschuktschi Peninsula, Siberia, May 25, 1879). [Motacilla] canadensis Linn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on Figuier cendré de Canada, Ficedula canadensis cinerea, Brisson, Orn., iii, 524, pl. 27, fig. 1). [Parus] virginianus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 342 (based on Mésange de Virginie, Parus virginianus, Brisson, Orn., iii, 575; Yellow-rump, Parus uropygeo luteo, Catesby, Carolina, i, 58, pl. 58).—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 567. Parus virginianus Strpuns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 50. [Motacilla] cincta GmEtin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980 (based on Belted Warbler Pen- nant, Arctic Zool., ii, 408; Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 487, ete.)— Lata, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 539. ‘ [Motacilla] umbria Gein, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 959 (based on Fauvette ombrée de la Louisiane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 162, and Fauuvette tachetée de la Loui- siane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 709, fig. 1). [Sylvia] umbria Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518. [Motacilla] pinguis Gmuxin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 973 (based on Grasset Warbler Pen- nant, Arct. Zool., ii, 1785, 411). [Sylvia] pinguis Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 548. [Sylvia] flavopygia Viettior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 47 (same basis as Parus vir- gintanus Linneeus). Sylvia xanthorhoa ViettLor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xi, 1817, 180 (based on Yellow-rump, Parus uropygeo luteo, Catesby, Carolina, i, 58, pl. 58). Sylvia xanthoroa Vixi.uot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 444. Dendroica coronata hooveri McGrecor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, no. 2, Mar.- Apr. (pub. Mar. 15), 1899, 32 (kalo Alto, California, Apr. 16; coll. R. C. McGregor ).—BisHop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90 (Skagway, Glacier, Log Cabin, Caribou Crossing, etc., Alaska; crit.). DENDROICA AUDUBONI AUDUBONI (Townsend). AUDUBON’S WARBLER. Similar to D. coronata, but throat yellow (in adults") instead of white, and with more white on inner webs of rectrices; adult male with auric- ular region bluish gray instead of black, with a large and conspicuous ‘In some young females in their first autumn or winter there is absolutely no trace of yellow on the throat. Such specimens can be distinguished from immature females of D. coronata only by the decidedly greater amount of white on the inner webs of the outermost rectrices, D. auduboni having four to five thus marked, while in D. coronata there are only two to three. As a rule, immature specimens of D. auduboni are very slightly grayer brown, and less distinctly streaked, above, but the difference is by no means constant. 552 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. white patch covering middle and greater wing-coverts, and with a white subterminal patch on inner webs of four to five outermost rec- trices; females and young also with a white subterminal patch or spot on inner web of four to five outermost rectrices. Adult male in spring and summer.—Above bluish slate-gray, streaked, except sometimes on supra-auricular region, occiput, and hindneck, with black, the streaks broadest on back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, where partaking more of the character of triangular or wedge-shaped central spots; crown with a large central elongated patch of rich lemon or gamboge yellow; lower rump with a triangular patch of lighter lemon or canary yellow; wings black, the middle and greater coverts very broadly tipped with white, the latter also broadly edged with white, forming a large and conspicuous wing-patch, the remiges narrowly edged with gray (broader on tertials); tail black with bluish gray edgings (becoming white on outermost rectrix); inner webs of four to five outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white, decreasing in size inwardly; sides of head bluish slate-gray, like general color of upper parts, darkening (sometimes into nearly black) on suborbital region and lores, and relieved by a white spot on upper eyelid (sometimes small and restricted to posterior portion) and a larger one on lower eyelid; chin and throat bright lemon or gamboge yellow; chest black, or mixed black and gray; median portion of breast, together with abdomen and under tail-coverts, white; sides of breast, next to median white space, black, forming a large patch, con- fluent anteriorly with the black or partly black jugular area, and con- tinued posteriorly over sides and flanks in broad streaks; a large patch of yellow on each side of breast outside the black area; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark brown or brownish black. Adult male in autumn or winter.—Much duller and browner than the summer male, and showing much less of black, that of chest and sides mostly overlaid by broad tips or margins to the feathers of brownish white; gray of upper parts much obscured by a wash of brown, and white wing-markings tinged with brown. Adult female in spring and summer.—Essentially like the summer male in coloration, but much duller and with less of black on under parts; gray of upper parts duller, usually more or less tinged with brown; yellow crown-patch smaller, more or less broken by brown or brownish gray tips to feathers; middle and greater wing-coverts more narrowly tipped with duller white or pale brownish gray, the latter not edged with white; yellow of throat paler, usually passing into white on chin; chest and sides of breast white or pale grayish, more or less heavily spotted or clouded with black; lateral pectoral patches smaller and paler yellow. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the winter male, but smaller and still duller in color, the back without sharply defined BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 553 streaks of black, yellow of throat and lateral pectoral patches paler and more restricted, and chest and sides of breast without sharply defined partly concealed black spots. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the winter female and not with certainty distinguishable (?), but with throat very slightly tinged with yellow, sometimes without a trace of this color.! Young, first plumage.—Above thickly streaked with dusky on a pale brownish gray ground color, the latter here and there inclining to grayish white, the streaks broader and more blackish on back and scapulars; lower rump grayish white, narrowly streaked with dusky; under parts grayish white, everywhere streaked with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-137 (130); wing, 75-81 (77.3); tail, 58-61.5 (58.3); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-22 (20.5); middle toe, 11.5-14 (12.5).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-129 (126.1); wing, 73-78 (75.4); tail, 54-59 (56.7); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 19-21 (20.1); middle toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.3).° Western North America, north to British Columbia, east to western border of the Great Plains; breeding southward (in coniferous woods on high mountains) to southern California (Los Angeles and San Ber- nardino counties), northern Arizona, and New Mexico, eastward to western Nebraska (Sioux County), Wyoming (Black Hills, etc.) and Colorado; wintering from western United States (in lower valleys) southward over whole of Mexico (including Lower California) to high- lands of Guatemala (Totonicapam; San Gerénimo), eastward to western Texas (Concho and Tom Green counties, Ft. Davis, etc.), western Kansas, etc.; accidental in Massachusetts (Cambridge, 1 spec., Nov. 15, 1876) and Pennsylvania. Sylvia auduboni Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 191 (‘‘forests of the Columbia River;’’ type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1839, 153. Sylvia audubonti Aupuson, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 52, pl. 395. Sylvicola auduboni Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Aupuson, Syn- opsis, 1839, 52.—Nurrat, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 414.— GamBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 155; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 37. Sylvicola audubonii AupuBoN, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 26, pl. 77.—Woop- Housk, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 71. M[niotilta] auduboni Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] auduboni Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3467. Dendroica auduboni Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaco, s. Mexico).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 229, pl. 13, fig. 1.—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 12, 17 (Car- son City and Truckee Valley, Nevada, winter).—Hernsuaw, Zool. Exp. W. ‘In this stage to be distinguished from the corresponding stage of D. coronata by having white subterminal spots on four to five, instead of two to three, outermost rectrices. Twelve specimens. 3 Eight specimens. 554 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 100th Merid., 1875, 194 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, an Arizona; habits).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (Cam bridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Nov. 15, 1876).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS Union, Check List, 1886, no. 656.—Frrrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ix, 1886, 187 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i 1886, 257 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Nov. 15, 1876).—Bryant, Bull Cal. Ac. Sci., ii, 1887, 307 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, 2 specs., Dec. Jan.).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 248 (w. Kansas; San Angelo Texas, May 3 and Oct. 1; Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas, in fall Fort Davis, Texas, Nov. 3).—Brtpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 21( (breeding in.San Bernardino Mts., etc., California.—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 55: (w. Kansas during migration).—Paumer (T.S.), Auk, ix, 1892, 310 (Steven: Prairie, Grays Harbor, Washington, Apr. 22, 1 spec.; Aberdeen, abt. Aug. 14).— Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Guadalajara, Mexico, ‘*common all -winter’’).—NeEHrR.ine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 207.— Rauoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (British Columbia).—GrinneLt, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles County, California, summer resid. in higher mountains).—Merritt, Auk, xv, 1898, 18 (Ft. Sherman, u. w. Idaho, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Ner.son, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 237 (Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding).—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 177 (high Sierra Nevada, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—BruNER, Proc. Nebr. Orn., Un., 2d. ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux County, w. Nebraska, breeding ).—Crawrorp, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d. ann. meet., 1901, 78 (Sioux County, w. Nebraska, breeding). Dendroica audubonii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 273; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 195; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 10 (Janos and Boca Grande, Mexico; San Bernardino, California); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 188 (Mazatlan; Tonila, Jalisco).—Cooprrr and Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 181 (Straits of Fuca, Fort Steilacoom, etc., Washington).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Teca- maluca, near Orizaba, Vera Cruz, in winter).—HrnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 58 (Denver, Colorado, May 7-17), 75 (near Fort Gar- land, Colorado, June), 102 (Apache, Arizona, Sept. 1, and Gila R., New Mexico, Oct. 11). Dendreca auduboni Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 250 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1864, 172 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Mexico).— Savin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 273 (near Totonicapam and San Gerénimo, Guatemala, Nov.).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 79; 2d ed., 1882, no. 120; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 271.—Tripps, in Coues’ Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Colorado, breeding from 9,500 ft. to tim- ber line; habits; notes).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Tepi¢; Mazatlan; Tonila, Jaliseo).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 433 (localities in Nevada and Utah; breeding in pine belt on mountains, winter- ing in valleys).—Frazar, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 27 (Cambridge, Mass., 1 spec., Nov. ).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 92 (Lake Co., Colorado; descr. nest and eggs).—Mznor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 220 (Seven Lakes, Colorado; descr. nest and eggs).—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 128.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 96.—Merri.1, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 205 (Big Horn Mts., Montana; descr. nest and eggs).—Brtprne, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 (Vie- toria Mts., Lower California, winter), 537 (La Paz),—Goss, Bull. Nutt. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 555 Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 187 (Fort Wallace, w. Kansas, 2 specs., May 27); Auk, i, 1884, 100 (Wallace, w. Kansas, several in Oct.).—Smarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 315, 650 (La Parada, Oaxaca; Ciudad Durango; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Totonicapam and San Gerénimo, Guatemala, etc. ). [Dendreca] auduboni Scuater and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D{endreeca] auduboni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 302. Dendreeea audubonti Couns, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1866, 69 (Fort Whip- ple, Arizona); Birds N. W., 1874, 58.—Coorgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 88.—Rina- way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 96. [Dendreca] audubonii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 100. Dendreca audubonti Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (California; Mexico). Dendroica audubonis Barry, Ives’ Rep. Col. R., pt. vi, 1861, 5. Dendroeca auduboni Sunpevat, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 613 (monogr. ). Dendroica coronata . . . var. auduboni Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 180 (Colorado). [Dendroica coronata] var. auduboni Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 219. (?) Dendreca coronata (not Motacilla coronata Gmelin?) Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 137 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Mar.; crit.). DENDROICA AUDUBONI NIGRIFRONS! (Brewster). BLACK-FRONTED WARBLER, Similar to D. a. audubonz, but larger and much darker in color. Adult male in spring and summer with forehead, sides of crown, and auricular region black, instead of bluish slate-gray; back black, with feathers narrowly margined with bluish gray; foreneck, chest, whole breast (except lower median portion and lateral yellow patches) uniform black. Winter male with less black on upper parts, the forehead merely streaked with black, but differing from the same stage of D. a. audubont in having the bluish gray of upper parts very little, if any, stained with brown, and the black of under parts merely broken by rather narrow whitish tips to the feathers. Adult female more heavily streaked with black above on a darker ground color. Young (in first plumage) much more heavily streaked with dusky, both above and below. Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-141 (137.7); wing, 77.5-84.1 (80.5);? tail, 57.9-64.3 (62); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.6 (9.5); tarsus, 19-19.6 (19.3); middle toe, 12.4-12.9 (12.7).’ 'A breeding male from mountains near head of Pecos River, New Mexico, is exactly intermediate between D. auduboni and D. nigrifrons, thus proving intergrada- tion between the two forms. "Four of the specimens measured are in worn midsummer plumage with tips of primaries abraded; specimens in good plumage would show considerably greater average length of wing. 5 Five specimens. 556 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult femule.—Length (skins), 127-129.5 (128.3); wing, 75.4-77.9 (76.2); tail, 57.4-59.7 (60.7); exposed culmen, 8.9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.8); middle toe, 11.9-13.2 (12.7)." Dendroica nigrifrons Brewster, Descr. Sup. New Species Birds from Western N. Am, and Mexico, Jan. 31, 1889, 94; Auk, vi, no. 2, Apr., 1889, 94 (Pinos Altos, Chihuahua, Mexico; coll. W. Brewster); Auk, ix, 1892, pl.1.—[Attey], Auk, ix, 1892, 207.—Loomis, Auk, xviii, 1901, 109 (Chiricahua and Huachuca Mts., s. Arizona, June). Mountains of southern Arizona (Chiricahua and Huachuco ranges) - and southward through mountains of Chihuahua to Durango (EI Salto, July; Cerro Prieto, Sept.). DENDROICA AUDUBONI GOLDMANI (Nelson). GOLDMAN’S WARBLER. Similar to D. a. nigrifrons, but still darker. Adult male in winter plumage with entire head (except yellow crown patch, chin, and throat) uniform deep black; yellow crown-patch passing posteriorly into a white occipital spot; chin and a large spot at postero-lateral portion of throat also white. Adult male.—Length (skin), 139.7; wing, 82.8; tail, 66.3; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 14.’ Highlands of western Guatemala (Hacienda Chancol, January 4). Dendroico guldmani Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 66 (Hacienda Chancol, Guate- mala; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). DENDROICA NIGRESCENS (Townsend). BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER, Throat black, or whitish with bases of feathers grayish dusky; sides of head striped with white and black or white and grayish, the first as a broad supra-auricular stripe and malar stripe (the former extending anteriorly to above eyes, the latter extending to sides of neck); a small yellow supraloral spot; under parts of body white, streaked laterally with black or dusky; upper parts gray, with or without black streaks on back; wing with two white bands. Adult male in spring and summer.—Head uniform black, relieved by a broad supra-auricular stripe of white (extending anteriorly to above middle of eye), a small supraloral spot of yellow, and a broad 1 Four specimens. » Measurements of the type specimen, the only one seen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 557 malar stripe of white, extending from base of mandible to sides of neck, anteriorly confluent on chin; whole throat and chest uniform black; rest of under parts white, broadly streaked laterally with black; hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts slate-gray or plumbeous, more or less streaked (except on hindneck, and sometimes on rump) with black; wings and tail black or dusky with gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, form- ing two conspicuous wing-bands; inner webs of two outermost rectrices mostly (sometimes entirely) white, the third rectrix with terminal half or more white, the fourth also with more or less white on terminal portion; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown, sometimes nearly black. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but gray of upper parts tinged with brown, and with black streaks apparent only on back and upper tail-coverts, where more or less concealed. Adult female in spring and summer.—Sometimes scarcely different from the adult male, having the pileum and whole throat uniform black, as in that sex, but with gray of upper parts duller; usually, however, with the pileum gray (except laterally), streaked with biack; the throat mostly white (the feathers dusky or grayish beneath the surface) with more or less of a black or dusky patch on each side of lower throat; white of under parts less pure, with streaks on sides and flanks narrower and less deeply black (grayish dusky); gray of upper parts duller, with dusky streaks on back and upper tail-coverts much narrower, sometimes nearly obsolete. Adult female in fall and winter.—Similar to the summer dress but plumage much softer, and dusky streaks on back and upper tail-coverts obsolete or entirely wanting. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but gray of upper parts more strongly washed with brown, pileum brownish gray except laterally and ante- riorly, streaks on back and upper tail-coverts obsolete or concealed, black of throat broken by whitish tips to the feathers, and white of under parts tinged with yellowish. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Above plain brownish gray (mouse gray), including pileum, the latter margined laterally with dusky; otherwise as in adult female of corresponding season, but general dull white of under parts strongly tinged with brown, espe- cially on sides and flanks, where the dusky streaks are less distinct. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-118 (112.5); wing, 59.6-66.6 (62.2); tail, 48.8-55 (50.5); exposed culmen, 8.2-9.6 (9.2); tarsus, 16.8-18.8 (17.7); middle toe, 9.8-11.2 (10.3).” 1Ten specimens, 558 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 107-122 (111.9); wing, 54.2-62.8 (59.1); tail, 47-51 (48.9); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.6 (9.1); tarsus, 16.6-17.6 (17.8); middle toe, 9.6-10.8 (10.1).* Western United States, north to Colorado (El Paso County; Fort Garland), Utah (Unitah Mountains), Nevada (Kast Humboldt Moun- tains), and Vancouver Island; breeding southward to southern Cal- ifornia (mountains of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties), Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), and southern Ari- zona (Santa Catalina and Santa Rita mountains); in winter southward through Mexico to States of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz. Sylvia nigrescens Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 191 (‘forests of the Columbia River;’’ type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Narrative, 1839, 341.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 57, pl. 395; Synopsis, 1839, 60. Vermivora nigrescens BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 471. Sylvicola nigrescens AupuBon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 62, pl. 94.—Duais, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 141 (Guanajuato, Mexico). [Sylvicola] nigrescens Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. M[niotilta] nigrescens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [ Mniotilta] nigrescens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3470. R{himanphus] nigrescens CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20 (Mexico). Dendroica nigrescens Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 270; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 192; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 186.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Mar.).— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Hzsr- MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (localities in California).— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California.— Cooper and Suckuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 180 (Puget Sound and Fort Steilacoom, Washington).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—Arken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (El Paso Co., Colorado).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 180 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 20 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, breeding), 32 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 258, pl. 12, fig. 8; iii, 1874, 506 (El Paso Co., Colo- rado).—HEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 75 (Fort Garland, Colorado, June 25), 103 (Apache and White Mts., Arizona, Aug., Sept.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 198 (Santa Fe, New Mexico, Aug. 1 Kight specimens. Specimens from the Pacific coast district average slightly smaller than those from the Rocky Mountain plateau, averages of two series being as follows: ' Ex- ; Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ae) culmen. ' ‘ MALES. Five adult males from California and Oregon .............. 61.9 49.4 9.3 17.4 10.4 Five adult males from Arizona................0020eeeeeeeeee 62.6} 51.8 91] 17.9] 103 FEMALES. Three adult females from California and Lower California .| 57.7 49 9.5 17.5 10.6 Five adult females fronr Ari2z00 ta. s.ae0eacnsenenanwervsncxe 59.9 49.3 8.9 17.2 9.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 559 16; Camp Apache, Camp Crittenden, Bowie Agency, and White Mts, Arizona, Aug.).—Antuony, Auk, iii, 1886, 170 (Washington Co., Oregon, breeding); Zoe, iv, 1893, 244 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, breeding in pine belt).—AmeEricaNn OrnrrHotoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 665.—TownsEnD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 223 (n. California; descr. nest and eggs).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, breeding).--BeLpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 212 (breeding in San Bernardino Mts., California).—Nruriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 225.—Rwoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 54 (Vancouver I.).—Grin- NELL (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 45 (Los Angeles Co., California, summer resid. on mts. up to 6,000 ft.). Dendroica] nigrescens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 507. Dendreca nigrescens Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Oaxaca).—Covuss, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 75; 2d ed., 1882, no. 116; Birds N. W., 1874, 56, 232; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 263.—Cooprsr, Orn. Cal. 1870, 90.—Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 4833 (e. Humboldt and Ruby Mts., Nevada, and Uintah Mts., Utah; breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 105.—Sanvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 136.—Brewsrer, Auk, ii, 1885, 197 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; descr. young female).—Suarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 291, 646 (Puebla, Mazatlan, Presidio, etc., Mexico, ete. ). Dendroeca nigrescens SunpEvALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610 (monogr.) . [Dendreeca] nigrescens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.—Scuarur and Sauvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9. D[endreca] nigrescens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 300. Sylvicola tristis Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 472 (mouth of Wilamette River, Oregon). Sylvia halseti Ginaup, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, fol. 11, pl. 3, fig. 1 (=autumnal female; type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Sylvicola nigricans (lapsus for vigrescens) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico). DENDROICA TOWNSENDI (Townsend). TOWNSEND’S WARBLER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, lorai and auricular regions, chin, throat, and upper chest uniform black; a broad superciliary stripe, broad malar stripe (curving upward behind auric- wlar region, and confluent with posterior extremity of the superciliary stripe), a suborbital spot, lower chest, and breast clear lemon yellow; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks heavily streaked with black, the more anterior streaks confluent with the black throat-patch at its latero-posterior angles; under tail-coverts with a median streak of blackish; back, scapulars, rump, and shorter upper tail-coverts yellowish olive-green, each feather with a central, more or less wedge-shaped or sagittate spot of black, these markings more or less concealed on rump; longer upper tail-coverts black centrally, broadly margined with slate-gray; wings and tail blackish with light- 560 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bars across wing; inner webs of three lateral rectrices extensively white terminally, this occupying the ter- minal half or more of the outermost rectrix; bill blackish, with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brownish (in dried skins), Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but all the black areas much broken or obscured; that of pileum and hindneck by broad olive-green margins to the feathers, the black forming mesial or central streaks, that of the auricular patch overlaid by olive-green ‘tips to the feathers, and that of the throat, replaced by nearly uniform lemon yellow, with black appearing as spots or blotches on sides of chest; black streaks of back, etc., more or less concealed. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but black streaks on pileum, back, etc., obso- lete, and yellow of throat paler. Adult female in spring and summer.—Very similar in coloration to the autumn and winter adult male, but black streaks on upper parts much narrower (sometimes nearly obsolete, usually mere shaft-lines), the streaks on sides also usually narrower, sometimes indistinct; pileum sometimes blackish, and throat often blotched with black, occasionally extensively so. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but upper parts slightly browner olive-green, with the streaks obsolete, or nearly so; sides and flanks tinged with brownish. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female of corresponding season, but the yellow paler and the markings in general less distinct. Adult male.—Length (skins), 107-122 (114.4); wing, 65-69 (67.2); tail, 48-51 (50); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 18-19 (18.8); mid- dle toe, 10-12 (11).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-125 (116.2); wing, 63-66 (64.5); tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 8-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7); middle toe, 9-11 (10).? | Western North America; breeding from mountains of southern Cal- ifornia to Alaska (Skagway, Glacier, west shore of Lake Lebarge, south end of Lake Marsh, etc.), eastward to eastern Oregon (Camp Harney), northwestern Idaho (Fort Sherman), etc.; during migration eastward to Rocky Mountains (Colorado, etc.), western Texas (Tom Green and San Angelo counties), and southward over western and and central Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Duefias), Tres Marias Islands, and extremity of Lower California. Accidental near Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania (one specimen, spring of 1868). 1 Five specimens, * Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561 Sylvia townsendi ‘(Nuttall)’? Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, pt. ii, 1837, 191 (‘‘forests of the Columbia River’’); viii, 1839, 153.—Aupuson, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 36, pl. 393, fig. 1. Sylvicola townsendi Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—Aupunon, Synopsis, 1839,-59; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 59, pl. 92.—Nurratz, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 446. [Sylvicola] townsendi Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 308. M[niotilta] townsendii Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] townsendii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3469. Sylvicola townsendii Finscu, Abh, nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 35 (Alaska). Dendroica townsendii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 269; Cr’. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 191; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 185.—Scuarer and SALvIN, This, 1859, 11 (Duefias, Guatemala, winter).—Cooprer and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 179 (Shoalwater Bay, Washington; Cali- fornia).—TurnguL1, Birds E. Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1869, 53 (near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, accidental).—Nertson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Tres Marias Islands, May). Dendrioca townsendi Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295, 298 (highlands of Oaxaca in winter); 1859, 374 (Totontepec, Oaxaca, Jan.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 265, pl. 12, fig. 7; iii, 1874, 506 (Cuyamaca Mts., s. California, Apr.).—Hernsaaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 200 (Conejos and mouth of Navajo Creek, Colorado, Aug., Sept,; Mount Graham, Arizona, Sept. 2£-29).—Ripeaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 22 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. 8), 24 (Thousand Spring Valley, Nevada, Sept. 24).—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 114 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN Ornirnoxogists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 668.—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., Texas, breeding?).—Ne ison, Rep. Nat. Hist Coll. Alaska, 1897, 203 (upper Dejah Valley and Sitka, Alaska).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Pinal and Catalina Mts., Arizona, Sept., Nov.).—Cooxz, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (San Angelo and Tom Green Co., Texas).—NEuRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 230.—AnTHoNy, Zoe, iv, 1893, 244 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, Apr. 23; Valledares, May 3); Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California, 1 spec., May 7).—GRINNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara, etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, May 16); Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka, Alaska, 3 specs., Aug. 14).—MerRILL, Auk, xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, u. w. Idaho, May, June).—Bisuor, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90 (Skagway, Alaska, May 31; Glacier, s. end Lake Marsh, and w. shore Lake Lebarge, Alaska).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands, Apr., J uly). D{endroica] townsendi Ripcway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 512. Dendreca townsendi Couxs, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 117 (Santa Cruz, California, Nov. 3 to Jan. 1); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 114; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 260.—ScuaTerR, Ibis, 1869, 89 (crit.).— Riweaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 432 (Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 108.—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 141 (Volcan de Fuego and Coban, Guatemala, etc.).—BreEwster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 138 (Tucson and Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Apr., May).—Bepine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v. 1883, 545 (Miraflores, Lower California).—Hensaaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 331 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, fall migr.).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 299, 647. Dendreca townsendii ScuaTEer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Oaxaca; Duefias, Guate- mala).—Coorgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 91.—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 73. 38654voL 2—01——36 562 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dendroeca townsendi SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610 (monogr. ). , [Dendreca] townsendii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98. [Dendreeca] townsendi Scuater and Satviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 9. [Dendreca] townsendi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 299. DENDROICA VIRENS (Gmelin). BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER, Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapu- lars, and rump plain yellowish olive-green, the back sometimes (more rarely the pileum and rump also) narrowly streaked with black, and the forehead sometimes with an elongated or oval median spot of yel- lowish; sides of head and neck, including whole malar region and a broad superciliary stripe, clear lemon-yellow, relieved by a more or less broad postocular streak of ‘olive-green, this sometimes involving greater part of the auricular region; chin, throat, and chest (some- times sides of breast also) uniform black, the first sometimes partly yellow; rest of under parts white or yellowish white, the breast usu- ally tinged (sometimes strongly) with yellow; sides and flanks heavily streaked with black, the more anterior of these streaks usually con- fluent with the black throat-patch at its postero-lateral portions; wings _and tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middle and greater wing- coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bars across wing; inner webs of two lateral rectrices mostly white, that of the third with a large white terminai spot, the two outermost with outer webs extensively white; bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brown (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but with feathers of the black throat-patch narrowly tipped, or margined terminally, with whitish.' Adult female im spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but chin and more or less of throat usually whitish or pale yellowish, the black of lower throat (if present there) and chest more or less broken (sometimes almost.hidden) by whitish tips or terminal margins to the feathers; sides of breast never (?) uni- form black. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Very similar in coloration to the adult female, but olive-green of upper parts and yellow on sides of head brighter, and under parts more strongly tinged with yellow. Adult (?) female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumaye, but throat pale dull yellowish, more or less spotted or blotched laterally and posteriorly with dusky olive, yellow on sides of head paler, and dusky streaks on sides and flanks less distinct. ‘These whitish terminal margins sometimes persist until April, but usually disap- pear before then. , Pe EEE = BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 563 Young male, first plumage.—‘* Remiges and rectrices as in adult; greater and median wing-coverts just tipped with soiled white, forming two very narrow, indistinct wing-bands. Rest of upper parts dark slaty-brown, each feather of the back edged with bright greenish. Superciliary stripes (just meeting in a narrow line on the forehead), eyelids, maxillary line, and chin, bright yellow. Sides of head dark slate; under parts soiled white, each feather on the breast and sides with a terminal spot of black; on the throat and jugulum these spots - become large blotches of dark slate, the feathers being just tipped and edged with light yellow. From a specimen in my collection shot at Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 30,1875. Like most of the previously described young warblers, this bird has a narrow central line of yellow feathers extending down the throat and jugulum to the breast.” Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-120 (113.6); wing, 61-64 (63.8); tail, 45-49 (47.8); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.9); tarsus, 16-18 (17.3); middle toe, 9-11 (10.2).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 104-115 (108.9); wing, 58-61 (60); tail, 45-47 (46); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16-19 (17.7); mid- dle toe, 9-11 (10.1).? Eastern North America; north to Nova Scotia, shores and islands of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, southern shores of Hudson Bay, etc.; breeding southward to mountains of Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania, northeastern Illinois (?), and along higher Alleghenies to eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, etc., 4,000 feet), western North Carolina (Black Mountains, above 5,000 feet), and northwestern South Carolina (Pickens County); west to edge of the Great Plains; in winter south to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Dominica, Guadeloupe) and through eastern Mexico (including island of Cozumel) and Central America to Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad). Accidental in southern Greenland (Julianshaab, one specimen, 1853) and Heligoland (October 1, 1858). [Motacilla] virens Guerin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 985 (based on The Black-throated Green Warbler, Muscicapa viridis gutture nigro Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., ii, 190, pl. 300, up. fig.). [Sylvia] virens LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537.—V1E1LLot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 33, pl. 92; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 179; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 440.—Wizson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 127, pl. 17, fig. 3.—Srersens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 740.—Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 192; Ann. Lyce., N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.—Nurray, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 376.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 70, pl. 399.—GATKE, Naumannia, 1858, 423 (Heligoland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 108 (do. ). Sylvicola virens Janvrne, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 279.—Ricuarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparrs, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Aupuzon, Synopsis, 1839, 55; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 42, pl. 84.— 1 Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, p. 57. ? Nine specimens. 3 Seven specimens. 564 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Woopnovss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 70 (Indian Terri tory and Texas).—Retxarpr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 426 (Greenland).— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).—Brewer, Proce, Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). [Sylvicola] virens Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. M{niotilta] virens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Mniotilta virens Retwnarnt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Julianshaab, Greenland). [Mniotilta] virens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3482. R{himanphus] virens CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Mexico). Rhimamphus virens GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba).—Sciatsr, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Mexico). Dendroica virens Barn, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 267; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 189; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv, ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (China, Tamaulipas); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 182 (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Tactic and Coban, Guatemala).—ScLater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 373 (Talea and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).—Scuarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Duefias, Guatemala).—Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872, 413; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 233.—Law- rENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Sumr- cHRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Vera Cruz, winter).—Frant- zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Candelaria Mts., Costa Rica).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 261, pl. 12, fig. 4— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (New England, breeding).— Riveway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); Orn. Ills., i, 1889, 151.—Ra.pu, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 140 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 174 (Black Mts., North Carolina, breeding above 5,000 ft. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 37; ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Watlings I., Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Jamaica; Dominica).—AmeErican OrnitHoxocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 667.— FERRARI-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Tezuitlan, Puebla, Nov.).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 253 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (Mingan Islands).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida, rare migr. ).—Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 128 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breed- ing); viii, 1891, 331 (Cesars Head, South Carolina, breeding).—CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica 1 spec., Nov.); viii, 1891, 278 (Costa Rica).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891, 487 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl- vania, breeding).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Butler and Armstrong coun- ties, Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41, 45 (Indiana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Wurrr, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac L., Michigan, abundant summer resid. ).—Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, common, Sept.).—Nenrune, Our Native Birds, etv., i, 1893, 228, pl. 12, fig. 6.—Ruoans, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 496 (Roan Mt., up to 4,000 ft., and Sawyers Springs, Tennessee, breeding).— Youna, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Pottsville, etc., Pennsylvania, breediag).—BalLy, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rrves, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, common summer resid. ). D{endroica] virens Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 510. Dendreca virens ScratER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 29 (Guatemala); Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit.).—SctaTmR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Texas).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N.Y., BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 565 ix, 1868, 94 (Grecia, Barranca, and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 54,486 (Dominica, Lesser Antilles); viii, 1885, 622 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).—Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar. ).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 71; 2d ed., 1882, no. 112; Birds N. W., 1874, 54; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 240.—Nerwron, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, 97 (Julianshaab, 1 spec.. 1853) .—Corpravx, Ibis, 1875, 180 (Heligoland, Oct. 1, 1858).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Dec., Jan.).—GunpLacu, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 64.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 57 (deser. young); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I. and Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, summer ).—NeEwron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 552 (Jamaica).—Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 107.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 137 (San Gerénimo, Tactic, and Coban, Guatemala, etc.).— Nurtina, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Volcan de Iraai, Costa Rica).— Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas, Mar.).—SmArrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 297, 647 (n. Yucatan; Irazti district, Costa Rica, etc.). Dendroeca virens SunpEvaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611 (monogr. ). [Dendreeca] virens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 97.—ScuaTrr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. D{endreca] virens Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n. e. Illinois, a few breeding).—Nerwron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 298. DENDROICA CHRYSOPARIA Sclater and Salvin. GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER. Adult male in spring and summcr.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapu- lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform black, usually slightly intermixed on rump with olive-green or gray, sometimes (in younger individuals?) the rump mostly or even wholly olive-green and the scapulars and interscapulars margined with olive-green;’* center of forehead usually with a yellow spot or streak; sides of head and neck, including whole malar region, auricular region (except upper margin), and a broad superciliary stripe, clear rich lemon yeliow, relieved by a postocular streak of black (widening into a spot behind auricular region) and a spot or line of black immediately in front of eye; chin, throat, upper chest, and sides of breast uniform black; rest of under parts white (without yellow tinge), the sides and flanks heavily streaked with black; wings and tail black, with narrow light gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands across wing; three outermost rectrices with inner webs mostly white, the fourth with a white spot near tip, the three outermost with outer webs edged with white toward base. 1Some spring males (perhaps birds of the preceding year) have the pileum uniform black only laterally, the feathers of the median portion being more or less broadly edged or margined with olive-green. 566 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but feathers of black throat-patch narrowly margined with white or pale yellowish. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump streaked with olive-green and black; upper tail-coverts margined with olive-green and gray; general color of wings and tail duller black, and white tips of middle wing-coverts with a narrow shaft-streak of black. Adult female in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scap- ulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-green, more or less distinctly streaked with black; chin and more or less of throat yellow,’ the lower throat whitish or pale yellow, more or less blotched with black, the upper chest sometimes similar, usually with more black, occasionally uniform black; otherwise similar to the male, but general color of wings and tail grayish dusky instead of black, white wing-bands nar- rower (that across middle coverts with blackish shaft-streaks), and black streaks on sides and flanks narrower. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female but pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail- coverts plain olive-green, or with very indistinct narrow streaks of dusky on pileum and back; throat and chest pale grayish (the feathers dusky beneath surface), the former tinged with yellow anteriorly; sides and flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky. Young, first plumage.’—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain grayish brown or brownish gray; sides of head, chin, throat, chest, and sides pale brownish gray; rest of under part white, the breast very indistinctly streaked with pale gray; wings and tail essentially as in adults, but middle coverts with a mesial wedge- shaped mark of dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-123 (120); wing, 62.2-65.6 (64); tail, 51.8-54.6 (53.1); exposed culmen, 9.2-10.2 (9.8); tarsus, 17.4-18.6 (18.4); middie toe, 10.4-11.2 (10.8).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 116-125 (120); wing, 58-61.6 (60.4); tail, 47.6-52.2 (50.8); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.6 (10); tarsus, 17.6-18.8 (18.4); middie toe, 10.2-11 (10.5).° Western, central, and southern Texas (north to Tom Green, Concho, and Bosque counties, east to Comal, Bexar, and Medina counties), and southward through eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Tactic, Vera Paz). Southern limits of breeding range unknown. Dendreca chrysoparia ScuaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 298 (Tactic, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman),—Sanvin and 1 More rarely the chin and throat are black, but with the feathers more or less broadly tipped with pale yellowish or white. ?Sex undetermined. * Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 567 Scnater, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Tactic).—Scnarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 358, part, in synonymy; Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit.), 237 (San Antonio, Texas).—Dressur, Ibis, 1865, 477, (Medina R., Texas) .—Sanvin, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., i, 1876, 181, pl. 23, 3 figs.—Covuzs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 241, footnote; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 115.—Purpixz, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 60 (Bosque Co., Texas).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 77 (Comal Co., Texas; habits).—Rineway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 106.—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 139.—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas; habits, etc.).—Snarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 295, 647.—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 225. Dendroica chrysoparia Frrrart-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Tezui- tlan, Puebla, Dec. ).—AmeErican OrnirHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 666.—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., Texas, Apr., 1 spec. ).— Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 253 (Texas localities).—BrcxHam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 686 (Leon Springs, Texas).—Arrwarmr, Auk, ix, 1892, 341 (20 si les. w. of San Antonio, Texas; also Medina, Bandera, Kerr, Kendall, and Comal counties; habits). Dendroica] chrysoparia Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 509; 2d ed., 1896, 509, 608. Dendroica chrysopareia Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 183, 267.—Barro, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 260, pl. 12, fig. 6. Dendroeca chrysopareia SunpEvatt, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Firh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 610 (monogr. ). Dendreca chrysopareia Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 93 (San Antonio, Texas) .—Covuzs, Check List, 1873, no. 74. [Dendreca] chrysopareia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98. [Dendreca] chrysoparia ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9. D[endreca] chrysoparia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed, 1884, 300. [Mniotilta] chrysopareia Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3494. DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS (Townsend). HERMIT WARBLER, Adult male in spring and summer.—Forehead, crown, and whole ‘side of head, down to and including malar region and sides of neck, clear lemon or canary yellow, the crown usually more or less spotted or flecked with black; occiput black,’ or mainly black, the feathers yellow basally; hindneck streaked with black and grayish olive-green, in varying relative proportion (sometimes nearly uniform black); back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray, usually more or less tinged with olive-green, more or Jess broadly streaked with black (the black streaks narrower, sometimes obsolete, on rump); wings and tail black with light gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bars across wing; inner webs of two outermost rectrices extensively white, this occupy- ing most of the web on the first and about the-terminal half on the second, the third rectrix usually with a white longitudinal spot or Occasionally the yellow of the crown extends over the occiput, in which case the hindneck is black. 568 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. streak near tip, and the first with outer web largely white; chin, throat, and upper chest uniform black, this black area with a convex or truncated posterior outline;* rest of under parts white, usually faintly shaded laterally with gray and sometimes narrowly and indis- tinctly streaked on sides with dusky; bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brown, sometimes blackish (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but yellow of crown and occiput more or less obscured by olive or olive-green tips to feathers, black streaks on back, etc., more or less concealed by broader grayish margins to feathers, and feathers of black throat-patch more or less tipped or margined with whitish. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Above similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but black streaks on back, etc., narrower, more concealed, sometimes obsolete; whole pileum suffused or over- laid with a wash of olive or olive-green, and back more strongly tinged with olive; yellow on sides of head paler, less pure, the auricular region much tinged with olive; chin, throat, and upper chest dull whitish or pale yellowish, the feathers abruptly black or dusky beneath surface; rest of under parts soiled white, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with pale olive-brownish. Adult female in spring and summer.—Above similar to the immature male above described, but forehead and crown largely (often mostly) yellow, and dusky streaks on back, ete., still narrower, often obsolete; under parts also similar, but body portions iess tinged with brownish, the chest often with a dusky patch (its feathers tipped with whitish) extending more or less over throat, sometimes covering whole throat. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Above plain grayish olive, the pileum showing more or less of yellow anteriorly and laterally, all the feathers yellow beneath the surface; the back, etc., unstreaked, or with streaks concealed; beneath brownish white, more strongly tinged with brownish laterally, the feathers of throat and upper chest dusky beneath the surface, showing wherever the feathers are disturbed. Young (%) female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female of corresponding season, but more decidedly olive or olive- brownish above, and throat more yellowish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-122 (118); wing 63-69 (66.1); tail, 49-52 (50.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18-21 (19.4); middle toe, 11-12 (11.3).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-120 (114.5); wing, 62-63 (62.3); tail, 46.5-51 (48.3); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16.5-20 (18.3); middle toe, 10-12.5 (11.8).° ‘Not extending farther backward laterally than medially, as in D. townsendi, D. virens, D. chrysoparia, and D. nigrescens. + Seven specimens. 5 Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 569 Pacific coast district of United States; breeding on higher mountains of California (E] Dorado, Calaveras, Alpine, Placer, and Butte coun- ties, etc.) and northward to British Columbia (chiefly west of the Cascade range); in winter south into Lower California and through Arizona over Mexican plateau to highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego; San Gerénimo; Alotepeque). Sylvia occidentalis TownsenD, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 190 (‘forests of the Columbia River;”’ type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ); viii, 1839, 53.— Avpuson, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 55, pl. 395, figs. 3, 4. Sylvicola occidentalis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—AupuBoN, ; Synopsis, 1839, 60; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 60, pl. 98.—NurraLt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 445. [Sylvicola] occidentalis BonaPartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. M{niotilta] occidentalis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. {Mniotilta] occidentalis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3468. Dendroica occidentalis BAirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 268; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 190; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 183 (Mexico; Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).—Cooprer and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 178 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington, June).—Stmicurastr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Moyoapam, Vera Cruz, alt. 8,333 feet, winter ).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 266, pl. 12, fig. 5; iii, 1874, 506 (Cuyamaca Mts., s. California, May).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 22 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept.).—Hernsnaw, Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 201 (Camp Crittenden and Mount Graham, Arizona, Aug. 30 to Sept. 22); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 234 (head of Tule R., s. California, Oct. 9).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 669.—Brewster, Auk, iv, 1887, 166 (Blue Cajion, California, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Merritit, Auk, v, 1888, 361: (Fort Klamath, Oregon, May).—Brxtpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 215 (breeding in Calaveras, Alpine, Placer, and Butte counties, California) .— NEwRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 231.—AnTHony, Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California, May 16, 1 spec.).—GRINNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara Is., etc., 1897, 7 (Santa Barbara I., California, May 14).—Bartow, Auk, xvi, 1899, 156-161 (El Dorado Co., California; nesting habits; descr. nest. and eggs); Condor, iii, 1901, 179 (high Sierra Nevada; habits; song; descr. nests and eggs). D[endroica] occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 513. Dendreca occidentalis ScuatER, Ibis, 1865, 89 (crit.).—Covzs, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 72; 2d ed., 1882, no. 113; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 258.— Savin, Ibis, 1866, 191 (Volcan de Fuego, San Gerénimo, and Alotepeque, Guatemala).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 92.—Rimeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 432 (e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Aug. 29, 1 spec.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California, May); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 109.—Betp1na, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, °1879, 405 (Calaveras Big Trees, May, July; Soda Springs, autumn; Stockton, May; habits).—Sa.vin, and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 138.—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 294, 647 (La Parada, Oaxaca, near City of Mexico, etc. ). [Dendreca] occidentalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 98.—Scvater and Sat- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D[endraca] occidentalis Cours, Key, N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 299. Dendroeca occidentalis SUNDEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611 (monogr.). 570 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dendreca peridentalis (typographical error) Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, Nov., 1869, 480, footnote (Colorado Valley, California, May 27). Dendreca chrysoparia (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1860) SciatTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 19 (La Parada, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 358 (do.). Dendreca niveiventris, Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 187, pl. 24, fig. 2 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman). DENDROICA RARA (Wilson). CERULEAN WARBLER, Wing less than 69; crown ‘blue or greenish blue; auricular region blue or olive. Adult male (all seasons).\—Above grayish blue, brighter on the pileum, where approaching cerulean or azure; sides of hinder crown and occiput streaked with black, sometimes suffused into lateral patches; back and scapulars more or less broadly streaked with black; upper tail-coverts black, margined with grayish blue or bluish gray; wings and tail black with grayish blue edgings, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands; the inner webs of rectrices with a subterminal patch of white, largest on outermost; sides of head grayish blue, relieved by a more or less distinct postocular streak of dusky, this often margined above by a more or less distinct (sometimes conspicuous) supra-auricular streak of white; malar region and under parts white, the sides and flanks ' broadly streaked with dusky (more or-less suffused, especially on sides of breast, with grayish blue), the chest usually crossed by a narrow band of blackish, more or less suffused with grayish blue, this band often interrupted in the middle, sometimes wanting; maxilla black, mandible grayish dusky (grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs and feet brownish dusky in dried skins; length (skins), 102.9-115.6 (110.5); wing, 62-67.6 (65.5); tail, 43.2-47.7 (45); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 15.7-17 (16.5); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).* Adult female (all seasons).—Above varying from light bluish gray to grayish olive-green, the pileum brighter (grayish glaucous-blue to sage green), entirely unstreaked; wings and tail as in adult male, but edgings light greenish or olive-grayish instead of bluish; a more or less distinct whitish or pale yellowish superciliary stripe; auricular region grayish or grayish olive-green, darker along upper margin, somewhat streaked with whitish or pale yellowish anteriorly; under parts dull white, usually more or less suffused with pale yellow (some- times strongly so), especially on sides of neck and across chest; length (skins), 104-110.5 (107.7); wing, 58.2-62.7 (61.2); tail,41.1-42.7 (42.4); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.4 (10.2); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.3); middle toe, 9.4-10.4 (9.9).? 1Seven specimens. | BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 571 Young male, nestling plumage.—Above uniform brownish gray (deep drab-gray), the pileum divided longitudinally by a broad median stripe of grayish white; sides of head (including a broad superciliary stripe) and entire under parts white; a narrow postocular stripe of deep drab-gray; wings as in adults, but edgings greenish rather than bluish. [Autumnal and winter adults do not differ from spring and summer specimens except in being more highly colored. This is more evident in females, in which the superciliary stripe and under parts are often entirely pale sulphur or primrose yellow. I have not seen specimens which I am able to identify as young, of either sex, in first autumn or winter; possibly some of the yellower supposed adult females are in reality immature birds. | Eastern United States, chiefly west of the Alleghenies; breeding northward to eastern Nebraska (Omaha), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michi- gan (as far as Mackinac Island), Ontario (Drummondville, etc.), western and central New York (Niagara, Oneida, and Monroe counties), east- ward to eastern Maryland (Baltimore County) and western Virginia (Natural Bridge), southward to Tennessee, Louisiana (Franklin and St. Tammany parishes), etc.; casually or irregularly northward to Connecticut (Suffield; Seymour), Rhode Island (Providence; Paw- tucket), Long Island (Crow Hill), and New Jersey (Morris County); west regularly to edge of the Great Plains, occasionally to Rocky Mountains (Denver, Colorado; Rio Mimbres, New Mexico). In winter south to Cuba and Grand Cayman, and through eastern Mexico, Central America, and western South America (chiefly east of the Andes) to central Peru and Bolivia (Naipiri). ‘Sylvia cerulea (not Sylvia cerlea Latham, 1790) Wixson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 141, pl. 17, fig. 5 (e. Pennsylvania; coll. Peale Mus. ). Sylvia cerulea Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 193.-—Licur- ENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 37).—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 82. Sylvicola cerulea Jarpine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 283; iii, 387.—Bona- PaRrTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri). [Sylvicola] cxerulea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. Sylvicola cerulea Richarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 56; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 45, pl. 86.—WoopHouss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 70 (common in Texas and Creek and Cherokee countries).—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio Mimbres, New Mexico.).—Wrixis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (‘‘ Nova Scotia.’’) Rhimamphus ceruleus Scuatsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 18 (Bogota, Colom- bia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador). —GUNDLAGH, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 177 (Cuba). Dendroica cerulea Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 280; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 201; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 191 (Coban, Guatemala; Bogota, Colombia, etc.).—Gunpacn, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 5 7 2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1872, 414 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234.—Batrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 235, pl. 13, figs. 10, 11; iii, 1874, 505 (Drummondville, Ontario, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—HeEnsaaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 196 (do.).—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 134 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia, breeding; habits; descr. nest and eges).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (Suffield, Connec- ticut, 1 spec.).—Butier, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., ii, 1886, 35 (Franklin Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—AMERICAN OryITHOLoGIsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 658.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (West Indian references), 501 (Grand Cayman); Birds W. I., 1889, 49; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Cuba; Grand Cayman).—Luioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., Texas, Oct. ).—Hassrouck, Auk, v, 1888, 323 (District Columbia, May 5, 1888) ; vii, 1890, 291 (same occurrence).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, 1 spec., Mar. 23); vii, 1890, 19 (Key West, Florida, Apr. 16 and 29).—Davison, Auk, v, 1888, 430 (Niagara Co., New York, breeding).— Eames, Auk, v, 1888, 431 (Seymour, Connecticut, 1 spec., May 10).— Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 249 (Minnesota; e. Kansas; e. Nebraska; w. Texas, etc.; dates of migr.).—Rin@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 142.—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 556 (summer resid., common in e. rare in w. Kansas).— Smiro (R. W.), Journ. Cinc. Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (Warren Co., n. e. Ohio, breeding).—Loomis, Auk, viii, 1891, 170 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Apr. 15 to May 3 and Oct. 4 to 26).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 238 (Beaver Co., w. Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41 (Indiana Co., w. Pennsylvania, breed- ing).—CaerRig, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Aug. 24 to Oct. 24).—Wairs, Auk, x, 1893, 227(Mackinac I., Michigan, raresummerresid. ).— Brey, Auk, x, 1893, 244 (Raleigh, North Carolina, 1 spec., May 8, 1893).— Dutcuer, Auk, x, 1893, 277 (Crow Hill, Long Island, 1 spec. ).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 212, pl. 13, fig. 6—MclIzwraita, Birds Ontario, 1894, 365 (s. Ontario, summer resid.).—U.rey and Wattace, Proc. Indiana Ac. Sci., 1895, 156 (Wabash, Indiana, migratory).—Ruxoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 495 (Samburg, Raleigh, and Bellevue, Ten- nessee, breeding); Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (lowlands of Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, numerous, breeding).—Purasants, Auk, x, 1893, 372 (Towson Co., Maryland, 1 spec., July 7); Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, no. iii, 1894 (3) (Baltimore Co., Maryland, breeding).—Torrey, Auk, xiii, 1896, 179 (Natural Bridge, Virginia, common).—Bace, Auk, xvii, 19@@) 178 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Saunpers, Auk, xvii, 1900, 358-362 (w. Ontario; nesting habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Woop (J. C.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Detroit, Michigan, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 2d an. meet., 1901, 57 (near Omaha, Nebraska, breeding) .—Kirxwoop, Auk., xviii, 1901, 187 (Baltimore Co., Maryland, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). D{endroica] cexrulea Borrs, Cat. Birds 8. Mich., 1875, no. 40 (transient).—Rupe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 499. Dendreca cxrulea ScLater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Bogota).—ScuatER and Sal- vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras); 1879, 494 (Antioquia, Colombia), 594 (Naipiri, Bolivia).—Sa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Veragua).— Auuen, Ball. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124 (Leavenworth, Kansas, com- mon); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 25-27 (Munroe Co., New York; Drum- mondyille, Ontario; Mt. Carmel, Illinois; breeding; descr. nests and eggs).— Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 77.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Leavenworth, e. Kansas).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Per); 1882, 6 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 465.—GuNDLACE, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 65.—Purpis, Bull. Nutt. ‘Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield, Connecticut, 1 spec.).—Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 46 (West BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5738 Point, New York, 1 spec., May 17).—Rarusun, Revised List Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 11 (common summer resid.).—Drane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Providence, Rhode Island, 1 spec., May).—Ripe@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 98.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 130 (Mexico; Coban, Guatemala; Irazu, Costa Rica; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia, etc.).—Wessrer, Ornith. and Oolog., ix, 1884, 28 (Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 1 spec., May 22).—Burier, Ornith. and Oolog., ix, 1884, 28 (habits, etc.).—AcGErsgoreG, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota).—Tac- ZANOWSKI and Bervepscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74 (Machay and ‘Mapoto, Ecuador, Feb.).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 327, 651 (Guatemala; Panama; Calovevora, Veragua; Bogota and Antioquia, Colom- bia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Naipiri, Bolivia, etc.). Dendroeca cerulea SunpEvauy, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 614 (monogr. ). Dendreca coerulea Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 118. Dendroica cerulea Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Survey, 1874, 58 (Denver, Colorado, May 17). Dendreca cerulea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—McIiwrarra, Proc. Essex Inst., y, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Covurs, Birds N. W., 1874, 56, 233; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 267.—Jouy, Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 51 (District Columbia, 1 spec. ). [Dendreca] cxrulea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 99.—Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 8. D[endreca] cerulea Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99, 152 (n. e. Illinois, rare sum. resid.). {Dendreca] cerulea ScuareR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D{endreca] cerulea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 301. [Mniotilia] cerulea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3473. [Mniotilta] cerulea GieBEeL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 601. Dendreca cerula Tripper, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 235 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. lowa, breeding). Sylvia rara Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 119, pl. 27, fig. 2.—STernens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 657.—VietLuor, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 448.—Bonaparre, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.— Nurrat, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 393.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 258, pl. 49. Phyllopheuste rara Bors, Isis, 1828, 321. Vermivora rara JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 406. M[niotilta] rara Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Dendroica rara Ripaway, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 97.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Uston Comirrez, Auk, xiv, 1897, 131.—Jupp, Auk, xiv, 1897, 326 (Boon- ton, Morris Co., New Jersey, Sept., 1887).—Bryer, Proc. Louisiana Soe. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 113 (Louisiana, breeding in Franklin and St. Tammany parishes). Sylvia azurea StePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 653 (based on Sylvia cerulea Wilson).—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 85; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 27, pl. 11, fig. 2.—Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 407.—AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 255, pl. 48.—(?) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (‘‘Oregon’’). * Hypothimis azurea Bou, Isis, 1828, 318. Sylvia bifasciata Sav, Long’s Exp. Rocky Mts., i, 1823, 170 (Council Bluffs, Iowa). Sylvia populorum VieiuioT, Enc, Méth., ii, 1823, 449 (based on Sylvia cerulea Wilson). 574 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. DENDROICA BLACKBURNIZ (Gmelin). BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck black, relieved by an oval patch or broad stripe of cadmium yellow or orange on middle of crown; a broad superciliary stripe of cadmium yellow or orange, confluent posteriorly with a large patch of the same on side of neck; a spot of rather paler orange-yellow immediately beneath eye, including lower eyelid; loral streak and auricular region black, the two connected by a narrow rictal streak; malar region, chin, throat, and chest rich orange or cadmium orange; remaining under parts pale yel- lowish or yellowish white (more decidedly vellowish on breast), the under tail-coverts white; sides and flanks streaked with black, these black streaks commencing at lower posterior extremity of auricular region; general color of upper parts black, the back streaked with whitish, especially the exterior row of interscapulars, which have most of their outer web whitish, forming, when feathers are properly arranged, two stripes along each side of back; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly edged with whitish; two to three outermost rectrices white, with black shafts and with a terminal guttate or cuneate mark of black; fourth rectrix also with much white on subterminal portion of inner web, and fifth sometimes with more or less of a white edging to subterminal portion of inner web; exposed portion of middle wing-coverts and innermost greater coverts white, forming a conspicuous patch on wing, the outermost greater coverts black, broadly tipped with white and narrowly edged with grayish; remiges black or dusky, narrowly edged with olive-grayish, these edgings broader and paler (sometimes white) on tertials; maxilla brownish black, mandible horn color (in dried skins), paler basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 111.8-119.4 (114.8); wing, 65.3-69.3 (67.8); tail, 46.5-49.3 (48.3); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.4 (9.9); tarsus, 17-17.8 (17.5); middle toe, 10.7-11.7 (10.9).* Adult female in spring and summer.—Above grayish olive or hair brownish tinged with olive; pileum more or less streaked or flecked with black, the crown with more or Jess of a central spot of naples, or pale maize, yellow; back broadly streaked with black, the exterior row of interscapulars with outer webs mostly very pale buffy grayish or grayish buffy, forming two broad stripes when feathers are properly arranged; upper tail-coverts black, margined with brownish gray; wings and tail as in adult male, but general color much duller blackish, the lateral rectrices less extensively white and the. white on greater wing-coverts usually not confluent with that on middle coverts, the white thus usually forming two broad bars instead of a single large 1 Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 575 patch; broad superciliary stripe, confluent with a patch on side of neck, pale naples or maize yellow; auricular region and lores grayish olive or hair brown; malar region, chin, throat, and chest deep chrome yel- low; rest of under parts dull yellowish white, more strongly tinged with yellowish on breast, the under tail-coverts more nearly white, the longest sometimes with a narrow mesial streak of dusky; sides and flanks streaked with dusky; bill, iris, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 107.9-116.8 (114); wing, 63-65.5 (64.3); tail, 46.2-47.5 (46.7); exposed culmen, 9.6; tarsus, 17.3-17.8 (17.5); middle toe, 10.9-11.9 (11.2). Adult (?) male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the summer female, but upper parts darker, becoming uniform black on ramp and upper tail-coverts, the latter margined with whitish; under parts of body more yellowish, with streaks on sides and flanks much broader as well as blacker. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the summer female in coloration of upper parts, but without yellowish spot in cen- ter of crown; yellow of throat and chest much less orange (dull lemon chrome instead of deep chrome or pale cadmium). Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but whole under parts (except under tail-coverts) yellowish, not conspicuously deeper on throat and chest. Young femalein first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female of corresponding season, but above browner, with streaks on back, etc., much less distinct, sometimes nearly obsolete; white wing-bands narrower; less white on lateral rectrices, the inner web of the outer- most rectrix extensively dusky basally; under parts pale yellowish buff, deepest on chest, paler posteriorly, the sides and flanks indistinctly streaked with grayish brown. Young, first plumage.—Above deep hair brown, relieved by an indistinct paler longitudinal space in middle of crown and indistinct darker streaks on back and rump; broad superciliary stripe, sides of neck, malar region, chin, and throat very pale grayish buffy; chest similar but rather darker and more grayish, faintly spotted with a slightly darker shade; rest of under parts white, the sides and flanks spotted with hair brown; wings as in autumn or winter specimens, but white tips to greater and middle coverts tinged with brownish buff. Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces; north- ward to Nova Seotia, Maine, northern Ontario (Muskoka, etc.), Mani- toba (Trout Lake), and southern shores of Hudson Bay (Severn House); west to edge of Great Plains, casually to western Texas (Kendall County, March 31), New Mexico (Fort Bayard, May), and Utah (Ogden, September); breeding southward to Connecticut, New York 1 Five specimens. 576 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Lewis and Oneida counties), Pennsylvania (Butler, Indiana, Clearfield, Pike, Luzerne, and Elk counties), Michigan, and northern Minnesota, and along Allegheny Mountains to western North Carolina (above 8,000 feet), South Carolina (Pickens County) and eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, 4,000 feet, and Chilhowee, Mountains, 2,000-4,000 feet). In winter southward through eastern Mexico (States of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca) and Central America to Colombia, Ecuador (numer- ous localities and records), Peru, and Venezuela, and to Bahama Islands (Watlings Island; New Providence). Accidental in southern Green- land (Frederickshaab, October, 1845)? (?) Motacilla fusca Miuurr, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 175 (based on Figuier etranger Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 3; Guiana; Le Figuier orangé Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 313). (?) Motacilla aurantia Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 4 (based on Figuier etranger Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig. 3; Guiana; Le Figuier orangé Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 313). (2) M[niotilta] aurantia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. (?) [Motacilla] chrysocephala Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 971 (based on Figuier etranger Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 58, fig.3; Guiana; Le Figuier orangé Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 313). (?) Sylvia chrysocephala Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 541.—Vixr1t1oT, Nouv. Dict. @’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 206; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 459.—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 700. (2?) [Sylvicola] chrysocephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309. (?) [Motacilla] incana GuE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 976 (New York; based on Greypoll Warbler LatHam, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 1783, 461). (?) [Sylvia] incana Latnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527. (2?) Sylvia incana Visitiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 224; Enc. Méth., li, 1823, 442.—SrmpnEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 628. (?) M[niotilta] mcana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. : [Motacilla] blackburnie Gmuetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 977 (based on Black- burnian Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 461). [Sylvia] blackburnie LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527. Sylvia blackburnix Viei.xo7, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 36, pl. 96; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 432.—Wison, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 64, pl. 23, fig. 3.—Srrpaens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 627.—-Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 195; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8S. and Can., i, 1882, 379.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 208; v, 1839, 73, pls. 135, 399. Sylvicola blackburniz Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 434 (Vera Cruz, Mexico).—Jarping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 354.—Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Aupuzon, Synopsis, 1839, 57; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 48, pl. 87.— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 111 (Quijos, Ecuador).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—A.srucat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas). [Sylvicola] blackburniwv BonarartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. M{niotilta] blackburnix Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilia] blackburniz Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3472. R[himanphus] blackburnix CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19. Rhimamphus blackburnix ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota, Coiombia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, Ecuador). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5U7 Dendroica blackburniz Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 274; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 196; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 189 (Coban, Guatemala; San Jose, Costa Rica).—Scuater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— ScuatTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 64 (Pallatanga, Ecuador); 1860, 84 (do).—Frantzius, Journ. fiirOrn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Bairp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 237, pl. 13, figs. 2, 3; iii, 1874, 505 (Ogden, Utah, 1 spec., Sept., 1871).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 3803 (breeding from Connecticut northward).—Brewsrer, Auk, iii, 1886, 174 (Jackson and Macon counties, North Carolina, breeding above 3,000 ft.).—AmERiIcAN OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 602.— Ratpx, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 140 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 36; ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 50; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence and Watlings Islands, Bahamas).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 148.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 69 (Quito, Ecuador); xiii, 1900, 178 (Las Nubes, etc., province Santa Marta, Colombia, Dec., Mar.); Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 252 (breeding from n. Minnesota northward).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs and Key West, Florida, rare migrant).—Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding).—Ratrx and Baae, Auk, vii, 1890, 231 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Cuerriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. to Feb.); viii, 1891, 278 (San José, Costa Rica; remarks on plumage).—Tuompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Butler Co., Pennsylvania, breeding?); x, 1893, 41, 45 (Indiana and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Wuurs, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan, migrant).—Nrariine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 218, pl. 12, fig. 1.—Rwoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 496 (Roan Mt., 4,000 ft., and Chilhowee Mts., 2,000-4,000 ft., Tennes- see, breeding).—Conapon, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Dingmans Ferry, Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Batrty, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsyl- vania, breeding).—F.Lemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, common summer resid. ). Dendreca blackburnix ScuaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 30 (Pallatanga and Nanegal, e. Ecuador; Bogota, Colombia).—Cazants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—LaWwRENCcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San José, Atiro, and Barranca, Costa Rica).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 62 (Severn House, Trout Lake, British Columbia).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Chitra, Calobre, Cordillera del Chucu, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua); Ibis, 1872, 314 (Chontales, Nica- ragua).—SciaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela); 1879, 494 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Wvyarr, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Alto, Colombia).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 124, 166, 175 (Kansas; Ogden, Utah).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 80; 2d ed., 1882, no. 121; Birds N. W., 1874, 59; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 284.—TaczanowskxI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (n. Peru); 1882, 6 (Huambo, n. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 464.—Lawrence, Bull. U.S. ‘Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec) .—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (Naranjo, Costa Riea, Apr.).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 58 (descr. young).—Srepuens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ili, 1878, 93 (Fort 3654—voL 2—01——37 578 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bayard, New Mexico, May, 1 spec.).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 106 (Portland, Maine, breeding); vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, Ken- dall Co., 8. w. Texas, 1 spec., Mar. 31).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 60.— Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 102.—Saxvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 133.—BrrLerscn and TaczaNnowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond:, 1884, 286 (Cayandeled, w. Ecuador, Feb.).—Menrriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 103 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Suanpr, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 288, 646 (Quito, Pasto, and Intaj, Ecuador; Medellin and Bogota, Colombia; Coban, Choctum, and Duefias, Guatemala, etc.).—TaczanowskI and Brruerscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74 (Machay, Mapoto, and Bafios, Ecuador, Jan. ). Dendroeca blackburnie SunpEvaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611 (mongr. ).—Saxtvapori and Fesra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, no. 357, 1899, 8 (Pun, e. Ecuador, Feb.). Sylvia blackburni Vizrtuot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 168. [Dendreca] blackburniz Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 100.—Sciarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9:—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendreca blackburnix ? Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 98 (Fred- erickshaab, 1 spec., Oct., 1845). Dendreca blackburne Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 121. D{endreca] blackburnz Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 302. Sylvia parus Wiison, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 114, pl. 44, fig. 3.—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 727.—Vir1tLot, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 449.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 200; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.— Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 392.—Avupuzon, Orn. Biog,, ii, 1834, 205, pl. 134. Sylvicola parus JARpiNg, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 209.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 55; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 40, pl. 83.—Wux11s, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia). M[niotilta] parus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Mniotilta parus RewnHarnvt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Frederickshaab, Greenland, Oct. 16, 1845). [Rhimamphus] parus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311. Sylvia melanorrhoa Vietior, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 180 (‘‘ Marti- nique’’); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 444. M[niotilta] melanorrhoa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197. DENDROICA DOMINICA DOMINICA (Linnzus). YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. Adult maie.—Forehead (sometimes crown also, especially lateral portions), lores, suborbital region, and greater part of auricular region, black; occiput, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain slate-gray,' the crown also sometimes gray (except laterally), more or less streaked with black; wings and tail black, with slate-gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands across wing; two to three outer- most rectrices with inner web extensively white terminally, this on lateral rectrix occupying approximately the terminal half; a broad 1 Very rarely the back is spotted with black; see Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 97. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 579 white superciliary stripe, usually becoming yellow anteriorly (over lores); a crescentic suborbital spot and patch on side of neck (invading median posterior portion of auricular region), white; throat and chest lemon or gamboge yellow, the chin usually more or less white; rest of under parts white, broadly streaked laterally with black, the broad black streaks on sides of chest confluent with a narrow stripe connecting them with the triangular black patch on side of head; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 114.3-127.2 (121.9); wing, 64.5-68.6 (66.9); tail, 49-53.6 (50.7); exposed culmen, 12.7-15 (13.8); tarsus, 17-18 (17.4); middle toe, 12-13 (12.4). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish- able, but. usually with less black on forehead, which is more often gray, streaked with black, medially, and yellow of throat and chest averaging slightly paler; length (skins) 113-125.7 (121); wing, 63.2-65.3 (64.6); tail, 46-53 (50); exposed culmen, 12.4-14 (12.9); tarsus, 16.3- 17.5 (16.9); middle toe, 11.5-12.7 (12.2).? Young male in first autumn.—Similar to the adult male, but gray of upper parts and white of under parts, especially the flanks, tinged with brown. Young femalein jirst autumn.—Similar to the young male in autumn, but more strongly tinged with brown, both above and below, and streaks on sides and flanks (especially the latter) less distinct, some- times obsolete. Young, first plumage.—Above, including entire pileum, plain light grayish brown or deep drab-gray; wings dusky, with light grayish brown edging'ss (broad and conspicuous on tertials, narrow and grayer on primaries), the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with brownish white; a rather broad supra-auricular stripe, a narrow sub- orbital streak, and space on side of neck brownish white; loral and auricular regions plain deep drab-gray, the latter with a whitish ter- minal or subterminal spot; chin and throat pale drab-gray; chest and ’ Eighteen specimens. * Eight specimens. A series of twelve specimens collected during the breeding season at and near Cape Charles, Virginia, have on,the average longer bills than a series of fourteen taken at various localities east of the Alleghenies (some of them on the coast), the average measurements of the two series being as follows: Ex- . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mae , culmen. i MALES. Ten adult males from near Cape Charles, Virginia. apeeeeeee 66.5 50.1 14.6 17.4 12.3 Eight adult malesfrom various localities (eastof Alleghenies)| 67.4 51.6 13 17.4 12.4 FEMALES, Two adult females from near Cape Charles, Virginia. ...--. 65 49.5 13.5 16.5 11.7 Six adult females from various localities .....-..-.--------- 64.4] 50.1 12.6] 17.1 12.3 ° 580 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sides of breast deeper drah-gray, the latter obsoletely streaked with dull white; rest of under parts dull white. Atlantic coast district of United States; north to lower Maryland and eastern shore of Virginia, casually to New York (Long Island), Connecticut (New Haven; Hartford), and Massachusetts (Charles River; Dedham); breeding southward to Florida; in winter to Bahamas (Maranagua, Watlings, Great Bahama, Great Inagua, Abaco, and Berry islands), Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico. [Motacilla] dominica Linnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on Le Figuier cendré de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis cinerea, Brisson, Orn., iii, 1760, 520, pl. 27, fig. 3).—Gmetrn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980. [Sylvia] dominica LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538. Sylvia dominica Virtutot, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 223.—Srepuens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 612. [Mf] niotilta dominica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197. [Mniotilta] dominica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3478. Dendroica dominica Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 209, part.—GunpLacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Journ. fir Orn., 1872, 415 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 184 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 240, part, pl. 14, fig. 6; iii, 1874, 505 (Wilmington, North Carolina, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 303 (near New Haven and Hartford, Con- necticut, accidental) ; xx, 1879, 265 (Charles R., Massachusetts, accidental).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 663.—A.LEn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 257 (Dedham, Massachusetts, 1 spec.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 36 (West Indian references), 501 (Grand Cayman); ix, 1892, 48 (Bahamas), 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 50; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, 155 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence, Watlings I., Maraguna, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico).—Ricumonp, Auk, vi, 1889, 339 (near Washington, D. C., July 28 to Sept. 7).—Scort, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida, breeding; Key West, after July 25), 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Mar. 23 to 29 and Apr. 8; 3 spec. ).—Brimuey, Auk, vii, 1890, 323 (Raleigh, North Carolina; nesting habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Wayne, Auk, vii, 1890, 97 (black-backed specimen described); xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa and Aucilla rivers, n. w. Florida, breeding).—Dutcrer, Auk, x, 1893, 277 (Crow Hill, Long Island, 1 spec.).—NeuRiine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 222, pl. 13, fig. 1— Paumer (W.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (near Mount Vernon, Virginia, breeding). D{[endroica] dominica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 504. Dendreca dominica Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 270; Check List, 1873, no. 88; 2d ed., 1882, no. 129; Birds N. W., 1874, 66, part.—ALLEn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 268 (e. Florida, winter).—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1878, 60.— Gunpuacu, Orn. Cuba, 1876, 67.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 102 (Georgia and n. Florida; nesting habits, etc.); ili, 1878, 43.— Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., iv, 1877, 17 (Connecticut, several records).—Purpig, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 146 (Dedham, Massa- chusetts, 1 spec.).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 65; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 27.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 103; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 253 (Arlington, Virginia, Sept.).—Suarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 301, part (Florida; Jamaica). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 581 [Dendreca] dominica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. D{endreca] dominica Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306. [Dendroica dominica] var. dominica Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 606.— Baixp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220, 241. [Dendreca dominica .] a. dominica Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 247, exel. syn. part. [Dendreca dominica.] 8. D. dominica Siarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304, 648, in list of specimens. Dendroeca dominica SunpEvaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rico), 611 (monogr. ). Motacilla superciliosa Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on la Gorge-iaune de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 686, fig. 1). M [(niotilta] superciliosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Dendroica superciliosa Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 289, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 209, part.—Gunp.acna, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Marcnu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica). Dendreca superciliosa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33, part (Jamaica). [Dendreca] superciliosa SctatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part (Antilles). [Motacilla] pensilis Gmutin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960 (based on la Gorge-jaune de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 686, fig. 1; Pensile Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 1783, 441). Motacilla pensitis Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. [Sylvia] pensilis Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 520. Sylvia pensilis Viettor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 11, pl. 72; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 177; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 427.—Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 629.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 374.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 434, part, pl. 85.—D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois, 1839, 65. Sylvicola pensilis RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List. 1838, 22.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 53, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 32, part, pl. 79.—Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 156; Ilustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 32.—Lawrencer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi, 1853, 8 (Long Island, New York).—Satus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).— AgRecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 201 (Jamaica).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. .N. H., xi, 1866, 91 (Santo Domingo). [Sylvicola] pensilis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. R[himanphus] pensilis CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19. Rhimamphus pensilis GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba); 1861, 408 (do). (Motacilla] flavicollis Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 959 (based on Yellow-throated Creeper, Parus americanus gutture luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 62, pi. 62; Yellow-throated Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 437, etc.). [Sylvia] flavicollis LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518. Sylvia flavicollis Vrntttot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 45; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 191; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 453.—Wi1son, Am. Orn., li, 1810, 64, pl. 12, fig. 6.—Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 679.—Bonaparrte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 188. Sylvicola flavicollis Janpine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 213. (?) Dendreica dominica albilora (not of Ridgway ?) Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 340, 341 (Jamaica) . 582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. : DENDROICA DOMINICA ALBILORA Ridgway. SYCAMORE WARBLER, Similar to D. d. dominica, but with much smaller bill, the supercil- jary stripe more rarely yellow anteriorly, and with white areas on inner webs of lateral rectrices averaging decidedly larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 114.3-123.2 (116.8); wing, 63.5-69.6 (66.5); tail, 48.8-52.6 (50.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 16-17.2 (16.8); middle toe, 11.4-12.4 (11.9).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 106.7-120.6 (115.1); wing, 63-65.5 (63.7); tail, 46.5-49.5 (48); exposed culmen, 10.9-12.2 (11.7); tarsus, 16.3-17 (16.7); middle toe, 11.7-12.2 (11.9). Mississippi Valley; north, regularly, to eastern Kansas (Neosho Falls), central Illinois, Indiana (north to Carroll County), Ohio (Columbus), and West Virginia (Kanawha County), irregularly to southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan (Detroit), and northern Ohio (Cleveland; Rockport); breeding southward to Louisiana and eastern Texas. In winter southward through Mexico (both coasts) to Yucatan (including Cozumel, Mugeres, and Holbox islands), British Honduras (Belize), Honduras (Truxillo; Ruatan Island), and eastern Nicaragua (Greytown). Occasional during migration in South Carolina (also in Georgia and Florida‘). Sylvia flavicollis (not Motacilla flavicollis Gmelin) Swatnson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 434 (Vera Cruz, Mexico). Sylvicola flavicollis Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 310 (Wisconsin). Sylvicola pensilis (not Motacilla pensilis Gmelin) Reap, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 398 (Ohio). Sylvia pensilis (not of Latham) Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 434, part.—Hay- monD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 200 (Franklin Co., Indiana). Rhimamphus pensilis (not of Gundlach) Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Mexico). Sylvicola pensilis AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 58 part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 32, part. Sylvicola pensillis Pratren, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 601 (Illinois). Dendroica pensilis ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 295 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Dendroica superciliosa (not Motacilla superciliosa Boddaert) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 289, part (Rockport, Ohio; Union Co., Illinois; Tamaulipas, Mexico); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Tamaulipas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 209, part.—ScnaTer, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Mexico).—Haymonp, Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1869, 217 (Indiana, common).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Neosho Falls, s. e. Kansas, breeding). Dendreca superciliosa ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1862, 368 (Jalapa) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33, part (Rockport, Ohio).— ScuaTerR and Savin, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duefias, Guatemala, Sept.).—DRESSsER, Ibis, 1865, 478 (Brownsville, Texas, Dec.; San Antonio, migr.). [Dendraca] superciliosa ScuateR and Sauvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part (Mexico; Guatemala). 1 Ten specimens. ? Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND: MIDDLE AMERIOA. 583 Dendroica dominica (not Motacilla dominica Linneeus) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 209, part (Cleveland, Ohio; Cairo, Illinois; Tamaulipas and near Colima, Mexico; Duefias, Guatemala).—Sumicurasr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, after Aug. 10).—Jorpan, Am. Nat., ix, 1875, 313 (Indiana).—(?) Crerrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Oct. 4, 18911). Dendreca dominica Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yuca- tan); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Tepic, Colima, and Rio de la Coahuayana, w. Mexico).—Scorr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 222 (Kanawha Co., West Virginia).—Covuxrs, Birds N. W., 1874, 66, part, 233 (Columbus, Ohio, common).—Lanepon, Birds Cine., 1877, 6 (near Cincin- nati, Ohio, common Apr. 15 to 30).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 184, part (Totonicapam and Choctum, Guatemala; Valladolid, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras, etc.).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 301, part.—SaLvin, Ibis, 1888, 250 (Holbox, Mugeres, and Cozumel islands, coast of Yucatan; Ruatan Island, Hondurag; crit.). [Dendreca] dominica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103, part. Dendroica dominica, var. albilora Baird, Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 605 (Belize, British Honduras; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 368 (Illinois).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 14, fig. 7; iii, 1874, 505. Dendreca dominica . . . var. albilora Cours, Check List, 1873, 125, no. 88a. Dendreca dominica var. albilora Lawrenceg, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan.).—Lanepon, Birds Cinc., 1877, 6 (near Cincin- nati, Ohio). [Dendroica dominica] var. albilora Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220, 241, in text. D{endreca| dominica var. albilora Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99 (n. e. Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Detroit, Michigan); ix, 1877, 35 (Mount Carmel, Illinois, very abundant Aug. 30 to Sept. 2). Dendreca dominica albilora Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Oct., 1878, 163 (Mount Carmel, Illinois); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 172, 216; Nom. N. Am: Birds, 1881, 103a.—Sewnerrt, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 13 (Brownsville, Texas, Mar. 26).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 130.—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (s. e. Texas, breeding) . D[endreca] d[Lominica] albilora Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306. [Dendreca dominica] b. albilora Covss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 248. Dendroica dominica albilora Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; crit.); x, 1888, 579 (Truxillo, Honduras); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 19 (Knox Co., Indiana); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 150.— AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 663a.—Loomrs, Auk, iii, 1886, 139 (Chester Co., South Carolina, 1 spec., May 7); vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding); viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South Carolina, com. migr.).—Butier, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 35 (Franklin Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 252 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).—Evrermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 27 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Key West, Florida, 1 spec., Mar. 27), 313 (Garden Key, Tortugas, 6 spec. ); (?) x, 1893, 340, 341 (Jamaica?).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 564 (e. Kansas, summer resid.).—Smira (R. W.), Journ. Cinc. Soc. N. H., 1891, 123 (War- ren Co., Ohio, common in Apr.).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 484 (Greytown, Nicaragua, Feb. 12).—Jovy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1Specimen merely seen, and may have been D. graciz decora. ? Doubtful. 584 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. xvi, 1894, 777 (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Sept. 4).—Utrey and Wattacz, Proc, Ind. Ac. Soc., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, migratory) .—BrEyeEr, Proc. Loui- siana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 113 (Louisiana, breeding). D{endroica] dominica albilora Rrpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 504.—Woop (J.C.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Detroit, Michigan, breeding). [Dendreca dominica] a. D. albilora SHarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304, 648 (Mazatlan; Progreso, n. Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras, etc.). DENDRIOCA GRACIZ GRACI Baird. GRACE’S WARBLER. Resembling D. doménica, but much smaller, with superciliary stripe mostly yellow, sides of neck gray instead of white, no black patch on side of head, and back streaked with black. Adult male in spring and summer.—Above slate-gray, the crown and back streaked with black (sides of crown sometimes uniformly black); wings and tail dusky with slate-gray edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadly, the greater coverts more narrowly, tipped with white, forming two distinct wing-bands; two outermost rectrices with inner webs extensively white terminally (the white occupying more than terminal half on outermost rectrix, which also has the outer web largely white), the third rectrix also usually with a white terminal or subterminal elongated patch; a superciliary stripe of yellow, passing into white beyond eye; a broad dusky loral streak and a narrow dusky rictal streak; auricular region and sides of neck plain slate-gray; sub- orbital spot, malar region, chin, throat, and chest lemon yellow; remain- ing under parts white, with sides of chest and breast, sides, and flanks streaked with black; bill black, the mandible more brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins). — Adult(?) male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but gray of upper parts slightly tinged with brown, especially on back, where the black streaks are more or less concealed; white of under parts tinged with pale brownish buffy, especially on flanks. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the supposed adult male of corresponding season, but upper parts more strongly tinged with brown, with black streaks on back entirely concealed, and flanks more strongly tinged with brownish buff. Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but duller in-color; gray of upper parts strongly tinged with brown, the black streaks on back indistinct (sometimes obsolete); white wing-bands narrower; yellow of superciliary stripe, throat, etc., paler; white of under parts rather duller, and blackish streaks on sides, etc., less distinct. Adult (2) female in autumn and winter.—Gray of upper parts over- laid by a wash of olive-brownish, the black streaks on back very nal- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585 row and concealed, or obsolete; white of under parts strongly buffy, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with buffy brown; white wing- bands tinged with brownish buff. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the supposed adult female of corresponding season, but still duller colored; darker streaks on forehead and crown very indistinct, those on back obsolete; yellow of throat, etc., duiler, and streaks on sides and flanks obsolete. Young male, first plumage.—Above plain grayish hair brown or drab-gray, the feathers ash gray beneath the surface; sides of head similar but rather paler; malar region, chin, and throat pale brownish gray, minutely and sparsely flecked with darker, the chest similar, but with rather large roundish spots of dusky; rest of under parts dull white streaked or spotted with dusky gray medially, dull grayish laterally. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-117 (113.2); wing, 64-66 (65.1); tail, 47-50 (48.4); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9. 5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.9); middle toe, 10-12 (10.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-115 (114); wing, 60-62 (61); tail, 46-47 (46.7); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 9-12 (10.7).? Southwestern United States and adjacent parts of northwestern Mexico; northward through mountains of New Mexico and Arizona to southern Colorado (San Juan County); breeding southward to Chi- huahua (Colonia Garcia) and Sonora (30 miles south of Nogales); dur- ing migration south to Tepic (Santa Teresa, August 11) and Jalisco (Bolatios, September 17); casual in southern California (Santa Paula, Ventura County, one specimen, May 3). Dendroica gracie Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 210 (Fort Whipple, Ari- zona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex ‘‘Coues MSS.’’).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 563 (Fort Whipple).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 243, pl. 14, fig. 10.—HensHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 197 (Inscription Rock, New Mexico; White Mts. and Camp Apache, Arizona).— AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOoGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 664.—EvERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 185 (Santa Paula, Ventura Co., California, 1 spec., May 3, 1881).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 34 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, breeding).— Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Clarks Valley, Arizona, in pine belt).—Lapp, Auk, viii, 1891, 315 (Yavapai Co., Arizona; descr. nest and eggs).—Jovy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (32 miles s. of Nogales, Sonora, June 17).—Neuritnc, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 224.—Mrrcueii, Auk, xv, 1898, 310 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding at 8,500 ft. ). D{endroica] gracie Rrpaway, Man. N. Am Birds, 1887, 506. [Dendroica graciz] var. gracie Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220, 244. Dendreca graciz Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 67 (Fort Whipple); Check List, 1873, no. 87; 2d ed., 1882. no. 128; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292 (excl. syn. under ‘‘b. decora’’).—(i) Lawrence, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Zapotitlan, Oaxaca, Jan.)—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 72 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1Seven specimens. ? Four specimens. 586 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1881, 142 (San Juan Co., Colorado, in pines up to 7,500 ft.).—Ripeway, Nom., N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 104.—Hznsnaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 331 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, fall migrant).—Suaxrpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 304, 648. [Dendreca] gracie Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 103.—Scuarer and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D{endreca] gracie Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 306. Dendrxea gracie Exiior, Ilustr. Unfig Birds N. Am., i, 1869, pl. 6. Dendroeca gracie Sunvevatt, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 611 (monogr. ). ; [Mniotilta] gracie Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3489.—GuEBEL, Thesaurus Orn., 1875, 603. [Dendreca graciz] a. gracize Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292. DENDROICA GRACIZ DECORA Ridgway. DECORATED WARBLER. Similar to D. g. gracue, but smaller; yellow superciliary stripe shorter, without whitish posterior extremity; yellow ot throat and chest extending further backward, covering upper chest.! Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-117 (111.5); wing, 55-62 (57); tail, 43-47 (45); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16-18 (17); middle toe, 10.? ; State of Oaxaca’ (Zapotitlan; mountains near Santo Domingo, June 18) and Chiapas* (mountains near Tonal4, August 15) southern Mexico; Guatemala (Toyabai-Guitché, May 19); British Honduras (Belize); Honduras (Rio Segovia, July 17). Dendreca graciz (not of Baird) Satvin, Ibis, 1873, 428 (Guatemala). [Dendreca] gracie Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9 (Honduras). Dendroica gracix, var. decora Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 608 (Belize, British Honduras; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 505. [Dendroica graciz] var. decora BatrpD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220, 244. [Dendreca gracix] b. decora Coves, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 292. 1 Except in specimens, doubtfully referred to this form, from States of Oaxaca and Chiapas, southern Mexico. ? Three specimens, one of them (from Oaxaca) not sexed and possibly not a male. These three specimens measure, respectively, as follows: Locality. Wing.| Tail, | posed | Tarsus. ie culmen. One adult male (type) from Belize, British Honduras...... 55 43 10 vv 10 One adult male from Guatemala (Toyabai-Guitché)........ 62 47 9 18 10 One adult (male?) from Oaxaca (mountains near Santo F DOMINGO)! sas csaweinaue ce sowstemmesgesmercieacctne cima Sox eee 55 46 10 16 10 ’T am doubtful whether or not specimens from Oaxaca and Chiapas are properly referred to this form, the two specimens examined having the yellow of under parts restricted to the throat and chest, as in D. g. gracizx. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 587 Dendreca decora Satin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882,192 (Guatemala).—Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 136, pl. 10, fig. 1.—Smarps, Oat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 305. Dendroica graciz decora Goan Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 318. D{[endroica] decora Ripcway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 506. Dendroica decora Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Nexson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Tonald, Chiapas; Santo Datnings, Oaxaca). DENDROICA ADELAIDZ Baird. ADELAIDE’S WARBLER. Much like D. gracie decora, but back and sides without black streaks and yellow of under parts extending over abdomen to anal region; wing and tail shorter. Adult male.—Above plain slate-gray, the forehead and crown nar- rowly streaked with black and margined along each side by a narrow black stripe; wings and tail dull black or dusky with slate-gray edg- ings (paler on remiges, where nearly white terminally); middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands, of which the posterior one is narrower, the white confined to outer webs, and not extending to the innermost coverts; inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensively white terminally, the white occu- pying about the terminal half on lateral rectrix; a broad superciliary stripe of yellow, scarcely extending beyond eye, the posterior extremity narrow and whitish; a yellow suborbital spot, separated from the yel- low supraloral stripe by a loral streak of black or dusky gray: auricu- lar region and sides of neck plain gray; a spot of black on sides of neck (between gray of sides of neck and yellow of lower throat), with an indistinct whitish space immediately in front of it; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast lemon yellow, passing into paler yellow on abdomen and this into white on under tail-coverts, the sides and flanks tinged with olive, but not streaked; under wing-coverts white; bill blackish, with paler tomia; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 97-100 (98.3); wing, 49-51 (50); tail, 41-44 (42.3); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus 17-19 (18.6); middle toe, 9-10 (9.6).” Young, first plumage.—Above plain brownish gray, strongly washed with brown on back; no black on forehead nor crown; a narrow super- ciliary streak (scarcely passing beyond eye), suborbital spot, chin, throat, and chest pale primrose yellow or yellowish white, the remain- ing under parts yellowish white; chest and sides of breast ‘spotted with grayish dusky; wings and tail as in adult, but edgings more brownish or olive-gray and wing-bands narrower and less purely white. Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. 1Dated 1882, but cited in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1881, as above. * Three specimens. 588 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dendroica adelaide Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 212 (Porto Rico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 37; Birds W.1I., 1889, 51; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 132. Dendroeca adelaide SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, | 1870, 596 (Porto Rico), 615 (monogr. ). [Dendreeca] adelaide ScuaTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text. Dendreca adelaide Gunpuacn, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 185 (Porto Rico).—Couzs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 293, footnote.—Cory, Birds W. I., 1885, 8.—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 306. D{endreca] adelaide Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526 (diagnosis). [Dendroica gracix] var. adelaide Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 608; in Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220. Sylvicola adelaide Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 250 (Porto Rico). DENDROICA DELICATA Ridgway. SANTA LUCIA WARBLER. Adult male.—Similar to D. adelaide, but wing and tail much longer; yellow superciliary stripe much broader, occupying whole forehead except a median line of black; sides of crown more broadly black; gray of upper parts deeper, more plumbeous; yellow of superciliary stripe and under parts much deeper (rich lemon, scarcely if at all paler on abdomen); white on inner webs of lateral rectrices relatively less extended, that on lateral rectrix occupying less than terminal half; length (skins), 105-120 (114.2); wing, 54-57 (56); tail, 49-54 (51); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.1); tarsus, 17-20 (18.2); middle toe, 10." Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but coloration not quite so deep, especially the yellow, which is exactly as in the adult male of D. adelaide, though much brighter on the abdomen than in that species; black on sides of crown much narrower; white wing-bands narrower, especially that across tips of greater coverts; length (skin), 113; wing, 55; tail, 48; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 10.? Young, after first molt.—Essentially like adults, but the gray of upper parts strongly washed with brown, without any black on sides of crown or center of forehead, and yellow of under parts, etc., less pure. Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. Dendreca adelaide (not of Baird) Scuater, Proc. Zool., 1871, 269 (Santa Lucia; crit.).—SEmPER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 649 (Santa Lucia.).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia). [Dendreca] adelaide Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. Dendreca adelaide delicata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Mar. 21, 1883, 525 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). [Dendroica] adelaidx delicata Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendroica adelaide delicata Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 37; Birds W. I., 1889, 51; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 155. D[endreca] delicata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526. Dendroica delicata Ripaway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 129. Dendreca delicata SHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 306.—Scua‘ver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 395. Five specimens. * One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 589 DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA (Linnzus). CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. Adult mate.'—Forehead and crown olive-yellow, the former becom- ing whitish anteriorly, both sometimes flecked with dusky; lores, sub- orbital region, malar region, postocular stripe, occiput, and hindneck black, the last two streaked with white, grayish, or yellowish, the occi- put usually with a central spot of white or yellowish; auricular region, sides of neck, chin, throat, and under parts white, relieved by a broad lateral stripe of rich chestnut, extending from posterior extremity of black malar stripe along the sides, usually to the flanks, but sometimes not beyond sides of breast; back and scapulars broadly streaked with black on a white, grayish, and olive-yellow ground, the last-mentioned color usually prevailing; rump usually yellowish olive-green, some- times grayish, with or without black streaks; upper tail-coverts black, broadly margined with light gray (sometimes tinged with yellowish olive-green); tail black with narrow olive-grayish edgings, the three outermost rectrices with inner webs extensively white terminally, that on the exterior rectrix occupying the terminal half, or more; wings black with yellowish olive-green edgings (becoming grayish on prima- ries and primary coverts), the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped, the latter also edged, with sulphur yellow; lesser coverts mar- gined with gray or olive-gray; bill blackish, the mandible inclining to dusky horn color, especially basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown; length (skins), 111.8-121.9 (115.7); wing, 61.2-67.1 (63.3); tail, 48.5-52.6 (50.1); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.9 (9.6); tarsus, 17-18.3 (17.8); middle toe, 10.2-10.9 (10.6).? Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but duller in color, the fore- head and crown light olive-green rather than olive-yellow, the black areas on sides of head less deep black, often much broken by grayish streaking or mottling, sometimes replaced by grayish and much more restricted; chestnut of sides averaging less extensive; greater wing- coverts without yellow edgings;’ length (skins), 106.7-116.8 (111.8); wing, 57.9-61.5 (59.3); tail, 45-48.5 (46.7); exposed culmen, 9.1-9.9 (9.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.6); middle toe, 9.6-10.4 (10.3).” Young in first autumn and winter.—Above plain bright olive-green, the back and rump with concealed, or mostly concealed, black or 1y udging from the scant material from Central America, the plumage appears to be the same in winter as in spring and summer; specimens examined are without dates, however. “Seven specimens. ’The adult female varies so much, individually, in coloration that a satisfactory diagnosis is difficult. The brighter colored females are scarcely, if at all, distin- guishable from duller colored males; the average, however, are decidedly duller, while some have the crown olive-green, the black head markings obsolete, and the chest- nut of sides limited to a few isolated touches. 590 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dusky streaks; sides of head and neck plain cinereous or plumbeous, relieved by a white orbital ring; under parts white medially passing into light olive-gray laterally, the flanks sometimes touched with chestnut; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts as in adults. Young in first plumage.—Above plain light olive, the wings and tail essentially as in adults; an indistinct whitish orbital ring; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast plain pale buffy grayish or drab; rest of under parts white, the sides and flanks tinged with pale grayish brown. Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces; north to Nova Scotia, northern Ontario, and Manitoba; west to edge of the Great Plains, casually to eastern Wyoming (Cheyenne); breeding south- ward to Connecticut, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Butler, Armstrong, Indiana, Clearfield, Elk, and Luzerne counties), northern Ohio, central Illinois, Missouri (St. Louis County), and eastern Nebraska (near Omaha), and along Allegheny Mountains to western North Caro- lina (2,000 to 4,000 feet), northwestern South Carolina (Pickens County, etc.), and eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, 3,500 to 4,000 feet). In winter south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad) and to Bahamas (island of New Providence). Accidental in Greenland. [Motacilla] pensylvanica Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 333 (based on The Red-throated Flycatcher, Muscicapa gutture rubro, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., ii, 193, pl. 301). [Sylvia] pensyluanica LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 540. Dendroica pensylvanica Parker, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 168.—Starx, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 756 (West Virginia, breeding).—American Ornirnotogists’ UNtoy, Check List, 1886, no. 659.—Raxpu, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 139 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Brewsrter, Auk, iii, 1886, 174 (moun- tains w. North Carolina, breeding at 2,000 to 4,000 ft.).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 249 (breeding south to Iowa and central IHinois; dates of migration, etc.).—Bonp, Auk, vi, 1889, 34 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec., May 23).—Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 127 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breed- ing); viii, 1891, 331 (Ceesars Head, South Carolina, breeding).—CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 28 to Apr. 24.)—THompsoy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding).—Hacervr, Auk, viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Butler and Arm- strong counties, Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41, 45 (Indiana and Clear- field counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Gautr, Auk, ix, 1892, 396 (near St. Louis, Missouri, breeding).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence, Bahamas).—Waurre, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—Nznrunc, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 213, pl. 12, fig. 5.— Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. 29 to Feb. 16).—Sronn, Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsyl- vania, breeding).—McItwrarrn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 366 (common summer resid. ).—Roaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 495 (Roan Mt., e. Ten- nessee, breeding at 3,500 to 4,000 ft.).—Oprrnoxser, Bull. Ohio Agric. Ex. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 326 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, July 9 to 16.— Youne, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Delano, Harveys Lake, etc., Pennsy]vania, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 591 breeding).—Batty, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breed- ing).—Co.vin, Auk, xv, 1898, 59 (near Osawatomie, ce. Kansas, Oct. 12).— Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—FLEm- inc, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, abundant summer resid. ). D[endroica] pensyluanica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 500. Dendreca pensyluanica Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 199 (Fox Prairie, Richland Co., Illinois, June).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Carlos, Costa Rica, Feb.). [Motacilla] pensilvanica GmE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 971. Sylvia pennsylvanica Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 99, pl. 14, fig. 5. Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 189. M[niotilta] pennsylvanica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] pennsylvanica Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3485. Dendroica pennsylvanica Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 279; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 200; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 191 (Teleman, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Hayprn, Rep. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 161 (Platte R., Nebraska).—Franrzivus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).—Triprr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 235 (Mahaska Co., s. lowa, breeding).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 245, pl. 18, figs. 7, 8.— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 489 (New England, summer resid.).—Puatr, Trans. Meriden Sci. Assoc., ii, 1885-86, 49 (Meriden, Con- necticut, rare summer resid. ).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (Bahamas, winter) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 49 (W. I. references).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 145.—Cuerrnis, Auk, viii, 1891, 278 (San José, Costa Rica; remarks on plum- age).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl- vania, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebraska Orn. Union, 2d. an. meet., 1901, 57 (breeding near Omaha, Nebraska). D[endroica] pennsyluanica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 500. Dendreca pennsylvanica Sauvin and ScuaTerR, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Coban, Guate- mala).—ScuaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama, R. R.); 1870, 886 (coast Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N.Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Lion Hill, Panama, R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (Grecia and Bar- ranca, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fe, Vera- gua); 1870, 182 (Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui).— Auten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar. ); iii, 1872, 124 (Kansas).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 83; 2d ed., 1882, no. 124; Birds N. W., 1874, 62; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 244.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 59 (descr. young).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (Costa Rica).—Rarusun, Rev. List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 12 (common summer resid. ).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 62.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 131.—Rmpeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 99.—Suarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 285, 645 (Panama; Veragua; Jalapa; Coban, Choctum, and Duefias, Guatemala; Angostura and Irazti district, Costa Rica, etc. ). [Dendrecca] pennsyluanica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 102.—Scuater and Sau- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 8. D{endreca] pennsylvanica Nexson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 99, 152 (n.e. Ili- nois, breeding).—Couxs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304. [Motacilla] icterocephala Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on Figuier a teste jaune de Canada, Ficedula canadensis icterocephalos, Brisson, Orn., iii, 517, pl. 27, fig. 2). —Gmutin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 980. [Sylvia] icterocephala Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 538. 592 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sylvia icterocephala V1E1L.07T, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 31, pl. 90; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist, Nat., xi, 1817, 223; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 441.—Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 622.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.—Aupuzon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 306, pl.59.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 380. Sylvicola icterocephala Jarpinz, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 248.—RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparrs. Geog. and Comp. List 1838 22.—Avupupon, Synopsis, 1839, 54; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 35, pl 81 - Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia); vii, 1859 110 (Bahamas).—Axsrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 153 (Bahamas). [Sylvicola] icterocephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. Dendreeca icterocephala ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa).—Casa- nis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 328 (Costa Rica). Dendroeca icterocephala SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 612 (monogr. ). Dendroica icterocephala ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 374 (Oaxaca, Apr.). [ Mniotilta] icterocephala GizBEeL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 603. DENDROICA CASTANEA (Wilson). BAY-BREASTED WARBLER, Adult male (summer and winter).—Forehead, sides of crown and occiput, auricular region, suborbital region, lores, and malar region black, the auricular region usually more or less streaked with whitish or pale buffy; crown and occiput (except laterally) rich chestnut; sides of neck plain buff; back and scapulars gray, usually more or less tinged (sometimes strongly) with buffy olive, and broadly streaked with black; rump similar, but with streaks obsolete or concealed; upper tail-coverts gray, with more or less distinct mesial streaks of blackish; tail grayish black or dusky with light-gray edgings, the inner webs of two or three outermost rectrices with a terminal patch of white, that on exterior rectrix occupying the terminal third or more; wings grayish black or dusky with light olive-gray or olive edgings, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands across wing; throat (sometimes chin also’), chest, sides, and flanks plain light chestnut; rest of under parts plain pale buff or buffy white, the under tail-coverts more decidedly buffy; maxilla dark brown or brownish black, mandible more brownish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 119.4-130.8 (125); wing, 71.6-76.2 (73.4); tail, 51.8-56.4 (53.1); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.9 (10.4); tarsus, 17.5-20.3 (18.3); middle toe, 10.4-119 (11.2).? Adult female (summer and winter). —Essentially similar to the male except in extent of the chestnut, which is often almost entirely absent, and never so strongly marked; whole pileum usually distinctly streaked with black on a gray, olive, or olive-green ground, the crown and ‘The chin, or at least its anterior margin, is usually dusky, sometimes whitish. * Eight specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 593 occiput usually more or less intermixed with chestnut, sometimes with a considerable patch of that color; chestnut of under parts sometimes wholly absent, but usually the area so colored in the male more or less distinctly indicated, especially across chest and along sides; forehead and sides of head never (#) black;’ length (skins), 113-123.2 (118.9); wing, 67.8-73.9 (69.6); tail, 48-52.8 (50); exposed culmen, 9.4-9.9 (9.6); tarsus, 17.8-19.3 (18.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.7 (10.9).? Young in first autumn and winter.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars dull yellowish olive-green, usually indistinctly (rarely dis- tinctly) streaked with black, often without streaks; rump and upper tail-coverts more grayish than back, with or without streaks; wings and tail as in adults, but white wing-bands usually tinged, more or less, with olive-yellowish; sides of head and neck mostly yellowish olive or dull olive-yellow, relieved by a dusky grayish loral and post- ocular streak, the eyelids white or pale yellowish; under parts pale buff or buffy whitish, more decidedly whitish on throat and ubdomen, more strongly buff on flanks and under tail-coverts, the former usually tinged (sometimes strongly) with chestnut. Young female, first plumage.—‘*Remiges, rectrices, primary coverts, and alule as in adult. Pileum, nape, and rump dull brown; back dull olive-green; upper tail-coverts slaty-black. Entire under parts creamy-white, with the slightest possible tinge of clay-color, varying to ashy on the breast No trace of chestnut on the flanks. Sides of head buff, strongly tinged with greenish on the auriculars and maxil- lary line. Each feather of the body, both above and beneath, with a large terminal spot of black; the posterio: half of abdomen, anal region, and crissum are, however, immaculate. In my collection, from Upton, Me., August 9, 1873.”° Eastern United States and British Provinces; north to Hudson Bay (Moose Factory, Hamilton Inlet, etc.) and Manitoba (Portage la Usually the adult female has the back more narrowly streaked than the adult male; sometimes the streaks, both on back and pileum, are nearly obsolete. * Eight specimens. : Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 58-59. Mr. Brewster adds that ‘a very complete suite of specimens, taken Jate in August and early in September, illustrates well the development of the plumage of the young of this species. The spotted feathers of the under parts, with the exception of a narrow line down the " center of the breast, are the first to disappear, and simultaneously with their removal, the chestnut flank-patches become apparent. Next the pileum and nape take on the autumnal green, and last of all the feathers of the back and central line beneath . arechanged. Adults of this species in fall dress are indistinguishable from the young, " except by the more pronounced chestnut on the sides.’’? While admitting the possi- - bility that adults assume a different plumage in winter, I would say that adult males ‘ inthe National Museum collection from Guatemala and Colombia (Bogota), pre- f sumably taken in winter, are in coloration exactly like spring and summer speci- - hens from the United States. 3654—voL 2—01——-38 594 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Prairie); west to edge the Great Plains; breeding southward to north ern Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and northern Michi gan (Mackinac Island). In winter southward through eastern Mexia and Central America’ to Colombia (numerous localities and records). No West Indian record. Sylvia castanea Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 97, pl. 14, fig. 4 (e. Pennsylvania; coll, Peale Museum ).—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 714.—Vieruior, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 452.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 189; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 80.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 382.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 358, pl. 69. Sylvicola castanea RicHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparte Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Aupunon, Synopsis, 1839, 53; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 34, pl. 80.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin); Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri). [Sylvicola] castanea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. M{niotilta] castanea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] castanea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3483. R{himanphus] castaneus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19 (Mexico). Dendroica castanea Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 276; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 197; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 189 (Turbo, Rio Truando, and Panama, Colombia).—ScLater and Sarviy, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 193 (Rio Truando and Turbo, Colombia).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 192 (remarkable abundance in e. Massachusetts and s. Wisconsin in spring of 1872); xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 251, pl. 13, figs. 4, 5.—Turnsr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory and Hamilton Inlet, Hudson Bay).— AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGIsTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 660.—Cooxz, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 250 (Nebraska, etc.; breeding at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba; dates, etc.).—Ripa@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 146.—THompson, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 619 (Manitoba, breeding).—Loomis, Auk, x, 1893, 155 (remarks on coloration).—Wuirs, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan, rare sum. resid.).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 215, pl. 12, fig. 4. -McIuwrarrn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 367 (Listowell, Ontario, breeding).—AtuEen, Auk, xvii, 1900, 367 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct. 27). D{endroica] castanea Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 501. Dendreca castanea Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).~ Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31.—Scuarer and Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.); 1879, 494 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colom- bia). —Wvyart, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Naranjo, Colombia).—Maynanrp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 10 (breeding habits).—Brewnr, Ibis, 1872, 334 (migra- tions) .—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 82; 2d ed., 1882, no. 123; Birds N. W., 1874, 61; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 243.—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8, Nat. Mus., po. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec City, Oct.).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iil, 1878, 58 (descr. young).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 100.— Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 182.—NEBRLING, Bull. | 1 Mexican and Central American records for this species are singularly few, only the State of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City) and Guatemala being represented, 80 far as] have been able to discover. Its line of migration would therefore appear to be chiefly across the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to Colombia. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 595 Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1882, 9 (s. e. Texas).—-Suarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 320, 650 (Bucaramanga, Remedios, and Medellin, Colombia; Panama and Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; Veragua). [Dendreeca] castanea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 101.—Scuarer and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D{endreca] castanea Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 304. Dendroeca castanea Sunpevauy, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 614 (monogr. ). Sylvia autumnalis Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 65, pl. 28, fig. 3.—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 632.—Visrior, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 448.— Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 195; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 390.—AuDuBzoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 447, pl. 88. ; DENDROICA STRIATA (Forster). BLACK-POLL WARBLER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Entire pileum uniform black; hindneck streaked with black and white, in varying relative propor- tion; back and scapulars broadly streaked with black on a gray, pale olive, or (more rarely) wood brown ground; rump and upper tail- coverts similar but less distinctly streaked, often (especially the rump) without streaks; tail dusky, with light gray edgings, the inner webs of two or three outermost rectrices with a subterminal patch of white (largest on the lateral rectrix); wings dusky with light olive edgings (more yellowish olive on primaries), the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands; sides of head white, including lower eyelid, suborbital region, auricular region, and malar region; sides of neck streaked with black and white; under parts white, broadly streaked laterally with black, the black streaks on sides of throat coalesced into two stripes converging and usually united on chin, forming a conspicuous V-shaped mark; under tail- coverts immaculate pure white; maxilla dusky with paler tomia; mandible horn brownish, paler basally; iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (yellowish in life?); length (skins), 118- 140 (125.8); wing, 71.4-77.6 (74.2); tail, 48.6-54 (51.3); tarsus, 18.4— 20.4 (19.1); middle toe, 10.8-13 (12). Adult female in spring and summer.—Above varying from olive- green to gray, streaked, more or less broadly, with blackish, the streaks usually more or less obsolete on rump; wings and tail as in adult male, but white wing-bands tinged with yellow (except in speci- mens having a gray upper surface); under parts varying from white to pale olive-yellow (with all intermediate conditions—the under tail- coverts always white), more or less distinctly streaked laterally with black or dusky, the streaks usually most distinct on sides of throat 1 Twenty-five specimens. 596 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and breast; length (skins), 115-127 (120.1); wing, 69-75 (71.5); tail, 45-51 (48.4); exposed culmen, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middle toe, 10.5-12 (11.5).’ Adult male in autumn and winter.’—-V ery different from the summer plumage. Above dull olive-green, passing gradually into dull gray on upper tail-coverts; back and scapulars (sometimes also pileum, rump, or upper tail-coverts) narrowly streaked with black; wings and tail as in summer plumage, but white wing-bands usually tinged with yellow; a narrow and indistinct superciliary streak of pale olive- yellowish, the upper eyelid whitish; auricular region and sides of neck olive or dull olive-greenish, like general color of upper parts; malar region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides pale olive-yellow or straw yellow, the sides and flanks indistinctly streaked with dusky; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white. Young in first autumn and winter.~—Similar to the adult male at same seasons, but under parts more extensively yellowish (only the under tail-coverts white), upper tail-coverts dull olive-greenish, like back, etc., instead of grayish, and back usually less distinctly streaked. Young, first pliunage.—Pileum, back, and scapulars light grayish brown streaked with black, the streaks more or less wedge-shaped, especially on back; rump very pale grayish brown or light buffy gray, transversely mottled or barred with black; upper tail-coverts grayish brown with indistinct paler tips and dusky shaft-streaks; under parts whitish, tinged with olive-yellow anteriorly, everywhere, except on under tail-coverts and lower abdomen, transversely mottled with dusky; wings and tail as in winter plumage. Eastern and northern North America, north to the limit of tree- growth; breeding from Ungava (Fort Chimo) and shores of Hudson 1 Seventeen specimens. Western specimens average larger than eastern, measurements -being as follows: Ex- i i Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mid i 3 culmen. MALES. Eleven adult males from Atlantic coast district ............ 73.5 50.9 10.1 19.1 11.8 Four adult males from Mississippi Valley................-.- 73.7 50.8 9.9 19, 123 Four adult males from Rocky Mountains..................- 75.4 52,2 10. 18.8 2. Six adult males from Alaska ...........2..2000ceeceeeeeeeeee 75.5 | 51.9 96} 194) 12 FEMALES. Nine adult females from Atlantic coast district............. 70.6 47.7 9.8] 19. he Five adult females from Mississippi Valley ................. 72,2 49.6 10. 19.2 IL6 Three adult females from Alaska ..........22....2.022 00005 723. 48.3 10. 19.5 6 *This species in winter plumage closely resembles inmature specimens 6f D. castanea, but may at once be distinguished by the pure white, instead of buff, under tail-coverts, and pale yellowish brown, instead of dusky, feet, independent of other differences, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 597 Bay to northern and western Alaska (Kowak River, Hotham Inlet, Nulato, etc ), southward to Gulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Islands, Anticosti Island), northern New England (mountains of Vermont, etc.), northeastern New York (Adirondack and Catskill Mountains), northern Michigan (Mackinac Island), Manitoba (?), and Colorado (Seven Lakes); west (during migration) to New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. In winter southward through West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cay- man, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santa Lucia, Guadeloupe, Barbados, etc.) to Tobago, Trinidad, and continent of South America (Guiana, Vene- zuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, and Chili). No Mexican nor Central American record. Accidental in southern Greenland (Godthaab, in 1853). Muscicapa .__. striata Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 406 (Severn River). Muscicapa striata Forster, Philos. Trans., xii, 1772, 428 (Hudson Bay). [Muscicapa] striata GmE.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 930.—LatnHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 481.—StrrHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 370. [Motacilla] striata Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 976 (based on Black-poll Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, 460; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 401). [Sylvia] striata Latnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 527. Sylvia striata Vinittot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 22, pls. 75, 76; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 219, 222; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 441, 464.—Wixson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 40, pl. 30, fig. 3; vi, 1812, 101, pl. 54, fig. 4 (female).— SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 645.—Bonapartsr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 199; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 81.—NurraLi, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 383.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 201, pl. 133.—Lempeyg, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 33. Sylvicola striata Swainson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 218.—Bona- PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Aupuzon, Synopsis, 1839, 52; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 28, pl. 78.—Rermnaarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 427 (Greenland).—Hernry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (Rio Mim- bres, New Mexico).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia); vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Axsrecnt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas). [Sylvicola] striata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. M[niotilta] striata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] striata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3474. Mniotilta striata Rernnarvr, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Godthaab, Greenland). R{himanphus] striatus Casants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 20. Rhimamphus striatus GunpLacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 475 (Cuba); 1861, 409 (do.).—Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 143 (Bogota, Colombia). Dendroica striata Barrn, Rep. Pacific R. RB. Surv., ix, 1858, 280; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 202; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 163, 192.—Hewry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Covss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 220 (Labrador) .—Buaxsron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan ).—Datt and Bay- ister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Nulato, Alaska).—Datt, Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 600 (Yukon R., Alaska).—Gunp.acu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 414 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 181 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 248, pl. 13, figs. 9, 12.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding).—Hysnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 17); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1875, 198 (do. ). Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).—AmERIcAN OrnitHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 661.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35 (West Indian references); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 49; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (New Providence, Watlings I., Great Inagua, and Arguilla, Bahamas; Cuba; Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Porto Rico; Barbados) .—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., u. w. Alaska).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 202.—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 251 (dates of migr., etc. ).—Rine- way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 147.—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii,1890, 619 (Manitoba; breeding?).—Macrarians, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, xiv, 1891, 444 (Anderson R., arctic Am., breeding).—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 217, pl. 12, fig. 3.—Wurrts, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac L., Michigan, rare sum. resid.).—THorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, common in May).—Bisnor, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 90 (Log Cabin, Lake Marsh, and Caribou Crossing, Alaska).—Atzzny, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda, province Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct., Nov.).—Osaoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Fort Kenai, Alaska).— Howe 1, Auk, xviii, 1901, 344 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding).—Bicz- Low, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Labrador, breeding north to limit of tree growth). Dendroica striatus GunpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba). Dendreca striata ScuatEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Jamaica; Tobago; Bogota).— Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 62 (interior British America).—SctatTer and Savi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela).—Covzs, Check List, 1878, no. 81; 2d ed., 1882, no. 122; Birds N. W., 1874, 60; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 288.—Nerwron, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (Godthaab, 1 spec., 1853).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles).—Mrnot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Seven Lakes, Colorado, summer resident; Denver, May).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 61.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 101.—ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 158 (Austins Bluffs, Colorado, May 8, 9).— Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Magdalen Islands and Anticosti I., breeding).—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 622 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles).—McLenscan, Cruise ‘‘ Corwin,’’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R. and Hotham Inlet, Alaska).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 325, 650 (Roraima, British Guiana; Oyapoc, French Guiana; Rio Negro; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; etc.).—James, New List Chilian Birds, 1892, 2. [Dendreca] striata Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 101.—Scrater and Satviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D{endreca] striata Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Covzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 303. Dendroeca striata SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 614 (monogr. ). Dendroica pinus (error) Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 220 (Labrador). Dendreca atricapilla LanpsBeck, Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1864, 56 (Chile). Anthus breviunguis Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 75, pl. 76, fig. 1 (Brazil) .—BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 120.—Sctarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 24 (Trinidad ).—PxrizEin, Orn. Bras., 1871, 69, 463. [Anthus] breviunguis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 250, no. 3631. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 599 DENDROICA VIGORSII VIGORSII (Audubon). PINE WARBLER. Largest species of the genus (wing 67.5-76 in male, 66.5-70 in female); upper parts (except wings and tail) unicolored (plain olive- green, grayish olive, or olive-brownish); wing-bands dull white or grayish. Adult male in spring and summer.—Above plain bright olive-green, usually becoming more grayish on scapulars; wings and tail dusky with dull gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull white or pale gray, producing two distinct bands; inner webs of two outermost rectrices extensively white terminally, the white on lateral rectrix occupying nearly the terminal half, the outer web more or less broadly edged with white; sides of head and neck olive-green, the former relieved by a narrow, usually indistinct, superciliary streak and a crescentic suborbital spot of yellow, the lores usually darker olive-green, often becoming dusky at anterior angle of eye; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast—usually upper portion of abdomen also—yellow (intermediate between gamboge and canary yellow), the sides of chest and breast usually streaked, more or less, with olive-greenish, sometimes distinctly streaked with dusky; posterior under parts dull whitish, the under tail-coverts gray basally; bill brownish black, the mandible more brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer dress, but plumage softer and colors purer, especially the yellow of under parts, which is nearly clear lemon yellow; bill more brownish, the basal portion of mandible decidedly paler. Adult female in spring and summer.—Smaller and much duller in color than the male; above plain olive, or dull olive-greenish, inclining to gray on hindneck and scapulars, sometimes almost wholly dull gray; beneath pale olive-yellowish anteriorly and dull whitish posteriorly, sometimes wholly dull grayish white, faintly tinged with yellow on chest, the sides and flanks more strongly tinged with olive or grayish, and sometimes obsoletely streaked with darker, especially on sides of chest; wings and tail as in the male. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer dress, but plumage softer, the upper parts tinged with brown and under parts tinged with buff. Young male in first autumn and winter ?—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but upper parts tinged with brown, the lower parts with buff. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female of corresponding season, but more decidedly brown above and more strongly tinged with buff below. 00 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young male, first plumage.—Above plain broccoli brown, the wings nd tail as in the adult, but wing-bands narrower, more or less strongly uffy; beneath dull whitish, strongly shaded across chest and along des and flanks with pale broccoli brown. Young female, first plumage.—Similar to the young male, but upper arts rather less decidedly brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-136 (125.2); wing, 67.5-76 (72.9); uil, 51.5-58 (54.4); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.9); depth of bill at ostrils, 4-4.5 (4.2); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.5); middle toe, 12-13.5 . (2.7).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-128 (120.2); wing, 66.5-70.5 38.4); tail, 50.5-53.5 (52.2); exposed culmen, 9.8-11 (10.6); depth of ill at nostrils, 4; tarsus, 17-19 (18.2); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.4).* Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, north 9 Minnesota, Manitoba (to Lake Winnipeg), Ontario (Lake Muskoka, lamilton, etc.), New York. southern Maine, and New Brunswick; reeding southward to southern Florida and Gulf States, wintering in outhern States (Florida to Texas) and northward to coast district of "irginia, southern Illinois, etc., occasionally to Massachusetts; occa- ional in Bermudas. Sylvia pinus (not of Latham, 1790) Wizson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 25, pl. 19, fig. 4— StepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 737, part.—V1gILLor, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 464.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 194; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 81.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 387.— Aupupon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 132, pl. 111. Th[riothurus] ? pinus StepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 194, part. Sylvicola pinus Jarping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 316, pl., 19, fig. 4. —Ricu- ARDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparte, Geog. and 1 Twenty-seven specimens. 2 Nine specimens. Specimens from different localities (mostly taken during breeding season) average 3 follows: Dep iddl Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen. a Lass Tarsus. Mie e trils. MALES. ine adult males from Pennsylvania to Massa- CHUS CEES tre, criars crsciaciarinegorssatg:sieicichayeria Steainitentslanein sine 71.2 53.9 10.7 4.2 18.7 12.5 ive adult males from lower Maryland and coast Of ViTSINIS: oseresescacqanes oeeniaeedeseseareaics 74.1 54.9 11 4,2 18.6 12.6. ixadult males from South Carolinaand Alabama.| 74.3 | 54.8 10.8 4.3 18.4 12.8. our adult males from Florida...-...-.---......-+ 71.2 54 11.6 4,2 18.4 B hree adult males from Mississippi Valley........ 75 64.3 10.5 4 18,3 12.7. FEMALES, ne adult female from District of Columbia ...... 69.5 53 10 4.5 19 B ive adult females from South Carolina to Florida.| 68.4 52.6 10.9 4 18 122 hree adult females from Mississippi Valley...... 68.2 51.2 10.2 4 18.3 12.5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 601 Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Aupugon, Synopsis, 1839, 54; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 37, pl. 82.—Hurois, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 35 (Bermudas, Oct. ).— Woopxovss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 70 (Texas).— Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).—Kennicort, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soc., 1855, 583 (Illinois). —Maxrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 312 (Bermudas).—Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas ).—Tripre, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 114 (Minnesota ?). [Vermivora] pinus Swainson Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 245. Mniotilta pinus Swainson, Birds W. Africa, i, Mar., 1837, 273, in text. M [niotilta] pinus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] pinus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3484. [Rhimamphus] pinus Bonararte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 311. Dendroica pinus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 277; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 198; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190.—Vernriut, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 156 (Maine).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 268, pl. 13, fig. 6. Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (s. New England, breeding). Dendroica] pinus Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 368 (Illinois, breeding). Dendreca pinus ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 31 (Pennsylvania). —Mcliwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 268 (e. Florida, abt. winter).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 91, 2d ed., 1882, no. 134; Birds N. W., 1874, 69; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 251.— Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 107 (s. Maine, breeding ).— Roperts and Brenner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 13 (Herman, Minne- sota).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 111.—Neuruine, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 9 (Harris Co., s. 'e. Mexas, winter).—Browng, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 119 (Framingham, Massachusetts, Dec. 5; 4 specs. ).— Merriam, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 128 (Adirondacks, New York, 1 spec., May).—Gronptvic, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 71 (Shiocton, Wisconsin, Apr. 31 to May 12).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 120 (Duxbury, Massachusetts, Dec. 27).—Suarvz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 323, 650.—AGeErsBorG, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota). [Dendreca] pinus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 105. D[endreca] pinus NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n. e. Illinois, breed- ing).—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 307. Dendroeca pinus Sunpevaut, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 612 (monogr. ). Dendreca pina Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., vy, 1868, 272.—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1873, 48. Sylvia vigorsii AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 153, pl. 30 (Perkioming Creek, e. Penn- sylvania). Vireo vigorsii Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 318. Dendroica vigorsii! Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 356; Orn. linois, i, 1889, 152.—Sresnecer, Auk, ti, Oct., 1885, 343.—AmERIcAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 671.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 326 The following West Indian citations I am not able, in the absence of specimens, to correctly place: Dendreca pinus Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 33. Dendroica vigorsii Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 352 (Cay Sal, Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, part (Great Bahama, Andros, and Cay Sal islands, Baha- mas; Haiti). They are more likely to refer to D. v. achrustera or D. v. abacoensis—or some unnamed insular form or forms—than to true D. vigorsii. 02 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Lake Winnipeg).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (Mississippi Valley localities, ete.; winters north to s. Illinois).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 620 (Manitoba, breeding)..—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 26 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, breeding).—Raupx and Bace, Auk, vii, 1890, 23) (OneidaCo., NewYork, breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 567 (migrant).— Brimiey, Auk, viii, 1891, 199 (Raleigh, North Carolina; breeding habits).— Arrwarer, Auk, ix, 1892, 341 (San Antonio, Texas; rare migr.).—Warrs, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michigan; rare sum. resid.).—Nenrtine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 232.—McIiwrairu, Birds Ontario, 1894, 371 (Hamilton, Ontario, breeding)—ALLEN, Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa and Aucilla rivers, n. w. Florida, breeding).—HeEnnincgr, Auk, xv, 1898, 331 (Waverly, Ohio, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 114 (Louisiana, breeding).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Lake Muskoka, Ontario, 1 spec.; Apr. 30, 1898). D[endroica] v[igorsii] vigorsiti Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text. DENDROICA VIGORSII ACHRUSTERA (Bangs). NASSAU PINE WARBLER, Similar to D. v. vigorsi’, but wing much shorter, tail relatively longer, nd bill and feet larger; yellow of under parts averaging paler, not xtending to flanks or lower abdomen; yellow supraloral line averag- ig broader, more distinct; white on inner webs of lateral rectrices iore restricted. Young (in first plumage) with upper parts much rowner (cinnamon-brown or nearly prouts brown). Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-130 (123.2); wing, 64-69 (65.9); uil, 54-56 (54.2); exposed culmen, 11.5-19.5 (12); depth of bill at ostrils, 44.5 (4.1); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.9); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.4).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-123 (121.5); wing, 62-63 (62.5); iil, 51.5-52 (51.7); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); depth of bill at ostrils, 4; tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.2); middle toe, 18-13.5 (18.2).” Island of New Providence, Bahamas. This is clearly an insular form of D. vigorsii, differing only in its aorter wing, larger bill and feet, and relatively longer tail. Every haracter of coloration in adult birds I find in occasional specimens of ‘ue D. vigorsiz, which is exceedingly variable in respect to extent of ae yellow on the under parts, and other color characters. Sylvicola pinus (not Sylvia pinus Wilson, nor of Latham) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 67 (Bahamas).* Dendreca pinus Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 69, part. [Dendreca] pinus Cory, List Birds, W. I., 1885, 8, part. 1Four specimens. 2 Two specimens. 3No particular island is mentioned, but a specimen from the Bryant collection in 1e U. 8. National Museum collection agrees closely with the examples from New rovidence, and is probably from that island. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 603 Dendroica vigorsii (not Sylvia vigorsii Audubon) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39, part (Bahamas, part); Birds W. I., 1889, 53, part (do.); Cat. W.1. Birds, 1892, 118 part (New Providence I., Bahamas).—Rineway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence, Apr. 17, 19). Dendroica bahamensis (not D. pityophila bahamensis Cory, 1891) Maynarp, App. to Cat. of Birds of the W. I., Nov. 29, 1899, 33 (New Providence I., Baha- mas; coll. C. J. Maynard).! Dendroica achrustera Banas, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 292 (Nassau, New Prov- idence I., Bahamas; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Dlendroica] vigorsti achrustera Ripaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69, in text. DENDROICA VIGORSII ABACOENSIS Ridgway. ABACO PINE WARBLER. Similar to D. v. vigorsii, but decidedly larger, with relatively shorter wing and with under parts more extensively whitish posteriorly; simi- lar to D. v. achrustera, but larger and with yellow of under parts brighter and with flanks much less strongly tinged with brown. Adult male.—Length (skin), 133; wing, 70; tail, 57; exposed cul- men, 13.5; depth of bill at nostrils, 5; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 13.5.” Island of Abaco, Bahamas. (?) Dendreca pinus (not Sylvia pinus Wilson, nor of Latham) Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 69, part. (?) Dendroica vigorsii (not Sylvia vigorsii Audubon) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39, part (Bahamas, part); Birds W. I., 1889, 53, part (do.). Dendroica vigorsii Ripaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I., Bahamas, Apr. 1).— Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, part (Abaco I.). Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis Rripeway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 69 (Abaco Island, Bahamas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). DENDROICA KIRTLANDII Baird. KIRTLAND’S WARBLER. Adult male in spring.—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, and auricu- lar region bluish slate-gray or dull plumbeous, the first usually more or less streaked with black; anterior portion of forehead, lores, and space between lower eyelid and malar region black, gradually blending posteriorly into the gray of the auricular region; a white crescentic spot or bar on lower eyelid, and a smaller, narrower mark of white on upper eyelid; back and scapulars brownish gray or hair brown, broadly streaked with black; rump and upper tail-coverts slate-gray, narrowly (sometimes obsoletely) streaked with black; wings and tail dusky with pale brownish gray or grayish brown edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with paler brownish gray or grayish Type now in the collection of E. A. and O. Bangs, Boston, Massachusetts. One specimen, the only one seen. 604 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. brown, sometimes approaching dull white; inner webs of two outer- most rectrices with a terminal white spot, this about 18-22 long on the lateral rectrix; malar region, chin, throat, and rest of under parts pale lemon, canary, or primrose yellow, fading into white on under tail-coverts; sides and flanks grayish, streaked with dusky, the pro- nounced gray area on each side of breast separated from the yellow of the median portion by a series of broad black streaks; chest usually with a few small flecks of dusky, sometimes immaculate yellow; maxilla blackish with pale brownish tomia; mandible horn brownish, darker terminally, paler basally; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn brown- ish; length (skins), 125-150 (184.6); wing, 70-72 (71.4); tail, 57-65 (58.8); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.9); tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.3); middle toe, 12-13 (12.6).* Adult female in spring.—Similar to the adult male, but duller in color; the bluish slate-gray of pileum, hindneck, and rump replaced with brownish gray; black streaks of back and scapulars rather nar- rower; yellow of under parts averaging slightly paler, and chest more frequently as well as more extensively speckled or flecked with dusky; length (skins) 126-138 (182.1); wing, 64-71 (66.7); tail, 538-58 (56.4); exposed culmen, 11-18 (11.9); tarsus, 21-22 (21.3); middle toe, 12-18 (12.3).? Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces, chiefly west of the Alleghenies; very irregularly distributed and breeding range unknown; has been taken in the following States: Ohio (Cleve- land; Rockport; Hamilton County); Indiana (Wabash); Illinois (Win- nebago and Cook counties); Missouri (St. Louis County); Minnesota (Minneapolis); Wisconsin (Racine); Michigan (Ann Arbor; Straits of Mackinac); Virginia (Fort Myer); South Carolina (Chester); also in Ontario (Toronto). Winters in the Bahamas (Watlings, Green Cay, Berry, Abaco, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, North Caicos, Hast Caicos, and Grand Caicos islands). Sylvicola kirtlandii Barrp, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 217, pl. 6 (Cleve- land, Ohio; type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Zucuoxp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 355.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1855, 278, pl. 47. Dendroica kirtlandii Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 286; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 205; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 206 (at sea, bet. Abaco, Baha- mas, and Cuba; 2 additional specs. from Cleveland, Ohio).—Wueaton, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 374 (Cleveland, Ohio; Racine, Wisconsin).— Strong, Auk, xv, 1898, 331 (no valid record for Pennsylvania). Dendroica kirtlandi Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 272, pl. 14, fig. 5.—AmericaN OrnitHotoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 670.—Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 337 (Watlings I., Bahamas, Mar. 4 to9), 338 (Green Cay, Bahamas, Apr. 12).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 38; viii, 1891, 295 (Berry Islands, Bahamas), 297 (Caicos Islands, Bahamas, Jan. or Feb.), 298 (Abaco I., Bahamas, Mar.); Birds W. I., 1889, 52; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, 155 (Abaco, Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Wat 1 Five specimens. * Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 605 lings I., Green Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caicos, and East Caicos, Baha- mas).—Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (St. Louis, Missouri, May 8).— Smirn and Patwer, Auk, v, 1888, 148 (Fort Myer, Virginia, Sept. 25).— Wasupurn, Auk, vi, 1889, 280 (Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 1).—Loomrs, Auk, viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Oct. 11).—GuiLrorp, Auk, x, 1891, 86 (Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 13).—Neuruinu, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 231.—Gautt, Auk, xi, 1894, 258 (Glen Ellyn, n. e. Illinois, May 7).—Utrey, Proc. Ind. Ae. Sci., 1895, 147 (Wabash, Indiana, May, 1895).— Uxrey and Watwace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, May 4, 1892).—Burier, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci.) 1895, 168 (Wabash, Indiana, May 7, 1895).—CrapMan, Auk, xv, 1898, 289, pl. 4 (historical, etc.); xvi, 1899, 81 (Winnebago Co., Illinois, May 25, 1894).—BiLackwewper, Auk, xvi, 1899, 359 (Morgan Park, Chicago, Illinois, May 21, 1899).—Banas, Auk, xvii, 1900, 292 (New Providence I., Bahamas, Mar. 4+ and Apr. 5).—Samuzt, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Toronto, Ontario, May 16, 1900). D[endroica] kirtlandi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 514. Dendroeca kirtlandi Sunpevaty, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 617 (monogr. ). [Dendreca] kirtlandii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104. Dendreca kirtlandi Cours, Check List, 1878, no. 89; 2d ed., 1884, no. 131: Birds Col. Val., 1878, 249; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 49 (Ann Arbor, Michi- gan, May 16; descr. adult fe.nale).—Lanapon, Cat. Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 6 (Avondale, Hamilton Co., Ohio).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 118 (Andros I., Bahamas, Jan. 9; descr. adult female); Birds Bahamas I., 1880, 66.—Purpig, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 185 (Ann Arbor, Michi- gan, May 16; list of known specimens).—Wuearon, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 58 (Rockport, Cuyahoga .Co., Ohio, 2 or 3 specs., spring of 1878).— Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 110.—Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 376 (Straits of Mackinac, Michigan, May 21, 1885).—Wipmann, Auk, ii, 1885, 382 (near St. Louis, Missouri, May 8, 1885).—Suarpsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 322. {Dendreca] kirtlandi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885. 8. D{endreca] kirtlandi Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 306. [Mniotilta] kirtlandii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no 3492. [Mniotilta] kirtlandi Giree1, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 603. DENDROICA PITYOPHILA PITYOPHILA (Gundlach). CUBAN WARBLER, Adult in spring and summer.—Forehead and crown yellowish olive- green, obsoletely streaked with darker; rest of upper parts, including sides of head and neck, plain slate-gray, the lores and suborbital region more dusky; wings and tail dusky with light brownish gray edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale brownish gray, producing two indistinct bars across wing; inner webs of two lateral rectrices with a large white terminal wedge-shaped spot; chin, throat, median portion of chest, and part of malar region light lemon or canary yellow; rest of under parts dull white medially, pale brown- ish gray laterally, the flanks more tinged with brown; between the yellow on lower throat and median portion of breast and the gray on 606 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sides of neck and chest a series of broad black streaks or spots, these sometimes extending beyond the yellow over sides of breast, where the gray on each side encroaches more upon the white of the median portion; bill black; legs and feet dark horn brown; length (skins), 111.8-114.3 (113); wing, 56-60.4 (58.9); tail, 48.2-50.3 (49.4); exposed culmen, 10-10.4 (10.3); tarsus, 16-16.7 (16.4); middle toe, 10.6-11 (10.8). Adult (#) male in winter.’—Similar to the spring and summer plum- age but general color of upper parts smoke gray, jess strongly con- trasted with olive-green of crown and forehead; sides and flanks more strongly tinged with pale brown; black streaks along iateral margin of yellow chest-patch less distinct, and bill light horn brownish instead of black. Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season and not always distinguishable, but usually very slightly duller in color, or with the black streaks along lateral margin of yellow chest-patch smaller or less distinct; length (skins), 109.2-115.6 (111.8); wing, 55.9-57.7 (57); tail, 47.5-48.3 (48.5); exposed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 16.3-16.8 (16.5); middle toe, 10.7-11.4 (11). Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles (in pine woods). Sylvicola pityophila Gunpuacu, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1855, 160 (Cuba).— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307. Rhimamphus pityophilus GunDLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 240. Dendroica pityophila Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 208.—Cory, Auk, 1ii, 1886, 38; Birds W. I., 1889, 52; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 129. D{endroica] pityophila Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 515. D{endroica] pityophila Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 221. . Dendreca pityophila Gunpuacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234.—Covzs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 296 (synonymy).—Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 38 (Cuba).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 322. [Dendreca] pityophila Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendroeca pityophila Sunpevau, Ofv. k. Vet.-Akad Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 612 (monogr. ). [Mniotilta] pityophila Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3499.—GrnsEL, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 606. DENDROICA PITYOPHILA BAHAMENSIS Cory. BAHAMA WARBLER, Adult male.— Upper parts, including sides of the head and neck, plumbeous gray, not light ash gray as in Dendroica pityophila Gund- lach. Forehead and crown greenish yellow, showing light yellow at the base of the upper mandible; throat and upper breast yellow, bor- dered on the breast by a few feathers marked unevenly with black. 1Five specimens. ? Possibly young male in first winter. 3 Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 607 Belly dull white shading into gray on the sides and flanks. A faint indication of wing bands, showing very faintly in some specimens. Tail dark brown, the two outer feathers showing an arrow-shaped white mark on the terminal portion of the inner webs, variable in dif- ferent specimens; most of the feathers of the wings and tail showing very narrow grayish edging on the outer webs. Bill and feet dark brown. Closely allied to Dendroica pityophila of Cuba. Length, 4,50; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.00; tarsus 0.60; bill, 0.45. “The female resembles the male, but the colors are slightly paler, and it is perhaps somewhat smaller. “ Habitat.—Abaco and Great Bahama islands, Bahamas.”? Dendroica pityophila bahamensis Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348 (Abaco I., Baha- mas; coll. C. B. Cory), 350 (Great Bahama and Abaco islands); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 127, 155 (Abaco and Great Bahama islands). DENDROICA DISCOLOR (Vieillot). PRAIRIE WARBLER, Adult male in spring and summer. — Above yellowish olive-green, brightest on pileum and hindneck, slightly tinged or intermixed with grayish on upper tail-coverts; interscapulars chestnut centrally, more or less broadly margined or edged with olive-green; wings and tail dusky, with pale grayish olive edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale yellow or light olive-yellow, the outer webs of greater coverts sometimes yellowish terminally; inner webs of three outer- most rectrices extensively white terminally, this occupying approxi- mately one-half the web on lateral rectrix, successively smaller on the next two; superciliary stripe (broadest anteriorly), large subor- bital crescentic spot, malar region and under parts clear gamboge or lemon yellow, paler posteriorly (under tail-coverts primrose yellow); a loral and short postocular streak, a broad curved streak or crescentic patch immediately beneath the yellow suborbital spot, and a series of broad black streaks beginning on sides of lower throat and continued along sides to flanks, black; bill dark brown (the maxilla nearly black), paler on tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but chestnut spots on back more or less concealed (often quite so) by broader olive-green margins to the feathers. Adult female in spring and summer.-—Similar to the male and some- times hardly distinguishable, but usually much duller in color, with the chestnut spots on back indistinct (often obso.ete); the black mark- ings on sides of head replaced by dull grayish, and the black streaks along sides less distinct, especially on flanks, where grayish, or obsolete; olive-green of upper parts sometimes partly replaced by grayish, and yellow of lower parts by dull whitish. ‘Cory, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 348. 608 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but plumage softer and colors more blended. Lnmature male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but concealed chestnut spots on back smaller; tips of middle wing-coverts duller pale yellowish olive; olive-green of bead more or less tinged with gray; black markings on sides of head much less distinct; black streaks on sides and flanks narrower, and mandible pale brownish (dull flesh color in life?), with darker tip. Inmature female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female of corresponding season, but duller clive-green above, pattern of sides of head indistinct or obsolete, and streaks along sides and flanks still less distinct, sometimes obsolete. i Young female, first plumage.—Above plain hair brown or grayish broccoli brown; remiges and rectrices dusky, with pale yellowish gray edgings; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale buffy, pro- ducing two narrow bars across wing; sides of head plain pale hair brown, relieved by a small and narrow spot of dull yellowish white on each eyelid; chin, throat, and chest pale hair brown; rest of under parts dull yellowish white, or pale dull primrose yellow, the breast narrowly streaked with hair brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-117 (111); wing, 55.5-59 (57.6); tail, 45-50 (47.8); exposed culmen, 8.8-10 (9.4); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.3).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 100-111 (105); wing, 51-57 (54.1); tail, 41-50 (44.3); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18).? 1Ten specimens, from Atlantic coast district of United States. 2 Hight specimens, from Atlantic coast district of United States. The specimens measured from the Atlantic States compare in average measurements with those from the Mississippi Valley and others from the Bahamas (the latter evidently resident birds), as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus, culmen.. MALES. ; Ten adult males, Virginia to Massachusetts ......-.-----------2+2+ 57.6 47.8 9.4 18.8 Three adult males from Tennessee and Kentucky......-----.------ ' 53.6 43.6 9.6 18 Four adult males from Abaco, Green Cay, and Rum Cay, Bahamas. 87.6 47,1 10.2 18 FEMALES. Eight adult females from Maryland to Florida ........-..---.....++ 54.1 44.3 9.2 18 Three adult females from Abaco and New Providence, Bahamas. . | 53 46.2 10 18.1 Specimens from the islands of Abaco, New Providence, and Green Cay, and part of those from Rum Cay, Bahamas, evidently represent resident birds, since they dif- fer from ail examples from the United States in decidedly larger bill and much broader yellow superciliary stripe, the latter encroaching anteriorly on the sides of the forehead. Specimens from other Bahama islands, including most of those exam- ined from Rum Cay, are not distinguishable from United States examples, and with- out much doubt are winter visitors from the latter country. Until more is known of the Bahama resident birds, however, I do not venture to separate them sub- specifically. ’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 609 Eastern United States, breeding north to Massachusetts, southern Ontario (Toronto), southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin (2), etc., south to Florida, Bahamas (islands of Abaco, New Providence, and Green Cay), and probably to the Gulf States in general; occurring irregularly north to northern Michigan (Mackinac Island); west to edge of the Great Plains, in eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, etc.; in winter south nearly throughout West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, Mona, Culebra, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, and Martinique, Lesser Antilles), island of Cozumel, Yucatan (January), and Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (1 specimen, February 12); Bermudas (October). Sylvia discolor Virttuor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 37, pl. 98 (United States and Greater Antilles); Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 181; Enc. Méth, ii, 1823, 445.—SterHEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 716.—Bonaparre, Ann Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 82.—Lusson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, “294,” i. e. 394. —AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 76, pl. 14.—Brewenr, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1827, 436 (Massachusetts) .— Lemseye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 32, pl. 6, fig. 2. Sylvicola discolor Jarpinz, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1832, 375.—Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonapanrts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—Avpugon, Synopsis, 1839, 62; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 68, pl. 97.— Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 159.—Jarpinz, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermu- das, aut. visit.).—Hurois, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas, Oct. ).— Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin ).—Prarren, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 602 (Illinois).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas, breeding); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo), 250 (Porto Rico); Journ. fir Orn., 1866, 184 (do.).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). [Sylvicola] discolor BonAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 308. M[niotilta] discolor Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilia] discolor Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3486. Rhimamphus discolor Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 474 (Cuba). Dendroica discolor Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858 290; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 210; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 213, part (Jamaica; Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix).—Gunpiacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872, 416 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 186 (Porto Rico).—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 276, pl. 14, fig. 9.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, breeding).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan, winter); x, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 155.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 39 (West Indian references); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman and Cayman Brac) ; vii, 1890, 375 (Tortola and Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius), 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher); ix, 1892, 48, 49 (Maraguna and Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 53; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Bir- ‘Perhaps also Rum Cay and other islands of the group. These resident Bahama birds are recognizably different from birds breeding in the United States, as explained on p. 608 (footnote), and may require subspecific separation. 3654—-voL 2—01 39 610 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. minis, Berry islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Keys, Concepcion, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Green Cay, Maraguna, North Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti, Mona, Porto Rico, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; St. Eustatius and St. Christopher, Lesser Antilles).—Amerr- can OrniTHotoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 673.—Couzs (E. B.), Auk, v, 1888, 405-408 (Washington, District of Columbia; nesting habits, etc.).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 255 (e. Kansas; e. Nebraska; West Liberty, Iowa; Pierce City, Missouri).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Tar- pon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida, breeding ).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 570 (summer resid. in e. Kansas).—Neruriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 236, pl. 13, fig. 2.—(?) Waurre, Auk, x, 1893, 228 (Mackinac I., Michi- gan, migr.).—Uurey and Watuacer, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, May 2).—SamueL, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391 (Toronto, Ontario, May 11).—Ames, Auk, xviii, 1901, 106 (Toronto, May 11). D[endroica] discolor Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 516. Dendreca discolor Nrwron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix).—Scuatzr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33 (do.).— AusBrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 194 (Jamaica).—ALLEeN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125 (e. Kansas, common in May).—Couss, Check List, 1873, no. 86; 2d ed., 1882, no. 127; Birds N. W., 1874, 63; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 246.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 59 (deser. young).—Gunn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (Ottawa Co., Michigan, 1 spec., May 21).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 64; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti) Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 31.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 114.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 142 (at sea near Swan I., Caribbean Sea).—Acrrssore, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. Dakota).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 307, 648.—Hows, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Uxbridge, Vermont, 1 spec., ‘‘ Dec. 4, 1884"). [Dendreca] discolor Coves, Key N. Am. Birds,'1872, 103.—Sciater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. D[endreca] discolor Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100 (n. e. Illinois; breed- ing?).—Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 305. Dendroeca discolor SunpEvat, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rico), 615 (monogr.). Sylvia minuta Wiison, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 87, pl. 25, fig. 4. Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 86. Phyllopneuste minuta Bors, Isis, 1828, 321. Sylvicola minuta Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Jamaica; Cuba). DENDROICA VITELLINA Cory. VITELLINE WARBLER, Similar to D. discolor, but much larger; under tail-coverts yellow, back never spotted with chestnut, and sides of breast without black or dusky streaks. Adult male.—Above uniform yellowish olive-green; wings and tail dusky with yellowish olive-green edgings (these more grayish on prl- mary coverts and terminal portion of remiges), the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with canary yellow, the outer webs of greater coverts BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 611 passing terminally into pale dull olive-yellow; inner webs of two outer- most rectrices with a large terminal or subterminal spot of white; sides of head, including a narrow superciliary stripe (becoming indistinct or obsolete beyond eye), a large crescentic suborbital space, greater part of auricular region, whole malar region, and entire under parts clear lemon yellow, the sides and flanks very indistinctly streaked with olive- greenish (these streaks more distinct on sides of breast); a postocular anda rictal streak of olive-greenish; maxélla brownish black, with paler tomia; mandible horn. brownish, paler basally; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 115-119 (117); wing, 55-59 (56.8); tail, 51; exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 19-91 (19.8).1 Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish- able, but usually (?) slightly duller in color; length, 105-115 (110.5); wing, 58-56 (54.5); tail, 47-49 (47.4); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 19-20 (19.5).? Young, jirst plumage.—Above plain light grayish brown, somewhat darker on back; middle and greater wing coverts edged with lighter brownish and indistinctly tipped with dull light buffy; remiges and rectrices dusky, edged with light olive, these edgings on tertials broader and paler; lower parts entirely dull whitish, faintly tinged with yel- low posteriorly, strongly tinged with grayish brown on sides of breast. (Described from No. 111,258, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Swan Island, Caribbean Sea, February 3, 1887; C. H. Townsend.) [Some apparently adult specimens, of both sexes, possibly vounger birds, are duller in color than those from which the above descriptions of the adult male and female are taken, while several which are other- wise as bright colored have the olive-green of the upper parts, espe- cially on the hindneck and part of the pileum, replaced by clear ash gray, and the yellow of the throat by a much paler tint, almost yel- lowish white. Having only one specimen, an adult female, from the island of Grand Cayman (the type locality) for comparison with the Swan Island series, I can not be sure that the birds of the two islands are really identical. ] Islands of Grand Cayman and Swan Island, Caribbean Sea. Dendroica vitellina Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 497, 501 (Grand Cayman, “aribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cory); iv, 1887, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); v, 1888, 157 (Grand Cayman); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman; Cayman Brac); Birds W. I., 1889, 286; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 129, 155 (Grand Cayman).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 574 (Grand Cayman), 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea; descr. young). 'Five specimens, from Swan Island, Caribbean Sea. *Four specimens, from Swan Island, Caribbean Sea. A single female from Grand Cayman (the type locality) measures: Length ue 112; wing, 52; tail, 45; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 20. 612 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. DENDROICA PALMARUM PALMARUM (Gmelin). PALM WARBLER. Wings dusky with light grayish brown or brownish gray edging: but without any distinct bands; a yellow or whitish superciliary stripe under parts with at least the under tail-coverts yellow; spring an summer adults with a chestnut pileum. Adults (sexes alike’) in spring and summer.—Forehead and crow uniform bright chestnut, the former sometimes blackish anteriorly where divided by a short and narrow median line of whitish or pal: yellowish; rest of upper parts grayish olive or hair brown, narrowh; and indistinctly streaked with darker, especially on back and scap ulars; lower rump and upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive o: olive-greenish, the larger coverts more brownish, with indistinct mesia streaks of darker; wings and tails dusky with light grayish brown o1 brownish gray edgings, these most distinct on the terminal portion o: middle and greater wing-coverts; inner web of two outermost rectrice: with a large terminal spot of white, the third sometimes with a smal terminal spot of the same; a narrow superciliary stripe of pale yellow a triangular spot of dusky at anterior angle of eye, and a similar bu! smaller postocular spot; auricular region grayish brown, sometime: finely streaked anteriorly with dull brownish white; an indistinct sub- orbital space of dull brownish white; malar region dull whitish, some times tinged with yellow; chin, throat, chest, and under tail-coverts canary yellow, the intervening under parts (breast and abdomen) dull whitish, usually more or less tinged with yellow; chest (at least lat- -ervally) streaked with brown or chestnut, the sides and flanks less dis- tinctly streaked; sometimes a series of brown or chestnut streaks along each side of throat; bill brownish black with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins). Adults in winter.—Forehead and crown grayish brown, streaked with dusky, sometimes with a slight admixture of chestnut, mostly con- cealed; superciliary stripe, chin, throat, and chest dull white instead of yellow; otherwise like the spring and summer plumage, but back, etc., rather browner, and with darker streaks less distinct (sometimes obsolete), and streaks on chest, sides, etc., never (?) chestnut. Young in first autumn and winter.—Similar to fall and winter adults, but much browner (olive-brown) above, superciliary stripe less distinct, and markings of under parts more suffused. Young in first plumage not seen. Adult male.—Length (skins), 114.8-197 (122.4); wing, 62-67.1 (645); tail, 50.5-53.6 (52.6); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 19.6- 90.8 (20.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.4).° 1 Many adult females are absolutely indistinguishable in plumage from the bright- est colored males; possibly, however, this sex may aver ge a little duller in color. ? Nine snecimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 613 Adult female.—Length (skins), 114.3-123.2 (117.6); wing, 59.9- 62.7 (60.7); tail, 47.7-51.6 (49); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (10); tarsus, 19-19.8 (19.6); middle toe, 11.4-12.7 (11.9).? Eastern North America, chiefly west of the Alleghenies; breeding in the interior of British America (Fort Resolution and Fort Simp- son, province of Mackenzie); in winter, southern Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico), Cozumel Island, Yucatan (Progreso) and Swan Island, and island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea; occa- sional, during migration, in Atlantic States (numerous records), and at eastern base of Rocky Mountains (Denver, Colorado, one specimen, June 20). (Motacilla] palmarum Gmeuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 951 (Santo Domingo; based on Le Bimbele ou fausse Linotte Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v. 330, and Palm Warbler Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 498). Motacilla palmarum Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. [Sylvia] palmarum LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 544. Sylvia palmarum Vietutot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 21, pl. 73; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 168; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 431.—StepHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 607.—Bonapanrrte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 29 (Florida); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 78; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 12, pl. 10, fig. 2.—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 61, pl. 8. Sylvicola palmarum Jarpinz, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 373.— RICHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Sa..#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Bryanz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas, winter; habits); xi, 1867, 91 (Santo Domingo).—A.srecut, Journ., fiir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas). M[niotilta] palmarum Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] palmarum Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3477. Dendroica palmarum Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 288, part (Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Red R. Settlement, and Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 208, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 207, part (Fort Simpson; Fort Resolution; Cuba).—Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872, 415 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 234; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 183 (Porto Rico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 273, part.—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); x, 1888, 575 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 154.—AmERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 672.— 4 ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 258 (Massachusetts records; 4 specs).—Cory, Auk. iii, 1886, 39 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman and Cay- man Brac); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 53; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands., Eleu- thera, New Providence, Andros, San Salvador, Exuma Keys, Concepcion, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Fortune I., Green Cay, North Caicos, Grand Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Grand Cay- -man; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico).—Cooxsr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 254 (Mississippi Valley dates, etc.); Bull. 44, Colo. Agr. Coll., 1898, 168 (Den- ver, Colorado, 1 spec., June 20, 1891).—Durcuer, Auk., v, 1888, 182 (Fire I., New York, Sept. 23, 1 spec. ).—Dwicnt, Auk. v, 1888, 324 (Montauk Point, 1 Right specimens. ght sp 614 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Long Island, Sept. 7, 1 spec. ).—Taompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 620 (Manitoba, migrant).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 211 (Progreso, Yucatan).—Scorr, Auk. vii, 1890, 20 (Punta Rassa and Key West, Florida, winter; Tarpon Springs, Sept. 22, to April 18) , 314 (Garden Key, Tor- tugas).—Mi.uer, Auk, vii, 1890, 229 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Sept. 23 and 24, 2 specs.).—Cuarkeg, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay),— Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 568 (whole State, during migrations).—Loomrs, Auk, viii, 1891, 171 (Chester Co., South Carolina, in migration).—Morrs, Auk, ii, 1894, 181 (Windsor, Connecticut, Sept. 4, 1 spec. ).—OBERHorsmr, Auk, xii, 1895, 185 (Redbank, New Jersey, Sept. 18.)—Nearuine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1896, 233, part.—CHapman, Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (New York City, 1 spec., Sept. 2).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Holly, Orleans Co., New York, 1 spec., May 12). D{endroica] palmarum Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 517. Dendreca palmarum Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71 (Jamaica).— ALBRECHT, Journ. fitr Orn., 1862, 193 (Jamaica).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 63 (interior British America).—McILwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 90, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 132; Birds N. W., 1874, 67, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 249, part.—Cory, Birds Bahama 1., 1880, 68; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 32.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 113.— SpetMANn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 54 (Brookline, Massachusetts, Oct., 1 spec.).—Bovcarn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Progreso, Yuca- tan).—Fisner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 249 (Sing Sing, New York, Apr. 29, 1 spec.).—Smarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x; 1885, 317, 650, part. Dendroeca palmarum SunDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616, part (monogr.). [Dendreca] palmarum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104, part.—Scuater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. D{endreca] palmarum Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Covzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 307. Dendreca palmarum. Subspecies palmarum Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Nov., 1876, 84 (crit.). [Dendreca palmarum.] a. palmarum Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 249, part. D[endroica] palmarum var. palmarum Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (Brookline, Massachusetts, Oct. ). Dendreca palmarum palmarum Bickne.i, Bull. Nutt, Orn. Club, v, 1880, 182 (Riverdale, New York, spring; 2 specs.) —Lams, Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., ii, 1883, 55 (Belmont, Massachusetts, Sept. 29; 2 specs.).—CHapzourng, Auk, ii, 1885, 104 (Shelburne, New Hampshire, Sept. 16). Dendroica palmarum palmarum Patugr, Auk, ii, 1894, 333 (District of Columbia and vicinity; ‘‘regular though rare migrant’’). Dendraca palmarum hypochrysea (not of Ridgway) Drang, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 60 (Brookline, Massachusetts, Oct.; error corrected on p. 186). Sylvicola petechia (not Motacilla petechia Tinnaens} Swainson and RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 215, pl. 41.—Aupugon, Synopsis, 1839, 58, part.— Hoy, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 310 (Wisconsin); Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 437 (Missouri), —Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1866, 67 (Bahamas). Sylvicola petechia Prarren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 602 (Illinois). [Sylvicola] ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. Rhimamphus ruficapillus GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 473 (Cuba); 1861, 408 (do. ). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 615 (?)Dendreca ignota Maynarp, Contributions to Science, i, Apr., 1889, 30, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Homestead, St. Andrews, Jamaica, Apr. 4, 1879; coll. Kingston, Jamaica, Museum). (?) Dendroica ignota Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (crit.). DENDROICA PALMARUM HYPOCHRYSEA Ridgway. YELLOW PALM WARBLER. Similar to D. p. palmarum, but decidedly larger, and with the under parts entirely yellow, even in winter and immature plumages; sides of chest more often streaked with chestnut, the streaks broader; color of back, ete., more olive, often inclining to olive-green. Young (first plumage)._Above grayish brown, the pileum streaked with dusky, the back and scapulars with T-shaped markings of the same; lower rump and upper tail-coverts russet; wings and tail as in adults, but tertials passing into russet along edges, the middle and greater wing-coverts with small terminal spots of pale russet or rusty buff; under parts whitish, tinged with yellow, everywhere, except on chin, abdomen and under tail-coverts (the latter entirely yellow) heavily streaked with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.1-124.5 (122.2); wing, 64.3-70.6 (67.1); tail, 51.8-56.9 (54.6); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 19.3-20.6 (20.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.9 (12.4). Adult female.—Length (skins), 114.8-119.4 (116.6); wing, 62-65.8 (64.1); tail, 51.3-53.1 (52.3); exposed culmen, 9.6-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 19.3-20.3 (19.6); middle toe, 11.9-12.4 (12.2). Atlantic coast district of United States and British Provinces; breed- ing from eastern Maine (vicinity of Calais), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia northward, probably to Newfoundland, southern Labrador, and province of Quebec;* in winter, North Carolina (?), South Carolina (?), northern and western Florida (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, etc.), Key West, Tortugas (Garden Key, March), and along Gulf coast to Louisiana; accidental in Cuba and Jamaica (Kingston, 1 specimen, December 20, 1890) and in northern Ohio (Oberlin, 1 specimen, April 16, 1892). Occasional in Bermudas in winter?‘ Sylvia petechia (not Motacilla petechia Linneus) Vietixot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 32, part (Pennsylvania).—Wzuzson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 19, pl. 28, fig. 4. —Bona- PaRTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 198; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 83.—NurraLL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 364.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 259, 360, pls. 163, 164.—Pzazopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 307.— McCuxtocy, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1844, 406 (habits).—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 80. Sylvicola petechia AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 58, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 55, pl. 90.—(?) Jarping, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, Dec. 17, 1847).— Nine specimens. ? Hight specimens. *I can find no record of its breeding in Newfoundland, Labrador, or Quebec, but the species has been recorded from the first and last mentioned. (See synonymy.) ‘Possibly the Bermuda records pertain to D. p. palmarum. 616 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (?) Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 7 (Bermudas, Nov., Dec. ).—Purwam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 207 (Massachusetts).—Wutis, Ann. Rep. Smith- son. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia):—(?) Brann, Ann. Rep. Smith- son. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas). Phyllopneuste petechia Borg, Isis, 1828, 321. M[niotilta] petechia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196, part. - Sylvicola ruficapilla (not Motacilla ruficapilla Gmelin) Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22. [Sylvicola] ruficapilia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 307. Dendroica palmarum (not Motacilla palmarum Gmelin) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 288, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and Washington, District Columbia); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 208, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 211, part (Nova Scotia). —Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 436 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—Covrs and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 408 (District Columbia).—Boarpmay, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 125 (Calais, Maine).—Verritt, Proe. Essex Inst.,. iii, 1862, 147 (Oxford Co., Maine).—A.uEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 63 (Springfield, Massachusetts).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 284 (vic. New York City).—TurnsuLt, Birds E. Penn. and New Jers., 1869, 25 (Phila. ed., p. 18).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 273, part, pl. 14, fig. 8—Brrwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 439 (n. New England, breeding).—NernRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 233, part, pl. 13, fig. 3. Dendreca palmarum Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33 (Washington, District Columbia; Pennsylvania).—Coves, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 274 (New England); Birds N. W., 1874, 67, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 250, part.— Maynarp, Nat. Guide, 1870, 104 (Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 308 (New Hampshire and Maine); Birds Florida, 1873, 52, part (Massachusetts, etc.).—Grnrry, Life-Hist. Birds E. Penn., i, 1876, 132. — Minot, Birds New Engl., 1877, 122.—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 18 (Connecticut).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 317, 650, part (Pennsylvania; District Columbia; Maryland; Massachusetts). (?) Dendreca palmarum Coves, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 109, part (South Carolina in winter); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 21 (Fort Macon, North Carolina, in winter).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 208, part (e. Florida in winter). [Dendreca] palmarum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 104, part. Dendroeca palmarum SuxnvEvALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 616, part (monogr. ). [Dendreca palmarum.] Subspecies hypochrysea Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Nov., 1876, 85, 87 (Cambridge, Massachusetts; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Dendreca palmarum hypochrysea Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Nov., 1876, 85, in text; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 113a.—A.uen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 133.—Merrtay, Auk, li, 1885, 315 (Godbout, prov. Quebec, May 21). Dlendreca] plalmarum] hypochrysea? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 307. [Dendreca palmarum] b. hypochrysea Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 250. (?) Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea TurNER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 237 (Moose Factory, Hudson Bay '). ‘Locality wrong; in the museum catalogue the specimen, which apparently is no longer in the U.S. National Museum collection, is entered as having been taken ‘‘five days from Montreal.’’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 617 Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea AMERICAN OrniTHo.oersts’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 672a.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 20 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida, rare in late Mar. and early Apr.), 314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Mar. 22 and 31, 2 specs.) ; x, 1893, 341 (Kingston, Jamaica, 1 spec., Dec. 20, 1890).—Auten (F. H.), Auk, viii, 1891, 165 (Cape Breton, Nova Scotia).—Wintiz, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Montreal, Canada, 1 spec., May 7, 1891).—McCormicx, Auk, ix, 1892, 397 (Oberlin, Ohio, 1 spec., Apr. 16, 1892).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 118, 155 (Cuba, Jan., Feb. ).—Porrer, Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland, abundant Sept. 8 and after), Dendroica] palmarum hypochrysea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 517. DENDROICA PLUMBEA Lawrence. PLUMBEOUS WARBLER, Adults (sewes alike).—Above uniform slate color, relieved by a nar- row superciliary line of white and two white wing-bars, produced by tips of middle and greater coverts; inner webs of two’or three outer- most rectrices with a small terminal space of white, occupying on the outermost not more than inner half of the web, on the others much less; sides of head, sides of neck, and thence backward to and includ- ing flanks plain slate-gray, the first relieved by a white suborbital spot; median under parts grayish white, the feathers gray beneath surface; maxilla dark brown, mandible much paler; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins). Immature (both sexes).—With exactly the same pattern of coloration as adults, but with the slate color of upper parts replaced by deep olive, the slate-gray of sides, etc., by lighter, more greenish, olive, and the white of head markings and median under parts by pale olive- yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-127 (124.5)'; wing, 58-66 (61.9); tail, 50-59 (54.1); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 20-21 (20.3); middle toe, 11-12 (11.3).? Adult female.—Wing, 56-61 (57.9); tail, 50-54 (51.4); exposed cul- men, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 19-21 (20.6); middle toe, 10-12 (11.1).° Islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles.4 'Four specimens. ?Ten specimens. ’ Seven specimens. “Specimens from Guadeloupe have, as a rule, decidedly shorter wings and tail than those from Dominica, but I am not able to discover any difference in coloration. Average measurements are as follows: F Ex- - Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ioe culmen. . MALES. Four adult males from Dominica ..........---2220-+e-eee0e 64 56 11 20.7 11.7 Six adult males from Guadeloupe...........---..+-+2eeeeee- 60.5 | - 62.7 1 20 1 FEMALES, Four adult females from Dominica ..........2.2s20eeseeeeee 58.7 52.2 1 21 11.5 Three adult females from Guadeloupe ...........---.-++ ...| 656.6] 50.3 1.3!) 26 10.6 618 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dendraca plumbea Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, Oct. 1, 1878, 47 (Dominica, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878-79, 55 (Dominica) , 454 (Guadeloupe), 486.—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 333, 651 (Dominica; Guadeloupe).—SciateEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica). [Dendreca] plumbea Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Dendroica plumbea Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 40; viii, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 54; Cat. W. L. Birds, 1892, 18, 119. DENDROICA PHARETRA (Gosse). STREAKED WARBLER. Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum and back streaked with black and white, the black streaks much broader on the back, the white streaks slightly tinged with olive; scapulars gray with broad mesial streaks of black; hindneck light olive-gray narrowly streaked in black; rump and upper tail-coverts plain grayish olive; wings dusky or dull black with light olive-gray edgings (these broader and more olive on tertials), the middle coverts and outer webs of greater coverts broadly margined on tip with white, forming two narrow bands across wing; tail dusky, the outer webs of rectrices broadly edged with olive, the inner webs of the two or three outermost broadly edged terminally with white; under parts white, the throat flecked or streaked, the chest, breast, upper abdomen, sides, and flanks marked with triangular (cuneate or sagittate) streaks of black; under tail-coverts pale brownish buff, with a large central (mostly concealed) sagittate spot of pale olive; under wing- coverts and axillars immaculate white; maxilla black, with pale horn- colored tomia; mandible grayish horn color (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Immature (both sexes).—Above plain greenish olive, tinged with russet on rump and upper tail-coverts; outer webs of rectrices russet-olive, inner webs dusky, the two or three outermost narrowly edged with whitish terminally; wings dusky with light greenish olive edgings (these broader and more russet on tertials), the middle coverts and outer webs of greater coverts margined terminally with pale olive- yellow or yellowish white; under parts dull whitish, more or less strongly tinged or washed with pale yellowish, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with pale russet-olive; under tale-coverts yellowish buff with a central (mostly concealed) sagittate spot of pale olive; under wing-coverts and axillars white tinged with pale olive-yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-116.8 (111); wing, 61.7-64 (62.8); tail, 49.3-52.3 (51.1); exposed culmen, 10.6-12 (11.3); tarsus, 18-19 (18.8); middle toe, 10.4-11 (10.6)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-116.8 (114.9); wing, 61-635 (62.2); tail, 58-53.3 (53.1); exposed culmen, 10.6-11 (10.8); tarsus, 18.38-19 (18.6); middle toe, 10.” 1¥our specimens. 2 Two specimens. Pp Pp BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 619 Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Sylvicola pharetra Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 163; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849 pl. 38.—Bonaparrz, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309.—Ossurn, Zoologist, xvii, 1859, 6660, in text (habits). M[niotilta] pharetra Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. [Mniotilta] pharetra Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3487. Dendreca pharetra ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 71; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 358.—ALsrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 193.—Covss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 296 (synonymy ).—Snarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 332, 651. [Dendreca] pharetra ScuarER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9.—CoveEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 297, in text.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. D[endreca] pharetra Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. Dendroeca pharetra SunpEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 617 (monogr. ). Dendroica pharetra Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 192.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 35; Birds W. I., 1889 49, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 118, 130 (Jamaica). D[endroica] pharetra Barrp, Brewrr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 220. Genus CATHAROPEZA Sclater. Catharopeza! SciatsEr,: Ibis, 4th ser., iv, Jan., 1880, 40, footnote; 74, in text. (Type, Leucopeza bishopi Lawrence. ) . Rather large terrestrial or semiterrestrial Mniotiltide with the outer- most (ninth) primary shorter than fifth; tail much less than two and a half times as long as tarsus; color plain sooty blackish,’ with white patch on lower throat, another on breast, and under tail-coverts white. Bill much shorter than head, shaped much as in Oporornis and spe- cies of Dendroica. Rictal bristles distinct. Wing moderate, rather pointed (eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth slightly shorter than fifth); wing-tip about as long as commissure. Tail about equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, rounded, the rectrices narrow and with subacuminate tips. Tarsus nearly half as long as tail, its scutella indistinct (almost fused on outer side); middle toe with claw much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for decidedly more than half its length to outer toe, separated for most of its length from inner toe. Coloration.—Sooty blackish, or olive, with orbital ring, lower throat, patch on breast, under tail:coverts, and small spot at tip of inner web of lateral rectrices, white; sexes essentially alike. Nidification.—Unknown. Range.—Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.) This genus is very distinct from Lewcopeza, the form of the bill, feet, wings, and tail being conspicuously different. It is nearly related to Dendroica, from which it differs chiefly in the relatively shorter tail, and perhaps should not be separated from that genus. 1“abapos, clarus, et 7éCa, pes.” 2 Olive, instead of blackish, in young. 620 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CATHAROPEZA BISHOPI (Lawrence). BISHOP'S WARBLER. Adult male.-—Pileum, sides of head, hindneck, and rest of upper parts black, becoming gradually less intense posteriorly, the rump, tail, etc., being slate-black; a broad orbital ring of white; a supraloral spot or streak of grayish white; malar apex, chin, and lower throat white, or grayish white, the feathers slate color or slate-gray beneath the surface; feathers on median line of upper throat tipped with white; chest dusky slate or slate-blackish; sides and flanks brownish slate- gray or mouse gray, separated from the darker broad chest-band by a narrow band of white; median portion of breast and abdomen white, the feathers slate-gray beneath the surface; under tail-coverts with basal half slate-gray, terminal half white; under wing-coverts plain slate-gray; inner webs of three outermost rectrices with a smal] ter- minal triangular spot of white, largest on the exterior rectrix; bill black; legs and feet pale yellowish brown (flesh color in life?); length (skin), 137.2;' wing, 70.1; tail, 53.8; exposed culmen, 13.2; tarsus, 23.1.’ Adult female.—Scarcely distinguishable from the adult male, but upper parts of body, wings, and tail more sooty (nearly deep clove brown), and terminal spots of under tail-coverts tinged with brownish buff; length (skin), 148.6;° wing, 66.8; tail, 52.6; exposed culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 22.6.” Immature (sexes alike).—Above plain deep olive, the remiges and rectrices more dusky, inclining to clove brown; a lighter supraloral spot; two lateral rectrices with small terminal white spots, as in adults; an incomplete whitish orbital ring; sides of throat olive, the median portion of throat mixed olive and whitish; lower throat dull brownish buff or pale wood brownish; chest, sides, and flanks light olive; median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull brownish buff or wood brown; bill and feet as in adults. Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Leucopeza bishopi Lawrunce, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, no. 5, June, 1878, 151 (St. Vincent, W. I.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 189 (notes, etc.), 486.—Smarre, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 228, 638.” Catharopeza bishopi Scuatsr, Ibis, 4th ser., iv, Jan., 1880, 73, pl. 1.—Lasrer, Ibis, 1880, 40.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 41; Birds W. I., 1889, 55; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 134. [Catharopeza] bishopi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. 1 Length before skinning, 146; extent of wiugs, 215.9. (Ober.) 2 One specimen. 5 Length before skinning, 189.7; extent of wings, 203.2. (Ober.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621 Genus OPORORNIS Baird. Oporornis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 246. (Type, Sylvia agilis Wilson. ) Medium-sized or rather small terrestrial Mniotiltide with the tail not more than two and a half times as long as tarsus, the inner webs of the rectrices without white or yellow, and the under parts of the body (sometimes throat also) yellow, the under parts without streaks. Bill much shorter than head, shaped quite as in Dendroica, the sub- terminal notch of maxillary tomium similarly developed. Nostrils as in Dendroica. Rictal bristles weak, sometimes almost obsolete. Wing long, pointed (three to four outermost primaries abruptly longest, the ninth equal to or longer than sixth, sometimes equal to seventh); wing- tip shorter than tarsus (nearly as long in O. agélzs). Tail much shorver than wing (shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of sec- ondaries in O. agilés and O. formosa, longer in O. philadelphia and 0. tolmeet), slightly rounded (more decidedly so in O. philadelphia and 0. ¢olmder), the rectrices narrowing terminally, with tips sub- acuminate. Tarsus nearly one-third as long as wing (more than one- third as long in O. tolmez), its scutella indistinct (obsolete or more or less fused on outer side); middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half (some- times most of) its jength to outer toe, for not more (usually less) than half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Above plain olive-green, becoming more or less gray on pileum and hindneck in adults, or else with black on forehead and crown; beneath plain yellow with throat and chest gray or gray and black, or if throat also yellow a black patch on sides of head. Midification.—Terrestrial. Range.—Temperate North America, chiefly eastern; in winter south through Mexico and Central America to Colombia. (Four species.) The two smaller species, O. philadelphia and O. tolméet, hay > usu- ally been placed in Geothlypis, but I am convinced that they are decidedly more nearly related to the type species of Oporornis (0. agilis), their relationship to which is not only indicated by the close similarity of their coloration, but also by their structure. It is true they have relatively shorter wings and longer and more rounded tails than 0. agilis; but nevertheless they have the same pointed wing, with the outermost (ninth) primary even longer (almost, sometimes quite, the longest), whereas all the species of Geothlypis have the ninth primary shorter than the fifth (often shorter than the fourth, sometimes even shorter than the first), while in all the latter the wing- tip is shorter than the exposed culmen, instead of much longer. O. formosa, besides differing conspicuously in the pattern of color- ation of the head, neck, and chest, has the anterior toes more united 622 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. basally, the basal phalanx of the middle toe being joined for most of its length to the outer toe and for about half its length to the inner toe, while in all the others the fusion extends for much less than the entire length of the phalanx on the outer and for less than half its length or the inner side. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF OPORORNIS. w. Tail not longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, nearly even; outermost (ninth) primary not longer than sixth; bill more slender. b. Throat and chest yellow; top and sides of head with more or less of black, and with a yellow line extending from nostril to above, behind, and beneath eye. (Eastern United States; south in winter to Cuba and through Mexico and Central America to Colombia.) ......------------- Oporornis formosa (p. 622) bb. Throat and chest not yellow; top and sides of head without any black; no yel- low on sides of head; a whitish orbital ring. (Eastern United States and more southern British provinces; Bahamas and northern South America in winter.) (Oporornis agilis. ) c. Chin, throat, and chest gray, darker on chest. Oporornis agilis, adult male (p. 625) cc. Chin and throat pale brownish or brownish white; chest deeper brownish. Oporornis agilis, adult female and immature birds (p. 626) aa. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, decidedly rounded; outermost (ninth) primary longer than sixth; bill stouter. b. Head and neck slate-gray, with more or less of black on throat and chest. (Adult males. ) c. No white on eyelids; more black on chest, but less on lores. (Eastern North America; south in winter through Central America to Colombia. ) Oporornis philadelphia, adult maie (p. 628) cc. A white mark on each eyelid; less black on chest, but more on lores. (West- ern North America; south in winter through Mexico and Central America to Colombia. ).----.----.----------- Oporornis tolmiei, adult male (p. 631) bb. Chin and throat pale gray, grayish white, or pale yellowish, without any black; leres grayish. (Adult females and immature birds. ) c. Chin and throat pale gray or grayish white. / d. No white on eyelids; tail averaging 46.7. Oporornis philadelphia, adult female (p. 628) dd. A white mark on each eyelid; tail averaging 52.1. Oporornis tolmiei, adult female (p. 631) ce. Chin and throat pale yellowish. d. Tail shorter...........--- Oporornis philadelphia, immature female (p. 628) dd. Tail longer ............-..+-. Oporornis tolmiei, immature female (p. 631) OPORORNIS FORMOSA (Wilson). KENTUCKY WARBLER. Adult male (whole year').—Pileum black, the feathers of crown and occiput (especially the latter) tipped with slate-gray; rest of upper parts, including sides of neck, plain olive-green; outer web of outer- 1I am unable to discover the slightest difference between midwinter (January) specimens and those taken in summer, except that the plumage, being more recently acquired, is softer, and the slate-gray ipa to the feathers of crown and occiput are rather broader, these being sometimes quite worn away in midsummer specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 623 most primary white; a superciliary stripe of lemon yellow, extending from nostrils to just behind the eye, where curving downward and including the posterior half, or more, of lower eyelid; lores, subor- bital region (except the vellow on under eyelid), and greater part of auricular region uniform black, this black extended more or less along edge of lower throat and forming a triangular patch; terminal portion of auricular region olive-green; under parts clear lemon yellow, changing on sides and flanks to olive-green; bill dark brownish, the maxilla sometimes nearly black, the mandible paler basally on under side; iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown or brown'sh yellow in dried skins, pale Hesh color in life; length (skins), 121.9- 180.8 (126.7); wing, 65-74.7 (70.1); tail, 49-52.3 (51); exposed culmen, 11.4-12.7 (11.9); tarsus, 20.8-23.4 (22.3); middle toe, 13.2-14.7 (14). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distin- guishable, but usually with the gray tips to feathers of crown broader (even those of the forehead being thus marked) and more brownish gray, and the black patch on sides of head more restricted and less sharply defined; in some (probably younger) specimens the black of the pileum is entirely concealed, and still more rarely there is no black, the whole pileum being uniform brownish gray; length (skins), 116.8— 123.9 (119.4); wing, 62.7-66.8 (65); tail, £5.5-49.8 (47.2); exposed culmen, 11.213 (11.7); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.8); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (18.5). Young, first plumage.—Above uniform light sepia brown; wings and tail as in adults, but lesser and middle coverts brown, like back, etc., and greater coverts tipped with light brown or strongly tinged with that color; lores dusky; sides of head otherwise similar in color to upper parts, but rather paler, fading gradually into pale buffy brown or brownish buff on chin and throat, this gradually deepening into light broccoli brown on chest, sides, and flanks; abdomen and under tail- coverts pale buffy yellow. Eastern United States; breeding from Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas (Harris, Montgomery, Navarro, and Bexar counties) north to southeast- ern New York (Sing Sing), New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania (Chester and Delaware counties), western Pennsylvania (Beaver County), Ohio, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Iowa (Burlington), and east- ern Nebraska (Omaha; Peru), west to border of Great Plains (Texas to Nebraska); occurring north (but not breeding?) to southern Connec- ticut (Suffield; Lyme) and Long Island; south in winter to Cuba (accidental), Florida Keys (occasional), and through southern Mexico (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas), and Central America to northern Colombia (province of Santa Marta). 1Hight specimens. 2 Seven specimens. 624 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sylvia formosa Witson, Am. Orn.; ili, 1811, 85, pl. 25, fig. 3 (Kentucky).— SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 683.—Vrertior, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 450.—Bonaparts, Journ. Ac. ‘Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197; Ann. igs, N.Y, ii, 1826, 84.—Aupuzon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 196, pl. 38.—Nurratu, ‘Wan Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 399. Sylvicola formosa Fururwe, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 373.—RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 311 (Wisconsin). S[ylvicola] formosa Maxim1i14n, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 113 (lower Missouri R.). M[niotilta] formosa Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 196. Myiodioctes formosus AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 50; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, “19, pl. 74.—LemBeyve, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 37.—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba). [Myiodioctes] formosa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315. Myodioctes formosa Pratren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., 1855, 601. Sylvania formosa Woopnovss, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 70 (Indian Territory and Texas). Myioctonus formosus Gunpiacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba). Trichas (Sylvicola) formosa Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri). Setophaga formosa Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). Oporornis formosus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 247; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 175; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 218 (Choctum, Guatemala, etc.).—Wueaton, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 363 (Ohio).—Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 435 (Pennsylvania).—Coves and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 406 (District of Colum- pia, breeding).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1866, nae asa of New York City); ix, 1868, 94 (Dota, Costa Rica); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Guichicovi, Chiapas).—Sciater, Cat. Am. oan 1862, 28 (Pennsylvania).—Dressar, Ibis, 1865, 477 (Texas).—Gunptacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 417; Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 186 (Santa Fé, Veragua).—Covrs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 110 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 96; Birds N. W., 1874, 3.— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica). _—TorNnUtt, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23 (Phila. ils p. 16).—Scorr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 222 (West Virginia, breeding).—Atien, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 265 (Leavenworth, e. Kansas); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125, 175 (do.).— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 298.—Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi., 1875, 127 (Ritchie Oo., West Virginia; habits; song).—Fisner (A. K.), Am. Nat., x, 1875, 573 (Sing Sing, s. e. New York, breeding); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 191 (do.).—Grnrry, Life Hist. Birds, i, 1876, 149.—Mzrrram, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 22 (Suffield, Connecticut, 1 spec., Aug. 16, 1876; Lyme, Con- necticut, 1 spec., date not recorded).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 451 (no valid New England record); xix, 1878, 303 (Suffield and Lyme, Connecticut).—Bicknent, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 180 (Riverdale, s. e. New York, 1 spec., May 30; Fort Lee, New Jersey, breeding) .—BrowN (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 174 (Coosada, Alabama, Apr.). | Oporornis] formosus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107.—SciaTER and SaLviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. Oporornis formosas Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 15, fig. 3. Olnorenit] formosus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 101 (n. e. Illinois, rare summer resid.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 625 Oporornis formosa Scuater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuarsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 19 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 1386 (Chiriqui; Santa Fé, Veragua).—Couns, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 269 (occurrence in s. New England probable); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, footnote (synonymy); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 140.—Rineway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 119.—Lanepon, Buil. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 236 (Hamilton Co., Ohio, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Ruoaps, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 234 (Chester and Delaware counties, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Ocixsy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, (21) (Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).— Savin and Goopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 148 (Duefias, Calderas, Coban, and Choctum, Guatemala; Chepo, Isthmus of Panama; etc. ).—Nenr- ting, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 10 (Harris and Montgomery counties, s. e. Texas, breeding).—Snarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 348, 653.— Hancock, Auk, vy, 1888, 210 (near Grand Crossing and Plano, n. e. Illinois, May 23).—Cnerriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 21 (San José, Costa Rica, 1 spec., Oct. 7); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca, Costa Rica, Oct. 7).— Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 62 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Feb. 22 to Mar. 3). O[porornis} formosa Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310. S{[eiurus] formosus Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois). Geothlypis formosa Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1888, 354; Orn. Tlinois, i, 1889, 166.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 43 (Cuban records); Birds W. L., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (Cuba).—AMmerican ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 677.—Burter, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 36 (Franklin Co., Indiana, summer resid.); Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. for 1891, 166 (Gibson Station, n. w. Indiana, May, several).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 257 (Gainesville and Bonham, Texas; Manhattan, Kansas; Burlington, Iowa, etc.).—DurcHeEr, Auk, v, 1888, 139 (Raynor South, Long Island, May 18; Fire I. Light, Aug. 19); x, 1893, 277 (Flatlands, Long Island, 1 spec.).—Cuapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 304 (Englewood, New Jersey, breed- ing).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, 1 spec., Apr. 6), 314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, 1 spec., Mar. 29).—Cuerrin, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 578 (e. Kansas, summer resid.).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).— Ricumonn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, after Sept. 22).—Nenruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 248, pl. 14, fig. 3.—Banas, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta, Colombia) .— Auten, Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Bonda, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct. 7 to Noy. 24); Bull, Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (do.).—Bzver, Froc. Louis. Soe. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 114 (Louisiana, breeding) .—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Omaha and Peru, Nebraska, breeding). G[eothlypis] formosa Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 520. Sylvia xquinoctialis (not Motacilla zguwinoctialis Gmelin) VierLiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 26, pl. 81 (Pennsylvania). OPORORNIS AGILIS (Wilson). CONNECTICUT WARBLER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Forehead, crown, and sides of head uniform slate color, relieved by a conspicuous and uninterruptec orbital ring of white; chin, throat, and chest plain slate-gray, paler cn 38654—voL 2—01——40 626 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. chin and upper throat, deeper (sometimes almost slate color) on chest rest of under parts pale yellow (intermediate between canary yelloy and straw yellow, the sides and flanks light olive-green; upper part: (except forehead and crown) plain olive-green, the outer web of outer. most primary edged with whitish; maxilla dark brownish, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins), darker terminally; iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (pale flesh color in life‘). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but gray of forehead and crown tinged with brown, and feathers of throat and chest indistinctly tipped with paler gray. Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male, but slate color of head replaced by grayish olive, olive, or brownish olive, that of chin and throat by pale brownish buffy or dull brownish white, that of chest by a deeper shade of the same color as chin and throat. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female, but with color of pileum browner than in most examples of that sex (brownish olive) and color of chest darker, more olivaceous. Young female in first autunn and winter.—Similar to the young male of corresponding season, but smaller and with the throat and chest more strongly tinged with brownish buffy. Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-137.7 (133.1); wing, 70.9-75.4 (78.1); tail, 46.7-52.8 (49.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-19.4 (11.9); tarsus, 20.6-23.1 (21.3); middle toe, 13.2-14.7 (14.2). Adult female.—Length (skins), 121.9-147.3 (184.4); wing, 67.3-71.9 (69.3); tail, 46.7-49.3 (48); exposed culmen, 11.7-11.9 (11.8); tarsus, 19-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 13.5-14 (13.9).? Eastern United States and British Provinces; north to Maine (Saco), New Hampshire (Shelburne), Vermont (Pittsford), Ontario, Michigan, and Manitoba; west to Minnesota and (casually) Colorado (Lincoln County, May 24); breeding in Ontario (#), Minnesota (Aitkin County) }, and Manitoba (Duck Mountain); in winter, south to Bahamas (Cay Sal, May 7), Colombia (Bonda, province of Santa Marta, October 22), and upper Amazon Valley (Tonantins, April 9). (No other extralimital records?) Sylvia agilis Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 64, pl. 39, fig. 4 (Connecticut; Pennsyl- vania near Philadelphia).—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 732 — Vierttor, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 448.—Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 199; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.—Aupuson, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 227, pl. 138. Silvia agilis Cazor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, 63 (Brookline, Massachu- setts. Trichas sa Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. §. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 463.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).—Rap, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 399 (Ohio).—Kernnicorr, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 583 (Illinois). 1 Seven specimens. + Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 627 Sylwicola agilis Jarpinz, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 159.—RicHarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Aupuzon, Synopsis, 1839, 63; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 71, pl. 99.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 226 (Massa- chusetts). Oporornis agilis Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 246; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 79, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 174; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 218.—WueEaton, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860 (1861), 363 (Ohio).— Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 435 (Pennsylvania).— Coves and Prenriss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 406 (District of Columbia).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 82 (Massachusetts); Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 574 (Newton and Newton Center, Massachusetts, Sept. ).— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 283 (vicinity of New York City).— Couxs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 269 (Lynn, Massachusetts, Sept.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 110 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 95; 2d ed., 1882, 189; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 308, footnote.—TurnBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 23 (Phila. ed., p. 16).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 3 (near Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sept. 7 to Oct. 5); xvii, 1875, 440 (New England).—Purpiz, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 693 (Saybrook, Connecticut, Sept. ).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 290, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2.—Ames, Bull. Minn. Ac. Sci., i, 1874, 55 (Minne- sota).—Nexson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (n. e. Illinois, spring and autumn) .—Genrry, Life Hist. Birds, i, 1876, 147.—Murnor, Birds New Engl., 1877, 88.—Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 6 (near Cincinnati, Ohio, spring).—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 21 (New Haven, Con- necticut, Oct. 2).—Fisuer (A. K.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 61 (Sing Sing, New York, Sept. ).—Guwy, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (Ingham Co., and Ottawa, Michigan, May).—Co.uins, Auk, v, 1880, 50 (near Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, fall; habits).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 118.—Seton, Auk, i, 1884, 192 (Carberry, Manitoba, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—CHapsourne, Auk, ii, 1885, 104 (Shelburne, New Hamp- shire, Sept. 14).—Suarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 347, 653 (St. Louis Co., Missouri, etc.).—Goopatz, Auk, iv, 1887, 77 (Saco, Maine, Sept. 8, 15, 3 specs).—Berepscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 2 (Tonantins, upper Amazon, Apr. 9). [Oporornis] agilis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106. -O[porornis] agilis Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100 (un. e. Illinois, May 15-27, Sept. 1 to Oct. 1).—Counrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309. Geothlypis agilis Grecca, Proc. Elmira Ac. Sci., 1870 (reprint, p. 7).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 678.—DurcneEr, Auk, v, 1888, 187 (South Anclote Key, Florida, 1 spec., May 24).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258.—Hrirencocx, Auk, vi, 1889, 193 (near Pittsford, Vermont, Sept. 20).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 164.—Tuomrson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 621 (Manitoba, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Anclote Keys, Florida, May 24, 1 spec.).—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 352 (Cay Sal, Baha- mas, May 7); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 156 (Cay Sal).—Wooprurr, Auk, ix, 1892, 202 (Litchfield, Connecticut, Sept. 18 to Oct. 5).—Nenriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 250.—Gavutr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 222 (Aitkin Co., Minnesota; breeding ?).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, May 24, June 4).—Arkxen, Auk, xvii, 1900, 298 (Lincoln Co., Colorado, 1 spec., May 24, 1899).—Atten, Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Bonda, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct. 22); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (do.).—Worruineton, Auk, xix, 1902, 89 (Shelter L., New York, Sept. 12, 18). S[eiurus] agilis Rieway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,x, Jaf., 1874, 369 (Illinois). 628 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. G[eothlypis] agitis Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 521. (2) Trichas tephrocotis Nurtaut, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 462 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania). (2) Geothlypis tephrocotis Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 435 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania). (2) Oporornis varius Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 61 (Mackenzie R.). OPORORNIS PHILADELPHIA (Wilson). MOURNING WARBLER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Head and neck plain slate-gray deepening into slate color on pileum and hindneck, and into almost black on lores; chin, throat, and chest black, the feathers with more or less distinct terminal margins of slate-gray, these sometimes so broad anteriorly and laterally that the black is mainly concealed, except on chest; rest of under parts clear canary yellow, changing to olive-green on sides and flanks; upper parts, except pileum and hindneck, uniform olive-green, the outermost primary edged with whitish; maxilla brown. ish black with paler tomia; mandible pale brown or horn color (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (pale flesh color in life?). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but (always?) with gray tips to feathers of throat and chest broader, the black appearing only as a broken patch on the chest. Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male, but without any black on chin, throat, or chest, which are smoke gray, much paler (sometimes brownish white) on chin and part of throat; slate color of pileum and hindneck duller, tinged more or less with olive; yellow of under parts slightly paler. Young female in first autumn.—Similar to the adult female, but with- out any gray on head, neck, or chest; pileum and hindneck olive-brown- ish; sides of head and neck similar but paler, the eyelids dull pale yellow; an indistinct supraloral streak of yellowish; chin, throat, and chest yellowish (duller or paler than under parts of body), tinged laterally with olive or grayish. Young female, first plumage.— Remiges, rectrices, etc., as in adult, Rest of upper parts, with wing-coverts and sides of head, dull reddish- brown, becoming almost cinnamon on the back, and tinged strongly with ashy on the pileum. Entire under parts light reddish-brown, most pronounced on the abdominal and anal regions, becoming lighter on the throat, and darker, with a strong olive suffusion, on the breast and sides. No appreciable maxillary or supraorbital stripes. From a specimen in my collection shot at Upton, Maine, August 11, 1876. This bird was very young; in fact, barely able to fly. A slight doubt exists in my mindas to its identity, for I did not actually see the parent birds feed it, though both were in the immediate vicinity and exhibited much solicitude. This spevimen is separable from the corresponding BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 629 stage of G. trichas by the ashy cast of the pileum and the absence of brownish on the sides.”? Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.1-125 (121); wing, 58.4-65 (61.5); tail, 46.2-52.3 (49); exposed culmen, 10.7-12.2 (11.4); tarsus, 20.3-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 12.7-14 (18.7).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 111.5-133.8 (120.9); wing, 54.6-61.7 (58.9); tail, 42.7-49.8 (46.7); exposed culmen, 10.4-11.9 (11.2); tarsus, 20.6-21.3 (20.8); middle toe, 12.4-13.2 (12.7).8 Eastern United States and British Provinces; breeding from moun- tains of West Virginia (spruce belt) and Pennsylvania (Westmoreland County), New York (Delaware, Greene, Oneida, Niagara, and Ontario counties), higher districts of New England, Michigan, eastern Nebraska (?), and Minnesota (Carlton and St. Louis counties), north- ward at least to northwestern Ontario (Parry Sound and Muskoka) and Manitoba (Winnipeg, Selkirk Settlement, Carberry, Duck Mountain, Waterhen River, Swan Lake, ete.);‘ during migration southward through eastern United States in general (as far west as central Texas), and ix winter south to Nicaragua (Greytown), Costa Rica, Chiriqui, Colombia (numerous records), and Ecuador (Mapoto; Machay); no West Indian nor valid Mexican record. Accidental in southern Greenland (two records). Sylvia philadelphia Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 101, pl. 14, fig. 6 (near Philadel- _phia, Pennsylvania, June).—Vieru.or, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 449.—Bona- parTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 189; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 85.—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 404.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 78. Trichas philadelphia Tarptvz, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 249.—Ricrarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20, part (includes Oporornis agilis).—AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 64; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 76, pl. 101.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 459.—Cazor, Naumannia, ii, Heft. iii, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 ( Wisconsin ).— Rernnarpt, Ved. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 6 (Fisk- enesset, Greenland, 1846; Julianshaab, Greenland, 1853; 2 specs). T[richas] philadelphia Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197. [Trichas] philadelphia Bonaparte, Consp. Ayv., i, 1850, 310.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3509. Trichas philadelphica Wiis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri). Geothlypis philadelphia Barron, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 243; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 79, fig. 8; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 172; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 226.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (Angostura and Dota, Costa Rica).—Dresser, ‘Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 61. ? Eight specimens. 3 Four specimens. ‘The breeding range of this species is very imperfectly known, both as to its north- ern and southern limits. 630 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas).—McILwrairu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, Sept.).—Franrzivs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 294 (San José, Costa Rica).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 322 (Ocafia, Magdalena Valley, Colombia).—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 362 (New Hamp- shire; Maine).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 126 (e. Kansas) ; Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (Chirua and La Concepcion, prov. Santa Marta, Colom- bia, Feb. 12 to Mar. 25).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr.) .—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 98; 2d ed., 1882, no. 142; Birds N. W., 1874, 75, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 313, footnote (synonymy).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 4 (Topeka, e. Kansas, 1 spec.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am, Birds, i, 1874, 301, pl. 15, figs. 6, 9.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (n. New England, breeding).—Nrwton, Man. Nat. Hist. Green- land, 1875, 98 (Fiskenzesset, 1846; Julianshaab, 1853).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 61 (descr. young).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,-69 (remarks on plumage).—Merri.t, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 124 (Fort Brown, Texas, Sept. 7).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 494 (Cauca Valley, Colombia).—Raragun, Rev. List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 13 (rare summer resid.).—Harcu, Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota for 1879 (1880), 158 (breeding in Carlton and St. Louis counties; habits, song, etc.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 120; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 169.—Saivin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 154.—Suarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 366 (Chiriqui; Bogota, Medellin, and Antioquia, Colombia, etc.).—TaczaNnowskI and Ber- LEPSCcH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74 (Mapoto, Ecuador, Jan.).—AgrErs- porG, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 679.—Ra.pn, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 141 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Concho Co., Texas, fall migrant).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258 (w. Manitoba; breeding in Minnesota, e. Nebraska, and n. Illinois).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xili, 1890, 622 (Manitoba, summer resid.; localities; habits; song).—BarcnELtprr, Auk, vii, 1890, 295 (Overlook Mt., Catskills, breeding).—Cnerrir, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. 1 to Apr. 27); ix, 1892, 22 (do.).—Davison, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Niagara Co., New York, breeding).—Bowpisn, Auk, viii, 1891, 396 (Ontario Co., New York, breeding).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 579 (migrant).—ATrwaTER, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, rare migrant).—Neur ine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 251, pl. 18, fig. 7.—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Greytown, Nicaragua, 1 spec., Feb. 4).—Hows1, Auk, xvi, 1899, 85 (near Brooklyn, Long Island, 1 spec., June, 1862).—Rivzs, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—Raoans, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (Westmoreland Co., w. Pennsylvania, breeding).—Baves, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (Chirua and La Concepcion, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb., Mar.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Mar. 17 to Apr. 7).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, summer resid.). [Geothlypis] philadelphia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107.—Scuater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10. G[eothlypis] philadelphia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 311.—Taczay- owski and Berterscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 68 (Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 521. [Geothlypis philadelphia] a. philadelphia Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 459. Geothlypis philadelphia var. philadelphia. Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 459, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 631 [Geothlypis philadelphia] var. philadelphia Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297. [Geothlypis philadelphia] a. philadelphia Cours, Birds N.W., 1874, 75 (synonymy). S[eiurus] philadelphia Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois). Oporornis agilis (not Sylvia agilis Wilson) Wootszy, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117 (New Haven, Connecticut, May 12; see Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 114).—Merrixz, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 190 (Ebeme Lake, Maine, Aug.; see Merrill, Auk, iii, 1886, 413). OPORORNIS TOLMIEI (Townsend). MACGILLIVRAY’S WARBLER, Similar to O. philadelphia, but tail decidedly longer, and with a white bar on each eyelid (in both sexes). Adult mate in spring and summer.—Head and neck slate color, deep- ening into black on lores and rictal region; a conspicuous spot of white on each eyelid, smaller and more posterior on the upper; chin sometimes white (more or less extensively); throat and chest darker slate or slate-blackish, but the feathers more or less distinctly mar- gined with pale gray or grayish white, never forming a “‘solid” black patch on chest as in O. philadelphia; wpper parts (except pileum and hindneck) plain olive-green, duller (sometimes slightly tinged with gray) on back and scapulars; outer web of outermost primary edged with white; under parts of body clear lemon yellow, becoming yellow- ish olive-green on sides and flanks; maxilla dusky brown or brownish black with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but feathers of pileum and hindneck (especially the lat- ter) indistinctly tipped with brown, and pale gray or grayish white margins of feathers of throat and chest broader, sometimes almost concealing the blackish centers. Young (?) male in first autumn.—Similar to the adult male of corre- sponding season, but pileum and hindneck duller and more brownish slate or slate-gray, lores light gray (dusky only next to eye), and throat and chest pale gray or dull grayish white, the feathers with concealed central spots of dark slate color. Adult female in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, and sides of head and neck mouse gray, fading into pale gray or dull grayish white on chin, throat, and chest; a distinct white mark on each eyelid, as in the adult male; rest of plumage as in adult male. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer livery, but plumage softer, and sides of throat and chest more grayish. Young female in first autumn.—Similar to the adult female of cor- responding season, but pileum and hindneck nearly concolor with back, etc., instead of grayish; chin, throat, and chest yellowish instead 682 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of pale gray or grayish white; marks on eyelids dull pale yellowish, and an indistinct pale dull yellowish supraloral streak. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118.6-138.2 (125.7); wing, 59.4-65 (62.2); tail, 52.8-63 (55.6); exposed culmen, 10.9-11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.6); middle toe, 12.7-13.7 (13.2).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 117.6-128 (123.2); wing, 54.6-59.9 (56.9); tail, 48.5-57.9 (52.1); exposed culmen, 10.7-12.2 (11.2); tarsus, 20.1-21.8 (20.6); middle toe, 19.2-12.9 (12.7).” Western United States and British Columbia; breeding in mountains from Pacific coast ranges to Rocky Mountains, north to British Colum- bia (including Vancouver Island), south at least to Arizona (Fort Whipple), New Mexico, and western Texas (‘‘Castle Hill to Pecos River”); during migrations east to western Nebraska (Sioux County), central Texas (Gainesville; San Antonio), etc.; south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and over whole of Mexico and Central America to Colombia (Bogota; Santa Elena). Sylvia tolmiei Townsend (J. K.), Narrative, Apr., 1839, 343 (Columbia R.; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).* Sylvia tolmei TowNnsEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, (pub. 1840), 149, 153, 159. Trichas tolmei Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 460. Trichas tolmei Herrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 263 (California). Trichas tolmieti HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40 (California). Geothlypis tolmiei Stonn, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 82, in text.—AmmrIcAN OgNITHOLO- cists’ Union Commirtrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 122.—Crawrorp, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 2d ann. meet., 1901, 78 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, 1 spec., May 22).— Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Jan. 20). Sylvia macgillivrayi AupuBoN, Orn. Bicg., v, 1839, 75 [pl. 399, figs. 4, 5] (Colum- bia R.; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Trichas macgillivrayt AuDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 64; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 74, pl. 100. T[richas] macgillivrayi Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 197. ( Trichas] macgillivrayi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3505. S[ylvicola] macgillivrayi Maximt1an, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 118 (upper Mis- souri). Geothlypis macgillivrayi Barn, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 244; ad. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 99, fig. 4; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 173; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Monterey, Nuevo Leon, May); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 227 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban and Duefias, Guatemala).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Cooper and Suckuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 17” (Puget Sound, etc., Washington; Fort Laramie, Wyoming).—Casanrs, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).—Scrarrr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Guatemala).—Cours, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, breeding); Check List, 1873, no. 99; 2d ed., 1882, no. 143; Birds Col. Val., i878, 312.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 1 Nine specimens. > Six specimens. *The same specimen afterwards became the type of Sylvia macgillivrayi Audubon! BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 633 420 (Vancouver I.).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Barranca, Costa Rica).—Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (San José, Costa Rica).— Coovrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 96.—Saxvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr. ), 152 (Central American range).—Trippe, in Coues’ Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Colorado, breeding to above 9,000 ft.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 303, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5.—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 14 to 18), 75 (Fort Garland, Colorado, May 25, 28), 103 (Bowie, White Mts., and Apache, Arizona, Aug. 11 to Oct. 7); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 205.—Rmeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 425 (breeding in w. and e. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, and Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 121.—Brewsrter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (descr. young).—M:nor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Boulder and Manitou, Colorado, breed- ing; descr. nest and eggs; habits).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 155.—Br.pine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 526 (mountains near La Paz, Lower California, winter).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 364 (49th Parallel British America; Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Presidio, near Mazatlan; Duefias, Guatemala; Chiriqui; Bogota and Santa Elena, Colombia).—AMERICcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 680.—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green, and Concho counties, Texas).—Merritt, Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding; song).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 258 (Gainesville, Texas, May 16 and Sept. 3; ‘‘Castle Hill to Pecos River,’’ Texas, ‘‘ probably breeds’’).— - Cuerrig, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, 1 spec., Sept. 28); ix, 1892, 22 (do.)—Atrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, rare migr. ).— NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 253. [Geothlypis] macgillivrayi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 108.—ScnaTer and Sa- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10. G[eothlypis] macgillivrayi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 311.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 522. ; Geothlypis macgillivrayit ScLATER and SALvIn, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala) .—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Black Hills, Wyoming). Geothlypis macgillivraii ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Oaxaca). Geothlypis megillivrayi Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1872, 477. Geothlypis philadelphia, var. macgillivrayi ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 1872, 166 (Ogden, Utah), 175 (Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Musselshell R., North Dakota).—Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 459.—NeEzson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 339 (Fort Bridger, Wyo- ming).—Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Chihuitan and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca). [Geothlypis philadelphia] 8. macgillivrayi Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 459. Geothlypis philadelphia . . . var. macgillivrayi Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 180 (Colorado). [Geothlypis philadelphia] b. macgillivrayi Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 75 (synon- omy). Geothlypis philadelphia macgillivrayi Mzarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 164 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon). [Geothlypis philadelphia] var. macgillixrayi Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297. Geothlypis philadelphia, var. macgilivrayt LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan, Sept. to Apr.). [Trichas] vegata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310 (Mexico; ex Sylvia vegata Lichtenstein, manuscript). 634 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sylvia philadelphia (not of Wilson) Aupunoy, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, pl. 399. Geothlypis philadelphia ScuaTEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz). Geothlypis [undetermined] Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 227 (Duefias, Guate- mala). Geothlypis gillivrayt). ? Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 307 (Duefias specimen identified as G. mac- Genus SEIURUS Swainson. Seiurus Swainson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, May, 1827, 369. (Type, Motacilla aurocapilla Linneeus. ) Siurus (emendation) StrickLanp, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1841, 422. Enicocichla Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 22. (Type, Motacilla aurocapilla Linneus. ) Henicocichla (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 15. Exochocichla (emendation?) Van per Horven, Handb. der Zool., ii, 1852-56, 587. Similar in form to Oporornis, but tail even or slightly emarginate (instead of rounded), and coloration very different, the under parts conspicuously streaked with dusky on a white or pale yellowish ground. Bill shorter than head (nearly as long in S. motacilla), not essentially different in form from that of Dendroica, but with middle portion of culmen sometimes faintly depressed and with the lower outline of the mandible more prominent or ‘‘ bulging” at gonydeal angle. Nostril and rictal bristles as in Dendroica and Oporernis. Wing long, pointed; three to four outermost primaries abruptly longest, the ninth usually longer than sixth (usually longer than seventh, except in S. aurocapil- dus), sometimes longest; wing-tip longer than tarsus (except in 8. auro- capillus, in which it is shorter). Tarsus less than one-third as long as wing (much less in S. noveboracensis), its scutella indistinct (obsolete or fused on outer side); middle toe with claw much shorter than tar- sus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, separated nearly to base from inner toe. Coloration.—Above plain olive, greenish olive, grayish brown, or sooty, the pileum sometimes (in one species) three-striped; beneath white or pale yellowish, conspicuously streaked with ragist brown or blackish. Midification.—Terrestrial. Range.—North America; Mexico, Central America, West Indies and northern South America in winter. (Three species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SEIURUS. a. Pileum with two black stripes inclosing a broad median stripe of orange-rufous ochraceous, or tawny; a whitish orbital ring; no dusky loral nor postocular streak, nor white or yellowish superciliary stripe. (Eastérn North America, south in winter to West Indies and through Mexico and Central America to ORV G Wig) ede fererietal pepper ide ete eiee Seiurus aurocapillus (p. 635) aa. Pileum unicolored (olive or sooty brown); no white orbital ring; a dusky loral and postocular streak, and a white or yellowish superciliary stripe. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 635 b. Under tail-coverts buffy whitish or pale buff, without grayish brown or olive base; superciliary stripe white, broader, and more sharply defined posteriorly; under parts more sparsely streaked on a white or buffy white ground, the streaks grayish brown. (Eastern United States, south in winter to West Indies and through Mexico and Central America to Colombia. ) Seiurus motacilla (p. 639) bb. Under tail-coverts yellowish white or pale yellow, with concealed portion grayish brown or olive; superciliary stripe yellowish, narrower, and less sharply defined posteriorly; under parts more thickly streaked on a yellow- ish white or pale yellow ground, the streaks dark sooty brown or blackish. (Seiurus noveboracensis. ) c. Smaller (averaging wing 76.9, exposed culmen 12.7, in adult male; wing 72.6, culmen 12.7, in adult female); color of upper parts browner or more oliva- ceous; under parts more decidedly yellowish. (Eastern North America, chiefly toward Atlantic coast; south in winter to West Indies and along Atlantic coast of Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, etc. ) Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (p. 642) cc. Larger (averaging wing 77.3, exposed culmen 13.6, in adult male; wing 75.7, exposed culmen 13.2, in adult female); color of upper parts darker and more sooty, under parts less pronouncedly yellowish. (Western North America, chiefly the interior; occasional in Atlantic States during migra- tion; south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and through Mexico and Central America to Colombia) ....-....--- Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (p. 645) SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linnzus). OVENBIRD. Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum with two narrow lateral stripes of black inclosing a much broader median stripe of ochraceous, tawny- ochraceous, or ochraceous-buff, the feathers of the latter more or less tipped with pale olive, especially on occiput, which is sometimes uni- form light olive or grayish olive; superciliary region (broadly) light grayish olive, fading into a lighter hue of the same on auricular region; rest of upper parts plain dull olive-green or greenish olive, the inner webs of remiges and rectrices grayish brown (hair brown); a whitish orbital ring; lores grayish white or dull whitish; malar region and under parts white, the chest and sides heavily streaked with black, the flanks more narrowly and less distinctly streaked; a dusky submalar streak; axillars and under wing-coverts pale olive-yellow or dull sul- phur yellow; maxilla dark brown, mandible much paler; iris brown; legs and feet pale brown in dried skins, pale flesh color in life. (In winter similar to the spring and summer plumage but colors rather brighter, and white of malar stripe and flanks sometimes tinged with buff, though the latter may characterize young birds in their first year.) Young, first plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull wood brown or isabella color, the first with faint indications of two darker stripes, the back and scapulars with indistinct darker streaks; wings and tail as in adults, but middle and greater wing-coverts tipped or margined terminally with pale wood 636 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. brown or cinnamon-buff; malar stripe, chin, and throat plain dull buff; chest and sides similar but duller buffy or grayish buff, indistinctly streaked with darker; abdomen white; under tail-coverts pale buf, - Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-148.5 (132.8); wing, 70.9-79 (72.6); tail, 52.1-57.9 (51.8); exposed culmen, 11.2-12.4 (11.7); tarsus, 20.6-22.9 (21.8); middle toe, 11.9-14.5 (18.2).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 124.5-138.4 (131.1); wing, 69.8~79 (72.6); tail, 49.8-58.4 (51.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-11.9 (11.7); tarsus, 20,.3-22.8 (21.3); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (13.2). Eastern North America; north to Nova Scotia, Anticosti Island, Labrador?, southern and western shores of Hudson Bay, and the Yukon Valley in Alaska (Nulato, Fort Yukon, etc.); west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains, in Colorado (Denver, Boulder, Nederland, etc.) and Montana (Fort Keogh), accidentally to British Columbia (Esquimault); breeding southward at least to Virginia, the Ohio Valley, and Kansas, probably much farther, and in Bahamas (islands of Abaco, New Prov- idence, Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Eleuthera); in winter, Gulf coast of United States, Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and St. Croix), Swan Island and Old Prov- idence Island, Caribbean Sea, and through Mexico (both coasts) and Central America as far as Chiriqui. 1 Thirteen specimens. ? Nine specimens. Specimens from opposite sides of the Alleghenies and from the Bahama Islands average, respectively, as follows: Ex- ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. _— culmen.| ? MALES. Eight adult males, Virginia to Connecticut.....-........... 75.4 54.4 11.9 22.1 13.7 Five adult males from Mississippi Valley .........-........- 75,2 54.6 11.4 21.1 12.9 Four adult males from Bahamas (Abaco, New Providence, Rum Cay,and Green Cay islands) ....-......-.2.. -.-.--- 78.9 57,2 12,.2| 22.4 14.6 FEMALES. Five adult females from Virginia, District of Columbia, and Maryan ieonicrcietreciais snnicicln ce emehue neninceceeatiosneneeaae 71.9 51 11.9] 21.3 13.2 Four adult females from Mississippi Valley.............-.- | 73.7 52.8 11.4} 21.3 13,5 Three adult females from Bahamas (Abaco, Green Cay, and Hleuthera islands)" csiaisasecenc neice ccncecaiascivae seweccinnase 74.3 54.2 12.2 22.3 i Dr. Allen has already called attention (Auk, viii, 1891, 68), to the larger bill of specimens from Andros Island, which he considers to ‘probably represent a local resident form, differing slightly from the North American stock in having the bill rather larger, the crown patch deeper orange, and the black line bordering it and the black streaks below slightly heavier.’”? I have not seen any specimens from Andros Island, but the color-characters mentioned above do not apply, at least not constantly, to specimens examined from the islands of Abaco, New Providence, Rum Cay, Greet Cay, and Eleuthera. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 637 [Motacilla] aurocapilla Linn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 334 (based on The Golden- crowned Thrush, Turtus vertice aureo, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., v, 91, pl. 253, lower fig.; Le Figuier a teste dor de Pensilranie, Ficedula pensilvanica auro-capilla, Brisson, Orn., iii, 504).—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 982. [Turdus] aurocapillus Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 328. Turdus aurocapilla WiLson, Am. Orn., iii, 1810, 88, pl. 14, fig 2.—StrrpHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 199.—Vie1iLortr, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 641. —Bonaparrte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 35.—Nurra., Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 355; 2d ed., i, 1840, 404.—Avupuson, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 253; v, 1839, 447, pl. 143.—TownsEnp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (n. w. United States).—Witiis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia). Sylvia aurocapilla Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77. Seiurus aurocapillusSwarnson, Zool. Journ., ili, 1827, 171; Philos. Mag.,n.s., i, 1827, 369 (Mexico); Isis, 1830, 1154. —Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 227.—Jarping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 238.—Bonaparrs, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 93: Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 35, pl. 148.—Gossx. Birds Jamaica, 1847, 152.—Sau&, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 260; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 186; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 214, 266 —Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 294 (Jamaica).— GunpuacH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 325 (Cuba); Journ. fir Orn., 1872, 416 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 175 (Porto Rico).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 68 (Baha- mas), 91 (Santo Domingo).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Bar- ranca, Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan, Nov. to Apr.).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San José. Costa Rica).—- Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz, winter).—Datu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 268 (Fort Yukon, etc., Alaska, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Feb.); iii, 1872, 175 (Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Fort Rice, Heart R., etc., North Dakota).—Covuxs, Birds N. W., 1874, 70.—Maynarp, Birds Fiorida, 1872, 12.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 280, pl. 14, fig. 11.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San José, Costa Rica, Jan., Mar.).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 70; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 34; Auk, iii, 1886, 42 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brac, Bahamas); ix, 1892, 49 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 56; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (Great. Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry isiands, Eieuthera, New Providence, Andros, Cat I, Watlings I., Rum Cay, Long I., Green Cay, N. Caicos, Grand Caicos, E. Caicos, and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba, Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Croix).—AmErtcan Ornt- THOLOGIsTs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 674 —NeELson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 203 (Fort Yukon, Nulato, etc.).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea, Feb. 24); Orn. Mliinois, i, 1889, 158.—CooxE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 255 (dates of migr., etc. ).—-CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José,-Costa Rica, 1 spec , Oct. 27), Contr. Orn, San Dom., 1896, 11.—Norrnrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros and New Providence islands, Bahamas).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Nov. 7 to May 6).—Neur.ine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 238, pi. 14, fig. 6.—THorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, 1spec., July 23).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc Nat. for 1897-98 (1900), 114 (s. and s. w. Louisiana, winter resid.).—-Banas, Proc. New Engl Zool Chub, iii, 1902, 62 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, Feb. 20 to Apr. 15). 6388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Seiurus] aurocapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106. S[eiurus] aurocapillus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 518. Sciurus aurocapillus D’Orsteny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 55. Siurus aurocapillus Scpater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).—Newron (A. & E.), Ibis, 1859, 142 (St. Croix). E[nicocichla] aurocapiila Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 31. [Enicocichla] aurocapilla Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3612. Enicocichla aurocapillus Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba). H[enicocichla] aurocapilla Canants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 15 (Mexico). Henicocichla aurocapilla GunpuacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 471 (Cuba); 1861, 326, 407 (Cuba).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).—Scuatsr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Jamaica).—Lawrencg, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua).—Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui). Henicocichla auricapilla Sunpevat, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rico). ‘ Turdus auricapillus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2 (see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57). Accentor auricapillus RicHARDsON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172. Seiurus auricapillus Swainson, Olassif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247.—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Guichi- covi, Chiapas, Sept. ). [Seiurus] auricapillus Bonapartr, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 306. Siurus auricapillus ScuaterR and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Duefias, Guatemala, Feb.) .—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 55 (Omoa, Honduras).—Covss, Bull. Nuti. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 31; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 297; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 135.—Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young); Nom N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 115.—Mrnor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Boulder, Nederland, and Denver, Colorado, May).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am , Aves, i, 1881, 144.—Brewsrer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I., 1 pair, July 24).—Bicxnet, Auk, i, 1884, 213 (song).—SuHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 339, 652 (Esqui- mault, British Columbia; Cozumel I., Yucatan, etc.).—Srearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1886, 116 (int. Labrador, breeding). Henicocichla auricapilla Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 293 (Mexico); 1861, 70 (Jamaica).—ALsrecut, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— Sctater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Hon- duras). S[turus] auricapilla Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105. [Sturus] auricapillus ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8. S[iurus] auricapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 308. Seiurus aureocapiilus Bonpors, Auk, xviii, 1901, 147 (Cay Lobos, Bahamas, May 2-17). Turdus citreus Miuuer, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 141 (based on Petit Grive de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 398, fig. 2). Motacilla canadensis (not of Linnzeus) Bopparrr, Tabl Pl. Enl., 1783, 84, part (includes also Dendrowca coronata). Turdus coronatus Visitor, Ois. Am. Sept.,’ii, 1807, 8, pl. 64 (cites Motacilla auricapilla Linneeus).—Lxesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. Anthus coronatus GERHARDT, Naumannia, iii, 1853, 38. Seiurus ludovicianus (not Turdus ludovicianus Audubon) Hamurn, Tenth Ann. Rep. Maine Board Agric. for 1865 (Waterville, Maine; see Chadbourne, Auk, iii, 1886, 278, 279). BIRDS OF NORTH ANI MIDDLE AMERICA. 639 SEIURUS MOTACILLA (Vieillot). LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH, Adults (sexes alike).'—Above plain grayish olive, slightly darker on pileum; a conspicuous superciliary stripe of white, extending from nostril to beyond end of auricular region; a triangular loral spot and broad postocular stripe of dark grayish olive, the latter sometimes involving greater part of the auricular region, the lower portion of which, however, is always paler and more or less streaked with duil whitish; a crescentic mark of white on lower eyelid; malar region white, usually more or less flecked with grayish olive; under parts white or buffy white, becoming pronouncedly buffy (usually clear pale buff or cream buff) on flanks and under tail-coverts, all the under parts of the body sometimes strongly tinged with buff; chin and throat immaculate or with only a few minute flecks; chest, sides, and flanks broadly streaked with grayish olive (similar to color of upper parts, but somewhat darker), the streaks on anterior portion of chest smaller, more distinctly triangular or wedge-shaped; axillars and under wing- coverts brownish gray or hair brown; maxilla horn brownish basally, becoming darker terminally; mandible similar in color to maxilla but paler brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (pale flesh color in life). Young, first plumage.—Similar to adults, but upper parts more sooty brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts sometimes tinged with or inclining to more rusty brown; middle and greater wing-coverts nar- rowly margined at tips with paler brown; streaks on under parts much less distinct than in adults, decidedly paler in color than upper parts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-139.7 (183.8); wing, 75.7-84.3 (80.8); tail, 49.5-55.4 (51.8); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.5 (13.2); tarsus, 21.6-22.9 (22.3); middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.2).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 129.5-142.2 (135.1); wing, 75.9-81 (78.7); tail, 49.5-52.6 (50.8); exposed culmen, 12.9-14.2 (13.5); tarsus, 21.6-23.4 (22.9); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).° ‘After careful examination of a large series of specimens, I can not find that there is any difference in plumage according to season, some birds taken in April and May ‘being quite as strongiy colored as any autumnal or winter specimens. *Eleven specimens. 5 Hive specimens. Specimens from the Atlantic coast district and those from the Mississippi Valley average, respectively, as follows: ’ : ' Ie Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. : peed Tarsus. toe. MALES, Six adult males from Atlantic coast district ............--+- 82 52.6 12.9 22.3) - 14.5 Five adult males from Mississippi Valley .........-....-.--+ 78.7 50.8 13.2 22.8 14,2 FEMALES. é Two adult females from District of Columbia ...........--+- 80 521 13.2] 22.38] 14.5 Three adult females from Illinois and Texas .. .......--- 77.7 50.3 13.7 23.1 14.5 640 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Eastern United States and southern Ontario; breeding from the Gulf States north to Connecticut (Norwich, etc.), eastern Rhode Island (Johnson), southwestern Massachusetts (Berkshire County), southeast. ern New York (lower Hudson Valley), lower districts of Pennsylvania, northeastern Ohio (Wayne County), southern Ontario (near Hamilton), southern Michigan, northern Illinois, and southeastern Minnesota (Mississippi bottoms as far as Red Wing), west to eastern Nebraska (Omaha, Peru, etc.), eastern Kansas, and Texas (Navarro County); occurring irregularly north to northeastern New York (Lake George); in winter, south to West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, Antigua), island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea, and through Mexico (both coasts) and Central America to Colombia (province of Santa Marta). Turdus motacilla VitiLiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 9, pl. 65 (Kentucky); Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xx, 1818, 234; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 643.—SrepHens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 197. [Seiurus] motacilla BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306.—Cory, List Birds W. L, 1885, 35. re Seiurus motacilla Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 35; Auk, iii, 1886, 43 ( West Indian references), 501, (Grand Cayman; iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); Birds W. I., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (Bimi- nis and Berry islands, Bahamas, Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Antigua).—Fer- RARI-PereEz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Amer- IcAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 676.—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 160.—Burtier, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 36 (Franklin Co., Indiana, summer resid. ).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 257 (Mississippi Valley localities and dates).--—Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 28 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Key West, Flor- ida, rare migr., July 16 and Apr. 6, 2 specs.).—CueErrig, Auk, vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, 1 spec., Mar. 9); Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (1 spec., Jan. 22).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 576 (e. Kansas, summer resid. ).—Atrwarer, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (s. w. of San Antonio, Texas, Apr. 9).— RicumonD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Escondido R., Nicaragua, after Oct. 23).—Neur.ine, Our Native Birds, etc., !, 1893, 245, pl. 15, fig.6.— McIuwrairn, Birds, Ontario, 1894, 375 (s. Ontario, breeding).—Uxrey and Wauuace, Proc. #nd. Ac. Sci., 1895, 157 (Wabash, Indiana, common sum- mer resid. ).—OxneErnotser, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 326 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summer resid. ).--Morris, Auk, xiii, 1896, 86 (Springfield, Massachusetts, July 28, 1895, 1 spec.).—Youna, Auk, xiii, 1896, 284 (Hamburg, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Faxon, Auk, xiii, 1896, 343 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 143 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Roserrts, Auk, xvi, 1899, 241, in- text (Mississippi bottoms, s. e. Minnesota, as far as Red Wing).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Nov. 8); Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (do.).—Bzryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897- 99 (1900), 144 (Louisiana, breeding).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, ad ann. meet., 1901, 57 (breeding at Omaha and Peru, Nebraska). S[eiurus] motacilla Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519. Siurus motacila Coves, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Ciub, ii, 1877, 33; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 299; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 188.—Lanapon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 6, (com. summer resid.).—LAwrencr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 233, 486 (Antigua, Lesser Antilles).—Mzarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. lub, iii, 1878, 2 Ae eG ae BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 641 (remarks on plumage).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 133 (descr. nest and eggs).—Dranz, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 116 (John- son, e. Rhode Island, breeding).—Lawrence (R.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club. v, 1880, 116 (Long Island).—Fisner (A. K.), Bull. Nutt..Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117 (Lake George, New York, 2 specs., May); vi, 1881, 245 (do., 1 spec., May 16).—Msretay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 229 (Lake George).—Ripe- way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 117.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1881, 147.—OainBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, (21) (Navarro Co., Texas, breeding).—Brown (N.C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 36 (Boerne, s. w. Texas, 1 spec., Mar.).—Bicknetu, Auk, i, 1884, 215 (song).—SHaArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 342. S[iurus] motacilla Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 105.—Covusgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309. H[enicocichla] motacilla Cananis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16, footnote. Henicocichla motacilla CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 240 (Cuba).—GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba). Turdus ludovicianus AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 99, pl. 19 (lowlands of Lou- isiana and Mississippi). Seiurus ludovicianus Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 262; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 80, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 188; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Tamaulipas, Mar.); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 217.—Bar- narD, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 435 (Chester Co., Penn- sylvania).—GunpLacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236; Journ. fir Orn., 1872, 417 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1893, 68.—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 284 (vicinity of New York City); ix, 1868, 94 (Barranca, Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan; Sierra Madre de Colima, Dec:; coast ranges of w. Mexico, Jan., Apr.); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Barrio and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Sept., Jan. ).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 94; Birds N. W., 1874, 72.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 287, pl. 14, fig. 18; iii, 1874, 506 (Norwich, Connecticut, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Massachusetts, occasional; Connecticut, breeding).—Brewster, Anu. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 186 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; song). [Seturus] ludovicianus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106. Siurus ludovicianus Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Totontepec, Oaxaca).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Alotenango, Volean de Fuego, and Coban, Guatemala, Sept. to Nov.).— Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (n. e. Illinois, breeding).—Covert, Oologist, iv, 1878, 10 (descr. nest and eggs).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440. [Siurus] ludovicianus ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8. S[turus] ludovicianus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n. e. Illinois, common summer resid. ). Sciurus ludovicidnus Trippr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 234 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. Iowa, breeding). Henicocichla ludoviciana ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Jamaica).—ALBREcHT, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Bugabd, Veragua). [Enicocichla] ludoviciana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3613. H[enicocichla] major Casants, Mus. Hein., i. 1850, 16 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus. ). 3654—voL 2—01——41 642 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Henicocichla major Capants, Journ. fir Orn., 1857, 240 (Cuba). Enicocichla major Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba). Seiurus noveboracensis (not Motacilla noveboracensis Gmelin) Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 93, part. (2) Siurus noveboracensis Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477, part (Medina R., Texas, ‘‘all the summer,”’ fide Heermann). (?) Seiurus colombianus Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 294 (Colombia) . SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmelin). WATER-THRUSH. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain olive; a broad superciliary stripe of buff, extending from nostril to sides of nape; a triangular spot of dusky olive in front of eye, and a broad postocular streak of the same; a crescentic mark of light buffy on lower eyelid; suborbital and auric- ular regions streaked with olive and yellowish or pale buffy; broad malar stripe and under parts pale yellow (primrose yellow to straw yellow)—rarely nearly white—the chest, sides, and flanks more or less broadly streaked with dark sooty olive (sometimes nearly black), the lower throat with shorter triangular or wedge-shaped marks, the upper throat usually with small triangular spots or flecks, of the same; under tail-coverts with concealed portion extensively olive or grayish Olive; bill dusky brown, the mardible paler, especially in winter; iris brown; legs and feet clear brown (in dried skins). Young, first plumage.—Above olive, the feathers with a subter- minal bar of dusky and a terminal bar of buff, producing a conspicu- ous transversely mottled appearance; wings and tail as in adults, but middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with buff, forming two nar- row bands across wing; superciliary stripe less distinct than in adult, finely streaked with dusky; whole throat, chest, and sides of breast heavily streaked with dusky or dark sooty, on a pale buff-yellowish ground, the streaks much less sharply defined than in adults; rest of under parts pale straw or primrose yellow, the sides and flanks mottled or clouded with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 125.5-142.7 (185.1); wing, 75.4-80 (76.7); tail, 45-53.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 11.9-14 (12.7); tarsus, 19.8-22.3 (21.3); middle toe, 12.9-14 (18.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 118.4-188.7 (130.5); wing, 68.3-75.7 (72.6); tail, 45-52.1 (49.5); exposed culmen, 10.9-14.7 (12.7); tarsus, 20.3-21.6 (21.1); middle toe, 12.4-13.7 (18.2).? Eastern North America; north to Davis Inlet, Newfoundland, and shores of Hudson Bay;* breeding southward to northern New England, mountains of Pennsylvania (Clearfield, Elk, Cambria, and Lycoming 1 Nine specimens. ? Kight specimens. * Breeding birds from the western side of Hudson Bay are intermediate between this form and S. n. notabilis. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 643 -gunties) and West Virginia (spruce belt), southern Michigan (7), north- castern Illinois (2), etc.; in winter southward throughout West Indies ind along eastern coast districts of Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil (?), Trinidad, and Tobago, and to Swan Island and Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea.‘ Occasional in Bermudas; accidental in southern Greenland (two records). Motacilla nevia (not of Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 35?) Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 47 (based on Fauvettee tacheté, de la Louisiane, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 752, fig. 1). Siurus nevius Coves, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, Apr., 1877, 32; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 299; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 186.—LawreEnce, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 54 (Dominica), i, 1879, 233 (Antigua), 453 (Guadeloupe), 486.— Kumuten, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 74 (Straits of Belle Isle, Aug. 18).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 116.—ALLEn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 128 (Santa Lucia).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 239 (New England breeding range confined to Canadian fauna).— Srzarns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 117 (int. Labrador, breeding) .—(?) Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 440 (Yucatan).—Da.evetsn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (Nanortalik, Greenland; 1 spec., May, 1882).— Bickne1, Auk, i, 1884, 214 (song).—SuHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 344, 652, part (Tobago; Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Medellin, Bogota, and Minca, Colombia; Bartica Grove and Roraima, British Guiana, etc. ). SCiurus] nevius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309. Seiurus nevius TurNeR, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1885, 238 (Davis Inlet; Moose Factory, Hudson Bay).—Wextts, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles). (Motacilla] noveboracensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 958 (based on Fauveite tacheteé, de la Lowisiane, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 752, fig. 1).—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 362. [Sylvia] noveboracensis LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 518. Sylvia noveboracensis VierLuor, Ois. Am., Sept., ii, 1807, 26, pl. 82.—SrErHEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 681.—Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 77. Turdus (Seiurus) noveboracensis (not Turdus noveboracensis Gmelin*) Nurra.., Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 353, part. (Curruca] noveboracensis Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. Turdus noveboracensis (not of Gmelin) PeaBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 306. Seiurus noveboracensis BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 151; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 28).—Jarpinz, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, winter resid.).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas).—Hartiaus, Naumannia, 1852, 53 (Cuba).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 261; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 80, fig. In the absence of specimens from various localities cited in the synonymy it is very difficult to make out with greater exactness the range of this form, the difficulty being rendered still greater from the fact that both it and S. n. notabilis often occur together during migration. Nearly every one of the West Indian islands (including the Bahama group) is represented among the specimens examined, together with the following Central American localities: Guatemala (Yzabal, January); Nicaragua (San Juan del Sur, January 10; Sucuy4, February 12; Greytown, February 5); Costa Rica (San José). The only Mexican specimen seen is one from the island of Cozumel, Yucatan (January 29). The most western United States example examined is one from Edinburgh, Texas (May). *= Locustella nevia (Boddaert). *=colecophagus carolinus (Miiller), 644 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 187, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 215, part.—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).—Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Cass1n, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 191 (Cartagena, Colombia).—(?) Lawzence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 94 (San José and Angostura, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—Marca, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 294 (Jamaica).—Bryant, Proc. Bost, Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 68 (Bahamas), 91 (Santo Domingo).—(?) Franrazus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (San José and Angostura, Costa Rica).—(?) Sumz- cHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz).— Gunp.acu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 235; Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 416 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1873, 68; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 175 (Porto Rico).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Feb.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 177 (Bonda and Cienega, Santa Maria, Colombia, Sept. 8 to Nov. 5).—Coums, Check List, 1873, no. 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 71, part.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 283, part, pl. 14, fig. 12.—Brrwer, Proc. Bost. Soe. N, H., xvii, 1875, 440 (n. New England, breeding).—-Cory, Birds Bahama L, 1880, 71; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Auk, iii, 1886, 42 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 95 (Martinique), 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea), 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 31 (Cay- man Brac, Bahamas); viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix), 49 (Guadeloupe), 352 (Cay Sal, Bahamas, May); Birds W. I., 1889, 56; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (Gt. Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Eleuthera, New Providence, Watlings I., Great Inagua, and Cay Sal, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Mona, Porto Rico, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Grenada, and Berbados, Lesser Antilles).\—AmeErican OrniTHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 675.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 161.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Punta Rassa, Tarpon Springs, and Key West, Florida; migrant), 314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Florida, Apr. 25 to May 2).—Hacerur, Auk, viii, 1891, 320 (Greenland).—Dwieut, Auk, ix, 1892, 139 (Cresson and North Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Topp, Auk, x, 1893, 45 (Clearfield Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Neuruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 242.—CHapMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 24 (Trinidad).—Cxerriz, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 11 (2 specs., Feb. 24, Mar. 16).—Baity, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—Bawnas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (La Concepcion and Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia, Feb., Mar.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 62 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Mar. 27).—BicEtow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (coast of Labrador, breeding north to Aillik), [Seiurus] noveboracensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106, part.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. S[eiurus) noveboracensis MaximiLtan, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 124, part (Ohio, etc.).—Borss, Cat. Birds South. Mich., 1875, no. 42 (breeding).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519. Siurus noveboracensis SCLATER and SAtvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, British Hondu- ras).—Newrton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 142 (St. Croix).—(?) Scuarsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Sanvin and GopMAY, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 145, part. (?) S[eturus] noveboracensis Nerson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 100, 152 (n. Illinois, a few breeding). [Siurus] noveboracensis ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. Sciurus noveboracensis Grnrry, Life-Hist. Birds E. Penn., 1876, 142, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 645 Enicocichla noveboracensis KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 233.— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba). [Enicocichla] noveboracensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 249, no. 3611. Henicocichla noveboracensis CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 666; (?) Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 324 (Cosra Rica).—GunpLaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855 471 (Cuba); 1861, 326, 407 (do.).—ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25, part (Jamaica; Tobago). ALBREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— ScraTER and Satvin, Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond., 1864, 346 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1869, 251 (Maruaria, n. of Lake Valencia, Venezuela); 1870, 886 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Calovevora, Veragua).—Sunprevai, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 583 (St. Bartholomew). H{enicocichla] noveboracensis CaBaNts, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16 (Venezuela). [Motacilla] noveboracensis Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 589. Turdus (Seturus) noveeboracensis NutTaty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 402, part. Seiurus noveboracensis AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 93, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 37, pl. 49, part. Sciurus noveboracensis Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 209. [Motacilla tigrina] 6. GmEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 985 (based on Figuier brun de 8. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis fusca, Brisson, Orn., iii, 513, pl. 28, fig. 5). [Motacilla tigrina] 2. Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 606. [Sylvia tigrina] 8. Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 537. Turdus aquaticus Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 66, pl. 23, fig. 5.-StepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 183.—Avupuson, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 284, pl. 433, fig. 7. (?) Seiurus aquaticus Swarnson and Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 229, part ?— (?) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247, part. Turdus aquatius Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 34. Sylvia anthoides Vie1iLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., x, 1817, 208; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 421. [Curruca] anthoides Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. Turdus motacilla (not of Vieillot) Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 35. Sciurus sulfurascens D’ Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 57, pl. 6 (Cuba). [Seiurus] sulfurascens Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295, in text. Seiurus sulphurascens Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306. E[nicocichla] sulphurascens Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 188. Henicocichla sulphurascens GunpLacn, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 471 (Cuba’ 1861 407 (do.). Anthus V herminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, Apr., 1839, 101 (Colombia?; coll. Mus Rupifortensis). Seiurus ’ herminieri Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295 (‘‘Mexique’’). Anthus herminieri Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 249 (Colombia). Seiurus gossii BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 306 (Jamaica). (?) [Seiurus] guadelupensis Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 295, in text (nomen nudum!) . SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOTABILIS Ridgway. GRINNELL’S WATER-THRUSH. Similar to 8. n. noveboracensis, but larger, especially the bill; color- ation of upper parts less olive (more grayish sooty), that of under 646 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. parts less yellowish, usually white, with little if any yellow tinge. Young much darker above than that of S. n. noveboracensis; the feathers entirely dusky (except the buffy tip), instead of olive with a subterminal bar of dusky.’ 7 Adult male.—Length (skins), 180.8-148.3 (1839.6); wing, 73.6-81.3 (77.8); tail, 50.8-57.1 (53.4); exposed culmen, 12.4-16 (13.6); tarsus, 20-22.8 (21.6); middle toe, 12.7-14.2 (18.7).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 127.2-152.1 (139.2); wing, 73.1-79 (75.7); tail, 48.8-57.9 (53.3); exposed culmen, 12.2-14.2 (13.2); tarsus, 21.1-22.3 (21.8); middle toe, 12.4-13.7 (13.2).° Western North America; breeding from Minnesota (north of Red Wing), western Nebraska (Sioux County), and probably the more northern Rocky Mountain districts of the United States to Alaska (whole of wooded districts), and East Cape, Siberia; southward dur- ing migration throughout western United States (including Mississippi Valley), more rarely through Atlantic coast States (New Jersey, Dis- trict of Columbia, Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, etc.), to the Bahamas (New Providence Island, February), Cuba (Santiago, Novem- ber 18), island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea, Cozumel Island, Yucatan, through Mexico and Central America‘ to Colombia (Chirua, province of Santa Marta, February), and to Cape St. Lucas. (?) Seiurus tenuirostris Swanson, Philos. Mag., u. 8., i, 1827, 360 (Mexico). Sciurus lenuirostris GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 261 (Colorado R.). Seiurus noveboracensis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 261, part (Ver- milion R.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 187, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 215, part (Yukon R.; Fort Norman, Fort Peels R., Fort Simpson, and Fort Rae, arctic Am.; Hellgate, Idaho; Camp Moogie, Washington ).—HaypEn, Trans. Am. Philos Soc., xii, 1862, 160 (upper Missouri R. ).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 62 (Fort Carlton, British North America).— Daxu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Fort Yukon, 1 With only one specimen of the young of each form I can not be sure that the differences, as stated above, are constant. * Thirteen specimens. 3 Nine specimens. Mississippi Valley specimens average smaller than those from the Rocky Moun- tains and westward, and are reaily intermediate in size between S. n. notabilis and S. n. noveboracensis. Average measurements are as follows: Ex- i Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. oo He culmen. Six adult males from Rocky Mountains, etc..............-. 79.3 55.7 13.9| 21 13.9 Seven adult males from Mississippi Valley................-- 75.7 | 51.5 18.3] 21.8] 13.6 * Mexican and Central American localities represented among the specimens exam- ined are the following: Oaxaca (Tapana, April 15); British Honduras (Belize, Decem- ber 14); Nicaragua (Greytown, February 5); Veragua (Calovevora). Although occurring in winter at the Cape district of Lower California (San Pedro, March 14; La Paz, February 24), I have no record of its occurrence in California. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 647 Alaska, breeding).—(?) SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz, winter).—Counrs, Check List, 1873, no. 93, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 71, chiefly—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 283.—A.LEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (North Dakota).—Hznsuaw, Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 204 (Denver, Colorado, May 12; near Camp Crittenden, Arizona, Aug.).—(?) LAwRENcE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Tapana, Oaxaca, Apr.).—NELson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (Yukon Valley, to mouths of Yukon).—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska).— (?) Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 256 (Illinois). S[etwrus] noveboracensis Maxim1Lian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 124, part (Columbia R., etc.). _ [Seturus] noveboracensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 106, part. (?) Siurus noveboracensis SCLATER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Belize, British Hon- duras).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).— Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San José, Costa Rica). Siurus noveboracencis Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 477, part (San Antonio, Texas, Dec. ).— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 145, part. [Siurus] noveboracensis ScLaTErR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. Seinrus (typographical error) noveboracensis Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873, 1874, 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 12). (?) Henicocichla noveboracensis ScuaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 25, part (Guate- mala).—Scuater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Patm&n, Vega-Exp., 1887, 274 (Tschutpa, East Cape, Siberia, June 14, 1879). Seiurus noveboracensis Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona). Seiurus aquaticus (not Turdus aquaticus Witson) Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 229, part, pl. 43 (Carlton House, British America). Siurus nevius (not Motacilla nevia Boddaert) Couzs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 299, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 187, part.—Munort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 227 (Boulder, Nederland, etc., Colorado, May).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 138 (Tucson, Arizona, May 4; crit.). Sturus nevius notabilis Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880, 12 (Black Hills, Wyoming; coll. G. B. Grinnell; ex ‘‘Grinnell, MS.’’); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 116a.—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 137.— Betprne, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California, winter, 2 specs. ). S[iurus] n[evius] notabilis? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 309. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ripaway, Proc. U.§8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354; 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 162.—AmErRIcAN OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 675a.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119 (New Providence, Bahamas).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Catalina Mts., Arizona, Sept.); vii, 1890, 314 (Garden Key, Tortugas, Florida, 2 specs., Mar. 26, 28).— Loomis, Auk, v, 1888, 324 (near Chester, South Carolina, Apr. 28, 1888); viii, 1891, 71 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Apr. 28 to May 28; Sept. 1-29.)— Smrrx and Paumer, Auk, v, 1888, 148 (Virginia, near Washington, District of Columbia, 2 specs., May).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 256 (dates of migr.)—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 574 (rare migrant ).—SourHwick, Auk, ix, 1892, 303 (Raritan, New Jersey, 1 spec., May 30).—Ricamonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 484 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept. to May).—FisHer (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 122 (lower Santa Clara Valley, Utah, May 11).—Tuorns, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, 648 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1 spec., Sept. 12).—Roserts, Auk, xvi, 1899, 241, in text (Minnesota, from Red Wing northward, in summer).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 105 (Chirua, Santa Marta, Columbia, Feb. 7).—Brsnop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 91 (Sixtymile Creek, etc., Alaska).—Bruner, Proc. Nebr, Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, breeding). S{eiurus] noveboracensis notabilis Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 519, Genus TERETISTRIS Cabanis. Teretistris' CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, Nov., 1855, 476, in text. (Type, Ana- bates fernandine Lembeye. ) Teretristis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 233. Rather small terrestrial Mniotiltide with rictal bristles obsolete, wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen, commissure equal to or longer than middle toe with claw, maxilla strongly decurved, and the ninth primary shorter than the first; the plumage plain gray above (pileum and hindneck olive-green in one species), the under parts plain yellow, or whitish with yellow throat. Bill nearly as long as head, the maxilla strongly decurved terminally, rather acute at tip, without subterminal tomial notch; mandibular tomium slightly convex, more decidedly arched subbasally, the rictal portion of the commissure decidedly and rather abruptly deflexed; gonys nearly straight, decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinal, narrowly oval, with broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obvious but very weak. Wing moderate, very much rounded (seventh and sixth prima- ries longest, ninth shorter than first, and eighth shorter than fifth); wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen. Tail slightly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, slightly to decidedly rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with obtusely rounded tips. Tarsus about one-third as long as wing, its scutella obsolete or fused on outer side; middle toe with claw much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for more than half its length, to inner toe for rather less. Coloration.—Above plain gray, the pileum and hindneck olive-green in one species; beneath mostly plain yellow, or whitish medially and gray laterally, with chin and throat yellow. Nidipication.—Arboreal. : Range.—Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. (Two species.) KEY TC THE SPECIES OF TERETISTRIS. «. Pileum and hindneck olive-green; breast grayish or grayish white, very faintly, if at all, tinged with yellow. (Western Cuba.) Teretistris fernandine, adults (p. 649} aca, Pileum and hindneck gray, like rest of upper parts; breast yellow, like throat. (Eastern’Cuba.)....-..-..--2-22--2....20222- Teretistris fornsi, adults (p. 649) “Von cegeriéco, zwitschern.”” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 649 TERETISTRIS FERNANDINZ& (Lembeye). FERNANDINA’S WARBLER. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck uniform yellowish olive- green; lores (except lower portion), orbital ring, malar region, chin, and throat, clear yellow (between lemon and canary), the auricular region and suborbital region, similar but tinged with olive-green; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain gray (between slate-gray and mouse gray), the remiges (except tertials) and rectrices darker, with lighter gray edgings; breast pale gray or grayish white, shading into more pronounced gray on sides and flanks; abdomen and anal region yellowish white; under tail- coverts pale grayish; axillars pale gray or grayish white; under wing- coverts white, those along edge of wing tinged with yellow; maxilla dusky with paler tomia; mandible paler (light bluish gray in life); iris brown; legs and feet grayish black in dried skins, light grayish blue in life.’ Adult male.—Length (skins), 120.4-125.5 (129.2); wing, 54.1-60.4 (58.2); tail, 48.3-51.6 (50.4); exposed culmen, 12.7-13.2 (12.9); tarsus, 18.3-19.3 (19); middle toe, 11.2-11.9 (11.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 108.2-119.9 (116.1); wing, 53.8-55.4 (54.9); tail, 48-51.6 (49.8); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.7 (12.4); tarsus, 18.3-19.3 (18.8); middle toe, 10.9-11.4 (11.2).* Western Cuba, including Isle of Pines. Anabaies fernandine Lempryer, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 66, pl. 5, fig. 2.— GunpLacH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1853, 317 (descr. eggs). Teretistris fernandinz CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., iii, Nov., 1855, 475.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H_, vii, 1860, 307.—Gunp.acg, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326; 1872, 418; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 45; Birds W. I., 1889, 59; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).— Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 368, pl. 12, fig. 1 (San Cristobal, Cuba). [Teretistris] fernandine Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9. Teretristis fernandine Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 234 (Fermina, w. Cuba). [ Teretristis] fernandine Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 11. [Icteria] fernandine Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 38+, no. 5825. Helmitherus blanda (not of Lichtenstein, fide Cabanis) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Apr., 1850, 314 (Cuba). [Geothlypis] fernandine Parmer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217. TERETISTRIS FORNSI Gundlach. FORNS’ WARBLER. Adults (seaes alike).—Upper parts, including pileum and hindneck, plain gray, becoming more brownish gray or smoke gray on rump and upper tail-coverts; sides of head, chin, throat, chest, breast, and ante- ' According to J. H. Riley. 8 Four specimens. * Five specimens. 4Between mouse gray and gray no. 6. 650 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. rior portion of sides, clear canary or light lemon yellow, the auricular region slighty tinged with olive-green; a distinct orbital ring of rather lighter yellow; abdomen white or yellowish white, the flanks and pos- terior portion of sides olive-grayish; under tail-coverts light grayish; axillars and under wing-coverts white, tinged with yellow; maxilla dusky with paler tomia, mandible paler (light grayish blue in life?); iris brown?; legs and feet grayish dusky (light grayish blue in life’), Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-125 (120.7); wing, 55-59.5 (56.5); tail, 52-55 (58.2); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.4); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 12.* Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-118 (115); wing, 56-58 (57); tail, 52-55 (53.5); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7); middle toe, 11-11.5 (11.2).* Eastern Cuba. Teretistris fornsi GUNDLACH, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1858, 274 (eastern portion of Cuba); Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 326; 1862, 177; 1872, 418; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236.—ALBrEecaT Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 211.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 45; Birds W. I., 1889, 59; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119 (e. Cuba).—Suarpn, Cat. Birds Brit Mus. x, 1885, 368, pl. 12, fig. 2 (Monte Verde, Cuba). [ Teretistris] fornsi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9. Teretistris fornsii Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 129. Teretristis fornsii Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 235 (Monte Verde, e. Cuba). [ Teretristis] fornsi ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873 11. [Icteria] fornsii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5826. [Geothlypis] fornsi Parmer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217. Genus LEUCOPEZA Sclater. Leucopeza Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Jan. 4, 1876, 14. (Type, L. semperi Sclater. ) Terrestrial or subterrestrial Mniotiltide with bill nearly as long as head; tarsus more than one-third as long as wing; tail much shorter than wing, much rounded; coloration very plain—brownish gray above, pale gray or grayish white beneath. Bill nearly as long as head, moderately slender, gradually tapering both laterally and vertically, the culmen straight to near tip where gradually and slightly decurved; maxillary tomium ‘vith subterminal notch rather distinct. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate; eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth longer than third; wing-tip about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, much rounded (graduation less than length of gonys), the rectrices broad and rather soft. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing, much longer than middle toe with claw; basal phalanx of middle toe united for slightly more than half its length to outer toe, for slightly less than half to inner toe. 1 Four specimens. i BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 651 Coloration.—Plain brownish gray above, grayish white beneath, shading into light brownish gray laterally; sexes alike. Nidification.—Unknown. Range.—Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.) LEUCOPEZA SEMPERI Sclater, SEMPER’S WARBLER, Adults (sewes alike). —Above uniform blackish slate, gradually fading into pale gray (no. 7 to no. 9) on chin, throat, and chest, the breast and abdomen still paler, or dull whitish, tinged with buff; sides and flanks slate-gray; under tail-coverts mouse gray or smoke gray, more or less tinged with brownish buffy; maxilla brownish black or dusky brown, with paler tomia; mandible similar, but paler or browner; iris brown;’ legs and. feet pale yellowish brown in dried skins (whitish in life)." Iinmature.— Similar to adults, but more or less tinged or washed with olive-brown on upper parts (at least on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail) and with brownish buff on lower parts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 135-140 (187.5); wing, 67-71 (69); tail, 52; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); middle toe, 13-16 (14.5).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-142 (136); wing, 62-67 (64.3); tail, 49-53 (51.8); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 22-23 (22.3); middle toe, 14.° Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. Leucopeza semperi ScuatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 14, pl. 2 (Santa Lucia, W.1.; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1889, 395.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1878, 151.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166.—Cory, Auk., iii, 1886, 40; Birds W. I., 1889, 54; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 133.—Snmarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 228, 638.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 129 (Port Castries, Santa Lucia) . [Leucopeza] semperi Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 8. Genus MICROLIGEA Cory. Ligea (not of Dybowski, 1876) Cory, Auk, i, Jan., 1884, 1. (Type, L. palustris Cory.) Ligia (emendation; not of Fabricius, 1798, nor Dupré, 1829) Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 349. Microligea* Cory, Auk, i, July, 1884, 290. (Type, Ligea palustris Cory.) Medium sized terrestrial Mniotiltide with the commissure shorter than middle toe with claw but longer than middle toe without claw; coloration very plain, the upper parts olive-green, becoming slate- gray on pileum and hindneck, under parts pale gray laterally, whitish medially. 1H. Selwyn Branch, manuscript. ? Two specimens. ® Three specimens, two of them doubtfully determined. 4 Mixpos, Ary eia, in the sense of little wood-nymph.” 652 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bill much shorter than head, slender-conoidal, gradually tapering to the tip, the maxillary tomium with rather distinct subterminal notch. Nostril small, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossx, narrowly oval or subcuneate, overhung by broad membranous operculum. Rictal bristles obvious but very weak and inconspicuous. Wing rather short, much rounded (sixth primary longest, seventh and fifth but little shorter, the ninth shorter than second); wing-tip about equal to exposed culmen. Tail about as long as wing, decidedly rounded, the rectrices narrow, with tips subacuminate. Tarsus more than one- third as long as wing, its scutella rather distinct; middle toe with claw decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for nearly its entire length to outer toe, for less than half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Plain olive-green above, the adult male with head and neck slate-gray; beneath pale gray, becoming whitish medially. Nidificution. Unknown. Fange.—Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) This genus comes nearest Geothlypis, from which it differs decidedly in the relatively weaker feet (with middle toe, without claw, decidedly shorter than the commissure instead of equal to it or longer), obvious rictal bristles, and very dissimilar style of coloration. MICROLIGEA PALUSTRIS Cory. HAITIAN GROUND WARBLER. Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, and extreme upper portion of back plain slate-gray, the first rather darker and more bluish; rest of upper parts plain bright olive-green; sides of head and under parts plain light gray, deepest on auricular region, paler on throat (the chin whitish), becoming white or grayish white on abdomen, the flanks olive-gray or smoke gray; eyelids partly white; maxilla black, mandi- ble paler (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); legs and feet dusky grayish or grayish horn color (in dried skins); length (skins) 143-143.5 (143.2); wing, 63.5-66 (64.7); tail, 60-62.2 (61.1); exposed ‘culmen, 13; tarsus, 21.9-23 (22.4); middle toe, 12.9-18.1 Adult female.—‘‘In general appearance like the male, but differs from it by under parts being tinged with olive, mixing with the gray, and top of head green, showing the slate color faintly.” (Cory.) Ligea palustris Cory, Auk, i, Jan., 1884, 1, pl. 1 (Santo Domingo; coll. C. B. Cory); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 38, pl. (4). Tigia palustris Suaren, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 349. Microligea palustris Cory, Auk, i, July, 1884, 290, in text; iii, 1886, 44; Birds W.L, 1889, 58; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 131, 156.—Cnerris, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 15 (Santo Domingo City and Honduras, Santo Domingo). [Microligea] palustris Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9. [Geothlypis] palustris Patmer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 217. 1 Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 653 Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. Trichas (not of Gloger, 1827) Swatnson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 167. (Type, T. personatus Swainson,—Turdus trichas Linnzeus. ) Geothlypis' CaBanis, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, i, 316, 349. (Type, Turdus trichas Linnzeus. ) : Rather small terrestrial Mniotiltide with the middle toe, without claw, equal to or longer than the commissure, the rictal bristles obso- lete, wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen, ninth primary shorter than sixth, the under parts at least partly yellow, upper parts olive-green, and the fore-head and sides of head, in part at least, black in adult males. Bill decidedly (usually much) shorter than head, narrowly conoidal, gradually tapering to the tip, the maxillary tomium with subterminal notch present but indistinct; culmen straight, or nearly so, to near tip, where very slightly decurved. Nostril small, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossee, longitudinally oval or subcuneate, overhung by a rather broad membranous operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather short, much rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than sixth, sometimes shorter than first); wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen. Tail variable in relative length, never conspicuously shorter than wing, usually nearly the same length, rarely (in G. nelsoni only) decidedly longer; much rounded (sometimes almost graduated), the rectrices subacuminate at tips. Tarsus decidedly more than one-third as long as wing, its scutella distinct; middle toe with claw shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, separated for most of its length from inner toe. Coloration.—Above olive-greenish, beneath at least partly, some- times wholly, yellow; adult males with forehead and at least part of sides of head black. Midification.—Terrestrial. Range.—The whole of temperate North America and continental tropical America; Bahamas, and (in winter) Cuba, Porto Rico, Haiti, and Jamaica. In only one species, G. nelsonz, is the tail much longer than the wing; inall the others it is either shorter (often decidedly so) or of about equal length. G. semiflava, G. speciosa, and G. nelsoni have the outermost (ninth) primary shorter, or at least not longer than the first; in all the others it is longer, usually longer than the third. The adult males of all the North and Middle American forms, as well as the South Amer- ican (Ecuadorean) form of G. semiflava, have the malar region black, thus forming part of the black ‘‘mask;” in the two exclusively South American species (@. velata and G. equinoctialis) the malar region is yellow, like the under parts; they further differ from all the others in 1“ Téa, Erde; 6Avais, nom. prop.’’ 654 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. having the black on the forehead very narrow and that of the auricular region more restricted. Both of these species, however, have the outermost primary longer than the second (sometimes longer than the fourth), and the tail shorter than the wing, though longer than the lat- ter from the bend to the tips of the secondaries. The geographic variations in G. trichas are difficult to understand satisfactorily, largely from lack of necessary material. Most of the specimens contained in collections were taken during the seasons of migration, and therefore it is in many cases impossible to determine whether certain specimens would have remained to breed in the locali- ties where they were secured, specimens which would undoubtedly pass farther northward to their summer home often lingering in a more southern locality until the birds there resident have commenced to breed. The chief difficulty is with the birds of this species in the Pacific coast district, where four subspecies have been supposed to occur, three of which I have been able to verify, but in the case of one only have been able to determine with any degree of accuracy the breeding range. Some of the geographic forms of the species are very strongly marked subspecies, while others are very slightly differ- entiated; in fact they might more properly be termed ‘‘subraces” than subspecies, and would, in the case of two of them at least, hardly be worth recognizing by name were not their respective ranges separated by many hundreds of miles, the intervening territory being occupied by a form which, instead of being intermediate in its character, is more different from either of the forms on opposite sides than these are from one another. With the exception of these extreme western forms, of which only two are strongly characterized, the extent and character of geographic variation is very evident when a sufficient series of specimens representing all parts of the very extensive area inhabited by the species is examined, especially when those taken dur- ing migration are eliminated. Altogether I have been able to diag: nose, more or less satisfactorily, eight forms, whose principal charac- ters and ranges, so far as the material examined enables me to deter- mine them, are as follows: (1) G@. trichas trichas. (Type locality, Maryland.)—Characterized by smallest size (with one exception among the Pacific coast forms’), the adult male nearly always with the under parts of the body exten- sively pale buffy or buffy whitish, the yellow being confined to the throat, chest, breast, aad under tail-coverts, and the upper parts of a duller, more grayish, olive-green. The breeding range of this form comprises the States of Virginia (except the southern coast district) and Maryland, the more southern portions of Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia; probably also Delaware and southern New Jer- sey, and the upland districts of the Carolinas. The only extralimital *G, t. sinuosa, confined to the salt marshes skirting San Francisco Bay. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 655 specimens that I have seen which seem without doubt referable to this form are from certain islands of the Bahama group. (2) Geothlypis trichas ignota.—This is the southerh coast form, whose breeding range extends from the Dismal Swamp, in southeastern Vir- ginia, to Cape Florida, and westward along the Gulf coast at least to Louisiana, probably to eastern Texas. This is much the darkest of all, has the wing more rounded, and is the only one in which the length of the tail is nearly (sometimes quite) equal to that of the wing. (3) Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla.—The northern and _trans- Alleghenian form, somewhat intermediate in coloration between G. ¢. trichas and G@. ¢. ¢gnota, but clearly distinct from either. With about the same size as G. ¢. cgnota, but with the tail relatively much shorter, it is otherwise more like G@. ¢. trichas, but has the under parts mostly yellow and the upper parts a more decided olive-green. The alleged difference in the wing-formula between this subspecies’ and G. ¢. trichas I have not been able to verify. This form is first met with as a probable or possible summer resident in northern New Jersey and on Long Island, whence it extends northward, to the exclusion of G. t. trichas, and from the New England States and maritime British Provinces westward to eastern North Dakota, and thence southward throughout the Mississippi Valley, east of the Great Plains, breeding over the whole of this extensive area, and migrating southward through eastern Mexico and Central America as far as Costa Rica, as well as through the exclusive summer habitat of G. ¢. trichas, along the Atlan- tic seaboard, to certain of the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean Sea. (4) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis.—The arid region form, which agrees in size, brighter olive-green of upper parts, and greater exten- sion of yellow on the under surface with @. ¢. brachidactyla, but differs from that, as well as from the other two eastern forms, in having the post-facial band white instead of light gray, and the yellow of the under parts of a warmer or more orange hue. The range of this well-marked subspecies begins at the western limit of that of G@. t. brachidactyla (somewhere about the middle of the Great Plains) and extends west- ward to the Pacific coast in southern California and northern Lower California, and from the northern boundary of the United States to northern Mexico. I am unable to trace it farther southward in winter than Cape St. Lucas and the State of Sinaloa in western Mexico. (5) Geothlypis trichas arizela.—The Pacific coast form, replacing G. t. occidentalis from Los Angeles County, California, to British Columbia.- Very similar to G. ¢. occidentalis in coloration, but with the bill much smaller (exposed culmen very rarely 11 mm., the mini- mum length in G. ¢. occidentalis), the whitish post-facial band averag- ing narrower, and the general coloration less intensified. This form 1See William Palmer, Auk, xvii, 1900, 226, 227. 656 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. extends in winter to Cape St. Lucas, but is mainly resident, at least in the more southern parts of its range. (6) Geothlypis trichas sinwosa.—A small form (slightly smaller even than G. ¢. trichas), apparently confined to the salt marshes about San Francisco Bay. The coloration is essentially identical with that of G. t. arizela, but slightly darker, especially on the upper parts and flanks. (7) Geothlypis trichas modesta.—The resident form of western Mex- ico (States of Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Colima and Territory of Tepic’). This form is practically identical with G. ¢. arizela in coloration and general dimensions, but has the bill much larger (about the same size as in G@. t. occidentalis), and would hardly be recognized by name were it not for the fact that it has a definite range far removed from that of G. t. ur/zela, the much more brightly colored G. ¢. occidentalis com- ing between the two. (8) Geothlypis trichas melanops.—This is the subspecies of eastern Mexico, and is evidently an offshoot from G. t. occidentalis, from which it differs in larger size, in having the under parts entirely rich yellow, and the white post-facial band broader and somewhat tinged with yel- low on its lateral branches. Some specimens from Chihuahua, north ern Mexico, are clearly intermediate between this very strongly marked subspecies and G@. ¢. occidentalis. Geothlypis belding?, of the Cape St. Lucas district, and the several forms peculiar to the Bahama Islands are evidently derived from the same ‘original stock” as the forms of G. tr¢chas, but being no longer connected by intermediates may be considered specifically distinct. All these are much larger than any of the G. trichas group. G@. beldings has the post-facial band entirely yellow, a character shared by a much smaller species of eastern Mexico (G@. flavovelata), two of the Bahama forms (G@. coryé and @. flavida) having this marking also yellow except across the crown, being thus intermediate so far as this character is concerned, the other Bahama forms having the post-facial band gray or grayish white, as in the @. trichas group. The Bahaman insular forms present a puzzling problem, which can not be solved until many more specimens have been secured, especially from the islands of Great Bahama,’ Abaco, Andros, and Eleuthera. Three easily recognizable forms unquestionably inhabit the small island of New Providence, while two are certainly inhabitants of Abaco; therefore they can not be subspecies of one form. One of the three New Providence forms (@. rostrata) is very different from any inhabiting the other islands; the other two* resemble, respectively, 1A specimen (female) from Tehuacan, Pueblo, is doubtfully referred to the same form; also one from Ortiz, Sonora. 71 have not been able to examine a specimen from the island of Great Bahama. 8 These second and third New Providence forms are G. flavida, representing @. coryi, and G. maynardi, representing G. tanneri. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 657 that found on Eleuthera (@. cory?) and one of those found on Abaco (G. tanneri), but are nevertheless recognizably different. That found on Andros ((. exigua) resembles the second Abaco form (G. incompta), but is smaller. Were each of these seven insular forms peculiar to a separate island they might easily be considered local subspecies of one specific type; but the fact that three of them inhabit a single small island and are said to have very distinct habitats and notes, while two others inhabit another island, renders such a view of their relationship untenable. For the present, or until we know more about these puzzling Bahama forms, probably the safest course would be to consider them all as distinct species; at the same time their characters suggest that their status might perhaps be more correctly indicated by the following nomenclature: Geothlypis rostrata. New Providence. Geothlypis tanneri tanneri. Abaco. Geothlypis tanneri maynard. New Providence. Geothlypis incompta incompta. Abaco. Geothlypis incompta exigua. Andros. Geothlypis coryé coryi. Eleuthera. Geothlypis coryi flavida. New Providence. TS Se aR Oo bo Whatever.the facts may be, however, the case is an excellent illustra- tion of the difficulties in the way of determining the rank of insular forms, and should be carefully considered by those who would apply the same criteria to insular as to continental forms. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GEOTHLYPIS. a. Forehead and sides of head (loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions’) black. (Adult males. ) b. Tail not muck, if any, longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter) . ¢. A distinct light gray, whitish, or yellow space immediately behind the black “‘mask;’’ outermost (ninth) primary longer than first. d. Band across crown (immediately behind black frontal patch) gray or white, sometimes tinged with yellow, but never clear yellow; feathers of crown and occiput gray beneath surface. e. Smaller (wing not exceeding 60, usually much less, or else culmen less than 12). (Continental forms: Geothlypis trichas. ) J. Post-facial space gray. (Eastern forms.) g. Coloration paler, the back, etc., light grayish olive-green, the crown, (except anteriorly) and occiput grayish brown or olive, the flanks light buffy grayish or brownish; wing more pointed, the outer- most (ninth) primary usually equal to or longer than fourth; tail relatively shorter, usually decidedly shorter than wing. 'In the two exclusively South American species, G. velata and G. xquinoctialis, the malar region is yellow, like the under parts. 3654—voL 2—01——42 658 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. h. Smaller (wing averaging 52.9, tail 49.3, exposed culmen 10.5); paler, with yellow of under parts usually confined to throat, chest, breast and under tail-coverts, the back, etc., more grayish. (Mid- dle portion of Atlantic coast district; Bahamas in winter. ) Geothlypis trichas trichas, adult male (p. 661) hh. Larger (wing averaging 55.1, tail 49.2, exposed culmen 11.4); deeper colored, the yellow of under parts usually covering most of the under surface, the back, etc., more decided olive-green. (Northern New Jersey, Long Island, New England States and maritime British Provinces westward to eastern North Dakota and Manitoba, and southward through Mississippi Valley, east of the Great Plains; in winter to Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Swan Island, and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica. ) Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, adult male (p. 664) gg. Coloration darker, the back, etc., deep olive-green, the crown (except anteriorly) and occiput olive-brown, the flanks deep buffy olive; wing more rounded, the outermost (ninth) primary usually shorter than second; tail relatively longer, nearly (sometimes quite) equal in length to wing. (Southern coast district of eastern United States, from southeastern Virginia to Florida and eastern Texas.) ...-...----- Geothlypis trichas ignota, adult male (p. 667) Jf. Post-facial band white or grayish white. (Western forms. ) g. Under parts of body partly buffy whitish, at least the lower abdo- men; smaller (wing and tail averaging less than 60). h. Larger (wing averaging more than 55, tail more than 50); color of upper parts and flanks paler. i. Larger (wing averaging 57.5, tail 55.8); coloration brighter, with yellow of under parts usually more orange. (Western United States, from western portion of Great Plains to southern Cali- fornia, northern Lower California, and northern Mexico.) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, adult male (p. 668) ii. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 55.8, tail 52.6 or less); coloration duller, with yellow of under parts usually less orange. _ jj. Bill much smaller (exposed culmen rarely 11, averaging 10.3). (Pacific coast district, from southern California to British Columbia. ) ....Geothlypis trichas arizela, adult male (p. 670) j. Bill much larger (exposed culmen more than 11, averaging 11.4). (Western Mexico. ) Geothlypis trichas modesta, adult male (p. 672) hh. Smaller (wing averaging 52.6, tail 48.3); color of upper parts and flanks darker. (Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay.) Geothlypis trichas sinuosa, adult male (p. 672) gg. Under parts entirely bright yellow; larger (wing averaging 61.2, tail 60.2). (Southeastern and central Mexico.) Geothlypis trichas melanops, adult male (p. 673) ee. Larger (wing exceeding 60, exposed culmen not less than 14). (Bahama forms: Geothlypis rostrata and allies. ) f. Post-facial band pale gray or grayish white; back, etc., duller, more grayish, olive-green; crown more extensively gray; yellow of under parts paler and duller. g. Larger (wing averaging 62.4, tail 58.2, tarsus 22.8); crown more extensively and clearlygray. (New Providence Island, Bahamas.) Geothlypis rostrata, adult male (p. 674) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 659 gg. Smaller (wing averaging less than 62, tail 56, tarsus less than 22); gray of crown duller and more restricted. h. Wing larger (averaging 61), bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 15.7); yéllow of under parts duller, the back, etc., more grayish olive-green. (Abaco Island, Bahamas. ) Geothlypis incompta, adult male (p. 677) hh. Wing shorter (59), bill smaller (exposed culmen 15); yellow of under parts brighter, the back, etc., more decided olive-green. (Andros Island, Bahamas. ) ; Geothlypis exigua, adult male (p. 677) ff. Post-facial band yellow (except across crown) or tinged with yellow; back, etc., brighter olive-green; crown with gray more restricted or else tinged with yellow or olive-green; yellow of under parts deeper and brighter. g. Band across crown gray, without yellow tinge; supra-auricular region more faintly yellow. h. Band across crown darker or duller gray; back darker olive-green; yellow of under parts less intense; wing and tail longer (wing 67.3, tail 61). (Abaco island, Bahamas; Great Bahama island?) Geothlypis tanneri, adult male (p. 676) hh. Band across forehead paler or purer gray; back more yellowish olive-green; yellow of under parts more intense; wing and tail shorter (wing averaging 64.8, tail 59.7). (New Providence island, Bahamas. )-.--- Geothlypis maynardi, adult male (p. 676) gg. Band across crown yellowish gray; supra-auricular region clear , yellow. hh. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging 62.5, tail 58.7, exposed culmen 16.2); black of forehead narrower; back, etc., clearer olive-green. (Eleuthera island, Bahamas. Geothlypis coryi, adult male (p. 677) h. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averaging 66.1, tail 61.2, exposed culmen 14.7); black of forehead broader, and color of back, etc., more golden olive-green. (New Providence island, Bahamas.) Geothlypis flavida, adult male (p. 678) dd. Band across crown (immediately behind black frontal patch) clear yel- low; feathers of crown and occiput yellowish beneath surface (crown and occiput wholly yellow in one species. ) e. Larger (wing and tail more than 61, tarsus 22.9 or more). (Cape St. Lucas district, Lower California.) .Geothlypis beldingi, adult male (p.679) ee. Smaller (wing less than 56, tail less than 55, tarsus less than 22). f. Hinder crown, occiput, and hindneck brownish olive; bill smaller (exposed culmen 12). (Southern Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico. ) Geothlypis flavovelata, adult male (p. 680) ff. Whole crown and occiput yellow; bill larger (exposed culmen 14). (Southern Tamaulipas, eastern Mexico. ) Geothlypis flaviceps, adult male (p. 680) ce. No gray, white, nor yellow behind the black ‘‘mask;’’ outermost (ninth) primary not longer than first (except in G. chiriquensis?') d. Black of forehead not extending to crown; crown and occiput gray. (Chi- IQ (H, ) seated widrtiaremia Anpeicnain sinieiae Geothlypis chiriquensis, adult male (p. 681) dd. Black of forehead extending at least to middle of crown; hinder crown and occiput olive-green or black. 1This species I have not been able to examine. 660 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. e. Hinder crown and occiput olive-green; back, etc., bright yellowish olive. green; beneath bright lemon yellow, the sides and flanks olive-green;' tail Jess than 50; bill stouter, the exposed culmen 13-14. (Southern Honduras to Costa Rica.) Geothlypis semifiava bairdi, adult male (p. 682) ee. Whole pileum black; back, etc., brownish olive-green; beneath saffron yellow, the sides and flanks brownish; tail more than 55; bill more slender, the exposed culmen 12-12.7. (Southeastern Mexico.) Geothlypis speciosa, adult male (p. 683) bb. Tail much longer than wing. c. Post-facial region more or less gray; bill larger (exposed culmen 11-11.5), (States of Vera Cruz and Puebla, southeastern Mexico. ) Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni, adult male (p. 685) cc. Post-facial region olive-green, like rest of upper parts, or but slightly tinged with gray; bill smaller (exposed culmen 10). (State of Hidalgo, south- eastern Mexico.).-.-.--. Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha, adult male (p. 685) aa. No black on head. (Adult females and young. ) b. Tail not longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter). c. Back, etc., clear olive-green, yellowish olive-green, or grayish olive-green; sides and flanks not,reddish brown; yellow of under parts not of a fulycus or ochraceous hue. d. Sides and flanks not olive-green. e. Forehead and superciliary region not yellow; if tinged with yellow the color not strongly nor abruptly contrasted with the olive, olive- greenish, or brownish of crown and occiput; under parts not saffron yellow. f. Smaller (wing less than 57 or else exposed culmen less than 12.9— usually less than 55 and 12, respectively). g. Under part partly buffy whitish; smaller (wing and tail less than 55). h. Smaller (wing averaging less than 50, exposed culmen averaging not more than 10). i. Paler; wing averaging 49.7, tail 46.9, exposed culmen 9.7, tarsus WO Tesh dak 3 savers Geothlypis trichas trichas, adult female (p. 662) ti. Darker; wing 48, tail 43, exposed culmen 10, tarsus 19. Geothlypis trichas sinuosa, adult female (p. 672) hh. Larger (wing averaging more than 51, exposed culmen more than 10). i. Darker olive above and on flanks; tail relatively longer and bill larger; wing averaging 52.3, tail 50.5, exposed culmen 11. Geothlypis trichas ignota, adult female (p. 667) ui. Paler olive or olive-greenish above and on flanks; tail relatively shorter and bill smaller. j. More decidedly olive-greenish above. k. Smaller (averaging wing 51.7, tail 46.8, exposed culmen 10.7, tarsus 19.9). Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla, adult female (p. 664) kk. Larger (averaging wing 53.4, tail 50.8, exposed culmen 10.9, tarsus 20.3). Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, adult female (p. 669) jj. Duller, more grayish, olive-green above. k, Wing averaging 51.9, tail 48.9, exposed culmen 10, tarsus 710s Geothlypis trichas arizela, adult female (p. 670) kk. Wing averaging 52, tail 48.2, exposed culmen 10.3, tarsus 19.5.2... Geothlypis trichas modesta, adult femaie (p. 672) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 661 gg. Under parts entirely yellow; larger (wing and tail more than 55). Geothlypis trichas melanops, adult female (p. 673) Jf. Larger (wing more than 57, exposed culmen not less than 12.9, usually much more). g- Bill smaller (exposed culmen 12.9-13.7). Geothlypis beldingi, adult female (p. 679) gg. Bill larger (exposed culmen 14.5-15.5). h. Under parts with more or less of whitish on abdominal region; fore. head and superciliary region very slightly if at all tinged with yellow. i. Throat and chest pale dull yellow, or pale dull buffy tinged with yellow; back, etec., olive-gray. Geothlypis rostrata, adult female (p. 675) ti. Throat and chest bright yellow; back, etc., grayish olive-green. j. Wing and tail longer, bill smaller (wing averaging 61.5, tail 56.9, exposed culmen 14.5); upper parts lighter olive-green, the forehead and superciliary stripe grayish, not tinged with yellow. Geothlypis maynardi, adult female (p. 676) jij. Wing and tail shorter, bill larger (wing 58.9, tail 55.9, ex- posed culmen 15.2); upper parts darker olive-green, the forehead and superciliary region tinged with yellow. Geothlypis tanneri, adult female (p. 676) hh. Under parts entirely yellow; forehead and superciliary region strongly tinged with yellow. Geothlypis coryi, adult female (p. 678) ee. Forehead and superciliary region dull yellow, strongly and abruptly con- tracted with olive of crown and occiput; under parts saffron yellow. Geothlypis flaviceps, adult female (p. 681) dd. Sides and flanks deep olive-green, like upper parts. Geothlypis semiflava bairdi, adult female (p. 683) cc. Back, etc., brownish olive-green; sides and flanks reddish brown; under parts ochraceous- or fulvous- yellow. Geothlypis speciosa, adult female! (p. 684) bb. Tail decidedly longer than wing. Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni, adult female? (p. 685) Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha, adult female. GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS TRICHAS (Linnzus). MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT. Adult male in spring and summer.—Forehead (broadly, or to and sometimes including anterior portion of crown) with loral, orbital, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions uniform black, forming a con- spicuous ‘‘ mask,” this margined posteriorly by a band of light ash gray of variable width, sometimes narrow and abruptly defined posteriorly, sometimes covering whole of crown; rest of upper parts plain dull grayish olive-green, the occiput and hinder part of crown more or less strongly tinged with brown; chin, throat, and chest (sometimes breast also) lemon or canary yellow; under tail-coverts paler yellow; rest of under parts pale buffy or dull buffy whitish, becoming light buffy ‘Adult females of G. speciosa, G. nelsoni (both subspecies), G. trichas melanops, G. flavovelata, G. incompta, G. exigua, and G. flavida not seen by me. 662 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. grayish brown on sides and flanks; edge of wing yellow; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar in coloration to spring or summer specimens, but hinder crown and occiput decidedly brown, olive-green of hack, etc., clearer (less grayish), and bill much lighter in color, the mandible pale brownish (flesh colored or lilaceous in life’), darker terminally, the maxilla dark brown or dusky with paler tomia. Adult female in spring and summer.—Head without any black or gray; pileum grayish olive, the forehead or anterior portion of crown (sometimes both) more or less strongly tinged with cinnamon-brown; sides of head similar in color to pileum, but paler, especially on super- ciliary and orbital regions; otherwise similar in coloration to the adult male, but yellow of under parts paler and duller, sometimes distinct only on under tail-coverts. Adult female in autumn and winter.—Similar to spring and summer specimens, but plumage softer and colors slightly deeper. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but black ‘‘ mask” only partially developed. the pileum entirely olive-brown (or with admixture of black feathers on forehead), no gray on head, and colors generally duller, more suffused. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female of corresponding season, but under parts pale dull buffy, or pale maize yellow (without any clear yellow), becoming brownish on sides and flanks. Young, jirst plumage (sexes alike).—Above plain brownish olive, becoming more olive-greenish on remiges and rectrices; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with pale buffy brown er cinnamon; throat, chest, sides, and flanks pale buffy olive, the last tinged with cinnamon; rest-of under parts pale buffy yellowish. © Adult male.—Length (skins), 104-120 (111); wing, 49-56.5 (52.9); tail, 45-52.5 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9.5-12 (10.5); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.1); middle toe, 12.5-14 (12.9).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 102-112 (108.6); wing, 46-53.5 (49.7); tail, 42-50 (46.9); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.7); middle toe, 12-13 (12.5).? Atlantic coast district of United States; breeding in Virginia, Dis- trict of Columbia, Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania (Carlisle)— probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and in upland portions of the Carolinas and Georgia;* accidental in southwestern Indiana (Wheatland, Knox County, one specimen, May 5, 1885); south in winter to Bahamas (Eleuthera, Abaco, New Providence, Watlings, Concepcion, Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Cat islands). 1 Forty-two specimens. * Nine specimens, from District of Columbia. * Southern limit of breeding range not determined. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 663 [Turdus] trichas Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 293 (Maryland; based on Maryland Yellow-throat, Muscicapa Marilandica, gutture luteo, Edwards, Glean- ings Nat. Hist., v, 56, pl. 237; Figuier de Mariland, Ficedula marilandica, Brisson, Orn., iii, 506).—GmE.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 811. Turdus trichas Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. [Sylvia] trichas Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 519. Sylvia trichas Vie1tLot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 28, pls. 85, 86; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 229; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 443.—SrepHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 682.—Bonararts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 84.—Nour- TALL, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 401.—Aupvuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 121, pl. 23; v, 1839, 463. G[eothlypis] trichas CaBANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310. Geothlypis trichas Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.—Saxvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr. ).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.—Bairp, BREweErR, and Ripeway, Hist. N Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part, pl. 15, figs. 7,8.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 72, part; Auk, iii, 1886, 44, part (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 58, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part (Eleuthera, Abaco, New Providence, San Salvador, Concepcion, Watlings, Rum Cay, and Green Cay islands, Baha- mas).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 167, part (in synonymy).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Brcxaam, Auk, iii, 1886, 279-281 (plumages).— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.—Nrnr- LING, @ur Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 254, part. [Geothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.—ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. G[eothlypis] trichas Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part. [Motacilla Jirichias Turron, Syst. Nat., i, 1800, 590. [Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Rripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Rrpaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. [ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Ripa@way, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part. [Geothiypis trichas] A. trichas Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 167 (synonymy). Geothlypis trichas trichas OpERHotseR, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 258.—Paumer (W.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 220 (crit.). G[eothlypis] trichas trichas PALMER (W.), Auk, xviii, 1901, 197, in text. Sylvia marilandica Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 88, pl. 6, fig. 1; ii, 1809, 163, pl. 18, fig. 4 (female). S{ylvia] marylandica Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 186. Trichas marylandica Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. §. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 464, part.—(?) Bryan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— (?) ALBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 52 (Bahamas). Trichas marilandica Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct.ed., ii, 1841, 78, part, pl. 102.— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 109 (New Providence, Bahamas, Apr., May). [Trichas] marilandica Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 310, part.—Gray, Hand- list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3503, part. Tr[iehas] marilandica Maximiuian, Journ. fiir Orn., .1858, 118, part (Penn- sylvania). T[richas] marilandicus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 197. (?) Regulus ? mystaceus SrePHENS, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 2, 1826, 232. 664 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Trichas personatus' Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 433, part; Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 167; Isis, 1880, 1153; 1834, 785; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 247,— JaRDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 88, 303, part. The following references I am unable, in the absence of specimens from the localities cited, to properly allocate: Geothlypis trichas SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rico).—Gunp.acn, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 187 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 36; Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Little Cayman); viii, 1891, 352 (Anguilla and Cay Sal, Bahamas, May); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part (Great Bahama, Biminis, Berry, Andros, Great Inagua, Cay Sal and Anguilla islands, Bahamas; Isle of Pines; Grand Cayman; Haiti; Porto Rico).—Norrurop, Auk, viii, 1891, 69 (Andros I., Bahamas).—Cuxrriz, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 12 (Santo Domingo, Feb. 2 to May 8). GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS BRACHIDACTYLA (Swainson). NORTHERN YELLOW-THROAT, Similar to G. ¢. trichas, but averaging larger; adult male with under parts more extensively yellow (often almost wholly yellow) and upper parts more decidedly olive-green; adult female usually with the yellow of under parts brighter and more extended than that of G@..¢. trichas’. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-133 (112.4); wing, 51.5-59 (55.1); tail, 44-56 (49.2); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.4); tarsus, 18.5-22 (20.5); middle toe, 12-14.5 (13.7)°. Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-121 (111.3); wing, 48-54.5 (51.7); tail, 45-50 (46.8); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.7); tarsus, 19-21.5 (19.9); middle toe, 12-14 (12.8)*. 1Not named as a new species, but a new specific name given to the old species, because the name Trichas was used for a supposedly new genus. ? The adult females of both forms vary greatly in the amount or extent of yellow on the under parts. _ 5 Sixty-five specimens. *Twenty-six specimens. Specimens from different localities or geographic areas average respectively as follows: Locality, Wing. | Tail. coed Tarsus. me le culmen, i MALES. Four adult males from Massachusetts.............222----++- 55.7| 47.4 11.5| 20.7 18.6 Eighteen adult males from New York and northern New Jersey ......, gos inh bis slg)d dea seeeatem ee yeas semester els 56 50.38] 11.2) I99] 133 Six adult males from Wisconsin and northern Illinois. ..... 58 61.8 11.3 20.5 13.2 Ten adult males from Minnesota (9) and North Dakota (1).| 54.9 49.9 11.4 20.7 13.5 Nineteen adult males from southern Illinois and Indiana..| 54.4 48.7 1 20, 2 12.9 One adult male from Tennessee..............000..eeeeee eens 56 51 UW 19.5 aU Six adult males from eastern Texas............2200-ceeeeeee 55.5 | 60.8 1 19.9] 18.2 FEMALES. Eleven adult females from New York and New Jersey ..... 61.5 47.1 10.7) 19.8 12.8 Seven adult females from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and north- Ory INNO inrweins tt 3240 2 8scaea ye Sos oamacd ada sheaammuede 52.4] 48.1 10.6 | 20.1] 181 Seven adult females from southern Indiana and Illinois ...} | 51.1 46.5 10.7 19.7 12.5 One adult female from Tennessee........2.2222.22- seen eens 51 47 11 20 LR BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 665 Northeastern United States and southeastern British Provinces, from Newfoundland,’ southern Labrador (Natashquan), Quebec (Point de Monts), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the New England States, Long Island, New York, and northern New Jersey (Englewood, Hoboken, etc.), westward to northern Ontario (Parry Sound, Muskoka, etc.), Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota (Pembina, Fort Rice, etc.), and southward through Mississippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf States (?), and east-central Texas; in winter, Bahamas (Eleuthera, New Providence, Abaco, Salt Key, and Rum Cay islands, and Hog Island), Cuba (Remedios, Monte Verde, Palmarito, etc.), Jamaica, Porto Rico (?), Swan Island (Caribbean Sea), and through eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Tlax- cala (Apixaco), Guanajuato (Morelia), Tabasco, and Yucatan, to Guate- mala, Nicaragua (San Carlos; Los Stbalos; Sucuyd), and Costa Rica (Rio Frio; San José; Cartago); whole United States cast of the Great Plains during migration. Sylvia trichas (not Turdus trichas Linneeus) Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 401, part.—Aupupon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 121, part; v, 1839, 463, part. Geothlypis trichas Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.—ScuarEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 70 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27, part (Jamaica; Tobago ?).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).— SciaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Toton- tepec, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27, part (Guatemala).—VeERrRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 137 (Anticosti 1.)—AtsBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 192 (Jamaica).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—McIiwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, Onta- rio).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 94 (Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).—ScuaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 10 (Duefias, Guatemala, winter); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr. )—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.—Bairp, Brewer, ané Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 62 (Upton, Maine; descr. young); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I., July).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José and Cartago, Costa Rica, Jan. to May); 1883, 441 (Chablé and Progreso, Yucatan).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 72, part; Auk, iii, 1886, 44, part (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 58, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, part (Jamaica).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 576 (Swan L, Caribbean Sea, Feb. 12); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 167.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 151 (chiefly).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 234 (Point de Monts, Quebec, rare).—Srxarys, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 116 (Natashquan, Labrador).—BicknELL, Auk, i, 1884, 215 (song).—Brownz, Auk, i, 1884, 389 (Framingham, Massachusetts, 1 spec. in Jan.).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 398 (Los Sibalos, Nicaragua).—Snarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part.—AMERICAN OrnirHoxoaisrs’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.—CuErrin, Auk, 1According to W. Palmer, Auk. 666 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. vii, 1890, 336 (San José, Costa Rica, Mar., Apr.); ix, 1892, 21 (do. ) —Faxon, Auk, vii, 1890, 409 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jan. 31, 1890).—Ricunonn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, after Oct. 28).—NeEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 254, part, pl. 14, fig. 1.— Fuemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, summer resid. ). [ Geothlypis trichas] Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. G[eothlypis] trichas Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Rrpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part. [Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Rineway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part, Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ripeway, Am, Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. [ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part. : S{eiurus] trichas Rripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 369 (Illinois). Sylvia roscoe (not of Audubon) Pzazopy, Orn. Mass., 1839, 313 (Massachusetts). Trichas marylandica (not Sylvia marilandica Wilson) Nurrazy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 148.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).—Bryanrt, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia). Trichas marilandica AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 78, part.—Winiis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia). Tr{ichas] marilandica Maximiuian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 118, part (Kentucky; Texas). Trichas personatus Swatnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 433, part (Vera Cruz, Mexico).—Jarping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 88, 303, part.— Dewny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38, part (Jamaica; Cuba).—Prarrsn, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 602 (Illinois). Trichas brachidactylus Swatnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 295 (‘‘northern Prov- inces of United States’’). T[richas] brachidactylus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 197. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla Pauwer (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 221 (crit.). G[eothlypis] trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part (Mississippi Valley). Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Rrpcway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yucatan, winter).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 259, chiefly (dates, etc.).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 581, part. (?) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Huexotella, Puebla, Jan.; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Jan.). [Geothlypis trichas] B. occidentalis Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 168. Geothlypis restricta Maynarp, Am. Exchange and Mart, Jan. 15, 1887, 33 (Baha- mas; coll. C. J. Maynard'); Feb. 5, 1887, 69.—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 289 (New Providence, Hog Island, and Salt Key, Bahamas, Feb. 8 to May 5; crit. ). Geothlypis trichas restricta Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18. Geothlypis trichas restrictus Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 119, 156 (New Provi- dence and Andros islands, Bahamas). Geothlypis agilis (error) Warren (0. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 192 (Marquette Co., Michigan, breeding; see Auk, xv, 1898, 193). 1Type now in collection of Gerrit 8. Miller, jr. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 667 GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS IGNOTA Chapman. SOUTHERN YELLOW-THROAT. Similar to @. ¢. brachidactyla, but tail relatively longer (nearly, some- times quite, av long as wing), wing more rounded (outermost primary shorter than fourth, instead of longer), and coloration much darker; adult male with greenish olive of upper parts darker, becoming more strongly brownish on crown and occiput, where (at least in winter plumage) the color is nearly vandyke, or chocolate brown; yellow of under parts about equally extensive as in G. ¢. brachidactyla, but Jess pure in hue; sides and flanks darker, approaching raw umber brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-128 (118.1); wing, 49.5-56.5 (55.2); tail, 48-56 (53); exposed culmen, 10.2-13 (11.5); tarsus, 20-22 (20.7); middle toe, 12-14 (13.1). Adult female.—Lenth (skins), 112-121 (115.5); wing, 48.5-54.5 (52.2); tail, +7.5-53.5 (49.4); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.1); tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12.5-14 (12.9).? Southern Atlantic and Gulf coast districts of United States, from southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp, breeding) to Florida (over whole peninsula) and westward along Gulf lowlands to eastern Texas (Caranchua Creek, Johnson County, January); winters from at least coast of South Carolina southward; also winters in Cuba (Matanzas, February; El Guama, March; San Diego de los Bafios, April). (2) §Sylvia roscoe AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 124, pl. 24 (Mississippi). (?) Trichas roscoe NutraLL, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 457. 1 Kighteen specimens. Fourteen specimens. Series from different localities average respectively as follows: Ex- |. rs Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ane culmen. : MALES. Ten adult males from: PLOT MA siete sreaisicccineniumaoacsxeeeacece 55. 4 52.5 11.4 20.9 13 Two adult males from Georgia (Liberty County)...--..----- 54.5) 54 U.5| 20.5 13 Two adult males from South Carolina (coast).....-..------- 54.7 53.5 11.5 20 13 Two adult males from southeastern Virginia (Dismal SwAMD): cee cinctetw Way cap nate: cece cb ae yewndeceee neelateeeet B45 | 52.2 i 20.5 13.2 One adult male from Louisiana (New Orleans)........------ 56 54 13 21.5 4 Onc adult male from eastern Texas (Johnson County) ....- 56 56 11.5 21 13: FEMALES. Eleven adult females from Florida....-....++-+-+++++2--+-++ 52.3 50.5 11.1 20.4 13.1 One adult female from Virginia (Dismal Swamp)....------- 52.5 47.5 11 20.5 13 Two adult females from Cuba........-.2----0-eceeeeeeeeeeee 58.7 48.7 11 19.2 12.5 ’While I believe there can be little doubt that Audubon figured and described an immature male of this form, it is probably best. not to accept the name roscoe, for the reason that there is now no means of proving the matter, and to accept the later name ignota on the principle that it is never well to exchange a certainty for an uncertainty. 668 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Geothlypis trichas roscoe Hasprovcx, Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 167, 168, part.—PALMER (W.), Auk, xvii, 1900, 221 (crit.); xviii, 1901, 197, in text (crit. nomencl.) (2) Sylvia trichas (not Turdus trichas Linneeus) D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 67. (?) Geothlypis trichas Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872, 417 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 236; Orn. Cuba, 1873, 69. Geothlypis ‘trichas Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part (Cape Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part.—ALEn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269, part (e. Florida).—Couxs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 20 (Fort Macon, North Carolina, breeding; habits); Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.—Ripeway, Nom.N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.— AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 681, part.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 21 (Key West and Punta Rassa, Florida, winter).—Waynz, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding). [ Geothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part. G[eothlypis] trichas Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part. [ Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ripaway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. ( Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Rrpaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part. Trichas marilandica (not Sylvia marilandica Wilson) AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 78, part. Trichas marylandica Nurrauu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part (w. Florida). Tr[ichas] marilandica Maxim1uian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 118, part (Florida; Louisiana). ; G[eothlypis] trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part (Georgia). Geothlypis trichas occidentalis BryEr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115 (Louisiana, resident). Geothlypis trichas ignota Cuapman, Auk, vii, Jan., 1890, 11 (Tarpon Springs, Florida: coll. W. E. D. Scott).—American OrnirHoxoaists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 681b.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 608. GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS OCCIDENTALIS Brewster. WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT, Similar to G. t. brachidactyla, but wing and tail longer and colora- tion brighter; adult male with space bordering posterior margin of the black ‘‘mask” white, instead of pale gray, sometimes tinged with yellow, especially on lower portion; yellow of under parts of a distinctly warmer, more orange, hue; adult female averaging very slightly paler above, with yellow of under parts (when present) of a more orange hue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-127 (120.8); wing, 55-60 (57.5); tail, 51-56.5 (55.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9); middle toe, 13-14.5 (18.7).1 Thirty-two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 669 Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-121 (114.1); wing, 52-54.5 (53.4); tail, 49-53 (50.8); exposed culmen, 10.5-11 (10.9); tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.8); middle toe, 12.5-1+ (18.3)." Whole of arid region of western United States; east to more west- ern portions of the Great Plains (Fort Randall, South Dakota, to San Antonio, Texas); north to Montana (Fort Custer, Fort Keogh, ete.), Idaho, and eastern Washington (?); west to southern California (Los Angeles County, etc.),” and northern Lower California; breeding southward to northern Chihuahua (San Diego) and northern Lower California (Gardner’s Laguna, Salton River); southward in winter to Cape St. Lucas and Territory of Tepic, western Mexico. Sylvia trichas (not Turdus trichas Linnzeus) Nutrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 1, 1832, 401, part.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 463, part. Geothlypis trichas Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part. —Xantv+, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Henry, Prov. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas).—Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 163, in text (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no.¢ , part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Cui. Val., 1878, 309, part.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 95, part. —Satvin, Ibis, 1472, 149, part (monogr.).—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Col: - rado).—Megrriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 674 (Ogden, Utah; Fort Ellis, Montana), 713 (Utah).—AL.LeENn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Missouri and Musselshell rivers, w. North Dakota).—Baixnp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part. —LawreEncr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part (Mazatlan, winter).—HeEnsnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 204 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 434 (localities in Nevada and Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 150, part.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 'Kight specimens. Adult males from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. peaed Tarsus. Middle culmen. - Three adult males from northern Chihuahua (San Diego)..| 57.3 55.5 11.8 21.5 14.5 Fourteen adult males from Arizona..............---2--000+ 57.7 53.9 11.2 20.9 13.6 Two adult males from western Nevada ............--------- 60 56 11.5 21 ld One adult male from western Texas (Fort Hancock) ....-.. 59 54 2 21 14 Three adult males from Montana and western North Dakota.| 56.5 62.8 11.4 20.5 13 Six adult males from southern California...........-.------ 57.3 54,2 11.2 21 14.1 Three adult males from northern Lower California.......-. 56.3 53.3 11.2 20.7 13.7 On account of lack of sufficient material Iam not able to make out satisfactorily the range of this form in California. Specimens have been examined from Alhambra (April 2, September 8), Los Angeles (April 7), and Pasadena (November 23). I would also refer to this form a specimen from Stockton (April 13) and a breeding bird from Carberry’s Ranch. It is possible that its range may be general throughout the valleys of California, except those of the coast district from Los Angeles County northward. 670 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Club, vii, 1882, 139 (Cienega Station, Arizona; crit.).—Smarpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part. [Geothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 107, part.—Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. G[eothlypis] trichas Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 310, part. Geothlypis trichis Murriam, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 705 (Ogden, Utah, breeding). [ Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. [ Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Rrpeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part. (?) Trichas marylandica (not Sylvia marilandica Wilson) Nurraui, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part (Lewis River).—Gampe., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 37, part (California). (?) Trichas marylandicus GamBet, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 155, part (California). Trichas marilandica Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico). Trichas marilandicus WoopnoussE, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 51, part. (?) Trichas delafieldit (not Sylvia delafieldii Audubon) Herrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 263, part (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, +40, part (California). Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, July, 1883, 159 (Truckee River, Nevada; coll. W. Brewster).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- aists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 681a, part.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 35 (Tuc- son, Arizona).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 581, part.—Merriay, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 105 (Fort Lapwai, Idaho, breeding).—(?) AntHony, Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California).—Merriti, Auk, xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—PaumeEr (W.), Auk, xvii, 1901, 221 (diagn.; crit.).—Bares, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 75 (Cherry Co., n. w. Nebraska, Sept. 10). G[eothlypis] trichas occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part. Geothlypis occidentalis Sarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, footnote. Geothlypis trichas melanops (not G. melanops Baird) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua, May 6). it GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS ARIZELA Oberholser. PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT, Similar to G. ¢. occtdentalis, but with much smaller bill, shorter wing and tail, and duller coloration, with whitish band bordering pos- terior margin of the black ‘‘ mask” averaging narrower, and yellow of under parts usually less orange. Adult male.—Length (skins), 114-125 (119.7); wing, 52.5-58 (55.8); tail, 49.5-57 (52.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 20-21 (20.4); middle toe, 13-14 (13.4).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-120 (116); wing, 51-53 (51.9); 1Seventeen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 671 tail, 48-50 (48.9); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.1); middle toe, 12-13 (12.8).* Pacific coast district, from British Columbia southward; breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas. Sylvia trichas (not Turdus trichas Linnzeus) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 463, part (Columbia R.).—Townssnp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (Columbia R.). Geothylpis trichas Barn, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 241, part (Fort Steila- coom and Shoalwater Bay, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 170, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 220, part.—Cooprr and Suck.zy, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 177 (Shoalwater Bay, etc., Washington).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, 1864, 115 (British Columbia).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Coopgr, Orn. Cal. 1870, 95, part.—Sarvry, Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr.).—Cousns, Check List, 1873, no. 97, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 141, part; Birds, N. W., 1874, 74, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 309, part.— BarrD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.— Riveway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Marysville, California); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 122, part.—Be.prna, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 407, part (centr. California) ; v, 1883, 536 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).— Saarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 351, part. [Geothlypis trichas] a. trichas Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. Geothlypis trichas var. trichas Ringway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458, part. [Geothlypis trichas] var. trichas Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296, part. Trichas marylandica (not Sylvia marylandica Wilson) Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 454, part (Oregon).—GamseL, Journ. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 37, part (California). Trichas marilandica AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 65, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 78, part. : Trichas marylandicus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 165, part (Cal- fornia) . Trichas delafieldii (not Sylvia delafieldii Audubon) Herrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 263, part (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 40, part (California). Geothlypis trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster) ANnrHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 171 Washington Co., Oregon, summer).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 681la, part.—(?) TownsEnp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 224 (base of Mount Shasta, n. California).—Merriut, Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 356 (Grays Harbor, Washington). ‘Five specimens. Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex- , Locality. Wing. | Tail. ocd Tarsus. ae : culmen. . Four adult males from British Columbia.............--.-- 55.1 52.2 10.4 20.2 13.5 Seven adult males from western Washington ..........-.- 55.9 53.2 10.4 20.6 13.6 One adult male from western Oregon ....... Biubiauesieaeae 57 56 11 FO lesan Three adult males from southern California (Santa Clara, Pasadena, ClC) eeisamsimsdi occ nna den cecielons Staak seciemenenme 55.5 52.7 10.3 20.5 13 One adult male from Lower California (Seven Wells) ...--- BY Hecauses 10 21 14 672 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. G[eothlypis] trichas occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 523, part. Qeothlypis trichas arizela OperHosER, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 257 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). Geothlypis trichas scirpicola GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iii, May, 1901, 65 (El Monte, Los Angeles Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell). GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS MODESTA Nelson. SAN BLAS YELLOW-THROAT, Similar in size and coloration to G. t. arézela but with the bill decid- edly larger (as large as in @. ¢. occidentalis); much duller in color than G. ¢. occidentalis, with yellow of under parts either paler, less orange, or less extended, and with olive-green of upper parts duller and grayer. Adult malv,—Length (skins), 111-125 (118.2); wing, 52-58.5 (55.3); tail, 47-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.4); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20.8); middle toe, 12-14 (13.5.)! Adult femalv.—Length (skins), 114-117 (115.3); wing, 52; tail, 45.5-50 (48.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.3); tarsus, 19-20 (19.5); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.2.)? Western and central Mexico, in Territory of Tepic and States of Sonora (Ortiz), Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Colima (also States of Puebla and Tlaxcala ?). (?) Geothlypis trichas (not Turdus trichas Linneeus) ScuaTErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 292 (Mexico).—Duaas, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato). Geothlypis trichus LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269, part (Tepic).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 297, part.— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 150, part (Tepic; Guanajuato ?). [Geothlypis] trichas ScLatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9, part. (?) Geothlypis trichas occidentalis (not of Brewster ?) FEeRRARI-PerEz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Huexotitla, Puebla, Jan.; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Jan. ). Geothlypis trichas modestus Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 269 (San Blas, Tepic, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS SINUOSA Grinnell. SALT MARSH YELLOW-THROAT, Similar to G. ¢. arizela, but much smaller and slightly darker, espe- cially on sides and flanks. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-111 (107.2); wing, 50-54 (52.6); tail, 45-50 (48.3); exposed culmen, 10-10.8 (10.2); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.9); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.5).° 1Ten specimens. ?Three specimens. 3 Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 673 Adult female.—Length (skin), 98; wing, 48; tail, 48; exposed cul- men, 10; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12.' Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, California (Marin, Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties). Geothlypis trichas stnuosa GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iii, May, 1901, 65 (Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell). GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS MELANOPS (Baird). JALAPA YELLOW-THROAT, Similar to @. ¢. occidentalis, but wing and tail longer, the adult male with under parts entirely rich yellow, and with feathers of occiput and hindneck yellow beneath the surface. Adult male.—Forehead and loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions uniform deep black, forming a conspicuous ‘‘ mask,” this contin- ued posteriorly, in an angular point, along each side of lower throat; crown and supra-auricular region grayish white, the latter changing gradually to yellow on sides of neck; occiputand hindneck olive or olive- brown superficially, the feathers yellow or olive-yellow beneath the surface, grayish dusky at base; rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive- green; under parts rich lemon yellow, the sides and flanks (especially the latter) buffy olive; bill brownish black, or dark brown, with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 125-127 (126); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2); tail, 59-61.5 (60.2); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 21; middle toe, 14.5.” Adult female.—‘‘ General color above dull olive-brown, slightly more olive-yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-wing and primary-coverts dull brown; quills dark brown, externally edged with olive, the first primary whitish along the edge of the outer web; tail-feathers dull yellowish-olive, lighter on the edges; head decidedly browner than the back, and somewhat tufous-brown on the crown; lores ashy white; eyelid clearer whitish; ear-coverts olive-brown, yellowish near the lower edge, and with pale yellowish-brown shaft-lines; cheeks and under surface of body pale yellow, becoming whiter on the abdomen, the sides of the neck and breast washed with pale reddish-brown; flanks and sides of the body and thighs light earthy brown; under tail-coverts bright yellow pale reddish brown near the vent; under wing- -coverts and axillaries pale yellow, brighter along the ailye of the wing; quills dusky below; ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length, 132.1, culmen 12.7, Wing 57.1, tail 58.4, tarsus 20.3.” ® ‘One specimen. *Two specimens. *Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 356. (Measurements changed to millimeters. ) 3654—voL 2—01-——43 . 674 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Putla, Oaxaca; Valley of Mexico). Geothlypis melanops Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 222 (Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Sciarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 551 (near Putla, Oaxaca).—Satvuy, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr. ).—Satvin and Gop- man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 151.—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 355, pl. 10, fig. 2 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa, Vera Cruz). [Geothlypis] melanops ScraTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. G[eothlypis] melanops Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524. [ Geothlypis trichas] 7. melanops Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458. Geothlypis trichas var. melanops Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458. [Geothlypis trichas] var. melanops Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296.—Covxs, Birds N. W., 1874, 74, in text. Geothlypis trichas melanops PALMER (W.), Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 222. GEOTHLYPIS ROSTRATA Bryant. BRYANT’S YELLOW-THROAT. Similar in coloration to G. trichas trichas, but very much larger. Adult male in spring and summer.’—Forehead, lores, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions uniform black, this 8-10 wide (measured from frontal antiz) on forehead, and passing narrowly along posterior upper margin of eye; crown and occiput plain gray (light mouse gray or olive-gray), usually decidedly paler (about gray no. 9 or no. 10) next to black of forehead, the black mask margined posteriorly, from above the posterior portion of the eye to the sides of the neck,’ by still paler gray (sometimes almost grayish white), very faintly tinged with yellow, especially below; hindneck gray, like occiput, but usually more tinged with olive, and gradually passing into grayish olive-green 1 Unfortunately the range of this form is very imperfectly known. The type is in the well-known make of D’Oca’s Jalapa skins, but is labeled simply ‘‘ Mexico,” as is also the only other specimen I have seen. Of the seven skins listed in the Cata- logue of Birds in the British Museum (x, 356) only two have definite localities, these being Jalapa and ‘‘ near City of Mexico,’’ respectively. A specimen from San Diego, northwestern Chihuahua (May 6, 1891, F. Robinette), in the American Museum of Natural History, while intermediate is so much nearer in coloration G. t. melanops than to G. t. occidentalis that I believe the breeding range of the present form is toward the northern and western confines of the Mexican plateau rather than the southeastern portion, specimens from Jalapa and the Valley of Mexico being perhaps only winter migrants. The specimen from San Diego, Chihuahua, above referred to, is quite identical in coloration with the type of G. melanops Baird, except that the band across the crown is narrower and more tinged with yellow, its lateral arms decidedly yellow, and the underlying portion of feathers of occiput and hindneck less distinctly yellow. 1 would, however, unhesitatingly refer it to G. t. melanops but for its smaller measure- ments, which are as follows: Length (skin), 117; wing, 58; tail, 56; exposed culmen, 11.5; tarsus, 20, middle toe, 14.5. * All the specimens examined were taken in February, March, May, and June. ’ This pale gray or whitish space sometimes apparently involves a small part of the upper posterior portion of the auricular region. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 675 on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail more decidedly olive-green; under parts light lemon or canary yellow, becoming decidedly paler (sometimes yellowish white) on lower abdo- men and anal region and changing to pale yellowish gray or buffy olive on flanks and posterior portion of sides; longer under tail-coverts, with concealed portion largely pale yellowish olive; maxilla dark brown or brownish black, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins), darker terminally; iris brown; legs and feet pale brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 125-146 (137. 3); wing, 60-65.5 (62.4); tail, 55-61.5 (58.2); exposed culmen, 15-17.3 (15.7); depth of bill at nostrils, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 22-93.6 (22.8); middle toe, 1415.2 (14.6).” Adult female in spring.—Pileum and hindneck plain light grayish brown (hair brown), the forehead more grayish, the anterior portion of crown faintly tinged with warmer pale brown; rest of upper parts plain grayish olive-green, brighter on wings and tail, where sometimes inclining to yellowish olive-green; sides of head and neck similar to pileum and hindneck, but slightly paler, especially on suborbital region and lower portion of auricular region, which are narrowly and indis- tinctly streaked with paler; malar region pale buffy grayish; chin, throat, and chest pale yellow (nearly straw yellow), the breast also sometimes pale yellow; rest of under parts dull white, becoming pale grayish olive or buffy olive on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts pale yellow; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male, but the first rather paler; length (aking), 130-182 (181.4); wing, 57.5-59 (58.2); tail, 53- 55.9 (54.3); exposed culmen, 15-15.5 (15.2); tarsus, 21.8-22.5 (22. 3); middle toe, 1414.5 (14.3).° Island of New Providence, Bahamas. Geothlypis rostratus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, Mar., 1867, 67 (Nassau, New Providence Island, Bahamas; type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 73; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 156, part (New Providence). [Geothlypis] rostratus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9. Geothlypis rostrata SHaRpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 355.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 43; Birds, W. I., 1889, 57; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892 18 119, 127, part (New Providence Island).—Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Provi- dence).—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 290 (crit.; descr. ). G[eothlypis] rostrata Rindwaw, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524. [Trichas] rostrata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3513. [Geothlypis trichas] 8. rostrata Rineway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458. Geothlypis trichas var. rostrata Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci. iv, Dec. 1872, 458. [Geothlypis trichas] var. rostrata Ripaway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296. ? Bill almost wholly blackish in midsummer. ? Fifteen specimens. 3 Three specimens. 676 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. GEOTHLYPIS MAYNARDI Bangs. MAYNARD'S YELLOW-THROAT. Similar to G. rostrata, but wing and tail longer, and coloration much brighter. Adult male with back, scapulars, rump, etc., bright yellow- ish olive-green instead of grayish olive-green, the whitish band behind the black ‘‘ mask” faintly tinged with yellow, especially on lateral portion; under parts entirely yellow, the yellow brighter than in @. rostrata. Adult female with back, etc., yellowish olive-green (the pileum and hindneck being colored as in G@. rostrata), and with under parts almost wholly bright yellow, only the lower abdomen being whitish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-147.3 (138.7); wing, 61.2-66.5 (64.8); tail, 56.5-62.5 (59.7); exposed culmen, 14.5-16 (15.5); depth of bill at. base, 4.5-5.5 (4.9); tarsus, 22.5-23.9 (23); middle toe, 14-15.2 (14.8).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 130-137 (133.2); wing, 61-62 (61.5); tail, 56-59 (56.9); exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.2); middle toe, 14-15 (14.4).? Island of New Providence, Bahamas. Geothlypis maynardi Banas, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 290 (Nassau, New Providence Island, Bahamas; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). GEOTHLYPIS TANNERI Ridgway. TANNER’S YELLOW-THROAT, Similar to G. maynardi, but wing and tail longer. Adult male with crown, occiput, and hindneck olive-green, becoming paler and tinged with gray and yellow next to posterior border of black on forehead (instead of gray, becoming broadly pale yellowish gray anteriorly), and the olive-green of back, etc., duller. Adult female with yellow of throat and chest deeper than on that of G. maynardi, but the abdomen and flanks apparently much lighter in color. Adult male.—Length (skin), 189.7; wing, 67.3; tail, 61; exposed culmen, 15.5; depth of bill at base, 4.8; tarsus, 22.6; middle toe, 14.7.’ Adult female.—Length (skin), 137.2; wing. 58.9; tail, 55.9; exposed culmen, 15.2; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 22.1; middle toe, 15.° Island of Abaco, Bahamas (also Great Bahama Island ?). Geothlypis tanneri Ripaway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 335 (Abaco Island, Bahamas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ); viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157 (Abaco); viii, 1891, 298 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 287; Cat. W. L. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 127 (Great Bahama I.; Abaco). G[eothlypis] tannert Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525. Geothlypis rostratus tannert Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Great Bahama; Abaco). 1 Seventeen specimens. 5 One specimen. ? Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 677 GEOTHLYPIS INCOMPTA Ridgway. LESSER ABACO YELLOW-THROAT. Similar to G. tanneri, but wing and tail much shorter; the adult male much duller in color, with hinder crown, occiput, and hindneck dull grayish olive instead of olive-green, with a narrow band of pale yel- lowish gray or grayish yellow behind posterior border of the black mask; the back, etc., duller olive-green, and under parts paler yellow, becoming whitish on lower abdomen and grayish olive on flanks. Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-131 (130.5); wing, 61-61.5 (61.2): tail, 54.5-57.5 (56); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 21.5-92.5 (22); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5)? Island of Abaco, Bahamas.’ Geothlypis tanneri, part, Ripaway, Auk, iii, 1886, 335 (Abaco Island, Bahamas); viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco). GEOTHLYPIS EXIGUA Ridgway. ANDROS YELLOW-THROAT. Similar to G. éncompta, but with shorter wing and smaller bill (the latter decidedly more slender), the adult male with the back slightly brighter olive-green and throat slightly brighter yellow; length (skin), 130; wing, 59; tail, 55.55; exposed culmen, 15; depth of bill at. base, 4.5; farsnn, 91.53 middle toe, 18.2.° Andros Island, Bahamas. Geothlypis rostrata (not of Bryant) Norrnropr, Auk, viii, 1891, 68 (Andros I., Bahamas).—AL.en, Auk, viii, 1891, 69 (Andros I.; crit.).—Cory, Cat. W. I Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 127, part (Andros I.). Geothlypis rostratus Cory, Cat. W.I. Birds, 1892, 156, part (Andros I.). GEOTHLYPIS CORYI Ridgway. CORY’S YELLOW-THROAT. Similar to G. flavida, but wing and tail shorter and Dill longer; adult male with olive-green of upper parts greener, crown less tinged with gray and becoming decidedly yellowish along posterior margin of the black frontal patch, the latter narrower (extending 8-9 mm. from frontal antiz). Adult male.—Forehead (back to about 8 to 9 mm. from frontal antiz) and side of head, including loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions, uniform black, this extending as an angular projection along sides of lower throat; this black ‘‘mask” margined posteriorly by light ‘Two specimens. The adult female not seen. *Type in collection of United States National Museum (no. 108495, Abaco Island, Bahamas, April 6, 1886; collected by C. H. Townsend). *One specimen, the type, from Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas, April 24, 1893 (no. 5808, coll. G. 8, Miller, jr.). 678 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. gamboge or canary yellow less distinct across the crown, where shad- ing gradually into the grayish olive-green of hinder crown, occiput, and hindneck, this again not conspicuously different from the bright olive-green of remaining upper parts; under parts entirely rich lemon -or gamboge yellow, shaded with olive or inclining to yellowish olive- green on sides and flanks; maxilla brownish black, mandible paler, more horn-colored, especially toward base; legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 137; wing, 60-65 (62.5); tail, 58.5-59 (58.7); exposed culmen, 16-16.5 (16.2); tarsus, 21.5-22.5 (22); middle toe, 14.5-15 (14.7)." Adult female.—Forehead and superciliary region (broadly) olive- yellow; crown, occiput, and hindneck deep olive-gray or grayish olive; terminal half of auricular region gray, slightly tinged with olive; anterior portion of auricular region and suborbital region olive-yellow, the latter mottled with olive-grayish; lores olive-grayish; rest of plumage as in adult male; length (skin), 144.8; wing, 61; tail, 57.1; exposed culmen, 15.5; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 13.2.? Eleuthera Island, Bahamas. Geothlypis coryi Ripeway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 334 (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1891, 336 (do.).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157 (Eleuthera) ; viii, 1891, 351 (do.); Birds W. I., 1889, 287; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 119, 126, 127, 156. G[eothlypis] coryt Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525. GEOTHLYPIS FLAVIDA Ridgway. LUTEOUS YELLOW-THROAT. Very similar in coloration to G. cory?, but wing and tail longer and bill shorter, the olive-green of upper parts much more yellowish, crown more tinged with gray, and without yellow next to edge of black frontal patch, the latter broader (extending 10 to 11 mm. from frontal antie. Somewhat like G@. maynardi, but much more bright colored; adult male with the occiput and hindneck yellowish olive-green, instead of gray, becoming paler and grayer on crown, immediately behind the black of forehead; supra-auricular region and sides of neck yellow; general color of upper parts much brighter and more yellowish olive- green, and yellow of under parts brighter, especially on posterior portions; length (skins), 148-147 (145); wing, 65.3-67 (66.1); tail, 60.4-62 (61.2); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.7); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5 (4.9); tarsus, 22-23.1 (22.5); middle toe, 15-15.2 (15.1)." Island of New Providence, Bahamas.° Goethlypis coryi (not of Ridgway) Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 291 (New Providence Island, Bahamas). 1 Two specimens. 2 One specimen. * Type in collection of G. S. Miller, jr. (no. 3896, Nassau, New Providence Island, Bahamas, May 30, 1889; collected by C. J. Maynard.) ppegeeeeeeees oe. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 679 GEOTHLYPIS BELDINGI Ridgway. BELDING’S YELLOW-THROAT, Much larger than any of the forms of G@. trichas (tarsus 22.9-24.6, exposed culmen 12.9-14), the adult male with the black mask bordered continuously behind by bright yellow. Adult male.—Forehead, with loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous black ‘‘ mask;” space immediately behind this black area clear yellow (intermediate between canary and naples yellow, brightening into lemon yellow on sides of neck); occiput and hindneck olive or olive-brown superficially, the feathers olive-yellow or yellowish olive-green beneath the surface, grayish dusky at base; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; ander parts rich lemon or scaname yellow, passing into paler yellow on lower abdomen and anal region and into light brownish or buffy olive- green on sides and flanks; bill black, with paJer tomia, in summer, browner, with mandible paler basally, in winter; iris brown, legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins); length (sicins), 135.1-140.5 (138.3); wing, 61.2-64.3 (62.8); tail, 61.5-65.8 (63); exposed culmen, 13.2-14 (13.6); tarsus, 22.9-24.6 (23.5); middle toe, 15-16.8 (15.6).* Adult female.—Above dull yellowish olive-green, brighter on wings and tail, paler on forehead, the anterior portion of crown tinged with or inclining to russet- becranig an indistinct narrow superciliary stripe of olive-yellowish; lores and suborbital and auricular regions olive- dusky; malar region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper abdomen lemon or gamboge yellow, deeper on chest; lower abdomen dull buffy whitish; under tail-coverts yellow, paler than that on throat, etc.; sides and flanks light buffy olive; maxilla dark brown with paler tomia; mandible horn brownish, darker terminally, paler basally; iris and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 131.6-135.9 (133.4); wing, 58.7-59.9 (59.2); tail, 57.9-61 (59.8); exposed culmen, 12.9-13.7 (13.4); tarsus, 22.9-23.1 (23); middle toe, 15.2-15.5 (15.3).” [In winter both sexes have the feathers of back, etc., indistinctly tipped with grayish, and color of sides and flanks rather paler and more buffy, but otherwise similar to the spring plumage. | Young, first plumage.—‘‘Above uniform dark olive-brown; below, sides, and under wing-coverts light yellowish buff. Faint indications of light superciliary stripe. Wings above dark olive-green, with dis- tinct greenish edging to outer web of each feather except the first, which has a whitish edging the same as adults. (Greater wing-coverts rusty on edges. Tail olive-green above, lighter below.” * 1 Eight specimens. ? Three specimens. ’ Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 20. 680 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California (San José del Cabo; La Paz; Comandu). Geothlypis beldingi Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 344 (San José del Cabo, Lower California; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.);. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 257; 1887, 524.—Bexpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546 (La Paz, Lower California).—Bryant, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 20 (Comandu, Lower California; descr. young, nest and eggs, etc.).—SHaxpz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 356 (San José del Cabo).—Amemrican Orni- THOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 682. G[eothlypis] beldingi Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 524. GEOTHLYPIS FLAVOVELATA Ridgway. + ALTA MIRA YELLOW-THROAT, Adult male similar in coloration to G. beldingz but very much smaller (rather smaller than @. trichas melanops). Adult male in winter.—Forehead, together with loral, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous ‘¢mask;” behind this black mask a broad band of canary yellow, about 5 mm. in width; occiput and hindneck brownish olive superficially, the feathers yellowish olive-green beneath the surface, this more yel- lowish toward the yellow crown-band; rest of upper parts uniform bright yellowish olive-green, the remiges decidedly duller, more gray- ish olive-green; under parts bright lemon yellow (slightly paler on abdomen and under tail-coverts), the sides and flanks light brownish or buffy olive-green; maxilla dark brown (nearly black on culmen), much paler on tomia; mandible pale brownish basally, darker termi- nally; legs and feet light horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skin), 125; wing, 53.5; tail, 53.5; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 21; middle tob, 13.5." Eastern Mexico (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas). Geothlypis flavovelatus Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1045, Apr. 16, 1896, 119 (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira). GEOTHLYPIS FLAVICEPS Nelson. YELLOW-HEADED YELLOW-THROAT. Adult male similar to that of @. flavovelata, but bill much longer and the whole crown, occiput, and hindneck yellow. Adult male in spring.—Forehead (extending backward about 7.5 mm. from frontal antiz), together with loral, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions, uniform deep black, forming a conspicuous ‘ mask;” rest of head, above and behind this black mask, together with hind- neck and sides of neck, light lemon or canary yellow, the occiput and hindneck faintly tinged with olive-green; rest of upper parts uniform 1One specimen (the type). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 681 bright yellowish olive-green, abruptly defined anteriorly against yel- low of hindneck; under parts rich lemon yellow, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with light brownish olive-green; bill entirely deep black; legs and feet pale brown (in dried skin); length (skin), 121; wing, 55.5; tail,54; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 21.5; middletoe, 14.5.' Adult female in spring.—Forehead and supra-auricular region wax yellow;* crown, occiput, and hindneck brownish olive-green; rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green, becoming dull grayish on ter- minal portion of remiges; upper portion of lores yellowish, like super- ciliary and supra-auricular regions; lower portion of lores pale grayish; suborbital and auricular regions light olive-grayish, more or less tinged with yellow, and finely streaked with paler; lower parts (includ- ing malar region) bright lemon yellow, more or less tinged with indian yellow or saffron yellow on chest (sometimes on throat and chin also), the sides and flanks shaded with brownish olive-green; maxilla brown- ish black with paler tomia; mandible similar but more or less brownish basally; feet as in adult male; length (skins), 118-123 (121); wing, 51- 54.5 (52.8); tail, 49-50 (49.7); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus, 90-21 (20.3); middle toe, 13.5-14.5 (14).° Young male, first plumage.—Above plain olive, the remiges and rectrices olive-green; sides of head and neck similar in color to upper parts, but loral, suborbital, and auricular regions duller, more grayish olive; asmall dull whitish spot on lower eyelid; under parts plain pale olive, the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts pale buffy yel- low or straw yellow; bill as in adult female. Eastern Mexico (Alta Mira, near Tampico, southern Tamaulipas). Geothlypis flaviceps Netson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 31 (Alta Mira, near Tampico, s. Tamaulipas, e. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). GEOTHLYPIS CHIRIQUENSIS Salvin. CHIRIQUI YELLOW-THROAT. Similar to G. velata,* but with the forehead much more extensively black. Adult male.—‘* General color above olive-yellow [i. e., olive-green], a shade lighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts, primary coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally like the back, the primaries decidedly One specimen (the type). This sometimes involving anterior portion of crown. ’Three specimens. * Sylvia velata Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 22, pl. 74.—G[eothlypis] velata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 16.—Geothlypis velata Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27.—[Sylvia] eucullata Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 528.—Tanagra canicapilla Swain- son, Zool. Illustr., 1st ser., iii, 1822-23, pl. 174. (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and eastern Peru.) 682 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. brighter yellow along the outer web, grayish toward their ends, the first primary margined with pale olive-yellow; bastard-wing feathers dusky brown, narrowly edged with olive-yellow, bright yellow along the edge of the outer one, like the edge of the wing; tail-feathers olive-yellowish [i. e., olive-greenish]; crown of head bluish gray, the occiput and nape like back; a broad band of black across the forehead; feathers above and around the eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts black;' the gray of the head skirting the ear-coverts at the sides of the neck; entire under surface of body brilliant yellow, a little paler on the under tail-coverts; sides of body and flanks, as well as the thighs, olive-green; under wing-coverts brilliant yellow, the axillaries more olive-yellow; edge of wing bright yellow; quills dusky below, ashy along the edge of theinnerweb. Total length, 127; culmen, 15.2; wing, 61; tail, 50.8; tarsus, 22.9.” ? Province of Chiriqui, Colombia (Volcan de Chiriqui). Geothlypis chiriquensis Savin, Ibis, 3d ser., ii, Apr., 1872, 148, in text (Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 152, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 362, pl. 9, fig. 6. [Geothlypis] chiriquensis ScLarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10. [Geothlypis «quinoctialis] B. chiriquensis Satvin, Ibis, April, 1872, 149. [ Geothlypis xquinoctialis] y. chiriquensis Ripaway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458. Geothlypis xquinoctialis var. chiriquensis Ripaway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458. GEOTHLYPIS SEMIFLAVA BAIRDI (Nutting). BAIRD’S YELLOW-THROAT, Similar to G. s. sem/fava, but with shorter tail and tarsus and larger bill.* Adult male in spring.—Forehead and at least anterior half of crown (sometimes whole crown), together with loral, orbital, auricular, and ' According to the colored figure in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, pl. 9, fig. 6, the malar region also is black, instead of yellow as in G. velata. *Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 362, 363. The measurements converted from inches and tenths to millimeters. I continue to separate the Central American bird from true G. semiflava of Ecuador, at least provisionally. All the Central American specimens examined differ from the single Ecuadorean skin available for comparison in shorter tail and tarsus and larger bill, as mentioned above; furthermore, the Ecuadorean specimen has the posterior extremity of the black mask continued along each side of the lower throat for a con- siderable distance, and almost forming a collar across the upper chest. Among the five adult males from Central Amerlca only one shows the slightest approximation to this last-mentioned character. Otherwise, they are all very much like the specimen from Ecuador, and it may be that a series of specimens from the latter country would show that no constant difference really exists, in which case the alleged Central American subspecies could not, of course, be maintained. St ay BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 683 malar regions uniform black, forming a conspicuous ‘‘mask,” this everywhere sharply defined except on crown, where the posterior margin is more or less broken; rest of upper parts uniform deep olive- green, changing to dark grayish brown on terminal portion of remiges; under parts bright lemon yellow, changing to olive-green on sides, flanks, and thighs; bill black, or nearly so; iris brown; legs and feet light horn brown (in dried skins). [In winter the plumage similar, but mandible and maxillary tomia light horn brownish.] Length (skins), 110-130 (119.4); wing, 58-60.5 (58.9); tail, 45-49 (47); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.8); tarsus, 21-23 (21.5); middle toe, 14-16 (15.4). Adult female.—Above, including sides of neck, plain deep yellowish olive-green, becoming more yellowish on forehead and superciliary region; lores dull grayish; suborbital and auricular regions olive- green, narrowly and indistinctly streaked with yellow; under parts bright lemon yellow, the sides and flanks olive-green; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skin), 117; wing, 55; tail, 43; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 15.” Young female, first plumage.—Ahbove plain greenish olive, becom- ing olive-green on upper tail-coverts and edges of rectrices; sides of head paler olive; chin and upper throat pale buffy olive, deepening on lower throat and chest into deeper buffy olive, the sides and flanks more decidedly olive; breast and abdomen pale buffy yellow. Young male (%), first plumage.*—Similar to the young female, as described above, but slightly more greenish olive above, and chin, throat, breast, and abdomen bright olive-yellow. Southern Honduras (Segovia River) and eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos, Greytown, Rio San Juan, Rio Escondido; etc.), to Costa Rica (Jiménez, Talamanca, San José, etc.). Geothlypis bairdi Nutrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, Apr. 9, 1884, 398 (Los Sdba- los, e. Nicaragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1885, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Cuernriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 527 (San José, Costa Rica; crit.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Greytown, Rio San Juan and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). Geothlypis semiflava (not of Sclater) SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 357 part (in synonymy). GEOTHLYPIS SPECIOSA Sciater. ORIZABA YELLOW-THROAT. Adult male.—Head, except chin and throat, dull black, deepest on loral and suborbital regions, duller on pileum, where passing gradually "Six specimens. The single adult male of G. s. semiflava examined measures as follows: Wing, 60; tail, 53; exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 15. ?One specimen. * Described from a specimen (sex not determined) collected by Mr. C. H. Town- send on the Segovia River, southern Honduras, July 3, 1887 (no. 112066, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). 684 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. into dull grayish brown on occiput, this in turn changing gradually to golden olive-green on hindneck, back, and other upper parts, the olive-green brightest on upper tail-coverts; remiges sooty brown, the tertials dull olive-green; chin and throat bright, but not pure, yellow, the remaining under parts rather duller yellow (dull saffron or wax yellow), the sides and flanks dull brownish; bill very slender, dusky; feet dark brown; outermost primary much shorter than innermost, the fifth longest; tail graduated for about 12 mm.; wing, 61; tail, 58; exposed culmen, 12.7; depth of bill at base, 3.8; tarsus, 21.6; middle toe, 14." Immature male.—Similar to the adult male as described above, but pileum dull olive-brown, darker, more dusky grayish, on forehead, the black being restricted to the loral, suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, the upper portion of the auricular region being dusky gray- ish; length (skin), 123; wing, 55.5; tail, 52.5; exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 14.’ Adult female.—‘‘ Greener than the male above, and without any black on the head and face; the head a little more ashy olive than the back; wings and tail as in the male; sides of face and ear-coverts olive-brown, mottled with pale yellow spots on the lores and below the eye; upper and lower edge of eyelid pale yellow; under surface of body light fulvous yellow, tinged with saffron on the breast; the sides of the body light reddish brown, shaded with ashy; under tail-coverts brighter yellow.”* Total length 121.9, culmen 14, wing 52.1, tail, 48.3, tarsus 20.3. Eastern Mexico (alpine region of Vera Cruz). Geothlypis speciosa ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 447 (Mexico; coll. P. L. Selater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 27.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 223, footnote.—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (a!pine reg. of Vera Oruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149 (monogr.).—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 152.—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 358, 1. 10. [ Geothiypis] speciosa SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 9. G[eothlypis] speciosa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 525. [Geothlypis speciosa] a. speciosa Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458. Geothlypis speciosa var. speciosa Rripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 458. Geothlypis formosa (not Sylvia formosa Wilson) ScLateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 273 (evidently meant for speciosa; cites Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 447). 1Described from a specimen (no. 169a) in Dr. Sclater’s collection, collected by De Saussure, in 1858, but without definite locality. The wing measured by pressing it flat against the rule, the tail measured to the base of the coccyx. 2 Described from no. 89,906, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ‘‘ Mexico, De Saussure, 1858” (no. 169b. of Dr. Sclater’s collection. ) 3Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 858. The measuyements converted from inches and tenths. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 685 GEOTHLYPIS NELSONI NELSONI Richmond. HOODED YELLOW-THROAT, Similar in coloration to @. semiflava bairdi, but much smaller and more slender, with much longer tail and smaller bill and feet. Adult male in spring and summer.—Forehead (very broadly’), together with loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions, uniform deep black, forming a conspicuous ‘‘mask;” crown dull gray or olive- gray, at least next to posterior margin of the black frontal area, this gray continued laterally and posteriorly along the upper posterior border of the black mask, where lighter in color than on crown, and sometimes tinged, more or less, with yellow; rest of upper parts, including occiput and hindneck, uniform deep olive-green, this some- times covering crown also, to the exclusion of the usual gray color of that portion, though the olive-green there is paler and more grayish than on other portions; under parts bright lemon yellow, becoming paler (sometimes almost yellowish white) on lower abdomen and anal region, the sides and flanks olive-green or grayish olive-green; under tail-coverts tinged with olive-green; bill black; legs and feet deep horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 122-130 (125.7); wing, 56- 57 (56.5); tail, 59-64 (61.5); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7). Adult female.—Above plain [yellowish olive], the lores and supercili- ary region paler; beneath yellow, the breast tinged with ochraceous.° Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cofre de Perote; Jico) and Puebla (Chalchicomula). Geothlypis cucullata (not Sylvia cucullata Latham‘) Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 6th ser., i, Apr., 1889, 237 (Cofre de Perote, near Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman). Geothlypis nelsoni RicuMonp, Auk, xvii, Apr., 1900, 197, text (to replace G. cucul- lata, preoccupied ). GEOTHLYPIS NELSONI MICRORHYNCHA Ridgway. HIDALGO YELLOW-THROAT. Similar to G. n. nelsoni, but with decidedly smaller bill, the adult male without any gray behind the black mask or with a mere trace of that color. 1 The black extending 40-50 mm. from the frontal antize, thus sometimes involv- ing the anterior portion of the crown. ? Three specimens. Translation of Salvin and Godman’s description, in Ibis, 1889, 237. ‘= Geothlypis velata (Vieillot). ‘Type, no. 143333, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection); Real det Monte, Hidalgo, Mar. 13, 1891; C. P. Streator. 686 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 128-129 (128.5); wing, 56-57 (56.5); tail, 59-61 (60); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 13.5," State of Hidalgo (Real del Monte; Tulancingo), southeastern Mexico, Genus CHAMAZTHLYPIS Ridgway. Chamezxthlypis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept., 1887, 525. (Type, Geothlypis poliocephala Baird. ) Similar in general appearance to Geothlypis, but tail longer than wing, graduated;” bill very stout, with culmen strongly curved (much as in Jcteria); tarsus nearly half as long as wing, or at least much nearer one-half than one-third as long; no black on forehead nor auricu- lars in adult males; sexes alike, or at least not very different, in color. Bill much shorter than head, stout (depth at base equal to nearly half the length of exposed culmen); culmen strongly curved; max- lary tomium distinctly concave or arched, with distinct subterminal notch; mandibular tomium slightly but distinctly convex; gonys nearly straight. Nostril longitudinally oval, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membraneous operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing short, much rounded (seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth or about equal to third); wing-tip shorter than exposed culmen. Tail decidedly longer than wing, graduated, the rectrices acuminate or subacuminate at tip. Tarsus nearly half as long as wing, or at least very much more than one-third as long, its scutella indistinct or obsolete on outer side; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for basal half (or slightly more) to outer toe, separated for most of its length from inner toe. Coloration.—Olive-greenish above, yellow or yellowish beneath; adults with pileum gray and lores black. Sexes alike, or nearly so. Nidification.— Unknown. PRange.—Northern Mexico (including southern Texas) to Chiriqui. This genus is very much like Geothlypis as to general appearance, but quite distinct structurally, in which respect it comes much nearer to Icteria. From the latter it differs in its shorter and more rounded wing, more graduated tail with pointed rectrices, longer tarsi, and stouter feet. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CHAMATHLYPIS. a. A white or pale yellow spot on each eyelid (largest on the lower). (Chamathlypis poliocephala. ) b. Crown gray; lores black. (Adults.) 1 Two specimens; a third, too much worn for measurement of wing and tail, agrees with the other two in absence of any gray on the head; the exposed culmen measures 10, the tarsus 20. 2Only one species among the seventeen of Geothlypis has the tail longer than the wing. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA. 687 c. Duller olive-green above; paler yellow below, the abdomen and anal region distinctly paler (often buffy whitish); wing and tail longer, bill and feet smaller (wing averaging 58.2, tail 62.2, exposed culmen 11.5, tarsus 21.6 in male; 54.5, 59.5, 11.5, and 20.8 in female). (Mexico in general, from States of Morelos and Michoacan north to Sinaloa and to lower Rio Grande Val- ley of Texas. ) Chamethlypis poliocephala poliocephala, adult male and female (p. 687) ce. Brighter olive-green above, brighter and wholly yellow' below; wing and tail shorter, bill and feet larger (wing averaging 55.6, tail 59.9, exposed culmen 12.3, tarsus 22.2 in male).? (Southeastern Mexico, from State of Vera Cruz to Chiapas, Tabasco, Campéche, and Yucatan. ) Chamethlypis poliocephala palpebralis, adult male and female (p. 689) bb. Crown grayish brown, but slightly different from color of back; lores not black. (Immature male and female.*) aa. No white or yellow marks on eyelids. (Chamethlypis caninucha. ) b. Crown gray; lores black. (Guatemala to Chiriqui.) Chamethlypis caninucha, adult male and female (p. 689) bb. Crown olive or olive-brown, like back; lores not black. Chamethlypis caninucha, immature male and female (p. 689) CHAMATHLYPIS POLIOCEPHALA POLIOCEPHALA (Baird). RALPH'S GROUND-CHAT. Adults in spring and summer (sexes alike).--Lores black, this extend- ing beneath the lower eyelid and sometimes narrowly crossing the anterior portion of forehead; pileum gray (no. 6), narrowly and indis- tinctly streaked with olive, passing gradually into dull grayish olive- green on back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tertials; primaries, upper tail-coverts, and tail brighter, more yellowish, olive-green; upper eye- lid white for posterior half or more, lower eyelid white for its entire length; auricular region grayish, tinged with olive, the lower portion more yellowish; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast canary yellow (much paler in worn plumage), fading into buffy whitish on abdomen; sides and flanks light buffy olive; under tail-coverts pale yel- low; thighs similar in color to flanks, but paler; maxilla dusky brown with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (pale flesh color or lilaceous in life?); legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but plumage softer, more blended; back, etc., more buffy olive or light olive-brown; feathers of pileum (at least the occiput) tipped with brown, and flanks more decidedly buffy. Immature male and female.—Similar in general to the adult plum- age, but duller, the pileum concolor with back, or nearly so, and lores dull brownish gray or dusky, not distinctly different from color of pileum. ‘Except on sides, flanks, and thighs, which are brownish buffy or buffy olive. ” No females of this form seen by me. Only immature specimens of C. p. poliocephala examined. 688 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 131-148 (185.8); wing, 55-62 (58.2); tail, 56-67 (62.2); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.5); tarsus, 20-23 (21.6); middle toe, 138-16 (14.6).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 127-185 (182.7); wing, 51-55 (54.5); tail, 55-60 (58.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 19-21 (20.8); middle toe, 18-15 (14.2).? Northern, western, and central Mexico; south to States of Morelos (Yautepec, January) and Michoacan (Querendaro, August), north to State of Sinaloa (vicinity of Mazatlan) and to the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas (Brownsville). Geothlypis poliocephala Barrp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 225 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr.).—Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296 (Mazatlan).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 269 (Mazatlan).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 154, pl. 9, fig. 3 (Mazatlan ).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan). [Geothlypis] poliocephala ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part. G[eothlypis] poliocephala Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 526. [Trichas] poliocephala Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 242, no. 3507. [Geothlypis poliocephala] a. poliocephala Ripcway, Am. Jour. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 459. Geothlypis poliocephala var. poliocephala Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 459. [Geothlypis poliocephala] var. poliocephala Ripeway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- way’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296. [Geothlypis poliocephala] a. G. poliocephala SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 360, over list of specimens. Geothlypis poliocephala palpebralis (not G. palpebralis Ridgway) ALLEN, Auk, viii, 1891, 316 (Brownsville, Texas). 1Ten specimens. 2Six specimens. Specimens from Mexico compare in average measurements with those from Brownsville, Texas, as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ar a culmen. MALES. Three adult males from Mexico (Sinaloa, Tepic, and MOTE108)jo5 os o:c3 is ncn tesubln oe memmaressacaarnayeees es’ 60 64.5 1 22 18.2 Seven adult males from Brownsville, Texas ..............-. 67.4] 61.1 U.7) 21.5] 161 FEMALES. Three adult females from Mexico (Sinaloa, Michoacan, and i MOLEl08 )isiceisi-iscarsdst.gicclnisigs celgenaeau deer eeaseetawereeyeeee 55.7 | 60 1.3] 21 41 Three adult females from Brownsville, Texas ............-- 54.5 68.2 11.5 20.8 14.2 The series from Mexico is a very unsatisfactory one, but such as it is it seems to invalidate the claims of G. p. ralphi as a recognizable form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 689 cete'y Geothlypis poliocephala ralphi Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 964, Feb. 5, 1894, 692 (Brownsville, Texas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 608.—AmeERiIcAN OrniTHOLOGIsTs’ Unton Comuirrer, Auk, xii, 1895, 165; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 682.1. CHAMATHLYPIS POLIOCEPHALA PALPEBRALIS Ridgway. MIRADOR GROUND-CHAT. Similar to ( p. poliocephala, but much more brightly colored, the under parts entirely yellow (lemon or gamboge), except sides and flanks, which are browner or more deeply buffy olive than in (7. p. poliocephala, upper parts deeper olive; wing and tail shorter, bill snd feet larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 126-142 (133.8); wing, 51-61 (55.6); tail, 54-65 (59.9); exposed culmen, 11-14 (12.8); tarsus, 20-25 (22.2); middle toe, 14-16 (14.8).’ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; San Andreas Tuxtla), Oaxaca?, Chiapas (Palenque; Ocozucuantla), Tabasco (Monte- cristo), Campéche (Campéche), and Yucatan (Merida; Progreso; La Vega; Chichen Itza). Trichas delafieldi (not Sylvia delafieldii Audubon) ScuatEr, Proc. Zoo). Soc. Lond., 1856, 293 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Geothlypis poliocephala (not of Baird) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1864, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—SuaicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Vera Cruz, hot region?).—Sauvin, Ibis, 1872, 149, part (monogr.).—SHarve, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part, pl. 9, fig. 3. (Geothlypis] poliocephala ScLaTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 10, part. G[eothlypis] palpebralis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 526 (Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Geothlypis (Chamethlypis) palpebralis Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1587, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614. CHAMATHLYPIS CANINUCHA Ridgway. CENTRAL AMERICAN GROUND-CHAT. Similar to (. poliocephala palpebralis, bat without any white or yel- lowish on eyelids. cldult imale.—Length (skins), 116-186 (126.7); wing, 52-57 (55.5); Seventeen specimens, those from different localities averaging, respectively, as follows: Ex- nice Locality. Wing. |, Tail. | posed |Tarsus. oe culmen. Three adult males from Vera Cruz.........220020+22000e- ee: 56.6 60 12 21.3 14.6 Six adult males from Chiapas..........2..-2-2-0e220ee00eee+ 55.8 | 48.8 Ws | 22 Ws Two adult males from Tabasco.........2222.2c22ceeeeecceeee 52 60.5 12.5 23 15.5 Two adult males from Camptche...........2.-2.-22eeeeee: 56 60 i 2 id Four adult males from Yucatan........2.20eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 56 61 13.2 28 15 No females of this form have been seen by me. 8654—voL 2—01——44 690 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 55.5-61 (57.9); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.8); tarsus, 20-23 (22.3): middle toe, 13-16 (14.4)." Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-130 (125.4); wing, 51.5-55 (53.6); tail, 54-61 (55.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 21-93 (22); middle toe, 13-16 (14.3).” Having but a single Guatemalan specimen (the type of Geothlypis potiocephala, yar. caninucha) for comparison with the Central American series, I for the present unite all under one name. The single Guatemalan specimen has the gray of the pileum extended over the hindneck, which apparently is not the case with any of the specimens from farther southward, and it has the wing and tail longer; but a series from Guatemala might show that these differences are not constant. bo Central America, from Guatemala (Retalhuleu) to Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). Geothlypis eyuinoctialis (not Motacilla xquinoctialis Gmelin) Satvin and Scuarer, This, 1860, 273 (Duefias, Guatemala). Geothlypis poliocephala, part, Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 225 (Retalhuleu, Guatemala). Geothlypis poliocephala (not of Baird) Satvry, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).— Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 359, part, pl. 9, fig. 4 (British Hon- duras; Retalhuleu, San Gerénimo, and Duefias, Guatemala). Geothlypis poliocephala, var. caninucha Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 459; in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 296. [Ceothlypis poliocephala] 8. caninucha Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv., Dec., 1872, 459 (Retalhuleu, Guatemala; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). Geothlypis potiocephala . . var. caninucha Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José, Costa Rica). Geothlypis caninucha Savin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 153, part, pl. 9, fig. 2 (Patio Bolas, etc., Guatemala; Costa Rica).—ZE.epon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Los Anonas, Costa Rica).—UNpERwoop, Ibis, 1896, 434 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica). [Geothhjpis potiocephala] 6. G. caninucha SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 360, in list of specimens, part (Costa Rica). 1 Fifteen specimens. * Hight speciinens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex- ; Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. idle eculmen. MALES, One adult male (type) from Guatemala (Retalhuleu) ....-. 58 59 12 23 6 Two adult males from Honduras (San Pedro) ...........--- 56 57.5 12 22 u Two adult males from Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) ......... 53.5] 55.5 13 23 15.5 Seven adult males from Costa Rica (San José).............- 56.2 | 58.6 1.7] 22 ao Three adult males from Chiriqui (Boquete) ............2.-- 54 58 il 22.5 147 FEMALES. Two adult females from Nicaragua (Rio Escondido and Mantgue):. san cavaseamspimnseratencek axiccgiemsacseweueees 55 52.5 1.5] 21.5] Three adult females from Costa Rica (San José) ........... 53 59 U3] 22.3 13.7 Three adult females from Chiriqui (Boquete, CtC. )eciccscnses 53.6 55.8 11.3 2. 13 BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 691 Geothlypis caninucha icterotis Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20, 1889, 539 (Costa Rica; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Caerrirz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 526 (San José, Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 22 (San José).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft.). Geothlypis palpebralis (not of Ridgway) Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896- 97 (1900), 223 (San Juan Valley, Costa Rica). Genus ICTERIA Vieillot. Icteria Virtiiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, pp. iti, 85. (Type, Muscicapa viridis Gmelin, = Turdus virens Linnzeus. ) Jcteria CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 63. Very large Mniotiltida with short, stout, arched and unnotched bill, the tarsus less than one-third as long as wing, tail moderately rounded, with rectrices obtuse or rounded at tips; color olive-greenish above, anterior half of under parts yellow; eyelids, malar stripe, and super- ciliary stripe white, and lores black. ; Bill very much shorter than head, deep (basal depth equal to about half the exposed culmen); culmen strongly curved; maxillary tomium without subterminal notch; gonys nearly if not quite straight. Nos- tril broadly oval, overhung by rather narrow membraneous operculum. Rictal bristles fairly developed. Wing moderate, rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth about equal to fourth); wing-tip equal to or shorter than commissure. Tail equal to or longer than wing, rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with rounded tips. Tarsus about one-third as long as wing or a little less, its scutella indistinct or obso- lete on outer side; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; oasal phalanx of middle toe united for slightly more than half its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish; beneath with anterior half yellow, posterior half whitish; eyelids, superciliary stripe, and malar stripe white, lores black. Nidification.—Suharboreal (in brambles or thickets). Range.—Temperate North America, including Mexico. (Monotypic.) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF ICTERIA. a. Brighter or more decided olive-green above; white of malar region more restricted (occupying less than anterior half); wing, tail, and bill shorter, the tail usually shorter than wing; adult male averaging, wing 76.6, tail 74.5, exposed culmen 14.1; adult female, wing 74.4, tail 71.8, exposed culmen 13.5. (Eastern United States, east of Great Plains, south in winter through eastern Mexico and Cen- tral America to Costa Rica.) ......--------- Icteria virens virens, adults (p. 692) aa. Grayer olive-green, or gray tinged with olive-green, above; white of malar region more extended, occupying more than anterior half (at least in adult males); wing, tail, and bill longer; adult male averaging, wing 79.1, tail 81.4, exposed culmen 14.5; adult female, wing 77.6, tail 78, exposed culmer: 14.6. (Western United States and Mexican plateau) .--Icteria virens longicauda, adults (p. 695) 692 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ICTERIA VIRENS VIRENS (Linnzus). YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. Adult male in spring and summer.—Avove plain grayish olive-green, grayer on upper tail-coverts and (usually) lower rump; a superciliary stripe (extending from nostrils to a short distance behind eye), a cres- centic mark on lower eyelid, and anterior portion of malar region white; lores and suborbital region (immediately beneath the white mark on lower eyelid) black or dark slaty; auricular region gray (sometimes tinged with olive-green), with narrow and indistinct paler shaft-streaks; chin, throat, malar region (except, anterior portion), chest, breast, upper abdomen, and anterior half or more of sides rich, pure gamboge or lemon yellow, sometimes (in highly plumaged speei- mens) tinged with orange;' flanks pale gray, buffy gray, or grayish buffy; rest of under parts white, the under tail-coverts sometimes tinged with buff; axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; bill and inside of mouth black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins, bluish gray in life; length (skins), 154-173 (162.8); wing, 73.5-81 (76.6); tail, 70-83.5 (74.5); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (14.1); tarsus, 25-27 (26.3); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.2).” Adult female in spring and swnimer.—Similar to the adult male, but slightly smaller, and more or less duller in coloration,’ the black or dark slate of lores and suborbital region usually replaced by gray, the yellow of under parts usually Jess pure or deep (that on sides of breast sometimes tinged with olive), the flanks and under tail-coverts more strongly buffy, and the mandible usually more or less light colored; length (skins), 148-162 (157.4); wing, 72-77 (74.4); tail, 69-75 (71.8); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.5); tarsus, 25-27 (25.9); middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.7). ‘The orange sometimes as irregular patches or blotches. ? Ten specimens. 3 Brighter colored females, however, are not distinguishable from duller colored males. ‘Hight specimens. Specimens from opposite sides of the Allegheny Mountains average, respectively, as follows: Ex- att Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus. a se le culmen. MALES. Five adult males from Maryland, Virginia, and District of ColuM bitiisd a5 2.2 va tvuhsivaiainasenesi scheiidle = eeepedeummaces 76.6 | 76.4 14.3 [| 261] 161 Five adult males from Indiana and Illinois......... Redeeeee 76.6 72.6 18.9} 26.5 16.3 FEMALES, Five adult females from Maryland, Virginia, and District of COMM DI exces a vacseruas caseaseueence mane opemeneesiea 74.6) 72 13.4] 26 15.5 Three adult females from Indiana, Illinois, and Indian IMSUTIVOLY 2s Si Saenz deka sino umauem acids Gececu toner 74 71.5 13.5 | 25.8] 15.7 BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 693 [Adults in autumn and winter are like those in spring and summer, but have the olive-green of upper parts more decided, the flanks and under tail-coverts more strongly buffy, and the bill light colored, the maxilla being, in both sexes, horn color and the mandible pale hrown- ish yellow or buffy, in dried skins. ] Young, first plumage.—Above uniform olive or dull olive-green; lores and suborbital region dull gray; white marks on both eyelids, as in adults, but less distinct, but supraloral streak obsolete; malar region, chin, and throat dull white, slightly tinged with yellow; chest, sides, and flanks plain deep olive-gray or smoke gray; rest of under parts white. Eastern United States; north to Massachusetts (Berkshire County, Malden, etc.), southern New Hampshire (North Conway), New York (Orleans, Yates, Oneida, and Seneca counties), southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and southern Minnesota-— casually to southern Maine (Portland); west to edge of the Great Plains (eastern South Dakota to San Antonio, Texas); breeding southward to southern Texas (Brownsville, Hidalgo, Lomita, etc.), and upper por- tions of Gulf States in general ?. In winter southward through east- ern Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica (San José; Lagarto). [Turdus] virens Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 171 (based on Yellow-breasted Chat, Oenanthe americana, pectore luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 50, pl. 50). Icteria virens Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 228.—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 17 (Chihuitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Nov., Jan.).— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Costa Rica).—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 54 (Vera Cruz, winter).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 100; 2d ed., 1882, no. 144.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Aim. Birds, i, 1874, 307, pl. 15, fig. 12.—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 137 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; song).—Brewsxr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Massachusetts and Connecticut, rare summer resid. ); xx, 1878, 303 (North Conway, New Hampshire, breeding. )—Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no, 123; Orn. Ilinois, i, 1889, 171.—Srnnerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 13 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas, breeding); v, 1879, 388 (Lomita, Texas, breeding).—Merritt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 124 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—Rarusun, Rev. List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 14 (rare summer resid. ).—Livtxer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 180 (Albany, New York).—Bicknext, Auk, i, 1884, 216 (song).—McIL- wraitH, Auk, i, 1884, 389 (Hamilton, Ontario, 1 spec.); Birds Ontario, 1894, 380 (s. Ontario, breeding) .—Ferrari-Pernz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec. ).—Amurican Oritanoocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 683.—P.arr, Trans. Meriden Sci. Assoc., ii, 1885-86, 50 (Meriden, Connecticut; occasional summer resid.).—BurLer, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 36 (Franklin Co., Indiana; common summer resid. ).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 (Essex Co., Massachusetts, breeding).— (?) Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, spring migr. )._Jonn- son, Auk, v, 1888, 116 (Malden, Massachusetts, breeding).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 260 (s. e. South Dakota; s. w. Minnesota, etc.; dates 694 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of migr.).—Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 28 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding),— Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 104 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1 pair).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 22 (apparently not occurring on Gulf coast of Florida!).—Cnerris, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 26 to Mar. 1); ix, 1892, 22 (do.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Lagarto, s. w. Costa Rica, 1 spec.) .— Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 583 (e. Kansas, summer resid. ).—Mruzkr, Auk, viii, 1891, 119 (Highland Light, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 10).— Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 398 (Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 41 (Indiana Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Nenriinc, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 258, pl. 15, fig. 3.—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido and Greytown, Nicaragua, Oct. 14 and Feb. +).—Brown (N.C.), Auk, x1, 1894, 331 (Portland, Maine, accidental).—Savace, Auk, xii, 1895, 393 (West Seneca, w. New York, June 17).—U.rey and Wat.acz, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 158 (Wabash, Indiana, summer resid. ).—OperHo.ser, Bull. Ohio Agric. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 329 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, rare summer resid.).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 277 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—Hapwey, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 195 (Wayne Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—Wutiiims, Auk, xv, 1898, 332 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 195 (Orleans Co., New York, May 8 and 31).—Dwient, Auk, xvi, 1899, 217, 219, pl. 3, lower fig. (sequence of plumages).—Srong (C. D.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 285 (Yates Co., New York, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115 ( Louisiana, breeding). [Icteria] virens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5819.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 108. [leterin virens .] a. virens Cougs, Birds N. W., 1874, 77. Licteria virens longicauda] a. virens Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 320. I[cteria] virens Netson, Bull. Essex. Inst. viii, 1876, 101 (n. e. Illinois, breed- ing).—Couvgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 312.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527. [Muscicapa] viridis Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 936 (based on Merle verde de la Caroline, Merula viridis carolinensis, Brisson, Orn., ii, 315; Yellow-breasted Chat, Oenanthe americana, pectore luteo, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 50, pl. 50).—Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 482. Muscicapa viridis Srepnens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 356. Icteria viridis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 252; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 69; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 111 (Mexico); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 25.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 299.— Aupuson, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 223; v, 1839, 433, pl. 137; Synopsis, 1839, 163; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 160, pl. 244.—Praxzopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 297.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 248; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 176.—Caxants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 403 (Costa Rica).—ScvaTeEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 41 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Choctum, Guatemala)—ScLaTER and Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).— Tripre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 234 (Decatur Co., s. Iowa, breed- ing).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 157, part.— Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Yucatan).—SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 373, chiefly. (?) [J ]eteria viridis CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 63 (Mexico). Peteria (typographical error) viridis Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 309 ( Wisconsin ). I(eteria] viridis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 229. [icteria] viridis Bonaparte, QConsp. Av., i, 1850, 331.—ScraTer and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 11, part. BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 695 Ampelis luteus SpARRMAN, Mus. Carls., i, fasc. 3, 1788, pl. 70. Icteria dumicola Virituot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 85 (cites Miuscicapa viridis Linneeus); Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 702.—Viertior and Ovuparr, Gal. Qis., i, 1834, 119, pl. 85. Jeteria dumicola Vre1tiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1808, pl. 55. Pipra polyglotta Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 90, pl. 6, fig. 1 (cites Muscicapa viridis Gmelin).—Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., iv, 1825, 251. (2) Tanagra auricollis LicuTEnstEIn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico; see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57). [Icteria] auricollis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331. Icteria auricollis BonAPARTE, Compt. Rend., 1854, 380, 382. Icteria velasquezi Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala); Consp. Av., i, 1850, 331.—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 298 (Mexico); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).— Scrater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Saxvin, I}is, 1866, 202. ICTERIA VIRENS LONGICAUDA (Lawrenc | LONG-TAILED CHAT, Similar to Z. v. v¢rens, but wing, tail, and bill longer, the tail always, or nearly always, longer than wing, instead of the reverse; upper parts more grayish olive-green, usually more nearly gray than olive-green; white of malar region much more extended, frequently occupying entire malar area; yellow of under parts averaging deeper. Adult male.—Length (skins), 159-185 (172.8); wing, 75-84 (79.1); tail, 76.5-86 (81.4); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.5); tarsus, 26-28 (26.5); middle toe, 15-17.5 (16.1).' Adult female.—Length (skins), 162-177 (167.2); wing, 73-80 (77.6); tail, 72-82 (78); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.6); tarsus, 26-27 (26.4); middle toe, 14.5-16.5 (15.3).? Western United States, from near eastern border of the Great Plains to the Pacific coast; north to North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and east- ern British Columbia (Sumas; Thompson River, below Ashcroft); breeding southward over Mexican plateau to the valley of Mexico; in 1 Twenty-three specimens. *Six specimens. Adult males (breeding birds) from different localities average, respectively, as follows: | é Locality. Wing. | Tail. aes | Tarsus. Aneel & eculmen. Three adult males from eastern Colorado and Montana....| 79 82.7 14.3 27 16 Five adult males from southern Arizona........-++---+-++-- 78 79.6 14.7 26.6 157 Five adult males from northern Calfornia ...........------- 80. 4 83.7 14.4 26 3 15.9 Five adult males from western Texas....-..--..2--2+-2++-++ 78.4 81 14.7 26.3 16.4 Oneadult male from lower Rio Grande Valley (Fort Brown, MORASY ore Asics selec ataniscredhanea Sekine sone estesneeesemeee 78 80 13.5 | 27 16.5 Two adult males (breeding) from Nuevo Leon ........----- 79.7 84 14.5 26.7 16.2 Two adult males (summer) from Valley of Mexico........- 80 BL. 2 1.7 26 17 veya 696 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. winter, to State of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio etc.) and Territory of Tepic. Teteria viridis (not Muscieapa viridis Gmelin) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 153 (n. w. United States).--GamBeL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1847, 157 (California); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., i, 1847, 44 (do).—Hrrrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 269 (California).— Henny, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 313 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 106 (do).—(?) SeLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Sazvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 157, part.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 373, part (Presidio, near Mazatlan, Mexico). [ieteria] viridis ScLatTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11, part. Icteriu relasquezii (not of Bonaparte) Barry, in Stansbury’s Rep. Cit. Salt Lake, 1852; 328 (California). Televia longicauda Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1853, 4 (California; coll, G. N. Lawrence).—Nerwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 81, pl. 34, lower fig. (San Francisco, Sacramento Valley, etc., California, and n. to Columbia R.; winters in California).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 249; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 34, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 177; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Fron- tera, Texas; Nuevo Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 230.—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Hxrrrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 55 (California).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 42 (Nebraska) .—Covurs, Ihis, 1865, 163 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Cooprgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 48.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1870, 331 (Mazatlan),—AIkEN, Proc. Bost. soc. N. H., 1872, 197 (Colorado). [ietevia] lougicauda Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5820. [UIcteria virens.| Var. longicauda Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 108. Tcteria virens .. . var. longieauda Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 100a.—Rrpeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 180 (Colorado).—HeEnsaaiw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 42 (Utah), 103 (Apache, Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 206 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; New Mexico). Ieteria vivens, var. longicauda Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 309.—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 271 (Mazatlan and Tepic, w. Mexico, Oct. to Apr. ). {icteria virens] b. longicauda Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 77. [icteria rirens longicauda] b. longicauda Cours Birds Col. Val., 1878, 321. Icteria rirens, 8. longicauda Ripaway, Field and Forest, ii, May, 1877, 197 (Colo- rado); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 407 (Stockton, etc., California). Ieteria virens . . B. longicauda Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 436 (Sacra- mento, California; Truckee Valley and West Humboldt Mts., Nevada). Tetevia virens longicauda Rinaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 (Sacra- mento, California); vii, 1875, 11 (Carson Valley, Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 123a.—Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 320, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 145.—Bxpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California, winter).—Amerrican OrnitHovoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 683a.—Goss, Auk, iii, 1886, 115 (Meade Co., ete., w. Kansas, breed- ing); Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 585 (w. Kansas, summer resid. ).—L1oyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 296 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, breeding).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 260 (w. Kansas; San Angelo, Texas, and Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas, breeding).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 697 54 (Thompson R., below Ashcroft, British Columbia).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 179 (Okanogan Co, Washington).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (Sumas, British Columbia, May 26).—Brunur, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., 2d ann. meet., 1901, 57 (Sioux Co., n. w. Nebraska, reeding). I{eleria] v[irens] longieauda Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 312. I[eteria] virens longicauda Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527. [Icteria viridis.) Subsp. «&. Jcteria longicaudy Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 375, part only? (specimens from San Pedro, Honduras, and Guatemalan localities very doubtfully referable to this form!). Icteria virens (not Turdus virens Linneeus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 135 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas), 145 (Cheyenne, Wyoming), 166 (Ogden, Utah), 175; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 52 (Missouri, Yellowstone, and Musselshell rivers, etc., North Dakota and Montana).—ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 159 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, after May 15). Genus GRANATELLUS Bonaparte. Granatellus Bonararts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312 (ex ‘‘Du Bus, Esq. Orn., sub. tab. 24°") (Type, (. venustus Bonaparte. ) Medium-sized or rather small stout-billed Mniotiltide with the outer- most (ninth) primary shorter than innermost (first); the tail nearly equal to or longer than wing; bill much shorter than head, with cul- men strongly curved, commissure distinctly arched, and mandible deeper than maxilla; under parts partly red, upper parts gray or bluish. Bill much shorter than head, slightly or moderately compressed, with mandible deeper than maxilla; culmen strongly curved, gonys slightly curved or nearly straight; maxillary tomium distinctly con- cave, without subterminal notch; mandibular tomium distinctly convex, except toward tip. Nostril small, circular, in anterior portion of nasal fosse, surrounded by membrane, but this very narrow anteriorly (forming a slender marginal ring), that above the nostril scarcely forming an ‘‘ operculum.” Rictal bristles obvious but minute. Wing moderate, excessively rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, eighth shorter than fourth, and ninth shorter than first); wing-tip not longer than exposed culmen. Tail slightly shorter than wing (in @ salle’) to much longer (@. francesce), rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at tips. Tarsus very nearly one-third as long as wing, its scutella fairly distinct (sometimes obsolete or fused on outer xide); middie toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toc united for nearly if not quite its entire length to outer toe, for rather more than half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Under parts partly red; adult males bluish gray above, with tail and sides of pileum black; under parts white laterally, pink- ish red medially; throat white or bluish gray; a broad supra-auricular stripe and, in some species, lateral rectrices partly white. Nidification.—Unknown. 698 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ruange.—Mexico (including Yucatan) and Guatemala; Guiana and upper Amazon Valley. (our species.) The three Mexican species of this beautiful genus include two types, which differ slightly in structural details and considerably in pattern of coloration; one type (represented hy G. venustus and @. francesca) having the tail longer than the wing, the throat and a considerable part of the lateral rectrices white, and the auricular region black; the other (represented by (. sa//@/) having the tail shorter than the wing, the throat and auricular region gray, and the lateral rectrices wholly black. The single known South American species (G. pe/zelnz) com- bines the white throat and black auriculars of the first-mentioned ¢roup with the shorter tail and wholly black lateral rectrices of the last mentioned. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GRANATELLUS. a. Back, etc., bluish gray or grayish blue; supra-auricular stripe pure white; breast uniform red. (Adult males. ) b. Throat white; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions black. e. Tail with lateral rectrices extensively white; larger (wing 60 or more, tail 67 or more). d. A complete black collar across upper part of chest; smaller (wing averaging 61.5, tail 67.8, tarsus 20). (States of Sinaloa, Colima, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico.) ..Granatellus venustus, adult male (p. 699) dd. No black collar across upper part of chest; larger (wing averaging 66.4, tail 78.1, tarsus 21). (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.) Granatellus francesce, adult male (p. 700) cc. Tail entirely black; smaller (wing 54, tail 45). (Western Brazil to British Guiana, ecco coe ee Granatellus pelzelni, adult male (extralimital)! bv. Throat, and loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, gray. ( Granatellus sallzi.) c. Darker, the throat and sides of head slate-gray. (Vera Cruz, Mexico, to Guatemala) ....-.......--.-- Granatellus sallei sallei, adult male (p. 701) ce. Paler, the throat and sides of head ash gray. (Yucatan. ) Granatellus sallei boucardi, adult male (p. 703) aa. Back not bluish gray or grayish blue; supra-auricular stripe not pure white (more or less buffy); breast buffy (touched with red in immature males). (Adult females and immature males. ) b, Lateral rectrices extensively white. c. Smaller (wing 58, tail 67, taysus 20); gray of upper parts darker; forehead nearly concolor with crown and occiput. Granatellus venustus, adult female (p. 699) ee, Larger (wing 62 or more, tail 75 or more, tarsus 21 or more); gray of upper parts paler; forehead much more buffy than crown and occiput (or else partly black). 'Granatellus pelzelni Sclater. franatellus venustus (not of Bonaparte) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 375. Granatelhis pelzelni SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 606, 607, pl. 37, upper fig. (Rio Madeira, w. Brazil; coll. P. L. Sclater; ex Natterer, manuscript).— Prizeun, Orn. Bras., 1871, 216.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 370 (Rio Madeira, Brazil; Camacusa, British Guiana). Granatellis pelzelnti Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 231, footnote. [Jeteria] pelzeini Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 384, no. 5823. BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 699 d. Breast deeper buff, not touched with red; back, etc., browner gray. Granatellus francesce, adult female (p. 701) dd. Breast paler buff, or whitish, with touches of red; back, ete., clearer gray. Granatellus francesce, immature male (p. 701) bb. Lateral rectrices not extensively white, the terminal portion, only, dull white, not sharply defined. c. Darker, with supra-auricular stripe and chest deep buff or ochraceous-buff. Granatellus sallei sallei, adult female (}. 702) cc. Paler, with supra-auricular stripe and chest cream buff. Granatellus sallezi boucardi, adult female (p. 703) GRANATELLUS VENUSTUS Bonaparte. DU BUS' RED-BREASTED CHAT. Adult male.—Pileum, except laterally and anteriorly, hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail- coverts plain bluish gray or deep plumbeous, slightly more bluish on crown and occiput, the concealed portion of tertials darker; primaries and proximal secondaries dusky, edged with bluish gray; tail black, the outermost rectrix with outer wel white, except at base, the inner web with nearly the terminal half white, this extending much farther toward base next to the shaft than on edge of the web; second rectrix with a large wedge-shaped terminal patch of white, the third with a smaller terminal spot, the fourth sometimes with a very small white spot at tip; forehead, sides of crown and occiput, lores, suborbital and auricular regions, and collar extending from the latter across upper chest, black; a broad supra-auricular stripe (or elongated patch), malar region, chin, throat, sides, and flanks white; lower chest, breast, abdo- men, and under tail-coverts pure vermilion red; thighs slate color; maxilla dusky horn color with paler tomia; mandible paler (bluish gray in life ?); iris white;' legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 130-135 (133); wing, 60-63 (61.3); tail, 67-69 (67.8); exposed culmen, 12-12:5 (12.2); tarsus, 19-20 (20); middle toe, 10.5-12 (11.2).? Adult female.—Ahbove plain slatexgray, the remiges more brownish gray; tail as in the adult male, but duller black, with the white areas on lateral rectrices somewhat more restricted; forehead and lores wood brown, blending gradually into the gray of the crown; a supra- auricular stripe of light ochraceous-buff; auricular region butty gray- ish; malar region, chin, and throat dull white, tinged with buff, especially the first; chest, breast, and abdomen buff, the first slightly tinged with pink along the upper margin; under tail-coverts salmon pink or flesh color; sides and flanks buffy white; bill and feet as in 1Xantus, manuscript. (Probably an error. ) * Three specimens. 700 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. adult male; length (skin), 135; wing, 58; tail, 67; exposed culmen, 19.2; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe, 11.5." Western Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia), Guerrero (Acapulco), Colima (Sierra Madre), and Sinaloa (Rosario; Tatemalis). Granatellus venustus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312 (Mexico; ex Du Bus, manuscript).—ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 607, pl. 37, lower fig. — Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 231 (Sierra Madre, Colima).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Sierra Madre, Colima).—Lawrencs, Bull. U. §. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Jan.).— Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 160.—SHarpr, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 369.—Loomis, Auk, xviii, 1901, 110 (Tatemalig and Rosario, Sinaloa; descr. adult female). [Granatellus] renustis ScLavTER and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. [Ieteriu] venustus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5821. GRANATELLUS FRANCESCZ Baird. TRES MARIAS RED-BREASTED CHAT. Similar to G. venustus but larger; adult male without any black coi- lar across upper chest; with an interrupted white collar across hind- neck; red of under parts more restricted; white on lateral rectrices more extended; gray of upper parts lighter and less bluish, and mid- dle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with white; adult female similar to that of G. venustus but larger and paler, with much more white on lateral rectrices. Adult male—Pileum (except anteriorly and laterally) deep bluish gray or plumbeous; rest of upper parts plain bluish slate-gray, the middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped or terminally mar- gined with white, producing two narrow bands; primaries dusky gray edged with pale bluish gray; an interrupted and mostly concealed white collar across hindneck; tail black, the outermost rectrix with outer web and more than terminal half of inner web white, the second with more than terminal third and most of outer web white, the third with terminal portion extensively white, the fourth with a small wedge-shaped terminal spot or mesial streak of white; forehead, sides of crown and occiput, with loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, black; malar region, chin, and throat white, the lower portion of the latter with a few, mostly concealed, spots of black;*? chest, median portion of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure light vermilion red; sides of breast, sides, and flanks, white; thighs gray and white; maxilla dusky horn color or grayish black with paler tomia; mandible much paler (bluish gray in life?); iris brown;* legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 143-160 (151); wing, 65.5-67.5 1One specimen, from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca. * Sometimes forming, or at least suggesting, an interrupted collar. ’ Grayson, manuscript. BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 701 (66.4); tail, 75-81 (78.1); exposed culmen, 11.2-12.5 (11.8); tarsus, 90-21.5 (21); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.2).* Adult female.—Occiput and hindneck brownish gray, passing gradually into light wood brown or isabella color on forehead; rest of upper parts clearer gray (between slate-gray and smoke gray), the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale buff, forming two rather distinct wing-bands; tail as on the male, but the black portions duller, with outer web slate-gray; a broad supra-auricular stripe of buff or ochraceous-buff, passing gradually over eye into the wood brown or isabella color of forehead; lores dull buffy whitish; auricu- lar region pale buffy grayish or dull buffy; malar region, chin, and throat dull white, buffy white, or pale buff; chest and sides pale buff; rest of under parts white or buffy white, the under tail-coverts some- times tinged with pink; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 142-156 (148.7); wing, 62-64 (62.9); tail, 75-77 (75.7); exposed culmer, 11.2-12 (11.7); tarsus, 21-21.5 (21.2); middle toe, 11.2-12 (11.7).? Immature male.—Similar to the adult female but back, etc., clearer gray, sides of pileum (sometimes forehead and part of auricular region also) black, chest and median line of breast and abdomen more or less tinged with pink, and under tail-coverts pink. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. Granatellus francescx Batrp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 232 (Tres Marias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 278 (habits).—Lawrencre, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii. 1874, 270.—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 307, pl. 11 (crit.).—Sautvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 160.—SHArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 370.—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 56 (Maria Madre, Tres Marias; habits; crit. ). ({Jcleria] francesee Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5824. GRANATELLUS SALLZAI SALLI Bonaparte. SALLE’S RED-BREASTED CHAT. Adult male.—Upper parts plain deep bluish slate, the crown marg- ined along each side by a broad but not sharply defined black line; remiges and rectrices black, edged with slate color, the outermost rec- trices with an indistinct wedge-shaped terminal spot of dark gray and (except in worn plumage) margined terminally with white; a supra- auricular stripe of white; loral, orbital, auricular and malar regions, chin, and throat uniform slate-gray; chest, breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts pure vermilion red or geranium red; sides of breast, sides, and outer portion of flanks slate-gray; inner por- 1Five specimens. 2 Four specimens. 702 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tion of flanks (next to red of abdomen) white; maxilla dusky horn color or blackish with paler tomia; mandible paler (bluish gray in life2); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length(skins), 122.7-128 (125.8); wing, 56.6-61.5 (58.7); tail, 56-57.9 (56.9); exposed culmen, 11-12.2 (11.5); tarsus, 18.3-18.8 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7-12.2 (11.6)? Adult female.—Above varying from mouse gray to bluish slate- gray, the remiges and rectrices as in the adult male, but tertials and edgings of other remiges grayish brown; no black on sides of crown; supra-auricular stripe buff or ochraceous-buff; auricular region gray- ish or dull buffy grayish; malar region, chin, and throat dull pale buffy; chest, sides, and flanks deep buff; abdomen buffy white; under tail-coverts pale buff; bill, legs, and feet as in the adult male; length (skins), 117-144-8 (125); wing, 55.6-57.7 (56.6); tail, 53.8-56 (55); exposed culmen, 11-11.4 (11.1); tarsus, 18.38-19 (18.5); middle toe, 10.7-12 (11.1).” : Southeastern Mexico, in States Vera Cruz (Cordova; Potrero; Buena Vista) and Oaxaca (Playa Vicente; Tuxtepec), and Guatemala (Cahabon; near Tactic). Setophaga sallvi ‘“Bonap. and Schleg’? Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, May, 1856, 957 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Granutellus sallei ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Sov. Lond., July 8, 1856, 292, pl. 120 (Cordova); 1858, 97 (s. Mexico); 1859, 374 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; deser. female); 1864, 607.—Sanvin and Scrarer, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cahabon, Guate- mala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (Potrero, near Cordova, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 161, part (Cordova and Potrero, Vera Cruz; Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Cahabon and near Tactic, Guatemala).—Saarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 371, part (Cordova; Guatemalan localities) . Granatellus salluei Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 232, footnote. (Granatellus] sallei ScLarrerR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. Granatellus salle Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30. (Jcteria] sallici Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 384, no. 5822. 'Three specimens; two from Vera Cruz, one from Guatemala. * Four specimens. Specimens from Mexico and Guatemala average, respectively, as follows: , Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. anes culmen.| — i MALES. Two adult males from State of Vera Cruz............-...2-+ 59.7 56.9 a2: 18.6 12.1 One adult male from Guatemala...............-20200ee eee 56.6 |........ 12.2] 18.8 10.7 FEMALES. Two adult females from States of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca...) 56.3 544 11,1 18.6 11.3 Two adult females from Guatemala.............2.22-22000- 56.8 | 55.7 11.2] isd] 108 The series is much too small to show whether there are any constant color differ- ences or not. BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 703 GRANATELLUS SALLI BOUCARDI Ridgway. BOUCARD’S RED-BREASTED CHAT. Similar to G. s. salle’, but paler; adult male. with sides of head, chin, and throat pale gray (gray no. 7 or no. 8') instead of slate-gray ; adult female with upper parts smoke gray instead of deep mouse gray, the supra-auricular stripe, chest, etc., cream buff instead of deep buff or ochraceous-buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-195 (123.5); wing, 58—58.4 (58.4); tail, 54-57.4 (55.7); exposed culmen, 11.4-12 (11.7); tarsus, LS.8—90 (19.4); middle toe, 11.4-12 (11.7).” Adult female.—Length (skin), 119; wing, 57; tail, 56; exposed cul- men, 11; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 11.° Yucatan. : Granatellus sallei (not Setophaga sallxi Bonaparte) Satvin and Govan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 161, part (Yucatan).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Yucatan).—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 371, part (n. Yucatan). : Granatellus sallai boucardi Rinaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 23 (Yucatan; coll. U. Nat. Mus.).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. IL., viii, 1896, 278 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte. Wilsonia Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23. (Type, Motacilla mitrate Gmelin. ) Myiodioctes Aupuson, Synop. Birds North Am., 1839, 48. (Type, Motacilla mitrata Gmelin.) Myioctonus Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18. (Type, Motacille mitrata Gmelin.) Small or medium-sized ‘‘flycatching” Mniotiltide, with bill about half as long as head (or less), moderately depressed; rictal bristles moderately developed, reaching but little beyond nostrils; outermost (ninth) primary longer than fifth; under parts yellow, sometimes with throat black or with black spots or streal s across chest; upper parts plain olive-green or gray, with or without black on crown. Bill not more than half as long as head (sometimes less), tapering gradually to the tip, the culmen straight to near the tip, where rather strongly decurved; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch distinct; gonys very faintly convex. Nostril longitudinally oval, in lower ante- rior portion of nasal fossee, overhung by broad membrancous opercu lum. Rictal bristles distinct, reaching, when extended forward, decid- edly but not far beyond nostrils. Wing moderate, pointed (eighth to sixth, usually seventh, primaries longest, ninth longer than fifth); wing- 1 Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, Plate 2. 2 Two specimens. 5 One specimen. 704 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tip shorter than tarsus, but decidedly longer than commissure. Tail equal to ( W. canadensis) or longer than ( W. mtrata, W. pusilla) distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, slightly rounded or double- rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with subacuminate tips. Tarsus decidedly less than to nearly one-third as long as wing, its scutella indistinct (obsolete or fused except on lower portion); middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Under parts yellow (under tail-coverts white in one species), the throat sometimes black or partly black, the chest some- times streaked or spotted with black; upper parts plain olive-green or gray, with or without black on crown. Nidification.—Terrestrial or subterrestrial (in forest undergrowth). Range.— Whole of North America (except treeless arctic district); south in winter to northern South America, Cuba, and Jamaica; one species,’ referred to this genus, peculiar to Colombia and Ecuador. (Three, or possibly five, species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF WILSONIA. a. Lateral rectrices with inner webs partly white. b. No whitish or yellowish markings on wings. ( Wilsonia mitrata. ) c. Forehead, sides of head, and under parts of body rich yellow; crown, occiput, throat, and chest black. (Eastern United States; south in winter to Cuba, Jamaica, and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Isthmus of Panama) s-soseae seu! i cteelrseee chess Wilsonia mitrata, adult male (p. 705) ce. Forehead, sides of head, and under parts duller yellow, the first sometimes olive-green; no black on head, throat, or chest, or else the black areas of the adult male imperfectly represented. Wilsonia mitrata, adult female (p. 706) bb. Two white or yellowish bands across wing. (Eastern United States. ) Wilsonia microcephala, adult male ? (p. 709) aa. Lateral rectrices without white on inner webs. +. Upper parts olive-green; under tail-coverts yellow, like rest of under parts; smaller (wing not more than 60, usually much less). (IVilsoniu pusilla.) c. Forehead and superciliary region bright yellow; crown glossy black. (Adult males and some adult females. ) d. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow below. (Eastern North America; south in winter through eastern Mexico to Guatemala. ) Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (p. 710) dd. Brighter olive-green above, brighter yellow below. (Western North America. ) e. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 57.5, tail 50.1; adult female, wing 55.4, tail 48.3); coloration less intense, with upper parts less yellowish, the forehead and superciliary region rich yellow but not inclining to orange. (Western North America in general, breeding from mountains of west- ern Texas to Alaska, but not on Pacific coast south of British Columbia.) Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (p. 712) ' Myiodioctes meridionalis Pelzeln, Verz. zool.—bot. Gesselsch. Wien, 1882, H6.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 437. This species, which may not belong to this genus, is said to resemble IV. pusilla, but to differ in being ‘‘larger, and having the forehead black, not yellow.” BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 705 ee. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing55.4, tail 49.1; adult female, wing 52.9, tail 47.8); coloration more intense, with upper parts bright yellowish olive-green, the forehead and superciliary region often inclining to orange. (Pacific coast district, north to British Columbia; in winter south to Cape St. Lucas and Sonora, east during migration to eastern Oregon, Arizona, and Chihuahua. )..Wilsonia pusilla chryseola (p. 714) cc. Forehead and superciliary region yellowish olive-green, the crown similar but less yellowish. (Immature male and female and some adult females. ) d. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow below. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla, immature (see Addenda) dd. Brighter olive-green above, brighter yellow below. e. Larger (averaging wing 55.4, tail 48.3); upper parts less yellowish olive- green, under parts less intense yellow. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata, immature (see Addenda) ee. Smaller (averaging wing 52.9, tail 47.8); upper parts more yellowish olive-green, under parts brighter yellow. Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, immature (see Addenda) bb. Upper parts gray or grayish olive; under tail-coverts white; larger (wing more than 60). (Eastern North America, south in winter through Mexico and Central America to Peru. ) c. A conspicuous ‘‘necklace’’ of black spots or streaks across chest; feathers of pileum conspicuously centered with black. Wilsonia canadensis, adult male and some adult females (p. 716) ce. Chest with indistinct olive spots or streaks; feathers of pileum without dis- tinct black centers..........- Wilsonia canadensis, most adult females and immature male and female (pp. 716, 717) WILSONIA MITRATA (Gmelin). HOODED WARBLER. Inner webs of outermost rectrices partly white; back olive-green, under tail-coverts yellow, and wing exceeding 60 mm. Adult male.1—Forehead and anterior portion of crown, together with loral, orbital, postocular, auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, rich lemon or gamboge yellow, the lores sometimes with a little of dusky or black; rest of head, including throat, together with chest, deep black, that of the chest with an abruptly defined convex posterior outline; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, the first sometimes slightly tinged with grayish; wings and tail dusky brownish gray with yellowish olive-green edgings, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with that color; inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensively white terminally, that on the exterior rectrix occupying more than the terminal half; under parts of body pure rich gamboge or lemon yel- low, becoming olive-greenish on sides and flanks, the under tail-coverts paler yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow, or white The coloration is quite the same the year round, except that in autumn and winter specimens the bill (which is nearly black in spring and summer) is more brownish, with the mandible paler than the maxilla, while the yellow of the plumage is often more intense. 8654—voL 2—01——45 706 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tinged with yellow; bill blackish in spring and summer, more brown- ish, with mandible paler, in fall and winter; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish in dried skins (pale flesh color in life?); length (skins), 123.2-129.3 (126.2); wing, 65.5-69.1 (67.6); tail, 55.4-59.7 (57.7); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 19-20.1 (19.7); middle toe, 10.7-12.2 (11.7).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but with much less of black on head, sometimes with none; if the black occupies approxi- mately the same area as in the male it is much duller and more or less broken with olive-green on crown and occiput and with yellow on throat; usually, the throat is entirely yellow, sometimes with a more or less distinct indication of a dusky collar across the lower portion or on upper chest, and the crown and occiput are blackish only next to the yellow of forehead and sides of head; when there is no black on the head the pileum is entirely olive-green, becoming more yellowish on forehead; length (skins), 117.3-128.3 (123.7); wing, 60.2-66.8 (63); tail, 52.8-56.4 (53.8); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.2 (10.4); tarsus, 17.8- 19.8 (18.8); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2).” Young male in first wutuun and winter.—Similar to the adult male, but black of head with feathers narrowly margined with yellowish.* Young male, first plumage.—Above uniform light grayish brown, the remiges and rectrices as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with light wood brown or cinnamon; auricular region olive-yellowish; chin, throat, chest, and anterior portion of sides pale broccoli brown or isabella color; rest of under parts pale straw yellow, clouded with pale brown. Eastern United States, west to edge of the Great Plains; breeding northward to Connecticut (Suffield, etc.), southeastern New York (lower Hudson Valley), central New York (Oneida, Cayuga, and Wayne counties), northeastern Illinois, eastern Nebraska, etc.; southward to South Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana; occasional northward to Mas- sachusetts (several records), northeastern New York (Lewis County), southern Ontario (Hamilton; near Port Rowan), southern Michigan and Wisconsin; in winter south to Cuba and Jamaica, and through east- ern Mexico and Central America to the Isthmus of Panama; casual in the Bermudas. [Motacilla] mitrata Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 977 (based on Mesange a collier de la Caroline, Parus carolinensis torqguatus, Brisson, Orn., iii, 578; Gobe-mouche citrin de la Louisiane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iv., 538; Gobe-mouche de la Louisiane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 666, fig. 2). 1 Eight specimens. * Seven specimens. *This plumage persists until the following spring, a specimen collected May 13 having the feathers of the black areas as distinctly margined with yellowish as any autumnal examples, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 707 Motacilla mitrata Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 418. [Sylvia] mitrata Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 528. Sylvia mitrata Vierior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 23, pl. 77; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 253.—Bonaparrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 178; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.—Nutraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 373.—AupbuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 68, pl. 60. Setophaga mitrata JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 389.—RicHaRDsoN, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 89.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., vi, 1853, 309 (Wiscon- sin).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). S[etophaga] mitrata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265. [Setophaga] mitrata Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 244, no. 3534. Wilsonia mitrata Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv., 1864, 83 (Massachusetts); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (Kansas).—Covxs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 95.—Srrsnecer, Auk, i, 1884, 231.—AmErRIcAN OrnITHOLOGIstTs’ Union Commitrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123 (Check List no. 684).—Howe, Auk, xvi, 1899, 360 (Montville, Connec- ticut, 1 spec., June 18); xvii, 1900, 389 (Gales Ferry, Connecticut, June 23, 24).—Baae, Auk, xvii, 1900, 178 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 115 (Louisiana, breeding).—Comgy, Auk, xviii, 1901, 397 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 5, 1901). Sylvania mitrata Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 333.—Woop- HOUSE, in Rep. Sitgreaves’s Exp]. Zufiiand Col. R., 1853, 69 (Indian Territory and Texas).—Ripeway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel L., Yucatan); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 174.—Cory, Auk, iii,-1886, 46 (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 60; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120 (Cuba; Jamaica).— AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Unrox, Check List, 1886, no. 684.— Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 ( Brookline, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June 25, 1879).—Brcxuam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 688 (San Antonio, Texas, Dec. 21).—DutcHer, Auk, vi, 1888, 139 (Fire Island Light, Long Island, 1 spec., Sept. 1); x, 1893, 277 (Long Island, 2 specs).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 261 (s. Nebraska; e. Kansas, breeding, etc.; dates. )— Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 22 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, late Mar. to about third week in Apr., rare in fall; Key West, Mar. 18 to Apr. 3, Aug. 19 to Sept. 13) .— Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 129 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, breeding up to 2,500 ft.); viii, 1891, 332 (Ceesars Head, South Carolina, breeding up to a little above 2,500 ft. ).—Hrrcucock, Auk, vii, 1890, 407 (Provincetown, Mas- sachusetts, June 25).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 586 (e. Kansas, sum- mer resid. ).—Howe.i, Auk, ix, 1892, 306 (Parkville, Long Island, 1 spec., Apr. 30).—NeEnRiine; Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 263, pl. 14, fig. 3.— Ricumonp, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido and Grey- town, Nicaragua, Sept. 24 to Feb. 5).—Mcluwrairu, Birds of Ontario, 1894, 381 (near Hamilton, 1 spec., May, and near Port Rowan, occasional).—Pa.- mer, Auk, xi, 1894, 282-291 (plumages).—Turris, Auk, xii, 1895, 191 (Erie Co., Ohio, Apr. 23).—Wavyne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).—Easrman, Auk, xiv, 1897, 327 (Framingham, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Oct. 15, 1893).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (Westmoreland Co., w. Pennsylvania, May, rare).—DanreL, Auk, xix, 1902, 18 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding). [Sylvania] mitrata Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 9. S[ylvania] mitrata Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527, Myiodioctes mitrata AupuBon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 12, pl. 71. [Myiodioctes] mitrata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315. . Myiodioctes mitratus Janvinz, Contr. Orn., 1848, 13 (Bermudas, Mar. 30),— Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 13 (Bermudas; same occurrence ).— 708 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ScLarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 33.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 292; Cat. N, Am. Birds, 1859, no. 211; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 239.—Scuarer and Sat- vin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala; Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas).— Taytor; Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagua, Honduras).—Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).—GunpLaca, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 326 (Cuba); 1872, 419 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1865, 237; Orn. Cuba, 1873, 71.—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 478 (San Antonio, Texas, migr.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vili, 1863, 484 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—Sumicarast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz, winter).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 5 (Fort Leavenworth) .—Cougs, Check List, 1878, no. 101; 2d ed., 1882, no. 146; Birds N. W., 1874, 78; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 324 (synonymy ).--Trippes, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 235 (Mahaska Co., s. Iowa, 1 spec.).— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 314, pl. 15, figs. 10, 11.—Brerwsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 188 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; song).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Connecticut); xix, 1878, 303 (Connecticut, summer resid. ).—Merriay, Trans. Conn. Ac., i, 1877, 25 (Connecticut); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 7 (Lewis Co., New York, 1 spec., Sept. 9).—Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (near Chicago, May 10; Waukegan, May 20).—Purpie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 21 (Suffield, Connecticut, 1 spec. ).—MEarys, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 71, 72 (plumage of female).—BicKNet, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 130 (Riverdale, New York, breeding; Fort Lee, New Jersey, breeding); Auk, i, 1884, 216 (song).—Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 164 (Mount Carmel, Illinois, breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 124.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 174 (Coosuda, Alabama, breeding).—Ratasun, Revised List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 14 (Cayuga and Wayne counties, breeding, com- mon).—Derane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117 (Brookline, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 167 (Izalam, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Retalhuleu, Duefias, Coban, and Choctum, Guatemala; ete.).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 441 (Izalam, Yucatan).—SHarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 487. [Myiodioctes] mitratus Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 48.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109.—ScLarer and Sayin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10. AM[ytodioctes] mitratus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 101, 152 (n. e. Illinois, rare summer resid.).—Nrwron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.— Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 313. Myodioctes mitrata Pratren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 601. Mytidioctes mitratus ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 358 (Honduras). M[yioctonus] mitratus CaBAnis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18. Myioctonus mitratus GuNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1861, 407 (do.). S[ylvicola] mitrata Maximinian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 113 (lower Missouri R.). Myiodioctes mitartus (typographical error) Gigs, Nat. and Fancier, Aug., 1877, 31 (breeding habits). Muscicapa cucullata Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 101, pl. 26, fig. 3.—Bonaparrs, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 177. Muscicapa pileata StepuEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 399 (cites Sylvia mitrata Latham). ; Muscicapa selbii Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 46, pl. 9 (near St. Francisville, Louisiana, July 1; = adult female without black on head). Muscicapa selbti Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 296. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 709 WILSONIA MICROCEPHALA Ridgway. SMALL-HEADED WARBLER, Olive-green above, yellowish beneath, the wing with two whitish bands and inner webs of lateral rectrices partly white. Adult male (?).—‘* Upper parts dull olive-yellow; the wings dusky brown, edged with lighter; the greater and lesser [i. e., middle] coverts tipped with white; the lower parts dirty white, stained with dull yellow, particularly on the upper parts of the breast; the tail dusky brown, the two exterior feathers marked like those of many others, with a spot of white on the inner vanes; head remarkably small; bill broad at the base, furnished with bristles, and notched near the tip; legs dark brown; feet yellowish; eye dark hazel.”’ Total length, 127; extent of wings, 209.5. Pennsylvania and New Jersey; also, according to Audubon, Ken- tucky. Iam unable to satisfactorily dispose of this hypothetical species by reference to any other, the peculiar combination of characters indicated in the original description, quoted above, being shared by no other bird to my knowledge.’ Muscicapa minuta (not of Gmelin) Witsoy, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 62, pl. 50, fig. 5 (New Jersey, etc. ).—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 179.— Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 296.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 291, pl. 484, fig. 2; Synopsis, 1839, 44; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 288, pl. 67.—(?)Peasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 296 (Massachusetts).—(?) Pur- NAM, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 226. Sylvia minuta Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 197. Wilsonia minuta Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 83; Am. Nat., ili, 1869, 577.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174, 234.—Sresnecer, Auk, i, 1884, 231. Setophaga minuta Ricnarpson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836 (1837), 172.—(?) Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309 (Wisconsin). [Setophaga] minuta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3537. Myiodioctes minutus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 212; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 241.—TurnsuLt, Birds E. Penn., 1869, 53 (Phila. ed., p. 42).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 316, pl. 16, fig. 2.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Wenham, Massachusetts).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 126.—Mavnarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1882, 521.—Saarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 431, footnote. Myjiodioctes? minutus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326 (synonymy; crit.). Muscicapa or Myiodioctes ‘‘ minuta’’ Couns, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 275. S[ylvania] minuta Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527. Sylvania pumilia (not Sylvia pumilia Vieillot, 1807) Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 334 (cites Sylvia pumilia Vieillot® and Musicapa minuta Wilson). ‘Wilson’s original description. *See Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 293; Coues, Birds Col. Val., 326. ‘Sylvia pumilia Vieillot (Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 39, pl. 100) I am unable to hea with any American bird; certainly it is not the same as Muscicapa minuta ilson, 710 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSET™. Sylwania microcephala Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1085, 354 (substitute for names minuta and pumilia, preoccupied ).— AMERICAN Ornt- rHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 357 (Hypothetical List, no. 25). S{ylvania] microcephala Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 527. WILSONIA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Wilson). WILSON’S WARBLER, Adult male.—Forehead, superciliary region, orbital region, and entire under parts gamboge or lemon yellow, the sides and flanks slightly tinged with olive-green; crown glossy blue-black, the feathers slightly elongated, distinctly outlined; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green, the auricular region and sides of neck similar but rather more yellow- ish; maxilla dark brown, more blackish terminally; mandible paler brown, especially toward base; iris brown; legs and feet light brown- ish; length (skins), 103-113 (108.4); wing, 53-57.5 (55.6); tail, 46.5- 50.1 (48.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8); tarsus, 17-19 (18.2)." Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish- able; usually, however, slightly duller in color, with black crown- patch more restricted or more or less obscured by olive-green tips or margins to the feathers; sometimes the black entirely absent, the whole pileum, except forehead, being olive-green, the forehead and superciliary region yellow; length (skins), 104-113 (107.2); wing, 52- 55 (53.6); tail, 46-49.5 (47.5); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.4); tarsus, 17- 18.5 (17.9).? Eastern North America; north to Newfoundland, Labrador (Eskimo River), shores of Hudson Bay, and Manitoba; west to eastern edge of the Great Plains; breeding southward to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, Massachusetts?, Ontario (Ottawa), etc.; in winter south to Santo Domingo and eastern Mexico in States of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon (Monterey), Puebla (Huexotitla?; Puebla?), Vera Cruz (Jalapa?; Cordova’), etc.; occasional during migration in Colorado (Fort Gar- land, May), Arizona (Tucson, May; Fort Whipple, May), and other parts of the Rocky Mountain district. Muscicapa pusilla Witsox, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 108, pl. 26, fig. 4.—Bonaparre, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179.—Wunus; Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia). Wilsonia pusilla Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 64 (Massachusetts; breeding?).—Covss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 95.—Sresnecer, Auk, i, 1884, 231.—Cnapmay, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—AmERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commrrrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123. Sylvania pusilla Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 335, part.— AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1866, no. 685, part.—(?) FEr- RaRI-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 137 (Puebla and Huexotitla, Puebla, Oct., Nov.; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Sept. ).—Ripew.y, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 175.—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 261 (Mississippi Valley localities 1 Nineteen specimens. ? Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 711 and dates).—(?) THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 624 (Manitoba, breeding).—NEHRLING, Orn. Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 273, pl. 13, fig. 8.— McItwraira, Birds Ontario, 1894, 382 (Ottawa, breeding). [Myiodioctes] pusilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315. Myiodioctes pusillus Barry, Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. Penn. Coll., i, Oct., 1845, 252; Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 213, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 240, part.—(?) ScLtaveEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 263 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—(?) Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, in winter).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 102, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 147; Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326, part.—Satvin, Ibis, 1873, 334 (Santo Domingo).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 317, part, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4.—Brrwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (Maine, breeding).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 125.—Saxvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 168, part.— BatcHELpeER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 110 (upper St. Johns R., Maine and New Brunswick, breeding).—Brewsrer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 371 (Anticosti I., breeding).—Srzarns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 117 (Eskimo R., Labrador, breeding).—SHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 435, part. [Myiodioctes] prsillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.—Scuater and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part. M[ytodioctes] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 313, part. M{ytodioctes] pusilus Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. E. U.8., 4th ed., 1884, 69. (?) Mytidioctes pusillus Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca, Jan.). Myiodioctes pusillus var. pusillus Rripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 457, part. ‘[Myiodioctes pusillus.] a. M. pusillus SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 436, over list of specimens, part. [Myiodioctes pusillus] var. pusillus BarRD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 313, part. Sylvia wilsonti Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 86.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 408. Setophaga wilsonii Jarpine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 391. Muscicapa wilsonii AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 148, pl. 124.—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 297. Myiodioctes wilsonii AuDuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 50; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 21, pl. 75 (Labrador; Newfoundland).—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i; 1856, 206 (Massachusetts; breeding?).—Witus, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia). Sylvania wilsonii WoopHouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 69 (Indian Territory; Texas). (?) Sylvia petasodes Licutenstutn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico’); see Journ. fiir Orn. 1863, 57. (?) Abrornis atricapilla Buyrn, Ibis, 1870, 169 (‘‘China’’; see Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 640, 6411). ‘The interrogation mark indicates doubt as to whether Lichtenstein’s and Blyth’s birds are'true W. p. pusilla or the western form (W. p. pileolata). 712 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. WILSONIA PUSILLA PILEOLATA (Pallas). PILEOLATED WARBLER. Similar to W. p. puszla, but averaging larger; coloration brighter, the upper parts more yellowish olive-green, the yellow of under parts brighter. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-114 (109); wing, 55-60 (57.5); tail, 47-52 (50.1); exposed culmen, 7—9 (8.3); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-116 (109.2); wing, 54.5-57 (55.4); tail, 47.5-50 (48.3); exposed culmen, 7.5-9 (8.5); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8).’ Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky Mountain district, from western Texas (Chisos Mountains), New Mexico ?, and Arizona ?, in higher mountains, northward to Alaska, including coast district (Kadiak, Yakutat, Sitka, etc.) as well as throughout the interior, westward to eastern Oregon (Fort Klamath; Tillamook) and Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; during migration over the whole of western North America (less commonly along the Pacific coast of United States 4),and eastward across the Great Plains to Minnesota (Fort Snelling, May), western Missouri (Independence), etc. ; in winter southward over whole of Mexico and Central America to Chiriqui (Boquete). Motacilla pileolata Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 497 (Kadiak Island, Alaska). Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolata Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 457, part; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608, part (diagnosis, etc.). Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolatus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 319, part.—Lawrencer, Bull. U. S.‘Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Guichicovi, Chiapas). [Myiodioctes pusillus] 3. pileolata Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 437 (Truckee Valley, Nevada, Aug. 6; lower Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept. 5; West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. 9). 1 Twenty-one specimens. * Ten specimens. Specimens from Kadiak Island compare with others in average measurements as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. culmen. MALES. Four adult males from Kadiak (breeding) .......-.....2...2022020005 58.6] 49.7 8.7 19.2 Nine adult males from rest of Alaska (mostly breeding) ............ 56.6 | 50 8.2] 18.9 Eight adult males from Arizona (migrants) ..........2...22.005-+- {58.1 50.4 8.1 18.6 One adult male from Colorado (breeding)..................000022--- 57 49.5 8.5 19 FEMALES. Five adult females from Kadiak (breeding) ...............2..0-.0002 55.5] 48.5 8.7} 186 Five adult females from rest of Alaska ..........0.2..0.00ceeeeeeeeee 55.3 | 48.2 8.3] 19 One adult female from Wyoming (breeding) ..........22..2..0-e0--- 55 47.5 9 18 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 713 (?) Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 164 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, Apr.). Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 228 (Seven Lakes, Colorado, breeding).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 125a, part.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 148, part.—Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Yakutat and Kadiak, Alaska).—ALLEN and Brew- ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vili, 1883, 159 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, after May 12).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, -Chiriqui, Jan. 16 to 24). ? Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolata Cours, Check List, 1873, App., p. 125, no. 102a, part. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 95, part.— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174, part.—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 60 (Tres Marias).—AmérIcAn OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commitres, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.—Osaoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, breeding) . Sylvania pusilla pileolata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 685a, part.— Neuson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (coast of Alaska).—(?) Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 36 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, migrant).—(?) Merrriuy, Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—Cuerrir, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Oct. 27 to Mar. 6).—Rxoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 55, part (Vancouver I., etc., British Columbia; crit.); Auk, x, 1898, 23, part (do.; see Auk, xi, 1894, 50).—Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777 (Juanacatlan, Jalisco, Jan.).—GRINNELL, Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka, Alaska). S[ylvania] pusilla pileolata Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 528, part. M[yiodioctes p[usillus] pileolatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314, part. ; [Myiodioctes pusillus.] £. M. pileolatus SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 437, in list of specimens (Presidio, Sinaloa; Guatemala; Irazt district and Bar- ranca, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, ete. ). Muscicapa pusilla (not of Wilson) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 308 (New Mexico). Sylwania pusilla Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 335, part.— GampeL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 38, part (Rocky Mts).—NELson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 204 (Yukon Valley, Norton Sound, Kot- zebue Sound, etc.).—TownsEnp, “Auk, iv. 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska). Wilsonia pusilla ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (Colorado, breed- ing from 8,000 ft. to timber line; Wyoming; Utah). (?) Myiodioctes pusillus ScLaTER and Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Dnefias, Guatemala).— Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—Braxkisron, Ibis, 1863, 63 (Mackenzie R.).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst., iv, 1864, 115, part (British Columbia) .—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 478 (Texas).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Costa Rica).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 34 (Mexico); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 374 (Oaxaca).—Sa.vin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (Costa Rica). Myiodioctes pusillus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 213, part; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 10 (Frontera, Texas; Monterey, Nueva Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 240, part.—Cous, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, breeding in mountains); Check List, 1873, no. 102, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 147; Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326, part.—Law- 714 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. rence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Barranca, Grecia, and San José, Costa, Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Guadalajara, Jalisco; Tepic; Colima).—Burcaer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas),— Datvand Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 278 (Yukon R., Kadiak, and Sitka, Alaska).—Coopgr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 101, part.—Aixen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 197 (Colorado, May).—Finsca, Abh. Nat. Brem.., iii, 1872, 36 (Alexandrovsk, Alaska).—TripPe, in Coues Birds N. W., 1874, 232 (Col- orado, breeding near timber line).—Barp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 317, part.—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Sury., 1873 (1874), 59 (Denver, Colorado, May 14), 75 (South Park, Colo- rado, June 24, and Garland, May 28), 103 (Apache and Bowie, Arizona, Sept., Oct.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 207, excl. syn., part.— Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 32 (Wasatch Mts., Utah, breeding).— Nexson, Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1875, 343 (mountains s. of Fort Bridger, Wyoming, summer).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 168, part.—Nurtine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 494 (Irazu, Costa Rica).— McLenecan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’”? 1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Smarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 435, part. [Myiodioctes] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part.—Scnarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 10, part. (2) [Myiidioctes pusillus ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca). Myiodioctes pusillus var. pusillus Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 457, part. (Myiodioctes pusillus] «x. pusillus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 437 (West Humboldt and East Humboldt mountains, Nevada, Aug., Sept.; Antelope I., Utah, May 24). (?) [Myiodioctes pusillus.] a. M. pusillus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1889, 436, in list of specimens, part (Oaxaca; Duefias and Coban, Guatemala; Irazui district, Costa Rica). [Myiodioctes pusillus] var. pusillus BArRD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 313, part. (?) M[yioctonus] pusillus Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18 (Mexico). WILSONIA PUSILLA CHRYSEOLA Ridgway. GOLDEN PILEOLATED WARBLER. Similar to W. p. pileolata, but slightly smaller and much more brightly colored; olive-green of upper parts much more yellowish, almost olive-yellow in extreme examples; yellow of forehead and superciliary region (especially the former) inclining more or less to orange; yellow of under parts purer, more intense. aldult male.—Length (skins), 104-117 (110.5); wing, 53-59 (55.4); tail, 45-52 (49.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8.3); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.2). Adult female.—Length (skins), 104-115 (108.6); wing, 50-55 (52.9); tail, 45.5-50 (47.8); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.8). Pacific coast district of United States and British Columbia; breed- ing from southern California (San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and Ventura counties) northward to British Columbia (New Westminster; Mount Lehman); during migration southward and eastward to eastern ' Twenty-four specimens. 2 Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 715 Oregon (Fort Klamath, May, August), Arizona (Pinal County, Sep- tember, October; Lowell, April; Fort Verde, May; San Francisco Mountains, August 31; Cienega; Tucson), Chihuahua (San Diego, April 15), Sonora (San José Mountains, October), and Lower Cali- fornia (to Cape St. Lucas). (?) Sylvania pusilla (not Muscicapa pusilla Wilson) Nutraut, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 335, part (Oregon). Sylvania pusilla GAmBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 38, part (California). Myiodioctes pusillus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 293, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 213, part; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 240, part.—Hrer- MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 39 (California).—(?) Xawnrus, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Coopger and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 182 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington ).—(?) Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 115, part (British Columbia).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 101, part.—-Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 102, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 79, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 326, part.—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 435, part. [Myiodioctes] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109, part. Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolata Ripaway, Am. Journ. Nci., iv, Dec., 1872, 457, part; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 608, part. Myiodioctes pusillus, var. pileolatus Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 319, part.—(?) Hensaaw, Rep. Orn. Specs. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 234 (Fort Tejon and Mount Whitney, California, Aug., Sept.). Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Jan., 1879, 40 (Nicasio, Marin Co., California; descr. young female); vii, 1882, 139 (Cienega, Tucson, etc., Arizona; crit.)—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 125«, part.—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 148, part. M[yiodioctes] p[usillus] pileolatus Cours, Key N. Ain. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314, part. Myiodioctes pusillus .. var. pileolata Covers, Check List, 1873, App., p. 125, no, 102a, part. Myiodioctes pusillus, 8. pileolata Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, March 21, 1879, 407 (central California). Wilsonia pusilla pileolata Covss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 95, part.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174. part. —AMmeErICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123, part.—Kossr, Auk, xvii, 1900, 357 (Cape Disappointment, Washington, breeding).—MarLiarp, Condor, ili, 1901, 126 (San Benito Co., California, breeding). (?) Myiodioctes pileolatus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, March 20, 1879, 391 (Calaveras Co., California). Sylvania pusilla pileoluia Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354, part.—American OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 685a, part.— Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 185 (Ventura Co., California, breeding).—-Brt- ping, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 20) breeding at Poway, San Bernardino Valley, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, etc., California).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 55, part (Vancouver I., British Columbia; crit.); Auk, x, 1893, 23, part (do.).—GrinnetL, Rep. Birds Santa Barbara I., etc., 1897, 8 (Santa Barbara L., California, May 14-16); Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 47 (Los Angeles Co., California; summer resid. in willow districts). S[ylvania] pusilla pileolata Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 528, part. (2) [Myiodioctes pusillus.] 8. M. pileolatus SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 487, in list of specimens, part (west side Rocky Mts., British Columbia; California). 716 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. WILSONIA CANADENSIS (Linnzus). CANADIAN WARBLER. Upper parts gray tinged with olive in young and autumnal speci- mens; under tail-coverts white. Adult maie.-—Forehead and crown black, the feathers (except some- times those on forehead) margined with gray, producing a scaled ap- pearance; forehead sometimes with a median line (more or less distinct) of yellowish; rest of upper parts, together with sides of neck and posterior portion of auricular region, plain gray (nearly slate-gray); upper and anterior portion of lores, malar region, and under parts (except under tail-coverts) lemon or canary yellow, the outer portion of sides and flanks slightly tinged with olive; under tail-coverts white, sometimes tinged with yellow toward anal region; a conspicuous orbital ring of white or yellowish white, more decidedly yellowish on upper portion; loral spot, suborbital region, together with anterior and lower portion of auricular region, black; this continued (sometimes brokenly) along sides of lower neck (between the gray and the yellow) and con- tinued across the chest in a series of spots or streaks;’ bill dusky horn color, the mandible paler, except (sometimes) at tip; iris brown; legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 121-131.3 (125.7); wing, 64.5-67.1 (66.3); tail, 54.6-57.4 (56.1); exposed culmen, 10.2-11.2 (10.7); tarsus, 18-19.6 (19); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2). Adult female.—Ahbove, including auricular region and sides of neck, plain gray, tinged with olive, especially on back and pileum, the latter often showing darker centers to feathers of forehead or forehead and crown; upper and anterior portion of lores and conspicuous orbital ring pale yellow or yellowish white; loral spot and suborbital region dusky olive-gray, this sometimes continued posteriorly along lower portion of sides of neck; malar region and under parts, except under tail-coverts, lemon or canary yellow (slightly paler and duller than in adult male); under tail-coverts white; chest streaked with olive, the streaks sometime partly black;* bill, iris, and feet as in the adult male; length (skins), 116.1-124.7 (119.6); wing, 60.4-64.5 (62.5); tail, 51-53.3 ‘Judging from Central and South American specimens, the plumage of the adult male is apparently the same in autumn and winter as in spring and summer. 2The amount of this black spotting or streaking of the chest varies greatly in differ- ent specimens, some having the whole chest so heavily spotted with black (the spots being deltoid in shape) that they overlap and almost form a ‘‘solid’’ patch, while others have only a few small guttate spots or streaks across the anterior portion; usually, the markings, in amount and character, are about halfway between these extremes. 3 Hight specimens. 4In adult females having black streaks on the chest the feathers of forehead and crown are distinctly centered with black. Such specimens are very much like those adult males having the least amount of black streaking or spotting on the chest. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. pe (52.6); exposed culmen, 9.9-11.4 (10.7); tarsus, 17.8-19 (18.3); middle toe, 9.4-11.7 (10.7)." Immature male in first autumn and winter:—Quite similar in colora- tion to the adult female. Immature female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female and immature male, but upper parts more strongly tinged with olive, and markings on chest much less distinct, sometimes obsolete. Young, first plumage.—Ahbove plain broccoli brown or drab, the feathers ash gray beneath the surface; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with buff, forming two distinct bands across wing; rem- iges and rectrices brownish gray, with edges slightly paler; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, chest, and sides of breast pale buffy brown: rest of under parts pale straw or primrose yellow. Eastern North America; north to Newfoundland, southern Labrador and Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg); west to eastern edge of the Great Plains, casually to Colorado (Lincoln County, May 23); breeding south- ward to Massachusetts (Winchendon; Berkshire County; Essex County), central New York (Oneida County), southern Ontario, Mich- igan (Mackinac Island), and Minnesota (St. Louis and Lake counties), and southward through mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia to North Carolina (2,500 to £,000 feet); in winter south through eastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador (numerous localities and records) and Peru. [Muscicapa] canadensis Linn wus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 327 (based on Gobe- mouche cendré de Canada, Muscicapa canadensis cinerer, Brisson, Orn. ti, 406, pl. 39, fig. 4).—Gmg.in, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. ii, 1788, 937.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 484. Muscicapa canadensis Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 100, pl. 26, fig. 2.—SrEpHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 350.—Viertxor, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 810.—Bona- PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 178.—Aupuzon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 17, pl. 103. Setophaga canadensis JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 358. S[etophaga] canadensis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265. [Setophaga] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3536. Myiodioctes canadensis AupuBoNn, Synopsis, 1839, 49; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 14, pl. 72.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 111 (Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 143 (Bogota, Colombia); 1858, 64 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador), 451 (Gualaquiza and Zamora, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 34 (Bogota).—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 206 (Massachusetts, breeding).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 294; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 214; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 239.— Scuater and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 467 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 95 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica) .— Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc., ix, 1862, 125 (Maine, breeding).—Buakrston, Ibis, 1863, 63 (Saskatchewan).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 478 (Texas).—McIL- ’ wrairH, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 86 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Dota, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 1 Seven specimens. 718 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 294 (Costa Rica).—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 103; 2d ed., 1882, no. 149; Birds N. W., 1874, 80; Birds Col. Wal., 1878, 323.—Bairp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 320, pl. 16, fig. 6. —Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 440 (New England; summer resid. ).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 60 (descr. young).—Harcn, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. for 1879 (1880), 160 (St. Louis and Lake counties, Minnesota, breeding).—Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 246 (Neosho R., Kansas, Aug. 29).—Ripeaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 127.—Sa.vin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 166.—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 432 ( Duefias, Retalhuleu, Volcan de Fuego, and Coban, Guatemala; Irazi district,-Costa. Rica; Bogota, Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; ‘‘ Mexico,” “ Brazil’’).—Taczanowsk1 and Beruepscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 74 (Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador, Nov., Feb.).—Satvapori and Fesra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, no. 351, 1899, 8 (Valle del Zamora and Valle del Rio Santiago, e. Ecuador, Dec., Mar.).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Apr. 7). [ Myiodioctes] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 109.—Scuarer and Sa1- vin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10. M[yiodioctes] canadensis Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 101, 152 (n. e. Illi- nois, a few breeding).—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314. Dendreca canadensis (not Dendroica canadensis Baird) TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (Tambillo, n. Peru). (See Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 6.) Eluthtypis] canadensis CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18. Euthlypis canadensis CABanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 326 (highlands Costa Rica).— AwuLeNn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 269 (e. Florida, Mar.). Wilsonia canadensis Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 95.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 174.—AmeErican OrniTHoLogists’ Union Com- mitrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 123.—Arken, Auk, xvii, 1900, 298 (Lake, Lincoln Co., Colorado; 1 spec., May 23, 1899). Sylvania canadensis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Sept. 2, 1885, 354; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 176.—AmerIcAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 686.—Brewster, Auk, iii, 1486, 175 (mountains of w. North Carolina, breeding from 3,000 ft. upward); v, 1888, 392 (Winchendon, Massachusetts, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 259 (Berkshire and Essex counties, Massachusetts, breeding).—Ratrn, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 142 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Ltoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 297 (Concho Co., Texas, 1 spec., August).—Lawrence (R. B.), Auk, iv, 1887, 349 (Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 262 (e. Nebraska; e. Kansas; s. e. Texas, etc.; dates of migr.).—Cnrerriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Sept. 29 to Oct. 6).—THomrson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 624 (Manitoba, breed- ing).—Sronz, Prov. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 437 (Luzerne Co., Pennsyl- vania, breeding); Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsylvania, breeding).— Topp, Auk, vili, 1891, 399 (Butler and Armstrong counties, Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 46 (Clearfield Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Dwicat, Auk, ix, 1892, 189 (Cresson and North Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding).— Wnirs, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—N#EnRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 269, pl. 13, fig. 8.—McItwrartu, Birds Ontario, 1894, 383 (s. Ontario, breeding).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 497 (Roan Mt. and Monroe Co., North Carolina, breeding between 2,500 and 4,000 ft.).—Conepon, Auk, xii, 1895, 189 (Dingmans Ferry, Pike Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Younc, Auk, xiii, 1896, 285 (Delano and Hazle Creek Junction, Pennsylvania, breeding).—Barty, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (n. Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 137 (West BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 719 Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—Fuemina, Aux, xviii, 1901, 44 (Mus- koka, etc., n. w. Ontario, common summer resid. ). Sylvia pardalina Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 179 (cites M. canadensis Wilson); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 79.—Nurraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 372. Sylvicola pardalina BonAparTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 22.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1856, 5 (descr. nest and eggs). [Myiodioctes] pardalina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 315. Myodioctes pardalina Prarren, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soc., 1855, 601. Muscicapa bonapartit AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 27, pl. 5 (St. Francisville, Louisiana, Aug. 13;=young in autumn). Selophaga bonapartii Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 225, pl. 47. [Setophaga] bonapartii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3538. Wilsonia bonapartii Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.—SresNEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 231. Myiodioctes bonapartii AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 49; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 17, pl. 73.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 295; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 215. Sylvania bonapartit Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. §. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 332. Setophaga nigro-cincta LArRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., iv, Oct., 1848, 292 (Colombia); 1844, 79. Myiodioctes cxrulescens (lapsus for canadensis) Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Barrio, Oaxaca; Guichicovi, Chiapas). Genus CARDELLINA DuBus. Cardellina DuBus, Esquis..Orn., 1850, pl. 25. (Type, C. umicta DuBus, = Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud. ) Medium-sized ‘‘fly-catching” Mniotiltide with the bill short and stout (basal depth nearly equal to basal width, exposed culmen not longer than middle toe without claw), the culmen decidedly curved; rictal bristles reaching but little beyond nostrils; wing-tip equal to tarsus; tail even; rump and under parts of body white, back gray, fore- head and throat red, crown and auricular region black. Bill not more than half as long as head, deeper than broad at anterior ‘margin of nostrils, nearly as deep as broad at hase; culmen decidedly curved; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch indistinct; gonys faintly convex. Nostril rather large, obliquely oval, occupying about lower anterior half of nasal fosse, largely concealed by latero-frontal feathering. Rictal bristles moderately developed, the longest reach- ing but little beyond nostrils, when directed forward. Wing long, rather pointed (seventh primary longest, eighth and sixth but little shorter, the ninth intermediate between sixth and fifth); wing-tip long, equal to tarsus. Tail decidedly shorter than wing but longer than dis- tance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries, even, the rectrices broad and rounded at tips. Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing or slightly more, its scutella indistinct or obsolete on outer side; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for nearly its entire length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe. 720 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Coloration.—Upper parts gray, with a nuchal band and the rump white; crown and auricular region black; forehead, lores, chin, throat, and post-auricular region red; sexes alike. Nidification.—Terrestrial. Range.—Southwestern border of United States to highlands of Gua- temala. (Monotypic.) CARDELLINA RUBRIFRONS (Giraud). RED-FACED WARBLER. Adult male.—Forehead, lores, eyelids, suborbital region (except posterior portion), malar region, chin, throat, upper chest, and sides of neck vermilion or poppy red, most intense on forehead; crown, anterior portion of occiput, auricular region, and posterior portion of suborbital region uniform glossy black; a transverse patch or band of white (usually more or less tinged with pink) on nape, partly hidden by the elongated black feathers of occiput; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and upper rump uniform gray (varying from slate-gray t | mouse gray); lower rump white, sometimes tinged with pink; upper tail-coverts gray (rather paler than back, often with still paler or even sometimes whitish tips, especially the shorter coverts; larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices dusky gray with slate-gray edgings the middle coverts more or less distinctly and rather broadly tipped with white or pale gray; under parts of body white, more or less strongly tinged with pink, especially on breast, shading into gray on sides of breast and anterior portion of sides; bill brownish, the maxilla darker; legs and feet horn brown (in dried skins); len: th (skins), 118-135 (124.5); wing, 65.5-70.5 (68.1); tail, 57-61 (59.4); exposed culm: n, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.7).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult male in coloration and often quite indistinguishable, but usually very slightly duller in color and averaging a little smaller; length (skins), 113-126 (121.5); wing, 63-70 (66); tail, 55.5-61 (58.5); exposed culmen, 7.5—-9 (8.6); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.9).? 1Eleven specimens. Specimens from different localities average respectively as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. pored Tarsus. iculmen. MALES. Five adult males from Arizona and Sonora............222..-00-0002+ 68.2 59 8.6 17.8 Three adult males from Durango, Jalisco, and Guerrero ..........-. 67.5 59.3 8.5 VW.7 Three adult males from Guatemala..........20..00ecceeeeeeseeceeeee 68.3] 60 8.8} 17.8 FEMALES. Eight adult females from Arizona, Sonora, and northern Chihuahua.| 65.9 58.4 8.6 17.9 Two adult females from Jalisco. ......2....0.cceeeeee sense eectceeeeee 66.7 | 59.5 8.7 17.5 One adult female from Guatemala..........2....000.cceceececeeeeees 66 58.5 8.6| 17.9 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 721 Young in first autumn and winter.'—Similar to the duller colored adults, but much duller, the red of throat, etc., paler, inclining to flesh color, white of under parts and nuchal patch tinged with buff or salmon color, and gray of upper parts more brownish. Young, first plumage.—Upper parts, including entire pileum, plain sooty brown, the pileum and hindneck sometimes inclining to prouts brown or raw umber; rump white; upper tail-coverts brownish gray with paler tips; wings grayish dusky with paler grayish edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped with dull buff or pale brownish buffy, forming two more or less distinct bands; tail as in adults; sides of head like pileum; chin, throat, and chest plain light buffy grayish brown or broccoli brown, the sides of neck similar but more buffy; rest of under parts dull white, shaded on sides (especially sides of breast) with pale brownish gray or grayish brown. Higher mountains of southern Arizona (Mount Graham, Catalina Mountains, Huachuca Mountains, etc.) and New Mexico (Fort Bay- ard) and southward over more elevated parts of Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego; Totonicapam). Muscicapa rubrifrons Grraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 27, pl. 7, fig. 1 (‘‘Texas’’).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66 (referred to genus Curdellina). Setophaga rubrifrons Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (‘‘Texas’’). Cardellina rubrifrons ScLateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66, in text; 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 374 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 37 (s. Mexico).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey, ix, 1858, 306 (synonymy); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 264 (Mexico; Totonicapam, Guate- mala).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1866, 192 (Volcan de Fuego and Totonicapam, Guate- mala); 1874, 99 (do.).—HensHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 211 (Mount Graham and mountains near Apache, Arizona; breeding habits).— Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 331; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 150.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 68 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico, July 16).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 181.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 162.— SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 408.—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 353 (Pima Co., Arizona); v, 1888, 36 (Catalina Mts., Arizona).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 690.—Pricz, Auk, v, 1888, 385 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; breeding habits).—Nrnriine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 280, pl. 32, fig. 2. ([Cardellina] rubrifrons ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. Clardellina] rubrifrons Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 314.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531. Basileuterus rubrifrons ScuaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Cardellina amicta Du Bus, Esq. Orn., 1850, pl. 25. [Cardellina] amicta Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312. [Setophaga] amicta Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3531. 1 This plumage apparently retained during the second year. 3654—voL 2—01 46 792 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson. Setophaga Swanson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, May, 1827, 368. (Type, Muscicapa ruticilla Linneeus. ) Cetophaga (emendation) Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 430. Sylvania, part, Nurravu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 290. (Proposed as a substitute for Setophaga Swainson; see Coues, Auk, xiv, 1897, 223.) Small *‘fly-catching” Mniotiltide with the bill much shorter than head, much depressed, triangular or broadly wedge-shaped in vertical profile, with rictal bristles not reaching nearly to tip; ninth primary longer than fifth; tail decidedly shorter than wing, rounded; adult males (both sexes in one species) black, varied with red (or orange) and white. Bill about half as long as head, much depressed, broad at. base, its vertical profile triangular or broadly wedge-shaped; culmen sharply ridged, straight for basal half or more, strongly decurved terminally; commissure nearly straight, the maxillary tomium with distinct sub- terminal notch. Nostril longitudinally oval or elliptical, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membranous operculum. Rictal bristles conspicuously developed, but not reach- ing much if any beyond middle of bill (when directed forward). Wing rather long, pointed (ninth to seventh or eighth to sixth primaries longest, the ninth equal to or longer than fifth, sometimes longer than sixth); wing-tip equal to tarsus (S. ruticé/lv) or a little shorter (S. picta). Tail shorter than wing, but decidedly longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, decidedly rounded, the rec- trices rather broad, subacuminate (S. rv¢ie‘l/a) or rounded (S. picta) at tips. Tarsus slightly less than one-fourth as long as wing, its scu- tella rather distinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tar- sus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about half its length, or less, to inner toe. Coloration.—Adult males (both sexes of one species) black, varied with red (or orange) and white; head, neck, and upper parts uniform black; breast with a median patch of red (extending to abdomen) or with lateral patches of orange or yellow (extending to under wing- coverts); wings with a large white patch on greater or middle coverts, or with basal portion of secondaries extensively pale orange or yellow; lateral rectrices extensively white, or else with basal half or more pale orange or yellow. Midification.—Arboreal in 8. ruticilla, terrestrial (in holes of banks, or beneath projecting stones) in 8. p/cta. Ltange.—Temperate North America, to highlands of Guatemala; in winter throughout West Indies and to northern South America. (Two species.) The two species of Setophaga differ very slightly in the details of BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 798 external structure, certainly not enough to warrant their generic sepa- ration. The type species, N. rvt/ei/lv, bas the outermost (ninth) pri- mary sometimes equal to or longer than the sixth, sometimes shorter; in S. picta it is much shorter, or only a little lonpar than the fifth, the eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries being nearly equal and loa: est, while in S. padiolilin the ninth, eighth, and seventh are sometimes, but not always, all longer than the sth In S. p/cta the bill is rela: tively smaller and the rictal bristles relatively somewhat shorter; the rectrices are obtusely rounded at tips, and the sexes are alike in coloration; whereas in S. rutée///a the bill and rictal bristles are slightly more developed, the rectrices are subacuminate at tips, and the sexes very different in color.? KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SETOPHAGA. a. Head, neck, and upper parts black. b. The black glossy; under parts partly red, orange, yellow. c. Basal half or more of secondaries and lateral rectrices pale orange or yellow; middle and greater wing-coverts black; sides of breast orange or yellow; axillars and under wing-coverts orange or yellow; median portion of breast and abdomen white. (Temperate North America, except parts of south- western portions; West Indies and through Central America to northern South.America in winter.).......... Setophaga ruticilla, adult male (p. 724) cc. Secondaries wholly black or with white edges; lateral rectrices largely white; middle and greater wing-coverts white; sides of breast black; axillars and under wing-coverts white; median portion of breast and abdomen vermilion red. d. Third rectrix with greater part of its outer web and a large portion of the inner web (at end) white. (Highlands of Mexico, north to southern Ari- zona, etc.)._...-...- Setophaga picta picta, adult male and female (p. 728) dd. Third rectrix with outer web entirely black, the inner web with little if any white. (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas. ) Setophaga picta guatemale, adult male and female (p. 729) bb. The black without gloss, more sooty; under parts dusky grayish or sooty, with- out red, orange, or yellow. c. Third rectrix with more white (as in ‘‘d’’ above). , , Setophaga picta picta, young (p. 728) ce. Third rectrix with little if any white (as in ‘“‘dd’’ above). Setophaga picta guatemale, young (p. 729) aa. Head grayish (paler, almost white, on throat); rest of upper parts olive or olive- grayish (tail blackish or dusky), the basal portion of secondaries and lateral rectrices pale yellow. Setophaga ruticilla, adult female and young male (pp. 724, 725) 'For at least the first-year, the male of S. ruticilla resembles the adult female in coloration, two years, or more, being required to complete the full adult livery. In 8. picta, on the other hand, both sexes molt, in the first autumn, directly from the sooty nestling plumage (without red on under parts) into the adult dress. 724 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linnzus). AMERICAN REDSTART, Adult male.—Head, neck, chest, and upper parts uniform black, with a more or less decided bluish gloss, except on remiges, and rec- trices; basal portion of remiges (except two innermost tertials) and more than basal half of rectrices, except two (sometimes only one) middle pairs, pale orange, saturn red, or salmon-pink, this occupy- ing the full width of both webs;' a large patch on each side of chest and breast, together with axillars and under wing-coverts, bright saturn red;” rest of under parts white, usually with more or less of black be- tween the orange-red lateral patches and the white in middle of breast;° longer under tail-coverts sometimes partly black or dusky; bill wholly black in spring and summer, more brownish, with mandible paler brown, in fall and winter;* iris brown; legs and feet dark brown or blackish; length (skins), 117-127 (121.3); wing, 61-67 (63.5); tail, 52-58 (55.1); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8.5); tarsus, 17-19 (17.9); middle toe, 9-11 (10.1).° Adult female.—Very different from the adult male. Pileum and hindneck plain mouse gray; back, scapulars, and rump plain light olive or grayish olive-green; upper tail-coverts, middle rectrices, and terminal portion or other rectrices dusky; wings dusky (not so dark as dusky portion of tail) with light olive edgings; basal portion of remiges and rectrices (except one or two middle pairs of the latter and two innermost secondaries) light yellow, that on the remiges more restricted than the orange-red in the male, often not showing at all on primaries; sides of head paler gray than pileum, especially the lores and superciliary region; malar region, chin, throat, and chest dull grayish white; rest of under parts more decidedly white, with a con- * Sometimes the outer web of outermost primary and more rarely that of the one next to it (eighth) has none of this color at the base; usually it is edged with it. The extent of the pale orange or saturn red on the remiges varies considerably, but nearly always it occupies less than half the exposed portion of the secondaries, except sometimes on the innermost ones, and on the primaries never involves more than the basal third, usually much less. The rectrices next to the middle pair usually have the basal half of outer web salmon-pink, the inner web entirely or mostly black. * There is little variation in this color, which is practically the same in at least 90 per cent of the specimens examined; very rarely, however, the orange-red is replaced, not only on sides of breast but also on the wings and tail, by yellow. *Often there is a ‘‘solid’”? patch of black between the lateral orange-red and median white, sometimes extending backward as far as the flanks; more rarely the black ends abruptly on the chest, with a rounded or convex posterior outline. Fre- quently the white portions are tinged with orange-red, especially on sides and flanks; very rarely the white is entirely replaced by orange-red. (See Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 70.) ‘There is no difference in color of plumage accordingeto season, except that fall and winter specimens, being in fresher feather, are rather more richly colored. 5 Fifteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 725 spicuous patch of yellow on each side of chest and breast, the median portion of breast, together with sides and flanks, sometimes tinged with yellow; bill dark brown or brownish black in summer, pale brown in winter; iris, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 112-121 (116.9); wing, 58-66 (61.1); tail, 49-58 (54.1); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.8): tarsus, 15-18 (17.1); middle toe, 9-11 (10.4). Immature male.*—Similar in coloration to the adult female and sometimes indistinguishable,* but usually (?) with the back, etc., more brownish olive and the yellow patch on side of breast more orange or salmon color. Immature female.--Similar to the adult female but gray of head and neck more brownish, less strongly contrasted with olive of back; throat and chest (especially the latter) tinged with brownish buff; yel- low on sides of breast less distinct, and that at base of secondaries almost (sometimes entirely) concealed. Young (both sexes), first plunage.—Ahbove plain grayish brown, beneath plain grayish white, deepening into pale gray on chest; no yellow on sides of breast; wings and tail as in older birds, but middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with dull white or pale yellowish, forming two bands. Temperate North America in general, except Pacific coast district and western portions of Rocky Mountain district, within the United States; breeding northward in the Atlantic coast district to Nova Scotia, in the interior to Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution, etc.), and on the Pacific coast to southern Alaska (Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay), westward to Utah (Wasatch Mountains), Idaho (Fort Sherman), east- ern Washington (Okanogan County), and British Columbia (chiefly east of Cascade Mountains), southward to Mississippi, etc.; occurring cas- ually or occasionally in California (Haywards, June 20), Oregon (John Day River, July 1), Lower California (Miraflores and La Paz, Feb- ruary, March), Arizona (Catalina Mountains, August 2,Tucson, spring), and other parts of extreme western United States; in winter south throughout West .Indies, Mexico, and Central America to northern South America (Colomhia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, and British Guiana). [Motacilla] ruticilla Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 186 (based on The Red- Start, Ruticilla americana, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 67, pl. 67). [Muscicapa] ruticilla Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 326.—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 935.—LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 473. Muscicapa ruticilla Boppaxrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 33 (ex Gobe-mouche,d’ Amerique, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 566, figs. 1, 2).—Vrertio7, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 66, pls. 35, 36.—Wison, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 103, pl. 6, fig. 6; v, 1812, 119, pl. 45, fig. 2.—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1817, 362.—BonaparTs, 1 Eleven specimens. ?The male is several years in acquiring the full plumage. 8 Unless some specimens have been incorrectly determined as to sex. 726 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 170; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 68,— Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 202, pl. 40; v, 1839, 428; Synopsis, 1839, 44; Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 240, pl. 68.--D’Orsiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 87.—Drnny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38 (Ja- maica; Cuba).—Wi.uis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia). Muscicapa (Sylvania) ruticilla Nutraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 291. Setophaga ruticila Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. 8., i, 1827, 368; Zool. Journ., iii, May, 1827, 360; Isis, 1830, 1156.—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.- Am., ii, 1831, 223.--BonapartgE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118 (Guate- mala); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 24.—NurraLL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 327.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 164.—Casanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. (cuiana, iii, 1848, 66; Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 472 (Cuba); 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 111 (Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 144 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 289 (Mexico), 292 (Cordova, VeraCruz) ; 1859, 374 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1860, 84 (Ecuador), 202 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1861, 72 (Jamaica); 1864, 172 (Valley of Mex- ico); 1876, 14 (Santa Lucia) ; 1889, 326 (Dominica), 395 (Santa Lucia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Pennsylvania; Trinidad ).—Gunpvacu, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 472 (Cuba); 1861, 326 (do.); 1872, 419 (do.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 237; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 187 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cuba, 1873, 70.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia) ; vii, 1859, 111 (Bahamas); x, 1866, 250 (Porto Rico); xi, 1867,91 (Santo Domingo); Journ. fir Orn., 1866, 184 (Porto Rico).—SAL.&, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 297; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 217; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 256.—Scuater and Sat- vin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Belize, British Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1868, 166 (Venezuela); 1870, 780 (Merida, Venezuela).—Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 144 (St. Croix).—ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 53 (Bahamas); 1862, 194 (Jamaica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 822 (Isthmus of Panama); viii, 1864, 97 (Sombrero); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); ix, 1868, 96 (Angostura and Turrialba, Costa Rica); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 55 (Dominica), 189 (St. Vincent), 233 (Antigua); i, 1879, 268 (Grenada), 354 (Martinique), 454 (Guadeloupe); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 4+ (Saskatchewan); 1863, 63 (Forks of Saskatchewan ).—VeERRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 137 (Anticosti I.).—Marcn, Proe. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—Tay or, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).—Loraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 248.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Sov. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fé and David, Chiriqui); 1868, 176 ( Venezuela); 1870, 183 ( Veragua); Ibis, 1878, 305 (monogr.).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Barranca, Costa Rica).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., i, 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, winter).— Fixscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 565 (Trinidad).—Sunpeva.1, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 596 (Porto Rieo).—Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 323 (Herradura, etc., Colombia).—Ar1KEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 197 (Colorado ).—ALtEn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 167 (Ogden, Utah, Sept. 8), 175 (Kansas; Colorado; Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 53 (North Dakota); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia); Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., iv, 1892,51 (El Pilar, Venezuela, Nov.); xiii, 1900, 176 (Bonda and, Valparaiso prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, Sept. 2 to Mar. 30); Auk, xvii, 1900, 366 (do.).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rineaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 322, pl. 16, figs. 1,5.—Hensnaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 209 (Huerfano R., Colorado; Provo, Utah).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 24 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 727 438 (Salt Lake Valley and Wasatch Mts., Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1880, no. 128; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 564 (Cozumel I., Yuca- tan); x, 1888, 576 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 177.—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José and Cartago, Costa Rica, Jan. to Apr.).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 70 (plumage).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 199 (Atanques, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, 4,000 ft., Feb.); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 178.— Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 50 (Fort Walla Walla, Washington, 1 spec., Aug. 24).—EmeErson, Ornith. and Oolog., vi, 1881, 43 (Haywards, California, 1 spec., June 20, 1881); Zoe, i, 1890, 45 (do.); Condor, iii, 1901, 145 (John Day R., Oregon, July 1, 1899).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 75; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 151 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 40; Auk, iii, 1886, 46 (West Indian references); iv, 1887, 95 (Mar- tinique); vi, 1889, 31 (Cayman Brac); vii, 1890, 375 (Tortola and Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius), 48 (St. Croix; St. Christopher), 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 60; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120 (Great Bahama, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence, Andros, Concepcion, Long I., Green Cay, Turks I., Great Inagua, and Anguilla, Bahamas; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Haiti, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Sombrero, St. Eustatius, St. Chris- topher, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vin- cent, Grenada, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles). —Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 91 (Hopefield and Jackson, Mississippi, breeding).—BrrLErsca and Taczanowskl, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 541 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador, Nov. ).—Berxpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 350 (Miraflores and La Paz, Lower California, 2 specs., Feb., Mar.?, 1883).—BicKnELL, Auk, i, 1884, 217 (song) .—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—Srarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 411 (Fort Simpson, British America; Jima, Ecuador; Roraima, British Guiana, etc.).—AMERICAN OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 687.—WeELLs, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611 (Grenada).—ZELEDoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (San José, Tdrcoles, Naranjo de Cartago and Alajuela, Costa Rica).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 36 (Catalina Mts., Arizona, 1 spec., Aug. 12; Tucson, Arizona, 1 spec., spring). —CHERRIz, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (San José, Costa Rica, Aug. 13 to Mar. 6); Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 12.—Ricnmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, winter, after Sept. 20).—Nruruine, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 275, pl. 14, fig. 5.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 24 (Trinidad).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 180 (Okanogan Co., Washington, breeding).—Merriti, Auk, xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, sum- mer resid.).—BrrtweELi, Auk, xvi, 1899, 184 (nesting in Vireo’s nest).— Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (British Columbia; regularly e. of Cascade Mts., occasionally on w. side).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Jan. 24). Sletophaga] ruticilla Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18.—Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 316.-— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 529. [Setophaga] ruticilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 110.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10. [Motacilla] flavicauda Gueuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 997 (based on Yellow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa cauda lutea, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., 101, pl. 257, up. fig. ). S[ylvia] flavicauda Sucxow, Anfangs. Naturg. Thiere, Végel, ii, 1801, 1116. 728 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (?) Sylvia russeicauda Vieiiiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 17, pl. 71 (Pennsylvania; coll. Vieillot); Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 266.—STEPHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 675. (?) Sylvia russicauda Viertiorr, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 476. (?) [Setophaga] russeicauda Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3517. Motacilla tricolora MtutER Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 175 (based on Figuier noir et jaune de Cayenne Danbenton, Pl. Enl., 391, fig. 2; adult male). [Motacilla] multicolor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 972 (Cayenne; based on Figuier noir Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v., 314; Figuier noir et jaune Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 391, fig. 2; Rufous and black Warbler Latham, Synop. Birds, ii, pt. 2, 493). SETOPHAGA PICTA PICTA (Swainson). PAINTED REDSTART, Adults (sexes alike).'—Head, neck, upper chest, sides, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform deep black, with a faint bluish gloss; wings and tail black, the former relieved by a large white patch involving the middle and greater coverts and edges of innermost secondaries (tertials), the latter with three outermost rectrices extensively white terminally, this white occupying much the greater part of the outermost rectrix; lower chest, breast, and abdomen rich vermilion or poppy red, rarely more orange-red; under tail-coverts black or blackish, broadly tipped with white; axillars and under wing-coverts mostly white; bill, legs, and feet, black; iris brown. Young, first plumage.—Above plain sooty black, the wings and tail as in adults, but the white wing-patch tinged with buff; beneath sooty grayish, passing into dull whitish on center of abdomen, the breast spotted or broadly streaked with sooty blackish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-128 (124.7); wing, 68-75 (71.9); tail, 61-68 (63.3); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 16-17 (16.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-135 (130.8); wing, 67-70 (68.7); tail, 60-64.5 (62.4); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.9); tarsus, 16-17 (16.3).* Higher mountains of central and southern Arizona (Mogollon, Gra- ham, Chiricahua, Santa Rita, Santa Catalina, and Huachuca ranges, etc.,) and New Mexico (Grant County), and southward over higher districts of, Mexico to States of Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, and Oaxaca (La Parada; Cinco Sefiores). Setophaga picta Swainson, Zool. Ilustr., 2d ser., i, 1829, pl. 3 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico); Anim. in Menag., 1838, 293.—Kavp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 50.—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (‘‘Texas’’); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 298; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 77, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 218; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (Boquillo, Nuevo Leon); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 256, part (Boquillo, Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan).—ScLaTER, 1T can not find that there is even an average difference in the coloration of the sexes of this species. *Ten specimens. 3 Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 729 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66; 1856, 292 (near City of Mexico); 1858, 299, (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alpine reg. Orizaba).—Ripaway, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 436 (Tucson, Arizona); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 129.—Couzs, Check List, 1873, no. 105; 2d ed., 1882, no. 151; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335.— Hensoaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 104 (Apache and 30 m. s. of Apache, Arizona, Aug. 29 to Sept. 11; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 209 (Rock Cafion, Mt. Graham, near Camp Critten- den, etc., Arizona; habits; descr. young).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 322, part; ii, 1874, pl. 46, fig. 7; pl. 56, fig. 3; iii, 1874, 507 (Tucson, Arizona).—Lawkrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii. 1874, 270 (Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan; habits).—Satvin, Ibis, 1878, 306, part (monogr. ).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1880, 73 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Apr.); vii, 1882, 140 (habits; descr. nest and eggs; etc.), 249.— Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 176 (Santa Rita Mts., Ari- zona, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1881, 179, part (Mexican localities and references).—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 353 (Pima Co., Arizona); v, 1888, 36 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, above 4,000 ft.).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 415 (Ciudad Durango, etc.; excl. syn. part). —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 688.—Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 261 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona).—AntHony, Auk, ix, 1892, 367 (s.w. part Grant Co., New Mexico ).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Guanopa and Huerachi, n. w. Chihuahua, Dec., Feb.).—NrxriING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 279.— BRENINGER, Condor, iii, 1901, 147 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; descr. nest and eggs). S[etophaga] picta Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.—Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 315.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 529. [Setophaga] picta Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 312 (Zacatecas).—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3515.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 110.— Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part. Muscicapa leucomus Grraun, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 23, pl. 6, fig. 1 (‘‘Texas’’; type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). SETOPHAGA PICTA GUATEMAL£ Sharpe. GUATEMALAN PAINTED REDSTART. Similar to S. p. picta, but with third rectrix entirely black or else with very little white, and white edgings to innermost secondaries (ter- tials) much less distinct, often obsolete; average size slightly less. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-129 (126); wing, 66-71 (68.5); tail, 60-61.5 (60.9); exposed culmen, 8.5; tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.2). Adult female.—Length (skins), 132-133 (132.5); wing, 67-68.5 (67.8); tail, 62-65 (63); exposed culmen, 8-8.5 (8.2); tarsus, 17.” Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, ridge near Chancol, Hacienda Chancol, San Gerénimo, Santa Barbara, Chilasco, Tactic, Canill4-Guitché, Toyabaj-Guitché, etc.), Chiapas (Gineta Mountains, San Cristobal, etc.) and northern Honduras (Comayagua). 1 Four specimens. 2 Three specimens. TBU BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Setophaga picts (not of Swainson) Scarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Tay or, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagua, Honduras).— SciaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Guatemala).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 256, part (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rine- way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 322, part (Guatemala).—Lawrencz, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 16 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—Sa.vin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 179, part (Volcan de Fuego, ridge near Chancol, San Gerénimo, Santa Barbara, Chilasco, and Tactic, Guatemala; Comayagua, Honduras). [Setophaga] picta Sctarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part. [Setophaga picta.] Subsp. a. Setophaga guatemale Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 417 (Guatemala, no type locality indicated; coll. Brit. Mus. ) S[etophaga] picta guatemale Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 530. Setophaga picta guatemale Netson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (interior of Chiapas). Genus MYIOBORUS Baird. Myioborus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 237, 257. (Type, Setophaga verticalis Swainson. ) Similar to Setophaga, but bill more depressed, rictal bristles much longer (equal to or longer than bill); wing shorter and much more rounded (ninth primary shorter than fourth, sometimes shorter than third); tarsus longer (very much more than one-fourth to more than one-third as long as wing), and style of coloration very different (crown with a patch of chestnut, or else forehead yellow and under parts yellow; no white, orange, nor yellow on wing; back, etc., slate- gray or slate color, rarely olive or brownish). Bill about half as long as head, or less, very much depressed, trian- gular or broadly wedge-shaped in vertical profile; culmen sharply ridged, straight to near tip, where strongly decurved; commissure straight with subterminal notch of maxillary tomium minute but distinct. Nostril longitudinally elliptical, in lower anter.or portion of nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membranous operculum, partly covered by latero-frontal feathers. Rictal bristles greatly developed, reaching nearly to, sometimes beyond, tip of bill when directed for- ward. Wing moderate, much rounded (ninth primary shorter than fourth, sometimes not longer than second, the eighth shorter than fifth); wing- tip decidedly shorter than commissure, but little more than half as long as tarsus. Tail about as long as wing or slightly shorter, much rounded, the rectrices usually subacuminate at tips. Tarsus much more than one-fourth as long as wing (sometimes more than one third as long), the scutella indistinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for much more than half its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Under parts yellow or orange (orange-red or vermilion in one species), the throat sometimes blackish; upper parts usually slate color or slate-gray, rarely olive or brownish, the crown usually with a patch of chestnut or cinnamon-rufous, or else the forehead yel- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 731 low; no lighter markings on wing, but lateral rectrices more or less extensively white terminally; sexes alike. Nidification.—Unknown. Range.—The whole of continental tropical America. (About twelve species. ) This is a very natural and homogeneous group, in this respect strongly contrasting with Basi/euterus. The eleven species examined! agree very closely in structural details, the slight departures from the normal type consisting almost wholly in immaterial differences in rela- tive length of the wings and tail. The latter is usually a little shorter than the former; in Jf mintata flaammea and M. alb/frons the wing and tail are of the same length, while in Jf vertical/s (a close ally of the former, with identical color-pattern) the tail is decidedly shorter than the wing, the other species ranging between these extremes. The wing-formula is remarkably uniform, and the variations in the pattern of coloration are confined almost wholly to the head. All the Central American and Mexican forms have a large patch of chestnut or chestnut-rufous on the crown, the forehead and sides of the crown being black. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MYIOBORUS. a. Throat black or blackish slate; sides of head slate color or slate-gray. b. Under parts of body red or reddish orange. ec. Third rectrix with a large terminal spot of white; red of under parts usually bright vermilion or pinkish vermilion.. (Highlands of Mexico.) Myioborus miniatus miniatus, adults (p. 731) ce. Third rectrix entirely black; red of under parts usually orange red or flame scarlet. (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas.) Myioborus miniatus flammeus, adults (p. 733) bb. Under parts of body orange-yellow. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. ) Myioborus aurantiacus, adults (p. 733) aa. Throat and sides of head lemon yellow, like under parts of body; a dusky or slaty band across chest. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. ) Myioborus torquatus, adults (p. 735) MYIOBORUS MINIATUS MINIATUS (Swainson). RED-BELLIED REDSTART, Adult male.—¥Forehead, anterior portion of crown, superciliary region, lores, suborbital and malar regions, chin, and throatuniform black; posterior portion of crown and occiput chestnut, the feathers elongated; postocular region, posterior portion of auricular region, hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump uniform slate color; wings darker with slate colored or slate-gray -edgings; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the three outermost rectrices ‘Of those given in vol. x of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum (pp. 410-430) all have been examined in the present connection except M. brun- neiceps and M. castaneicapilla. 732 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. broadly tipped with white;* under parts of body vermilion red, the sides and flanks partly slate-gray; under tail-coverts blackish slate or slate- black, broadly tipped with white; axillars and under wing-coverts white; bill, legs, and feet black or brownish black; iris brown; length (skins), 180-134 (131); wing, 62.5-65 (63.5); tail, 69-72 (70.4); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.4); tarsus, 18-19 (18.2).” ldu/t female.—Similar to the adult male, but forehead and anterior portion of crown slate color, each feather with a central spot of black; throat, etc., duller black or blackish slate; red of under parts slightly paler, more pinkish; length (skins), 126-134 (133); wing, 61-65 (62.9); tail, 68-72 (70.2); exposed culmen, 7.5-8.5 (8); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.9).° Young, first plumage.—Ahove, including entire pileum, uniform sooty slate-color; under parts similar but paler, the median portion of chest, breast, and abdomen dull chestnut, fading into pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff on center of abdomen; wings and tail as in adults, but middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with brownish. Highlands of Mexico, in States of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, Puebla, Zacatecas, Sinaloa. Chihuahua (Jesus Maria), ete. Selophaga miniata Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 368 (Valladolid, Mexico); Isix, 1834, 784; Anim. in Menag., 1838, 293.—Scuatsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 292 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 374 (Cinco Sefiores and Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 37 (Mexico).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 299; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 77, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 219; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259 (n. e Mexico; Jalapa; Orizaba).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temperate and alpine regions, Orizaba).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 322, part (Mexico).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Sierra Madre near Mazatlan; habits); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 16 (Sierra Madre near Zapotitlan).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1878, 308, part (Mexico; monogr.).—Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy).— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 181, part (Mexican localities). —Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 130.—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 418 (near City of Mexico; La Parada, Oaxaca; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Frrrart-Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 187 (Puebla)._AmErican OrnitHo.oaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 689.— Crapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.). S[etophaga] miniata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. ‘Birds, 1887, 530. [Setophaga] miniata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 240, no. 3524.—Sciatsr and SaLviy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Mexico). 3 Muscicapa larvata Licurensrein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vidg., 1830, 2 (Mexico); see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58. 1This white occupies about the terminal half of the outer web on the outermost rectrix, and extends for 20 to 30 mm. from tip on inner web; the white on the third rectrix varies from 10 to 15 mm. in length; occasionally there is a small white spot at tip of the fourth rectrix. ? Five specimens. * Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 733 Muscicapa vulnerata WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 529 (cites Muscicapu derhami Giraud and Setophaga miniata Swainson).—Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 50. S[etophaga] vulnerata Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265.—Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18 (Mexico). [Setophaga] vulnerata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 313 (Zacatecas), Setophaga vulnerata Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (‘‘Texas’’).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 65. Selophaga castanea Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, Jan., 1839 (pub. 1840), 42 (Mexico). Muscicapa derhamii Grraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 18, pl. 3, fig. 2, (‘‘Texas;”’ type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). MYIOBORUS MINIATUS *LAMMEUS (Kaup). KAUP’S REDSTART. Similar to JZ mv. wdn/atus, but with much less white on the tail, the third rectrix being either entirely black or with only a minute white spot at tip; red of under parts usually of a more orange hue (nearly flame scarlet), varying, rarely, to light reddish orange or saturn red. Adult male.—Length (skins), 126; wing, 63; tail, 64.5-65 (64.7); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.7); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.2).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-130 (125); wing, 59-63 (60.3); tail, 60-65 (63); exposed culmen, 8.5—9 (8.8); tarsus, 18.? Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Coban, Choctum, Duefias, etc.) and Chiapas (Tumbala, Yajalon, Chicharros, Tenejapa, etc.). Setophaga flammea Kaur, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 50 (Guatemala; coll. Derby Mus.); 1855, 77 (crit. nomencl.).—ScuatTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 37 (Guatemala).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259, part (Coban, Guatemala). [Setophaga miniata.] Subsp. «. Setophaga flammea SHarve, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 419 (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Coban, Choctum, and Duefias, Guatemala). S[etophaga] miniata fammea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 530. Setophaga miniata flammea Netson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Chiapas). Selophaga intermedia Hartuaus, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1852, 5 (Guatemala; coll. Bremen Mus. ). Setophaga miniata (not of Swainson) Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30.—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 181, part (Guatemalan refer- ences and localities). [Setophaga] miniata ScuarerR and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Guatemala). MYIOBORUS AURANTIACUS (Baird). YELLOW-BELLIED REDSTART, Similar to I. m. miniatus, but with under parts of body saffron or cadmium yellow instead of vermilion red. Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, sides of crown, chin, and throat 1 Two specimens. 2 Three specimens. 734 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. black; crown (except laterally) and occiput chestnut, the feathers elongated; rest of head and neck (including lores and superciliary region), together with back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump uniform bluish slate color; wings blackish with slate colored edgings; upper tail-coverts black, usually margined with slaty; tail black, the three outermost rectrices extensively white at tip; under parts of body saffron or cadmium yellow, usually deeper and more brownish yellow on chest; under tail-coverts white, slate color, or slate-gray basally; axillars and under wing-coverts white; bill, black; iris, brown; legs and feet blackish. Young in first plumage.—Above, including whole pileum, uniform sooty slate; beneath similar but paler, the chest strongly tinged with rusty or cinnamon;' wings and tail essentially as in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-128 (124); wing, 58-66 (63.4); tail, 55.5-62 (59.5); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7).? Adult femule.—Length (skins), 120-127 (124.2); wing, 58-63 (61); tail, 56-62 (58.8); exposed culmen, 8-10 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6).° Highlands of Costa Rica (Dota, Grecia, Barranca, Cartago, Naranjo, Turrialba, ‘Tucurrique, Candelaria, etc.) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chi- riqui, Boquete, Calovevora, etc.). : Setophaga flammea (notof Kaup) Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).— Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 259, part (ref. to Cabanis, loe. cit. and locality “Costa Rica’). [Setophaga miniata.] Subsp. a. Setophaga flammea Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 419, part (loc. ‘‘Costa Rica’). Setophaga aurantiaca Bairp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 261 (Dota, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (Grecia, Barranca, and Dota, Costa Rica).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1869, 313 (Costa Rica; crit.) ; 1878, 310 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Calovevora, Veragua).—FrRanrztus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Cande- laria Mts., Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 83 (Cartago and Naranjo, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 182 (Turrialba and Tucurrique, Costa Rica, etc.).—SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 421.—Cuerrie, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv, 1891, 528 (Costa Rica; crit.); Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Rio Naranjo).—Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Cartago and Dota, Costa Rica).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,500 ft. ). [Setophaga] aurantiaca Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 248, no. 3525.—ScLATER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. Setophaga verticalis (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) ScuaTer and Saxvrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 166 (Veragua). 1The first plumage of the only young example examined is incomplete, the yellow of the under parts of the body of the adult plumage having been acquired. * Seven specimens. 5 Five specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 785 MYIOBORUS TORQUATUS (Baird), COLLARED REDSTART. Adults (seaes alike).—Forehead (except extreme anterior portion) and sides of crown and occiput black; crown (except laterally) and occiput rufous-chestnut, the feathers elongated; nape (mostly con- cealed by the rufous-chestnut occipital feathers) blackish; rest of upper parts plain slate color, sometimes faintly tinged with olive, the back rarely indistinctly clouded with dusky; wings blackish slate with indistinct slaty edgings; tail black, the two outermost rectrices extensively white terminally, the third sometimes with a small amount of white at tip; whole side of head, including superciliary, loral,! suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, together with under parts (except under tail-coverts) lemon yellow, interrupted by a band of slate color or blackish slate across chest; under tail-coverts pale yellow or yellowish white; under wing-coverts and axillars mostly yellowish- white; bill black or dusky brown; iris brown; legs and feet blackish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 124-127 (125.4); wing, 65-68 (66.5); tail, 60-62.5 (61.2); exposed culmen, 19-21 (19.8).? Adult female. —Length (skins), 124-125 (124.7); wing, 63-66 (64.5); tail, 57-60 (58.7); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.6).° Highlands of Costa Rica (San José, La Palma, Candelaria Moun- tains, Volcan de Ivazf, etc.) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui, Cordil- lera del Tole, Boquete, etc.). Setophaga torquata Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 261 (San José, Costa Rica; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Sazvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Cordillera de Tole, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1878, 319 ( Volcan de Chiriqui; monogr.) .— Lawrence, Am. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 96 (San José and La Palma, Costa Rica).— Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 294 (Candelaria Mts., Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 53 (Volean de Irazu, Costa Rica).—Sazvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 183, pl. 10, fig. 2.—Nutrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 495 (Volcan de Irazi).— Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 424 (Irazu district and La Palma, Costa Rica, etc.).—Zevepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Volcan de Trazti).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 61 (Volean de Chi- riqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui). [Setophaga] torquata Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 243, no. 3526.—ScuaTer and SaL- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. Genus EUTHLYPIS Cabanis. Euthlypis Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18. (Type, E. lachrymosa Cabanis. ) Similar to Myioborus, but bill much longer (nearly as long as head) and much less depressed, relatively narrower and deeper; rictal bris- tles shorter, not reaching more than halfway to tip of bill. ‘The yellow of the lores crosses the extreme anterior portion of the forehead. ? Five specimens. 3 Four specimens. 736 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bill nearly as long as head, wedge-shaped in vertical profile, slightly depressed, its depth at anterior end of nostrils about equal to its width at same point; culmen sharply ridged, straight or very faintly convex for most of its length, the terminal portion strongly decurved; gonys slightly convex basally, straight, or nearly so, terminally; maxillary tomium faintly convex anterior to middle portion, its subterminal notch distinct. Nostril longitudinal, narrow, overhung by a broad membranous operculum. Rictal bristles well developed, but not reaching to much beyond nostrils when directed forward. Wing rather long, rounded (seventh and sixth primaries longest, eighth slightly shorter than sixth, ninth shorter than fifth); wing-tip about equal to exposed culmen, slightly more than half as long as tarsus. Tail nearly as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with tips subacuminate. Tarsus a little less than one-third as long as wing, its scutella rather distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, for about half its length to middle toe. Coloration.—Forehead and crown black, the latter with a central spot of yellow; rest of upper parts brownish slate color, the tail blackish, with short white tips to rectrices (except middle pair); under parts yellow, the chest and sides light orange-rufous or tawny; supra- loral spot and part of eyelids white; sexes alike. Nid/fication.—Unknown. Runge.—Highlands of southern Mexico and Central America. (Monotypic.) If this genus is not to be recognized the type species must be referred to Bas/leuterns and not to Jyioborus (‘‘ Setophaga,” part), as has usually been done. It is distinctly more nearly allied to the former. (See remarks under Basileuterus, on p. 740.) EUTHLYPIS LACHRYMOSA LACHRYMOSA Cabanis. FAN-TAILED WARBLER. Adult male.—Forehead, sides of crown, lores, and anterior portion of suborbital and malar regions black; a white spot on each side of forehead, about halfway between eye and nostril; a white mark on each eyelid; median portion of crown yellow; rest of head and neck (except chin and throat), together with upper parts, plain dull blackish slate-color, sometimes slightly tinged with olive on back; tail slate- black, the rectrices all (except sometimes the middle pair) tipped with white, this broadest on inner webs, and increasing in extent from middle to exterior rectrices (about 10-12 mm. in extent on inner web of outermost rectrix); chin white; throat, breast, and abdomen lemon yellow, the first sometimes tinged with tawny; chest (sometimes throat also) and sides of breast deep gallstone yellow or intermediate between that color and raw sienna; sides and flanks olive; under tail-coverts BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 737 white, tinged with yellow, the feathers slate-gray beneath the surface; axillars and under wing-coverts mostly gray, sometimes tinged with olive; bill black; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 141-152 (146); wing, 75.5-80 (77.4); tail, 70-73 (71.6); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.3); tarsus, 23~24.5 (23.9); middle toe, 13-14 (18.5). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male in coloration, and not always distinguishable, but averaging rather lighter slate color above, with the back more strongly tinged with olive; lores and anterior portion of suborbital and malar regions sometimes dull slate-gray, instead of black; yellow crown-patch usually (?) rather smaller, with the feathers, especially the more posterior ones, tipped with olive; wing and tail shorter; length (skins), 140-152 (146.4); wing, 67-76 (71); tail, 64-69 (66.1); exposed culmen, 11.5-138 (12.4); tarsus, 92.5-24 (23.8); middle toe, 12.5-13.5 (18.1).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Mirador; Motzorongo), Puebla (Acatlan), Oaxaca (Pluma; Tehuan- tepec; Santa Efigenia), and Chiapas (Tuxtla); highlands of Guatemala (Volean de Agua; Volcan de Fuego; Alotenango; Savana Grande; Barranca Honda), and southward to Nicaragua (Ometepe). E[uthlypis] lachrymosa CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 19, footnote (Lagunas, Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex. Sylvia lachrymosu Lichtenstein, manuscript). Euthlypis lachrymosa ScratEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 36 (Jalapa).— Satvin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Alotenango, Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz; habits).—Nur- tinG, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua). —Ferrari- Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Acatlan, Puebla). [ Basileuterus] lachrymosa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314 (Lagunas). Setophaga lachrymosa Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 263 (Mexico; Savana Grande, Guatemala) .—Saxvin, Ibis, 1878, 320, part (monogr. ).—Satvin and GopMaAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 184, part pl. 11, fig. 2.—Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 430 (Jalapa and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Volcan de Agua, Barranca-Hondo, and Alotenango, Guatemala). [Setophaga] lachrymosa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3539.—Scuater and ‘Saztvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 11. Four specimens. *Seven specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex- ZA Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. we culmen. ee MALES. Three adult males from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca.........---- 77.8 72.1 12.3 24.2 13.7 One adult male from Nicaragua (Ometepe)......--..2+-2-++ 77.4) 71.6 12.3 | 23.4 13.5 FEMALES. Three adult females from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca........-.- 70.7 65.3 12 23.2 13 One adult female from Chiapas (Tuxtla) .............2---++ 1 | 67 12 23 12.5 Three adult females from Guatemala .........-----+---++-+- 71.3 66.7 12.8 23.5 13.3 3654—voL 2—01——47 738 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. EUTHLYPIS LACHRYMOSA TEPHRA Ridgway.! WESTERN FAN-TAILED WARBLER, Similar to &. 2. Jachrymosa, but sides of bead much lighter slate- gray, the lores and anterior portion of suborbital and malar regions never blackish; upper parts lighter slate color, the back, ete., much more strongly tinged with olive; white supraloral spot averaging larger; wing and tail averaging shorter. Adult male.—Length (skins), 139-160 (144.9); wing, 69-75 (78.1); tail, 65-71 (67.9); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.4); tarsus, 23-24 (23.1); middle toe, 13.5-14 (13.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 142; wing, 68; tail, 66.5; exposed culmen, 12.5; tarsus, 28; middle-toe, 13.* Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (Hacienda de San Rafael), Sinaloa (Sierra Madre, near Mazatlan), and Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra; San Sebastian). Euthlypis lachrymos« (not of Cabanis) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; habits).—Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi,- 1893, 777 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; habits). Setophaga lachrymosa Saryin, Ibis, 1878, 320, part (Mazatlan).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 184, part (Mazatlan). Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis. Basileuterus* CaBanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fir Naturg., ili, pt. i, 1847, 316. (Type, Sylria vermivora Vieillot, =Setophaga aurocapilla Swainson. ) Idiotes Bairp, Review Am. Birds, April, 1865, 237, 247. (Type, Setophaga rufi- frons Swainson. ) Similar to Wlson/a, but wing relatively shorter and much more rounded (ninth primary shorter than fourth instead of longer than fifth), wing-tip shorter (less than half as long as tarsus instead of much more), bill relatively longer, stouter, and less compressed terminally, and pileum three-striped (two lateral black stripes inclosing one of chestnut, rufous, butfy, or grayish) or wholly rufous, or else the ‘Type, no. 151906, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua, May 10, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar; received from William Brewster. * Kight specimens. 3 One specimen. Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows: ; Ex- i Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed |Tarsus,| Middle culmen, : Two adult males from Chihuahua (Hacienda San Rafael)..| 74.5 68 12.2 23.7 13.7 Two adult males from Sinaloa (Mazatlan).............-...- 74.7| 70 12.7] 23.6] 13.5 Four adult males from Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra and San BebgsUBN). c2..:cnacecane sel: samemautcewmsrahgeeecincesesnicen 71.5| 66.7 12.4] 23.3) 187 4 “Baodidlevrepos von Pacirevs Regulus.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 739 rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal half of tail buff. Similar also to Euthlypis, but tarsus relatively longer (at least one-third as long as wing), ninth primary shorter than fourth (instead of longer), and without white on rectrices. Bill decidedly shorter than head, sometimes scarcely more than half as long, but very variable as to relative length and width and extent of depression (sometimes the width at nostrils equal to, usually decidedly less than, length of exposed culmen); culmen rather distinctly ridged, nearly straight for basal third or more, becoming gradually more decid- edly curved terminally, the tip of the maxilla moderately produced, but scarcely uncinate; gonys very faintly convex; maxillary tomium nearly straight to near tip, where faintly concave, with distinct subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinal, nearly linear, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, overhung by a broad membraneous operculum. Rictal bristles very distinct, but variable as to development, usually extending but little if any beyond nostrils (when directed forward), sometimes reaching considerably beyond. Wing rather short to rather long, more or less rounded (eighth to fifth, seventh, seventh and sixth, or sixth and fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fifth, usually shorter than second, sometimes shorter than first); wing-tip variable, always shorter than middle toe with claw, sometimes much shorter than middle toe without claw. Tail more or less shorter than wing, or at least not longer (except in B. rufifrons), usually equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries, more or less rounded (some- times almost even), the rectrices usually rather narrow, with tips sub- acuminate. Tarsus one-third to much more than one-third as long as wing, rather stout, its scutella fairly distinct; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus, its basal phalanx united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about half (more or less) its length to inner toe. Coloration.—No white on rectrices; wings unicolored; pileum three- striped (two black lateral stripes, inclosing a median one of chestnut, rufous, rufous-orange, yellowish, or grayish), or else wholly chestnut- rufous or (if unicolored and concolor with the back) the lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal half of tail buff or ochraceous-buff; upper parts (except as described) plain olive, olive-green, or grayish; under parts yellowish (with or without whitish or grayish throat), yellow anteriorly and whitish posteriorly, or whitish or buffy medially and grayish or olive laterally. Nidification.—Unknown. Lange.—The whole of continental Tropical America. (Numerous species, mostly South American.) The thirty-odd species which compose this group as characterized above (and as usually recognized) vary so much in the details of external structure that were it not for certain species of intermediate 740 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. structure the group could easily be subdivided into several genera; but the existence of these intermediate forms seems to forbid such subdivision. B. culicivorus is the only species in which the eighth primary is equal, or nearly equal, to the longest, and (except B. leucoblepharus) the only one in which the ninth primary is equal to or longer than the third; yet this form is obviously very closely related to B. awrocapillus (the type of the genus). B. rujifrons is the only species which has the tail longer than the wing, yet there can be no question of the close relationship between B. rufifrons and B. belli, the latter having the tail shorter than the wing. . melanogenys has the bill relatively much smaller and narrower than other species, being quite similar, in that respect, to Lrgaticus; but in other characters, including colora- tion, it is a typical Bus‘lenterns. The opposite development of the bill is seen in B. semecervinus and related (probably conspecific) forms, B. uropygiulis, B. veraguensis, and B. leucopygius; in these the bill is shaped very much as in the genus AJyioborus, being almost equally broad at the base, but is less depressed and relatively much larger. In this group, too, the coloration is peculiar, the pileum being uni- colored and concolor with the back, while the lower rump, upper tail- coverts and basal half of the tail are buffy or ochraceous in abrupt and strong contrast with the general uniform dark olive or olive-brown of the upper parts. B. stragulatus, however (of which, unfortunately, I have not been able to examine a perfect specimen), seems to agree in large and broad bill and other structural characters with B. semi- cervinus, while having the three-striped pileum and dark-colored rump, etc., of the typical Basileutert. B. frasert (which has the bill inter- mediate between that of B. semicervinus and the typical species, but most like the former), presents a close approach in some characters as well as in general appearance to Huth/ypis, but differs from the latter (as do all other Baszleuter) in having the tarsus at least one-third as long as the wing, in having the ninth primary shorter than the fourth, and in lacking white spots at tips of the rectrices. There are several species of the group which I have not been able to examine. Until these are carefully compared with the others the exact limits of the group can not be defined with precision; therefore, it is possible that, with all the species before him, some one else may be successful in the attempt to subdivide the genus which, as currently recognized, certainly is a very heterogeneous group.’ I would exclude from Bastleuterus several species allied to Zrichas nigrocristatus Lafresnaye, closely resembling in coloration Wilsonia pusilla; the species named being the type of Myzothlypis Cabanis.’ 1 The following Basileuteri have not been seen by me: B. euophrys, B. cinereicollis, B. auricularis, B. griseiceps, B. leucophrys, B. mesoleucus, and B. bolivianus. * Myiothlypis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 17. (Type, Trichas nigrocristatus Lafres- naye.) (‘Von “via, Fliege, und SAvzis nom. prop.’’) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 741 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF BASILEUTERUS. a. Rump and upper tail-coverts olive-green or olive, concolor with back; tail entirely dark colored. b. Pileum conspicuously different in color from back; no wing-bands. (Adults. ) ce. Auricular region chestnut, like pileum. d. Superciliary stripe bright yellow. ( Bustleulerus belli.) e. Darker, especially the chestnut on sides of head; tarsus shorter (20-22 in male). ‘f. Smaller (adult male averaging wing 57.7, tail 54.7, exposed culmen 9; adult female, wing 56.5, tail 52.2, exposed culmen 9.2) ; olive-green of upper parts lighter; lores mostly black. (Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, and Oaxaca. ) Basileuterus belli belli, adults (p. 743) ff. Larger (adult male averaging wing 64.5, tail 61, exposed culmen 10.2; adult female, wing 58, tail 55.5, exposed culmen 10); olive-green of upper parts darker; lores mostly chestnut. (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas)...-.-.------- Basileuterus belli scitulus, adults (p. 744) ee. Lighter, especially the chestnut on sides of head; tarsus longer (23-24 in male). (Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrerv and Jalisco. Basileuterus belli clarus, adults (p. 745) dd. Superciliary stripe white. (Basileuterus rufifrons. ) e. Under parts with only the anterior half yellow, the abdomen heing white; sides and flanks grayish and buffy. f. Back olive-green, abruptly contrasted with gray of hindneck; white of posterior under parts usually more or less tinged with yellow; tail relatively shorter (averaging 55.2 in male, 54.4 in female) and bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 10.6). (Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca. and Chiapas; Guatemala. ) Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons, adults (p. 745) ff. Back grayish olive, scarcely different from dull gray of hindneck; white of posterior under parts pure, untinged with yellow; tail relatively longer (averaging more than 57 in male, 56 or more in female) and bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging less than 10). g. Back grayer; tail shorter (averaging less than 58 in male) ; adult male averaging wing 52.8, tail 57.2, exposed culmen 8.9, tarsus 20.8. (Eastern border of Mexican plateau, in States of Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, and northern Vera Cruz. ) Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi, adults (p. 746) gg. Back browner; tail longer (averaging more than 58 in male, more than 56 in female) ; bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 8.9 in male). h. Tail shorter (averaging 58.8 in male, 56.2 in female); pileum almost wholly rufous. (Western and central Mexico, in States of Sina- loa, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Hidalgo, and Guanajuato. ) Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, adults (p. 747) hh. Tail longer (averaging 59.5 in male, 60.1 in female); pileum brownish gray posteriorly (sometimes medially also). (North- western Mexico, in States of Sonora and Chihuahua. ) Basileuterus rufifrons caudatus, adults (p. 748) ee. Under parts mostly (sometimes.entirely) yellow, the sides and flanks olive-green. 742 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. f. Auricular region with only the upper half chestnut, the lower half whitish. g. Hindneck and sides of neck gray; posterior under parts sometimes partly whitish. (Southern Vera Cruz to Guatemala.) Basileuterus rufifrons flavigaster, adults (p. 748) gg. Hindneck and sides of neck olive-green, like back; under parts without any whitish. (Highlands of Guatemala. ) Basileuterus rufifrons salvini, adults (p. 749) ff. Auricular region entirely chestnut. g. Darker; sides and flanks more strongly tinged with olive-green. (Nicaragua and Costa Rica.) Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii, adults (p. 749) gg. Lighter; sides and flanks less strongly tinged with olive-green. (Colombia, north to Chiriqui. ) Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus, adults (p. 750) cc. Auricular region without any chestnut. d. A white superciliary stripe; crown chestnut, bordered laterally with black; median under parts whitish. (Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. ) Basileuterus melanogenys, adults (p. 751) dd. No white superciliary stripe; crown not chestnut. ce. Spot in front of eye, postocular streak, and part of auricular region black; superciliary stripe and median crown-stripe pale drab; under parts pale olive-yellowish. (Highlands of Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua. ) Basileuterus melanotis, adults (p. 752) ee. No black on side of head; superciliary region olive; median crown-stripe more or less yellow, sometimes partly orange-rufous or tawny; under parts bright yellow. (Basileuterus culicivorus. ) f. Back, etc., grayish, more or less tinged with yellowish olive. g. Back, etc., darker and grayer. (Vera Cruz and Puebla, Mexico, to Costa Rica.)....Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus, adults (p. 753) gg. Back, ete., lighter, more tinged with yellowish olive. h. Lateral crown-stripes broader, deeper black; median crown-stripe clear lemon yellow, without olive tips to feathers. (States of Guerrero and Jalisco, southwestern Mexico. ) Basileuterus culicivorus flavescens, adults (p. 755) hh, Lateral crown-stripes narrower, duller black; median crown-stripe obscured by grayish olive tips to feathers. (States of Tamau- lipas and San Luis Potosi, northwestern Mexico.) Basileuterus culicivorus brasherii, adults (p. 755) J. Back, ete., greenish olive. (Chiriqui and Veragua.) Basileuterus culicivorus godmani, adults (p. 756) bb. Pileum concolor with back. Two narrow wing-hands of buff. (Young). c. Back, ete., light brown or olive; chest buff or light olive. d. A distinct supra-auricular streak of whitish; under parts more or less buffy. e. Back olive; under parts pale buffy brownish, becoming nearly white on abdomen....-.....---.. Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons, young (p. 746) ee. Back grayish brown; under parts entirely deep buff. Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, young (p. 747) dd. No whitish supra-anricular streak; under parts pale olive, the abdomen pale sulphur yellowish. .-Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii, young (p. 747) ce. Back, etc., olive-brown or sooty; chest. grayish brown or light sooty. Basileuterus melanogenys, young (p. 752) aa. Rump, tail-coverts, and at least basal half of tail buff. (Basileuterus semicervinus. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 743 b. More olive above; rump, tail-coverts, and base of tail deeper buff; median under parts more strongly buffy, sides and flanks paler buffy olive. (Isthmus of Panama, Veragua, and Chiriqui.) Basileuterus semicervinus veraguensis, adults (p. 756) bb. More sooty above; rump, etc., paler buff; median under parts more whitish, sides and flanks sooty olive. (Costa Rica to southern Honduras. ) Basileuterus semicervinus leucopygius, adults (p. 757) BASILEUTERUS BELLI BELLI (Giraud). BELL'S WARBLER, Adult male.—Upper parts, except pileum, plain olive-green, becom- ing dusky grayish on terminal portion of remiges; forehead and sides of crown black, inclosing a central crown-patch of chestnut; a broad superciliary stripe of clear gamboge or lemon yellow, extending to sides of occiput; lores black, sometimes chestnut posteriorly (next to eye); suborbital and auricular regions chestnut, this passing narrowly above the eye; malar region and under parts lemon yellow, more or less tinged with olive and passing into light olive-green on sides and flanks; bill brownish black; legs and feet pale brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 114-125 (118.6); wing, 55-62 (57.7); tail, 54-56 (54.7); exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 21.* Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish- able, but usually (%) slightly lighter or more yellowish olive-green above; length (skins), 115-116 (115.3); wing, 54-59 (56.5); tail, 50-55 (52.2); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.1).” Young, first plumage.—Above, including pileum, superciliary re- gion, and lores, plain sepia or bister brown; the remiges and rectrices olive-green, as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with light fulvous or cinnamon-buff, producing two rather distinct bands across wing; sides of head (except lores) plain olive, gradually fading into paler olive on throat and chest, this passing into tawny olive or raw umber on sides and flanks; abdomen, anal region, and under tail- coverts pale yellow (straw yellow).® Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Jico, etc.), Mexico (near City of Mexico), and Oaxaca (Llano Verde, Toton- tepec, Mount Zempoaltepec, Reyes, Cerro San Felipe, ete.). Muscicapa belli Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 15, pl. 4, fig. 2 (‘*Texas;’’ type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.*). 'Three specimens. 2 Four specimens. ’Described from no. 143287, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), from Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Aug. 22, 1894; Nelson and Goldman. This speci- men is beginning to assume the adult plumage, the scapulars and lower back being olive-green, while yellowish feathers are appearing in the supra-auricular region and on sides of chin. ; ‘The type specimen is so faded that its certain identification with one or another of the three forms here differentiated is almost impossible. It seems, however, to be nearer the one from eastern Mexico than either of the others. 744 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Setophaga belli Barry, Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (‘‘ Texas’), [Setophaga] belii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3556, part. Basileuterus belli ScuavER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 65 (crit.) ; 1859, 374 (Llano Verde and Totontepec, Oaxaca).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 305 (synonymy); Review Am. Birds, 1865, 250, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz).— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 313, part (Mex- ico).—Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy ).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 184.—Satvin and Gopmav, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1881, 174, part.—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 395, part (near City of Mexico; Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Llano Verde, Oaxaca) .—AmeEnri- can OrnitHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 693, part. ([Basileuterus] belli Scuater and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 10, part. B[asileuterus] belli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part. Basileuterus bellit Sctarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35 (Orizaba).—Rripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 216. Basileuterus chrysophrys Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314 (Real Ariba, Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Sylvia chrysophrys Lichtenstein, manuscript).—Scua- TER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). BASILEUTERUS BELLI SCITULUS Nelson. GUATEMALAN WARBLER. Similar to B. b. bellé but larger; olive-green of upper parts darker or duller; chestnut of crown and sides of head lighter and brighter, the latter involving more (sometimes most) of loral region; yellow of under parts averaging slightly brighter. : Adult mate.—Length (skins) 114-127 (123.2); wing, 56-65 (62.5); tail, 52-62 (58.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 20-22 (21).' Adult female.—Length (skins), 125; wing, 55-61 (58); tail, 53-58 (55.5); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 21.5.” Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Duefias, Todos Santos, Uspantan-Quiché, etc.) and Chiapas (San Cris- tobal).’ Basileuterus belli (not Muscicapa belli Giraud) Sauvin and Scuiater, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Coban, Guatemala).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 250, part (Coban).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 313, part (Gua- temala).—Covgs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335, part (synonymy ).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30.—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1 Four specimens. ? Two specimens. * Specimens from San Cristobal are in reality intermediate between Guatemalan examples (true B. b. scitulus) and B. b. belli, having the darker olive-green upper parts of the former and the chiefly blackish lores of the latter. They are also inter- mediate in size, specimens averaging as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. culmen. Three adult males of B. b. belli from Oaxaca ..........02.2..0- 00202 - 677 64.7 9 21 Two adult males from Chiapas ............--22222eccceeeeecceeceeees 60.5 | 56.5 9.5 20.5 Two adult males of B. b. scitulus from Guatemala..............2.--- 62.5 | 58.7 lo 21 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 745 1881, 174, part (Guatemala).—Snarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 395, part (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, and Duefias, Guatemala) .— AMERICAN Ornirnotoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 693, part (Ciuatemala). [Basilewlerus] belli Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Guate- mala). Bl[asileuterus] belli Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part (Guatemala), Basileuterus belli scitulus Neuson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 268 (Todos Santos, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). BASILEUTERUS BELLI CLARUS Ridgway.! CHILPANCINGO WARBLER. Similar to B. b. sectulus in the lighter and brighter chestnut of crown and sides of head, more extensively chestnut lores, and brighter yellow of under parts, but tarsus much longer and olive-green of upper parts lighter and more yellowish even than in B. b. belli. Adult male.—Length (skins), 124-125 (124.5); wing, 63; tail, 59-60 (59.5); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 23-24 (23.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-120 (117.5); wing, 56-58 (57); tail, 58-59 (56); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.7); tarsus, 22-93.5 (22.7).? Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Chilpancingo) and Jalisco (San Sebastian). Basileuterus belli (not Muscicapa belli Giraud) Neuson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (Chil- pancingo, Guerrero; San Sebastian, Jalisco). BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS RUFIFRONS (Swainson). RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER. Adults (seves alike).—Pileum deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous- chestnut, with an indistinct and sometimes nearly obsolete median stripe of paler, this sometimes mixed with grayish, especially on the occiput, and sometimes white anteriorly (on median line of forehead); hindneck and sides of neck olive-gray; rest of upper parts plain gray- ish olive-green, the edges of greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rec- trices brighter, more yellowish, olive-green; a sharply defined super- ciliary line of white, extending from nostril to sides of nape; lores and a triangular postocular space black or dark grayish, this passing nar- rowly above the eye; upper half (approximately) of auricular region cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, like pileum; lower portion of auricular region, anterior portion of malar region, and chin white, the first sometimes faintly flecked with grayish; throat, chest, and upper breast lemon or gamboge yellow; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, often tinged with yellow; sides and flanks light buffy brown; bill brownish black; iris reddish brown;* legs and feet light brown (indried skins). ‘Type, no. 143292, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), adult male; mountains near Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Dec. 24, 1894; Nelson and Goldman. * Two specimens. 3-C, Sartorius, manuscript. 746 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young, first plumage.—Ahove, including pileum, plain olive, becom- ing olive-greenish on edges of remiges and rectrices; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with brownish buff, forming two rather distinct narrow bands across wing; sides of head plain olive, relieved by a buffy whitish supra-auricular streak, the lores more dusky; malar region, chin, throat, median portion of lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, pale dull buffy; chest, sides of breast, and sides plain pale buffy olive, the posterior portion of sides, and flanks, more decidedly buffy. Adult male.—Length (skins), 115-118 (115.7); wing, 51-53 (52); tail, 53-57 (55.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.6); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9).' Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-123 (118.2); wing, 48-51 (49.6); tail, 52-58 (54.4); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.6); tarsus, 18-22 (20.8).’ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Mirador; Orizaba; Jico; Pasa Nueva), Puebla (Huachinango), Oaxaca (La Parada; Cinco Sefiores; Tuxtepec; near Totontepec), and Chiapas (Ocuilapa, August 27; Guichicovi, September); Guatemala (in winter only ¢). Setophaga rufifrons Swa1nson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 294 (Mexico). S[etophaga] rufifrons Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 265. [Setophaga] rufifrons Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3554. [ Basileuterus] rufifrons Bonxparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314. Basileuterus rufifrons ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 291 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1865, 284 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35 (Mexico).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 296, footnote; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 248, part (Jalapa and Mirador, Vera Cruz).— Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. reg. Vera Cruz).— Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 16 (Guichicovi, Chiapas, Sept. ).—Saztvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 175, part (Jalapa, Mirador, Orizaba, La Parada, Cinco Sefiores, Guichicovi, etc. ).— Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 397, part (Jalapa; Cinco Sefiores).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, 1892, 119, in text (crit.; Mirador; Orizaba; Guichicovi).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 26 (Jalapa). [Basileuterus] rufifrons ScLATER and Satytin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part. B[asileuterus] rufifrons Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part (Mirador; Orizaba). Basilewterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 250 (Orizaba). BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS JOUYI Ridgway. JOUY'S WARBLER. Similar to B. r. rufifrons, but back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull grayish olive, passing gradually into the but slightly different brownish gray of hindneck and sides of neck, instead of olive-green abruptly contrasted with the nearly pure gray of hindneck 1 Four specimens. Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 747 and sides of neck; yellow of chest sharply defined posteriorly against the purer white of middle breast and abdomen; sides of breast gray, passing into grayish buffy on flanks; tail averaging longer, and bill much smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 113-125 (120.3); wing, 52-55 (52.8); tail, 55-58 (57.2); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.9); tarsus, 20-23 (20.8).1 Adult fermate.—Length (skins), 115-120 (117.7); wing, 49-54 (52); tail, 58-59 (56); exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 20-21 (20.6).? Mountain districts of eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Mon- terey), San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura), and northern Vera Cruz (Maltrata). Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, no. 895, July 18, 1892, 119 (Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).— Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777, part (Hacienda Angostura). BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS DUGESI Ridgway. DUGES’ WARBLER. Similar to B. r. jowyz, but upper parts much browner (hair brown, tinged with olive, instead of gray, tinged with olive), sides of breast pale buffy brown, instead of gray, and flanks more decidedly buffy; tail averaging longer. Young, jirst plumage.* —Above, including entire pileum, plain brown (intermediate between broccoli and sepia), the middle and greater wing- coverts rather broadly tipped with cinnamon, forming two distinct bands across wing; a supra-auricular stripe of brownish buff, extending anteriorly to above eyes; auricular region similar in color to pileum; malar region and under parts deep buff, slightly paler posteriorly. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-124 (121.7); wing, 50-59 (52.9); tail, 55.5-63 (58.8); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 20-23 (21.2). * Adult female.—Length (skins), 116-124 (120.3); wing, 49-52 (50); tail, 52-59 (56.2); exposed culmen, 8.5-10 (9.1); tarsus, 19-29 (20.1). ° Western and central Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Plomosas; Sierra Madre near Mazatlan), Jalisco (San Sebastian; Barranca Ibarra; Zapotlan; Talpa), Michoacan (Patzeuaro), Guerrero (Tlapa), Oaxaca (Juquila; Cuicatlan; Oaxaca), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Puebla (Tochi- milco), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; El Chico), and Guanajuato. Basilewerus rufifrons (not Setophaga rufifrons Swainson) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 248, part (Sierra Madre near Mazatlan).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 270, (Sierra Madre).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1881, 175, part (Sierra Madre).—Smarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 397, part. 1 Six specimens. 2 Three specimens. ®The young of B. r. jouyi not seen. Compared with the young of B. r. rufifrons that of B. r. dugesi is strikingly different, being conspicuously browner (or less olive) above and much more strongly and purely buff below. ‘Thirteen specimens. 5 Hight specimens. 748 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Basileuterus] rufifrons Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 10, part. B[asileuterus] rufifrons Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part. Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, no. 895, July 18, 1892, 119 (Guanajuato, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Basileuterus rufifrons juuyi (not of Ridgway) Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 777, part (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco). BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS CAUDATUS Nelson. LONG-TAILED WARBLER, Similar to B. ». duges?, but with much less of rufous on pileum, the median portion of occiput and crown being brownish gray, this some- times extending to the forehead; back, etc., slightly grayer; bill smaller, and tail longer. Adult malv.—Length (skins), 123; wing, 50-51 (50.5); tail, 59-60 (59.5); exposed culmen, 8.5-9 (8.7); tarsus, 20-22 (21). Adult female. _dhength (skins), 124; wing, 50; tail, 58.5-61. 5 (60); exposed culmen, 9-9.2 (9.1); tarsus, 20.5.1 Northwestern, Mexico, in States of Sonora (Alamos, etc.,) and Chihuahua (Batopilas; Napolera). Basileuterus rufifrons (not Setophaga rufifrons Swainson) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., v, 1893, 41 (Napolera, n. w. Chihuahua, Dec. 8). Basileuterus rufifrons caudatus Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 29 (Alamos, Sonora; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS FLAVIGASTER (Nelson). CHIAPAS WARBLER, Similar to B. r. rujifrons, but with the under parts more extensively yellow, sometimes entirely yellow, except the anal region or lower abdomen, which are yellowish white or pale buffy yellow, and sides and flanks, which are greenish olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-120 (116.4); wing, 50-53 (51.6); tail, 50-56 (53.8); exposed culmen, 10-11.5 (10.9); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9).” Adult female.—Length (skin), 118; wing, 50.5; tail, 54; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 22.5 Southeastern Mexico, from southern Vera Cruz (San Andreas Tuxtla) through Tabasco (Teapa) to Chiapas (Yajalon); Guatemala.‘ Basileuterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35 (Mexico).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 176, part.—Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 396, part. (?) Basileuterus rufifrons (not Setophaga rufifrons Swainson) Satviy, Ibis, 1866, 192 (Duefias, Guatemala). Basileuterus flavigaster Nuvson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 67 (Yajalon, Chiapas, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). 1 Two specimens. * Six specimens. 5 One specimen. *T am unable to cite Guatemalan localities, the specimens examined being labeled simply ‘‘ Guatemala.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 749 BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS SALVINI (Cherrie). SALVIN’S WARBLER. Similar to B. 7. flaniquster, but hindneck and sides of neck olive (not distinctly different from color of hack, etc.), instead of gray; back, etc., rather browner olive-green; under parts entirely yellow; length (skin)' 127; wing, 53; tail, 59; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21. Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz). Having but a single specimen of this form I am not able to form a very decided opinion as to its status. Only these two facts are clearly evident: (1) that typical B. ruf'frons grades insensibly into the present bird through the intermediate series named B. flun/guster by Mr. Nelson, whose type is distinguishable from Mr. Cherrie’s type of B. salvini only by the distinctly gray neck and slightly clearer olive-green color of the back, etc., other apparent differences rep- resenting characters which vary with season or with the individual; and (2) that the varying amount of yellow on the under parts is wholly independent of relative age of the specimens. The puzzling element in the case is that in Guatemala occur specimens which are indis- tinguishable from B. 7. flavigaster and B. 1. rufifrons. Possibly these are migrants, all the resident birds representing B. 7. sadvin/. Basileuterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) SaLvin and Sciarser, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duefias, Guatemala).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 249, excl. syn., part (Coban, Guatemala).—Satvin and GopMman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 176 (Duefias, Volcan de Fuego, Volean de Agua, Coban, Lanquin, and Cahabon, Guatemala; not ‘‘ Nicaragua’’).—SHaAxpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 396 (Diego, Calderas, La Trinidad, ete., Guatemala). [Basileuterus] delattrii ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 10. Blasileuterus] delatrii Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part. [Setophaga] delattrii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 245, no. 3555. Basileuterus salvini Cuerrie, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891, 342 (Coban, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS DELATTRII (Bonaparte). DELATTRE’S WARBLER. Similar to B. 7. salvin?, but chestnut of the pileum and auricular region darker, the latter involving the whole of the auricular region instead of the upper and posterior portions only; hindneck and sides of neck grayish (darker than in B. r. rufifrons and B. r. flavigaster); olive-green of back, etc., darker. Young, first plumage.—Above, including pileum and sides of head, plain brownish olive; greater wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices dark brownish gray, edged with olive-green, as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with cinnamon-buff, forming two distinct n 'Specimen without sex determined; no. 30700, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala, Nov. 15, 1859; O. Salvin. Type of Basileuterus salvini Cherrie. 750 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bands across wing; an indistinct supra-auricular streak of paler olive; chin whitish; throat, chest, and sides of breast pale brownish olive; rest of under parts pale yellow (between sulphur and straw yellow), the sides and flanks tinged with olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-133 (121.2); wing, 54-60 (56.5); tail, 53-57 (54.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.9). Adult female.—Length (skins), 111-133 (119.7); wing, 538-58.5 (55.1); tail, 52-55.5 (53.5); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.4); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.9)? Nicaragua and Costa Rica (San José; Cartago; San Juan; Guaitil; Grecia; Alajuela, etc.) Basileuterus delattrii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 383 ( Nicaragua) .— Cazanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—Cuerriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 340 (crit.; Costa Rica), 527 (San José, Costa Rica; descr. young); Auk, ix, 1892, 22 (San José, Costa Rica; descr. nest and eggs) ; Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). Basileuterus delattrei Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Grenada, Nicaragua). Blasileuterus] delatrii Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 532, part. Basileuterus mesochrysus (not of Sclater, 1860) Barirp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 250, part (San José, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (San José, Guaitil, and Grecia, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 294 (San José, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José and Cartago, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1881, 176, part (San José, Guaitil, Grecia, and [razt, Costa Rica).—Nurrina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 499 (San José).—ZELEDon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (San José, Alajuela, Naranjo de Cartago, Grecia, and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica).—Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 434 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica). [Basileuterus] mesochrysus ScLATER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Costa Rica). (Basilewterus delattrii.] Subsp. a. Basileuterus mesochrysus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 396, part (Grecia and Irazi, Costa Rica). BASILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS MESOCHRYSUS (Sclater). SCLATER’S WARBLER, Similar to B. v. delattr‘i, but back, etc., lighter and clearer (more yellowish) olive-green, gray of hindneck lighter and clearer and more strongly contrasted with olive-green of the back, and yellow of under parts averaging brighter, with sides and flanks more faintly tinged with olive; tail relatively shorter. Adult male.—Length (skins), 108-116 (110.7); wing, 55-59 (56.5); tail, 48-53 (50.1); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.2); tarsus, 20-21 (20.2). Adult female.—Length (skins), 102-118 (109); wing, 53-56 (54.7); tail, 47.5-54 (50.2); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10.3); tarsus, 20.5-21 (20.7).3 ’ Four specimens. * Six specimens. 5 Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 751 Colombia, including Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station; Panama; Santa Fé, Chitra, and Calobre, Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui). [Basileuterus] brunneiceps (not Setophaga brinneiceps Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 314! (Bogota, Colombia). Basileuterus delattrii (not of Bonaparte) ScuarEr, Proc. Zool. Sov, Lond., 1855, 144 (Bogota).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.). Blasilewterus] delatrii Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 522, part. Basileuterus mesochrysus ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 251 (Bogota, Colom- bia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 35 (Colombia).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 250, part (Bogota).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fé, Veragua); 1870, 183 (Chitra and Calobre, Veragua).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Ibis, 1879, 198 (Manaure, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 2,700 ft.); 1880, 117 (Santa Marta); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 176, part (Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra, Calobre, and Santa Fé, Veragua; Paraiso Sta- tion, Panama R.R.; Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Bogota, Colomhia).— Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta), 180 (Palomina, Santa Marta).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 176 (Bonda, etc., Santa Marta). (Basileuterus] mesochrysus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 10, part. [Basileuterus delatirii.] Subsp. a. Basileuterus mesochrysus SHAaRvE, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 396, part (localities in Colombia, incl. Veragua). Basileuterus delattrtt: mesochrysus Currriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 342, in text (crit.).. BASILEUTERUS MELANOGENYS Baird. BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER. Adults (sewes alike).—Crown chestnut,’ margined laterally with a line of black, the black lines of opposite sides converging on the median portion of the forehead, where sometimes forming a black spot; sides of occiput (sometimes of nape also) sooty blackish; median portion of occiput and nape, hindneck, and sides of neck plain dark brownish gray or olive, passing into a more decided olive hue on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky brownish gray, the secondaries and rectrices edged with olive or light brownish olive, the primaries edged with a paler and usually more grayish hue; a broad superciliary stripe of white, more or less broken anteriorly (on supraloral portion) by mixture of black; sides of head, including loral, orbital, and auricular regions and anterior portion of malar region black, the first sometimes broken by admixture of white on anterior portion; chin (sometimes upper throat also) dull white flecked or barred with black, the middle or posterior portion of the malar region also mixed black and whitish; rest of under parts dull yellowish white, shading into pale olive laterally, this more grayish (sometimes nearly clear gray) anteriorly on sides of breast, etc.; chest faintly shaded with gray or pale grayish olive; maxilla dark brownish with paler ‘Not a new name, but Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny’s species wrongly identified and referred to the genus Basileuterus. * These chestnut feathers elongated, forming an erectile bushy crest. 752 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tomia; mandible brownish white (in dried skins); legs and feet pale horn brownish (in dried skins). Young, first plumage.—Pileum and sides of head plain deep sooty brown or sepia; rest of upper parts plain olive-brown, the remiges and rectrices as in adults; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale brownish butf, forming two distinct narrow bands across wing; asupra-auricular streak of brownish buff; chin and upper throat dusky, the feathers partly dull grayish white; lower throat dull brownish buffy white; chest, breast, sides and flanks grayish brown, intermixed with more rusty brown; median portion of breast and abdomen dull buffy white. Adult male.— Length (skins), 121-132 (126); wing, 59-66 (63); tail, 58-62 (59.7); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 23.* sldult female.—Length (skins), 120-134 (127.2); wing, 58-65 (61); tail, 55-61 (58); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 23.7 Highlands of Costa Rica (San José; La Palma; Volcan de Irazti) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). Basileuterus melanogenys Barrp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1865, 248 (San Jose?, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (San José).—Saxtvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua).—Sa.vin and GopMay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 174, pl. 10, fig. 3 (San José and Volcan de Irazti, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui).— Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 398.—ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (La Palma de San Jos¢).—Cuerriz, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 528 (descr. young).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4,500-10,200 ft. ). [Basilewterus] melanogenys ScLATER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10. BASILEUTERUS MELANOTIS Lawrence. BLACK-EARED WARBLER. Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black, inclosing a broad median stripe of pale grayish buff, the former extend- ing to and including sides of nape, the latter more grayish on median portion of nape, the middle portion (on crown) sometimes pure buff; rest of upper parts plain greenish olive; a broad superciliary stripe, involving anterior portion of lores, pale buffy gray; spot in front of eye and postocular streak black, this extending to sides of neck and sometimes involving posterior and lower portions of auricular region; suborbital region, at least part of auricular region, and malar region pale buffy grayish, like superciliary stripe; chin and upper throat dull white; rest of under parts pale yellow (between canary and sulphur yellow), passing into greenish olive on sides and flanks and more or less strongly shaded with the same, or with grayish olive, on chest; max- illa brown, darker basally; mandible pale brown or brownish white (in dried skins); iris yellow;* legs and feet pale brown (in dried skins). 1Four specimens, from Chiriqui. 1 José C. Zeledon, manuscript. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 758 Adult male.—Length (skins), 119-128 (123.3); wing, 57-65 (61.7); tail, 50-57 (54); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 21-23 (22).! Adult female.—Length (skins), 114-126 (122.2); wing, 59-64 (61.5); tail, 52-56 (54.2); exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 22.” Highlands of Costa Rica (Cervantes; Birris), Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete), and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu). Basileuterus melanotis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, Apr., 1868, 95 (Cervantes, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1869, 313 (Costa Rica).—Frantzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 183 (Costa Rica).—Snmarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 386 (Costa Rica; Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua).— Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft.). Basileuterus bivittatus melanotis ZetEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Costa Rica). Basileuterus bivitiatus (not Muscicapa bivittaia Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Sa.vin, This, 1870, 108, part (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 183 (do.).—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 170, part (Cervantes and Birris, Costa Rica; Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua). [Basileuterus] bivittatus SchaterR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part (Veragua; Costa Rica). BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS CULICIVORUS (Lichtenstein). LICHTENSTEIN’S WARBLER. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black,’ inclosing a median one of pale yellowish olive, the middle portion of which is usually yellow, rarely orange-tawny or rufous, the feathers with light yellowish olive tips; rest of upper parts plain deep olive- gray (olivaceous mouse gray), the primaries edged with paler and clearer gray; a broad superciliary stripe of yellowish olive; eyelids dull light yellowish; a dusky spot (more or less distinct) in front of eye, and postocular region usually more or less dusky; auricular region grayish olive, sometimes darker along upper margin, the lower portion usually finely streaked with dull whitish or palo yellowish; malar region and entire under parts lemon or gamboge yellow, passing into light yellowish olive-green on sides and flanks, the chest usually faintly tinged with the same; maxilla dark brown, mandible paler; legs and feet very pale yellowish brown or buffy (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-125 (122); wing, 58-64 (60); tail, 50-57 (51.8); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.2); tarsus, 18-20.5 (19.2).* 'Six specimens, from Chiriqui. * Four specimens, from Chiriqui. * These black stripes becoming narrower and less distinct, sometimes obsolete, on forehead. ‘Sixteen specimens. 3054—voL 2—01—48 754 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 106-120 (111.9); wing, 55-62.5 (57); tail, 48-54 (51.1); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.8); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1). Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Cordova; Jalapa; Orizaba; San Andreas Tuxtla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Pluma; Coapam; Santo J omingo; Teotalcingo), Tabasco (Teapa), Campéche (Apazote), and Chiapas (Ocuilapa); Guatemala (Choctum; Coban; Khamkal; Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego); Costa Rica (Barranca; Guaitil; Grecia; Dota Mountains; San José; Naranjo de Cartago; Monte Redondo; Sabanilla de Alajuela). (No records for Salvador, Honduras, or Nicaragua.) Sylvia cnticivora Licnrensrein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2, no. 78 (Mexico; see Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 67). Blasileuterus] culicirvorus CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 17 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Basileuterus culicivorus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 245, part (s. Mexico, both sides; Choctum, Guatemala; Barranca, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 95 (Barranca, Guaitil, Grecia, and Dota Mountains, Costa Rica}.—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (temp. region Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 312, part.—Covss, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 335 (synonymy ).—Bovcarp, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San José, Costa Rica) ; Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 30 (Guatemala).—Sizvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 171, part (Jalapa, Cordova, etc., Vera Cruz; Teotalcingo, Oaxaca; Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Coban, Khamkal, Choctum, etc., Guatemala; Costa Rican localities) .—Suarreg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 383, part (Oaxaca; Jalapa; localities in Guatemala and Costa Rica).—Zrxepon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Sabanilla de Alajuela, Naranjo de Cartago, Grecia, and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica).— Cuaprman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 25 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) —NELson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159, part (Pluma, w. Oaxaca). * [ Basileuterus] culicirorus ScLATER and SALviIn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part. Bfasileuterus] culicivorus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531, part. [ Basileuterus] culicivora Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 313 (Jalapa). 1 Twelve specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. culmen. MALES. Three adult males from Puebla................20000000c eee eee ee eee 60 53.2 9.7 19,2 Three adult males from Oaxaca ..........22222200000eeeeeee cece eens 60.8] 53.3 9.7 18.8 Five adult males from Tabasco and Campéche ---} 59.8] 50.8 9.5 19.2 Two adult males from Chiapas.............22.2.2..0000eee ee eee wep SOR) Shee 9.7 20 Two adult males from Costa Rica ........222..2000cceeeeee eee ...| 59.5] 50.5 10.5 19.7 FEMALES. Five adult females from Vera Cruz.................0eeceee ence eeeeee 56.1] 49.6 9.5 19.2 56 50 10 19 58 51.7 9.7 19.5 85 48 10 19 speredasst wee Sema ees side 59.2] 51.3 10.2 18.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 755 [Setophaga] culicivora Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3544. Basilewterus brasieri (not Muscicapa brasieri Giraud) Scuarsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66; 1856, 292 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 34 (Oaxaca).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 303 (synom- ymy).—Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala). BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS BRASHERII (Giraud). BRASHER’S WARB/ER, Similar to B. ¢. eudicévorus, but color of upper parts paler and more yellowish gray, black lateral stripes of pileum narrower, and _under parts slightly brighter yellow; averaging slightly larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-126 (121.2); wing, 60-63 (61.5); tail, 52-57 (53.6); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.9).* Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-119 (116); wing, 57-58 (57.3); tail, 50.5-51.5 (51); exposed culmen, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20).” Northeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira; Ciudad Victoria) and San Luis Potosi (Jilitla). Muscicapa brasierii (typographical error*) Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, folio 25, pl. 6, fig. 2 (‘*Texas;’’ type in U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66. Basileuterus brasherit Berter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Oct., 1880, 239 (corrects spelling of specific name).* Basileuterus culicivorus (not Sylria culicivora Lichtenstein) Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 216; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 133.—AmericaNn OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 692, part.—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvili, 1896, 632 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas). Blasilewterus] culicivorus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531, part. BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS FLAVESCENS! Ridgway. JALISCO WARBLER, Agreeing with B. c. brasheri in lighter and more yellowish gray of back, etc., deeper yellow of under parts, and in larger size, but upper parts still more strongly washed with olive-yellow, black lateral crown- stripes broader (as in B. c. cudéctvorus), and yellow of under parts still deeper; differing from both B. c. culic/vorus and B. ¢. brasheri in having the median crown-stripe almost wholly clear lemon or canary yellow (the feathers without yellowish olive tips) and the superciliary stripe lighter and more yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-125 (124); wing, 61-62 (61.5); tail, 52-56 (54); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.2).° Four specimens. 2 Three specimens. * Species named in honor of Mr. Philip Brasher, of Brooklyn, New York. ‘Type, no. 156147, coll. U. S. Museum (Biological Survey collection), adult male, San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mar. 17, 1897; Nelson and Goldman. °Two specimens. 756 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Southwestern Mexico, in State of Jalisco (San Sebastian). Basileuterus culicivorus (not Sylvia culicivora Lichtenstein) Nexson, Auk, xy, 1898, 159, part (near San Sebastian, mts. of w. Jalisco). BASILEUTERUS CULICIVORUS GODMANI Berlepsch. GODMAN’S WARBLER. Similar to B. c. flavescens, but upper parts still more strongly washed with yellow (the general color decided olive-green) and super- ciliary stripe darker olive-green (the posterior portion concolor with auricular region, instead of decidedly paler and more yellowish); aver- aging slightly larger. Adult matce.—Length (skins), 114-126 (120.4); wing, 58-65 (62.2); tail, 50-56.5 (54.1); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (9.8); tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.1).* Adult femalr.—Length (skins), 112-116 (114.7); wing, 57-62 (60); tail, 49-54 (52); exposed culmen, 9.5; tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.7).? Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui; Boquete), and Veragua (Calovevora);' southwestern Costa Rica (San Marcos) ?* Basileuierus culicivorus (not Sylvia culicivora Lichtenstein) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 183 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Calovevora, Veragua).—Sat- vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 171, part (localities in Veragua).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 383, part (Veragua). [ Basileuterus] culicivorus ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10, part. Basileuterus godmani Brruepscy, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450 (Veragua; coll. Count von Berlepsch). (?) Basileuterus godmanni CuErriz, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 10 (San Marcos, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.; descriptions). B{asileuterus] culicirorus godmani Beruerscn, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450, in text. Basileuterus culicivorus godmani Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 60 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,700 ft.). BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS® VERAGUENSIS (Sharpe). BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain sooty or grayish clove-brown; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain deep olive; wings dusky with olive edgings; rump, tail-coverts (upper and lower), and basal two-thirds (approximately) of tail clear buff; terminal por- tion of tail olive-dusky with lighter olive edgings; a supraloral streak 1 Nine specimens. * Three specimens. *Count von Berlepsch (Auk, v, 1884, 450) refers Costa Rican specimens to this form, but all the specimens from that country examined by me belong decidedly to B. c. culiciworus. I have not seen specimens from San Marcos, which Mr. Cherrie refers to this form. ‘See Cherrie, Anal. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 10. 5T have not been able to examine a specimen of B. s. semicervinus. An example of B. s. uropygialis, from Bogota, Colombia, differs from the present form in having the back, etc., more greenish olive, the under parts entirely and more deeply buff, the basal portion of the tail deeper buff and the terminal portion lighter, more olive. do BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 757 and upper eyelid pale dull buff or buffy olive; a triangular dusky loral space and a less distinct (sometimes obsolete) dusky postocular spot or streak; under parts pale buff, the abdomen (sometimes throat also) nearly (sometimes quite) white, the sides and flanks buffy brown, the latter more strongly suffused with buff; chest sometimes indistinctly barred with pale olive; bill brownish black or blackish brown, the mandible sometimes paler brown; iris dark brown;' legs and feet pale horn brown (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 119.5-124 (122.5); wing, 62-64 (63.1); tail, 50-53.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 11-13 (11.8); tarsus, 21-28 (29.4).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 119-122 (120.5); wing, 62; tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 21-93 (292).* Isthmus of Panama (south to Panama Railroad) and southwestern Costa Rica (Rio Naranjo; Boruca; Buenos Aires). Basileuwlerus uropygialis (not of Sclater, 1864) Sctarer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 347 (Panama R. R.).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 246 (Panama R. R.).—Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 136 (Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 183 (Bugaba, Veragua). [Basileuterus] uropygialis ScLaTERand SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10 (Panama). Basileuterus semicervinus (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.). Basileuterus leucopygius (not of Sclater and Salvin) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 172, part (Bugaba and Santa Fé, Veragua; Pan- ama R. R.). (Basileuterus leucopygius.] Subsp. a. Basileuterus veraguensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 403 (Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; coll. Brit. Mus. ). Basileuterus leucopygius veraguensis Banas, Auk, viii, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 ft. alt. ). Basileuterus veraguensis Cuerriz, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 12 (Rio Naranjo, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.; habits; song); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 14 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS LEUCOPYGIUS (Sclater and Salvin). COSTA RICAN BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER. Similar to B. s. veraguensis, but buff of tail-coverts and basal portion of tail paler (nearly cream buff), that of the tail more restricted (occu- pying about the basal half, instead of basal two-thirds, and quite hid- den by the coverts); under parts paler, largely white medially, but sides and flanks much darker buffy olive, and the chest (sometimes breast also) spotted with pale olive. Adult male.—Length (skins), 132; wing, 63-64 (63.5); tail, 51-52 (51.5); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus, 23.5-24 (23.7).* Adult female. —Length (skins), 116-130 (121.7); wing, 60-63 (60.9); tail, 48-50.5 (49.1); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 20.5-23.5.° 1Heyde, manuscript. ? Four specimens. 3 Two specimens. , . +Two specimens. 5 Four specimens. 758 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Costa Rica (Angostura; Rio Frio; Tucurrique; Juiz; Volcan de Miravalles; La Palma; San Carlos), Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sdbolos), and southern Honduras (Segovia River). Basileuterus uropygialis (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 95 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).— Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 313 (Nicaragua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 52 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). Basileuterus leucopygius ScuaTEr and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 156 (Costa Rica; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 172, part (Greytown, Nicaragua; Tucurrique, Angostura, and Juiz, Costa Rica).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 399 (Los Sébalos, Nicaragua; habits).—Smarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 402.—ZeLEpon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 107 (Angostura and Juiz, Costa Rica).—RicuMonp, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 485 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits; song),— Unperwoop, Ibis, 1896, 434 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica) . [ Basileuterus] leucopygius ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 10. Basileuterus semicervinus leucopygius RipGway [and Nurrina], Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 390 (La Palma, Costa Rica; habits). Genus ERGATICUS Baird. Ergaticus Bairp, Review Am. Birds, Apr., 1865, 237, 264. (Type, Setophaga rubra Swainson. ) Small ‘‘ fly-catching” Mniotiltides with the bill very small and nar- row (narrower than deep at gonydeal angle and with maxilla from nostril not longer than hallux, without claw); ninth primary shorter than fourth; color mostly red. Bill very small (length of maxilla from nostril not more than length of hallux without claw), narrow (width at gonydeal angle decidedly less than depth at same point); culmen nearly straight for basal half or more, then gently decurved; maxillary tomium nearly straight for terminal half, the basal half gently deflexed to the rictus, the sub- terminal notch indistinct; gonys straight or very faintly convex. Nostril longitudinal, narrowly oval, elliptical, or nearly linear, over- hung by broad membranous operculum. Rictal bristles well devel- oped, more than half as long as bill. Wing rather long, rounded (seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, eighth longer than fourth, ninth shorter than third); wing-tip longer than commissure, but much shorter than tarsus. Tail nearly as long as wing, rounded, the rec- trices rather narrow, with rounded tips. Tarsus a little less than one- third as long as wing, slender, its scutella distinct or obvious only on lower portion; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer tee, for about half its length (or a little less) to inner toe. Coloration.—Prevailing color red (sexes alike), Midification.—Unknown. Range.—Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala. (Two species.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 759 This genus is very distinct from Cardellina, from which it differs in its relatively much shorter and more rounded wing, longer and decidedly rounded tail, more slender bill, longer rictal bristles, and very different style of coloration. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ERGATICUS. a. General color red. (Adults. ) b. Auricular region silvery white, in sharp and conspicuous contrast with deep red of rest of head. (States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Mexico, Michoacan, and Jalisco, Mexico.)....-... Ergaticus ruber, adult male and female (p. 759) bb. Auricular region satiny pink, concolor with rest of head. (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas.) . .Ergaticus versicolor, adult male and female (p. 760) aa. General color tawny brown. ( Young.) é b. Auricular region light silvery gray.......-..-- Ergaticus ruber,! young (p. 759) ERGATICUS RUBER (Swainson). RED WARBLER, Adult male.—General color rich red, darker‘and inclining to claret brown on back and scapulars, lighter (poppy red or between poppy red and carmine) on rump and under parts of body; whole auricular region silvery white or pale silvery gray; lesser wing-coverts concolor with back; middle coverts dusky at base but with most of exposed por- tion poppy red; greater coverts dusky, broadly edged with dull poppy red; remiges and rectrices dusky, with dull reddish edgings, broadest and most distinct on tertials; bill horn brown, paler on mandible; legs and feet light horn brownish; length (skins), 115-126 (120.5); wing, 57-63 (59.7); tail, 55-64 (58.3); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.3); middle toe, 10-11 (10.2).” Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but slightly duller in color; length (skins), 115-117 (116); wing, 60-61 (60.5); tail, 56-57 (56.5); exposed culmen, 8; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 9-10 (9.5).° Immature mate (second year).—Quite similar in coloration to the adult female. Immature female (second year).—Similar to the adult female and immature male, but the red of a more orange hue, and color of occiput hindneck, back, and scapulars much duller, inclining to burnt sienna. Young, first plumage.—General color cinnamon-brown or russet, darker above (inclining to mars brown on back and scapulars), paler, more tawny-cinnamon, below, the abdomen inclining to cinnamon- buff; auricular region pale silvery gray, in sharp and strong contrast with brown of rest of head; wings and tail dusky, the middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with cinnamon, the greater coverts broadly edged with the same, the remiges and rectrices edged with dull brownish red or reddish brown. Highlands of Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Las 'The young of E. versicolor not seen. 2 Four specimens. 3 Two specimens. 760 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vigas), Puebla (Mount Orizaba; Istatcihuatl, Chachapa; Teziutlan), Mexico (Tlalpam; Ajusco; near City of Mexico), Oaxaca (La Parada; Llano Verde; Cerro San Felipe; Mount Zempoaltepec), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Sierra Nevada), Durango (Ciudad Durango), and Sinaloa (Sierra Madre). Selophaga rubra Swarnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 368 (Valladolid, Mexico!); Isis, 1834, 784; Anim. in Menag., 1838, 293 (Toluca; coll. W. Swainson).—(?) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 118 (‘‘Guate- mala”’).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (‘‘Texas’’).— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 65. [Setophaga] rubra Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3532. [Cardellina] rubra Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 312. Curdellina rubra Cassin, Ulustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1854, 265, pl. 48.—Sciatur, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 292 (El Jacale, s. Mexico); 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 374 (Llano Verde, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 38 (Mexico).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 296; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 216; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 264 (n. e. Mexico; pine reg. Jalapa; Mirador; highlands Orizaba).—Dvcks, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Valley of Mex- ico).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 546 (alp. reg. Vera Cruz).—Finsca, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1870, 329 (Mazatlan). Setofaga rubra Lets, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1842, 140. B[asileuterus] ruber Cazanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 18 (Mexico). [Ergaticus] ruber ScuaTerR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. Frgaticus ruber Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 182.—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 164.—Snarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 406 (near City of Mexico; Jalapa, Oaxaca; Ciudad Durango).— FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Istatcihuatl, Chachapa, and Teziutlan, Puebla).—American OrnitHo.oaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 691.—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba, 11,000 ft. ).—Crap- MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 40 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. alt., breeding). E[rgaticus] ruber Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531. Cardellina ( Ergaticus) rubra Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 331, footnote(synonymy). Sylvia miniata (not Setophaga miniata Swainson) LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 1836, pl. 54. Parus leucotis Giraup. Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 17, pl. 4, fig. 1. (‘Texas’’). ERGATICUS VERSICOLOR (Salvin). PINK-HEADED WARBLER, Adult male.—Head, neck, and chest rose pink, with a satiny gloss, changing to nearly white in certain lights, deepening on forehead, lores, and suborbital region into wine red or burnt carmine, the chin tinged with the same, all the feathers of head, neck, and chest dusky beneath the surface, this showing wherever plumage is disarranged; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain dark brownish red or deep burnt carmine, passing into lighter red (nearest light burnt carmine) on rump, the upper tail-coverts same color as back but with paler ? Province of Morelia, State of Michoacan? BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 761 red tips; under parts of body, with under tail-coverts, poppy red, the feathers sometimes with indistinct terminal margins of pale pinkish; middle wing-coverts dusky tipped with pinkish red; greater coverts dusky edged with deeper and duller red; remiges and rectrices dusky with narrow and indistinct grayish red edgings, these more distinct on tertials; maxilla dusky horn color, mandible paler; iris orange;! legs and feet horn color; length (skins), 112-117 (115.8); wing, 58-63 (60.8); tail, 52-56.5 (54.8); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 19-20 (19.3).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but slightly duller in color, with the red of a slightly more orange hue; length (skins), 111-120 (114); wing, 57-59 (57.8); tail, 53-56 (54.4); exposed culmen, 7-9 (8.1); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8).° Highlands of Guatemala (Chilasco, Totonicapam, Volcan de Fuego, Sololé, Todos Santos, Hacienda Chancol, Uspantan-Quitché, etc.) and Chiapas (Pinabete, San Cristobal, etc.). Cardellina versicolor Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 188, pl. 24, fig. 1 (Chi- lasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1866, 192 (highest districts of Guatemala).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1865. 265 (Totonicapam, Guatemala). [Setophaga' versicolor] Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 244, no. 3533. [Ergaticus versicolor] Sctarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 11. Ergaticus versicolor Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1881, 165, pl. 11, fig. 1 (Volcan de Fuego, Sololi, Totonicapam, and Chilasco, Guate- mala).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 407.—NeExson, Auk, xv, 1898, 159 (central Chiapas). Ergaticus] versicolor Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 531. Genus CERTHIDEA Gould. Certhidea Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 7. (Type, C. olivacea Gould. ) Small long-legged, short-tailed, very plainly colored Mniotiltidze with rather stout but acute bill; the tarsus much more than one-third as long as wing and more than one-half as long as tail; coloration plain olive, grayish brown or brownish gray above, paler, sometimes nearly white, beneath, the throat and a superciliary streak sometimes buffy or rufescent. Bill rather small (exposed culmen less than two-thirds as long as tar- sus, not longer than middle toe without claw, usually shorter), pointed, deeper than broad at base; culmen distinctly ridged, nearly or quite straight for basal half (more or less), the terminal portion very slightly curved and the extreme base sometimes slightly convex; gonys straight or very slightly convex, shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium with an indistinct notch near tip (sometimes obvious only by very close inspection), its basal portion gradually curved downward from a point beneath or slightly anterior to nostril. Nostril ?Heyde and Lux, manuscript. 2 Seven specimens. * Five specimens. 762 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. horizontally oval or subcuneate, with membrane above, behind, and below, but broadest above. ictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather short, rounded (seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest and nearly equal, the eighth and fourth but little shorter, ninth not longer than second); wing-tip shorter than length of culmen. Tail short (less than twice as long as tarsus but more than two-thirds as long as wing), rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at tip. Tarsus long (about twice as long as exposed culmen, much more than one-third as long as wing), slender, its scutella indistinct (sometimes obsolete laterally); mid- dle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus, its basal phalanx united for more than half its length to outer toe, for less than half to inner; lateral toes with claws reaching ahout to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes but conspicuously stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Coloration.—Plain brownish gray, grayish brown, or olive above (the wings with narrow whitish bands in one species); under parts much paler than the upper, sometimes dull white, the throat anda superciliary streak sometimes buffy or rufescent. Nidification.—Unknown. Fange.—Galapagos Archipelago, where represented on all the islands of the group. I have long been convinced that Certhidea belonged to the Mniotil- tidee rather than the Ccerebide, where it had been placed by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin. This view of its relationships has been confirmed by an examination of its anatomical structure, made at my suggestion by Mr. F. A. Lucas.’ Owing to their extremely plain coloration, it is very difficult to con- struct a key to the species of this genus, a difficulty greatly enhanced by the fact that I have at the present time only four of the nine known forms before me, while two of the remaining five I have not seen at all. The following attempt is therefore far from satisfactory, but may assist somewhat in the identification of the various forms. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CERTHIDEA. a. No whitish wing-bars. b. Adult males with throat and superciliary streak ochraceous-buff or tawny. c. Darker and more olive above; rectrices very narrowly tipped with pale brownish. d. Less olive above, paler and less olive below; bill never black. (Jervis, Narborough, James, Indefatigable, Albemarle, and Duncan islands. ) Certhidea olivacea (p. 763) dd. More olive above, darker and more olive below; bill often black. (Chatham TS ans) ote re ee el aA ay ce an ees Certhidea luteola (p. 764) ce. Paler and more grayish; rectrices rather broadly tipped with whitish. (Charles Island.).._.........2.2222222-2--.--- Certhidea ridgwayi (p. 765) ‘See Lucas, The Anatomy and Affinities of Certhidia (sic); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, xvii, 1894, 309, 310. ‘ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7638 bb. Adult males never with throat or superciliary streak ochraceous-buff or tawny ts (rarely with a patch or tinge of ochraceous or buffy on throat). c. Under parts darker, more olivaceous; upper parts browner or more olive; bill longer (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla 7.9-8.9). d. Chin and under wing-coverts buffy; shandsble usually black. (Tower Wand) cau wesemess Souls dene cedesed Certhidea mentalis (p. 766) dd. Chin and under wing-coverts not buffy (white or pale yellowish); mandible never (?) black. e. Paler, especially on sides and flanks; throat never inclining to ochraceous; smaller (wing not more than 53.8). (Abingdon and Bindloe islands. ) Certhidea fusca (p. 766) ee. Darker, especially on sides and flanks; throat sometimes tinged with or inclining to ochraceous; larger (wing 55.9-62 in males, 51.8-56.9 in females). jf. Smaller (wing of male 55.9-58.9, of female 51.8-53.8); pileum and sides of breast paler. (Wenman Island.)........- Certhidea becki (p. 767) ff. Larger (wing of male 62, of female 56.9); pileum and sides of breast darker. (Culpepper Island)...-...-.--- Certhidea drownei (p. 767) cc. Under parts brownish white; upper parts grayer; bill shorter (never more than 8.4 from nostril to tip of maxilla, usually much less); rectrices nar- rowly tipped with whitish. (Hood Island and Gardner Island near Hood. ) Certhidea cinerascens (p. 768) aa, Wing with two narrow bars of whitish. (Barrington Island.) Certhidea bifasciata (p. 768) CERTHIDEA OLIVACEA Gould. DARWIN'S CERTHIDEA, Adult male.—Above plain pale olive, becoming more olive-gray on pileum and hindneck; rump and upper tail-coverts more buff volive; wings and tail dusky grayish with pale olive edgings, the middle wing- coverts broadly tipped with wood brown, the greater coverts broadly edged with the same; a short superciliary stripe (extending from nos- tril to about 4 mm. behind eye), lower eyelid, malar region, chin, and throat (sometimes upper chest also) cinnamon-tawny, tawny- ochraceous, or cinnamon-rufous; lores and suborbital region pale dull buffy; auricular region light buffy grayish; median portion of breast and abdomen and under tail-coverts cream buff, the breast with more or less concealed central spots of the color of throat, the shorter under tail-coverts tinged with the same; sides and flanks grayish buffy or pale olive-brown; maxilla dusky, mandible pale brownish or brownish white (in dried skins); iris dark brown; tarsi horn brown, the toes darker; length (skins), about 91.5; wing, 55-57; tail, 87-40; bill from nostril, 7.1 Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller; under parts paler (more whitish), with less of the cinnamon-tawny or cinna- mon-rufous color on throat, etc., usually with much less, sometimes with none; wing 54-56 (rarely exceeding 55).” ' Measurements from Rothschild and Hartert. * According to Rothschild and Hartert. 764 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—Similar to the adults but plumage of looser texture; middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with cinnamon- buffy; superciliary region, chin, throat, and chest dull buffy whitish or very pale dull grayish buffy. Galapagos Archipelago (James, Duncan, Albemarle, Indefatigable, Narborough, and Jervis islands). Certhidea olivacea Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 7 (Galapagos I.); Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 106, pl. 44, part (James I.).— Satvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 476, part (James I.; Inde- fatigable I.).—Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 28, part (James 1; Indefatigible I.).—Rineway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105, 119, 123, 125, part (James I.; Indefatigable I.); xix, 1897, 498 (monogr.). C{erthidea] olivacea Bonararts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 541. [ Certhidea] olivacea ScLatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 16. Certhidea olivacea olivacea RotascHiLp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 148 (James, Duncan, Albemarle, Jervis, Indefatigable, and Narborough islands). Certhidea salvini Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 358 (Indefatigable I.; coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 500 (monogr.). Certhidea albemarlei Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 360 (Albemarle I., Galapagos, coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 500 (monogr. ). CERTHIDEA LUTEOLA Ridgway. CHATHAM ISLAND CERTHIDEA, Similar to C. olivacea, but upper parts brighter olive and under parts distinctly buff-yellowish (except in much abraded plumage); no rufescent color on throat, etc.;' bill frequently entirely black; wing, 52.1-52.8; tail, 35.6-37.6; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.9; tarsus, 20.6-21.6; middle toe, 12.2.” Adult male.—Above uniform bright olive or buffy olive; wings and tail dusky, the feathers broadly edged with the color of the back, the tips of the middle and greater wing-coverts (rather broadly) pale olive- buff, producing two indistinct hands across the wing; superciliary streak, extending from nostrils to above posterior angle of eye, eyelids, and entire under parts light buff-yellowish, deepest on throat, else- where tinged with olive, especially on sides and flanks; under wing- coverts and under tail-coverts pale yellowish buff; bill wholly deep black; ‘‘iris brown;” legs and feet dark brown; wing, 54.1; tail, 38.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 20.8; middle toe, 11.4.° Young male.—Above deep olive-brown, much darker on pileum (approaching sooty on forehead), more fulvescent on rump and upper ‘A single specimen in the large series contained in the collection of the Tring Museum shows some freshly assumed rufescent feathers on the throat, showing ‘beyond doubt that a red throat issometimes attained.” (Rothschild and Hartert.), * Thirteen specimens. 5Type, no. 56, coll. Dr. G. Baur (now in coll. Tring Museum), Chatham Island, Galapagos, June 17, 1891. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 765 tail-coverts, many of the feathers of top of head, hindneck, and hack showing very indistinct tips of dusky, producing a very faintly mot- tled appearance; greater wing-coverts conspicuously edged and tipped with bright tawny; secondaries edged with tawny-olive; sides of head and neck, throat, and chest nearly uniform dull light grayish brown, mixed with pale dull buffy, the feathers dusky gray basally; sides and flanks similar but browner; median portion of under parts, pos- terior a chest, dull pale buffy, nearly white on lower belly and anal region.’ Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island). Certhidea olivacea (part) Goutp, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 106 (Chat- ham IJ., Galapagos Archipelago).—Sa.vin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 476, part (Chatham I.).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 28 (Chatham I.).—Ruipeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105 (part), 121 (Chatham I.). Certhidea luteola Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 360 (Chatham J., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 501 (monogr.) . Certhidea olivacea luteola RorascHiLp and Tanah, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 149 (Chatham I.; crit.). CERTHIDEA RIDGWAYI (Rothschild and Hartert). CHARLES ISLAND CERTHIDEA, Similar to C. olivacea, but under parts much paler and less olivaceous; upper parts more grayish; rufous-cinnamon of throat more rusty; whitish tips to rectrices broader (1-1.5 mm. wide); bill usually deep black. Young.—Above dusky blackish brown, the pileum almost uniform black, the feathers of the back and rump, and the upper tail-coverts broadly edged with light brown, narrowly margined at tips with black, and ash-gray at base; wings with light brown edgings, more rusty on the coverts; feathers of under parts ash gray basally, then dark slate color, their tips rusty buff; throat patched with blackish slate color, caused by the greater extent of the slaty color in the middle of the feathers.” Galapagos Archipelago (Charles Island). According to Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, the color of the under parts in this form resembles that of C. ciavrascens, ** but is not so white, and the adult sales have a red [7. ¢., rusty] throat, which is apparently never assumed by C. cinerascens.” Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi RotuscHitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 149 (Charles I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus. ). No. 115940, coll. U. §. Nat. Mus., Chatham Island (high hills), Apr. 5, 1888; C. H. Townsend. * Description adapted from Rothschild and Hartert. 766 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CERTHIDEA MENTALIS Ridgway. TOWER ISLAND CERTHIDEA. Similar to C. fusca, but rather smaller; color darker and less oliva- ceous, the under parts dull light olive-grayish becoming pale buffy on chin and under wing-coverts. ‘ Adult.— Above uniform deep grayish olive; chin, throat, and under wing-coverts pale buff, deepest on chin, that of throat changing grad- ually on chest to buffy gray, which covers whole chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks; belly dull whitish; under tail-coverts buffy white; an indistinct whitish supraloral streak; wing, 52.1; tail, 40.1; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 20.3. Of the five specimens examined one has the mandible apparently black, one dark brown, the other three brownish white. Galapagos Archipelago (Tower Island). Certhidea mentalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 359 (Tower I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur); xix, 1897, 504 (monogr. }. Certhidea olivacea mentalis RoruscmiLp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 150 (Tower I.). CERTHIDEA FUSCA Sclater and Salvin. HABEL'S CERTHIDEA. Similar to (. olévacea, but darker and less olivaceous above, the under parts buffy grayish white or very pale yellowish olive-gray; bill more dusky (wholly black in adult male); adult male without rufescent: coloring on throat or superciliary region; wing, 50.8-52.3 (51.8); tail, 33-36.8 (35.6); exposed culmen, 10.7-11.4 (11.2); tarsus, 20.8-20.8; middle toe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7). Adult male.—Above uniform grayish olive, the wing-edgings simi- lar, but rather paler on tips of greater and middle coverts; supraloral streak, orbits, and lower parts generally dull pale grayish buffy (the buff clearer and more pronounced on throat), deepening on sides and flanks into buffy olive-grayish and fading on belly and under tail-cov- erts into buffy whitish; bill brownish black, rather paler on basal portion of mandible; tarsi dark horn color, toes darker; length (skin), 100.38; wing, 50.8; tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 20.3; middle toe, 11.4.” Adult female ?.—Similar to the male as described above, but slightly paler beneath and on sides of head, with throat less tinged with buffy; basal half of mandible and maxillary tomium horn brown; length (skin), 102.8; wing, 51.3; tail, 36.1 exposed culmen, 10.7; tar- sus, 20.3; middle toe, 11.9.3 1 Five specimens. *No. 116100, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 3 No. 116102, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 167 Another adult male (no. 116101, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., obtained April 16) has the mandible distinctly light colored, except at tip, thus show- ing the color of the bill to be an inconstant feature in this as well as in some other species of the genus. Young.—Above similar to adult, but rather browner, and feathers, especially on back, hindneck, and pileum, showing in certain lights very indistinct narrow terminal bars of dusky; beneath much as in adult, but sides of head and neck, throat, and chest more grayish; sides and flanks faintly mottled with light grayish brown, the flanks tinged with pale buffy.* Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Bindloe islands). Certhidea fusca SCLATER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, 324 (Abing- don and Bindloe islands, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Salvin and Godman).— Savin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 477.—ScLaTErR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 28.—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 105, 119, 128, 124, 126 (Abingdon Island); xix, 1897, 502 (monogr.). [Certhidea] fusca ScLarer and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 16. Certhidea olivacea fusca Roruscnitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 151 (Abingdon and Bindloe islands). CERTHIDEA BECKI Rothschild. WENMAN ISLAND CERTHIDEA. Similar to C. fusca, but darker, especially on sides and flanks; wing longer, (56, nearly 59 mm., in males, 52-54 mm. in females), but bill shorter (8-9 mm.); adult male sometimes with an ochraceous patch on throat, the adult female sometimes with the throat tinged with ochra- ceous. Differing from C. ol‘vacea in being darker above, darker and browner on chest, flanks, and sides of breast, and in the adult males not having the throat rufous-cinnamon.’ Galapagos Archipelago (Wenman Island). Certhidea becki Roruscnitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. liv, May 25, 1898, p. liii (Wenman Island, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus. ). Certhidea olivacea becki RotuscHitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 149 (crit. ). CERTHIDEA DROWNEI Rothschild. CULPEPPER ISLAND CERTHIDEA. Similar to C. becki, but larger (wing, 62 mm., in adult male, 57 mm., in adult female); sides of breast darker, more olivaceous; pileum darker; length of bill from nostril to tip of maxilla, 8-9 mm.’ Galapagos Archipelago (Culpepper Island). Certhidea drownei RornscHiLp, Bull Brit. Orn. Club, no. liv, May 25, 1898, p. liii (Culpepper Island, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring Mus.). Certhidea olivacea drownei RorascuiLp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 150 (crit. ). 1 No. 116108, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ? Description adapted from Rothschild and Hartert. § Diagnosis adapted from Rothschild and Hartert. 768 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CERTHIDEA CINERASCENS Ridgway. GRAY CERTHIDEA. Similar to C. fusca, but much grayer above and whiter beneath, and bill smaller (length from nostril to tip of maxilla not exceeding 8.5), Adult male.—Above plain dull brownish gray, beneath wholly dull grayish white, faintly tinged with buffy, especially along sides; bill black, basal half of mandible horn color; legs and feet black; length (skin), 97.8; wing, 50.8; tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 9.4; bill from rictus, 11.4; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 10.9.* Galapagos Archipelago (Hood Island and Gardner Island, near Hood Island). Certhidea cinerascens Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, no. 767, Feb. 5, 1890, 105, 119, 127 (Hood I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); xix, 1897, 503 (monogr. ). Certhidea cinerascens cinerascens ROTHSCHILD and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 151 (Hood I. and Gardner I., near Hood). Certhidia cinerascens Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 783 (Gardner I., near Hood). Certhidea olirascens (laspus penna) Rinawer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 124 (Hood I.). CERTHIDEA BIFASCIATA Ridgway. BARRINGTON ISLAND CERTHIDEA. Similar to C. cinerascens, but still whiter (entirely almost pure white) beneath, and wing with two broad whitish bands across tips of greater and middle coverts. Adult.—Above brownish gray, becoming very much paler on the rump; wings and tail dusky, the feathers broadly edged with grayish brown; middle wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale dull buffy, and greater coverts with dull white, producing two conspicuous bands across the wing; lores, orbits, cheeks, and entire under parts uni- form dull white; maxilla dark brown, with whitish tomia; mandible whitish; legs and feet brownish black; length (skin), 86.4; wing, 50.8; tail, 35.6; exposed culmen, 10.2; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 12.2.” Three specimens from Barrington Island agree in the above char- acters. Galapagos Archipelago (Barrington Island). Certhidea bifasciata Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 359 (Barrington I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Dr. G. Baur?); xix, 1897, 504 (monogr. ). Certhidea cinerascens bifasciata Rorascaitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 151 (Barrington L.). "Type, no. 116069, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Hood Island, Galapagos, Apr. 7, 1888. *Type, no. 593, coll. Dr. G. Baur (now in coll. Tring Mus. ), Barrington Island, Galapagos, July 9, 1891. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 769 Genus RHODINOCICHLA Hartlaub. Rhodinocichla Harriavs, Journ. fir Orn., i, Jan., 1853, 33. (Type, Furnarius roseus Lesson. ) Rhodinocinela (lapsus') Rercrexpacu, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, Scansorize (Sit- tine), Aug. 1, 1853, 148, 201. Rhodocincla (emendation) Sunpevat1, Av. Meth. Tent., 1872, 13. Cichlalopia BonAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 6. (Type, Turdusrulpinus Hartlaub, = Furnarius roseus Lesson. ) 2 Very large Mniotiltide (?) with bill nearly as long as head, stout (depth at nostrils equal to nearly half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), distinctly notched; nostril nearly circular, with very slight superior membrane; rictal bristles obsolete; middle toe with claw nearly equal to tarsus; wing excessively rounded, the outermost (ninth) pri- mary much shorter than secondaries, the eighth shorter, or at least not longer, than first, the seventh, sixth, fifth, and fourth longest and nearly equal; tail about equal to wing, much rounded; upper parts, sides, and flanks plain sooty blackish or slate color; superciliary stripe and median under parts rose red in adult males, tawny in adult females. Bill: nearly as long as head, moderately compressed, rather stout; culmen straight for basal half (appoximately) then gradually decurved tothe distinctly but not abruptly uncinate tip, distinctly but not sharply ridged basally; maxillary tomium nearly straight for most of its length, distinctly notched subterminally; gonys very faintly convex. Nostril circular, in anterior end of nasal fossee, without superior operculum or membrane, except posteriorly. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing short, excessively rounded; outermost (ninth) primary much shorter than secondaries; eighth shorter (or at least not longer) than first, the sev- enth, sixth, fifth, and fourth longest and nearly equal; wing-tip about half as long as exposed culmen. Tail about as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices very broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus about one-third as long as wing, stout, its scutella indistinct on outer side; middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; lateral toes equal, their claws' falling short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lat- eral toes, slender, its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Upper parts, sides of head, sides, and flanks plain sooty blackish or slate color; superciliary stripe, malar region, and under parts (except laterally) rose red in adult males, tawny in females; young said to have the under parts mottled.” Nidification.—Unknown. ‘Evidently a slip of the memory, or the pen, since Hartlaub is cited, as above, as authority for the name. *Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 38 8654_voL 2—01 49 770 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range.—Western Mexico; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela, (Two species. ) Although this genus, first placed in the Furnartide, but usually referred to either the Mimide or Troglodytide, is very aberrant as a member of the Mniotiltide, I do not know where else to place it. It quite certainly does not belong to the first-named family, being unquestionably an oscine bird; nor can it belong to either of the other two, which are both ‘‘ten-primaried” groups, while Rhodinccichla is ‘‘nine-primaried,” the tenth primary being very minute and entirely concealed. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RHODINOCICHLA. a. Superciliary stripe, throat, breast, etc., rose red. (Adult males.) b. Smaller (wing 81, tail 78, depth of bill at nostrils 5.5).1_ (Venezuela; Colombia.) Rhodinocichla rosea rosea, adult male (extralimital?) bb. Larger (wing 83-90, tail 82-93, depth of. bill at nostrils 6.5-7). c. Upper parts slate-black; flanks dark slate color; wing and tail shorter, feet larger (wing averaging 85.6, tail 85.7, tarsus 27.3, middle toe 19.5). (Isth- mus of Panama to southern Costa Rica. ) Rhodinocichla rosea eximia, adult male (p. 770) cc. Upper parts slate color; flanks slate-gray; wing and tail longer, feet smaller (wing averaging 88.3, tail 89.3, tarsus 25.4, middle toe 18.1). (Western M@X1C0..) 225d accueieocie ames Rhodinocichla schistacea, adult male (p. 772) aa. Superciliary stripe, throat, breast, etc., tawny. (Adult females.) b. Smaller, with larger feet (wing 77-82.5, tail 78-84, tarsus 26-28). c. Bill more slender (depth at nostrils 5.8) ; upper parts slate color, flanks slate- STAYS itale ee ci cterdisiciaiatevste Rhodinocichla rosea rosea, adult female (extralimital) cc. Bill stouter (depth at nostril 6-7, averaging 6.7); upper parts slate-black, flanks slate color......... Rhodinocichla rosea eximia, adult female (p. 771) bb. Larger, with smaller feet (wing 83-85, tail 83-86, tarsus 25).? Rhodinocichla schistacea, adult female (p. 772) RHODINOCICHLA ROSEA EXIMIA Ridgway. PANAMA THRUSH-WARBLER. Similar to 2. r. rosea, but larger, with stouter bill and decidedly darker coloration. Adult male.—Upper parts uniform slate-black, the sented wing- coverts more or less distinctly edged with slate-gray; a superciliary 1 Coloration intermediate between that of R. r. erimia and R. schistacea. Rhodinocichla rosea rosea (Lesson). Furnarius roseus Lesson, Ilustr. Zool., 1832-34, pl. 5 (San Juan, Brazil); Lafres- naye, Rev. Zool., viii, 1845, 10 (Colombia; crit. ).—Rhodinocinela rosea Reich- enbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, Scansoriae (Sittinae), Aug. 1, 1853, 148; R[hodinocincla] rosea Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., no. x, 1853, 201.— Rhodinocichla rosea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 141 (Bogota, Colombia).—Turdus vulpmus Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., i, 1849, 276 (Venezuela; coll. Bremen Mus.; = female).—Cichlalopia rulpina Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 6. > Coloration similar to that of It. rosea rosea, but flanks rather paler slate-gray. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. f71 stripe of clear rose red, broadest over lores, where encroaching on sides of forehead, becoming much narrower from above the eye back- ward, the supra-auricular portion white or pale rose pink; lower half of lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and sides of neck uniform slate-black; malar region, chin, throat, chest, abdomen, under tail- coverts, anterior lesser wing-coverts, and marginal under wing-coverts clear rose red (the feathers grayish dusky basally); sides, flanks, and thighs dark slate color or nearly slate-black; under wing-coverts (except those along edge of wing) pale gray centrally, broadly mar- gined with white; maxilla dark horn color basally, pale brownish or whitish terminally (sometimes for more than terminal half) and along tomia; mandible pale yellowish brown or whitish; length (skins), 190-201 (194.7); wing, 83-88 (85.6); tail, 81-89 (85.7); exposed culmen, 19.5-21.8 (20.6); depth of bill at nostrils, 6.5-7 (6.8); tarsus, 26-28.5 (27.8); middle toe, 18.5-21 (19.5). * Adult female.—Pattern of coloration exactly as in adult male, but the rose red replaced by clear, rich tawny, the lower abdomen more or less extensively white, and the slate-black of upper parts slightly more slaty, the flanks decidedly so; length (skins), 180-190 (185.5); wing, 77-82.5 (80); tail, 77-84 (79.8); exposed culmen, 19-21.5 (19.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 6-7 (6.7); tarsus, 26-28 (26.8); middle toe, 18-19.5 (19).? Immature male.—Similar to the adult female, but superciliary stripe red, instead of tawny, anteriorly, chin, throat, and malar region strongly tinged with red (especially the latter), and tawny of under parts much more restricted, and darker, slightly tinged with red on breast. Immature female.—Similar to the adult female, but greater wing- coverts margined terminally with tawny and tawny supraloral space narrower and less sharply defined. Young in first plumage.—*‘ All over blackish, with a few rufous edges to the wing-coverts; underneath mottled like a young blackbird,” the features sandy buff, with broad black edges; the center of the abdomen somewhat whiter; over the eye a broad streak of white.” ?® Isthmus of Panama and north to southern Costa Rica. Rhodinocichla rosea (not of Sclater, 1855, not Furnarius roseus Lesson) ScuaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui).—Lawrencs, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 292 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 92 (Costa Rica).—Sciarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 345 (Lion Hill).— Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 91, footnote, part (Panama R. R.).—SaLvin, Proc. Zool. ‘Soc. Lond., 1867, 133 (Santa Fé, Veragua, and David, Chiriqui; crit.); 1870, 180 (Calovevora, Chitra, and Mina de Chorcha, Veragua).— Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 291 (Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Ten specimens. 2 Merula merula (Linnzeus). *Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 367. *Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond:, 1855, 141 (Bogota, Colombia); = R. rosea rosea (Lesson). 772 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 38, part (Costa Rica; David; Volcan de Chiriqui; Mina de Chorcha; Chitra; Calovevora; Santa Fé; Lion Hill),— Srarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 366, part (Costa Rica; Veragua).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 609 (Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.).—Currri, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 4 (Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; descr. male and female).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 60 (Boquete, 3,000 to 3,500 ft., and Bogaba, Chiriqui). [Rhodinocichla] rosea ScuaTsR and Satviy, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 3, part. [Rhodinocichla rosea] a. rosea Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Dec. 10, 1878, 247 (diagnosis). RHODINOCICHLA SCHISTACEA Ridgway. MEXICAN THRUSH-WARBLER. Similar to R. 7. eximia, but with black of upper parts replaced by slate color, that of the flanks by slate-gray; wing and tail decidedly longer, feet smaller. Adult male.—Upper parts, including sides of neck, plain slate color, the feathers with slightly darker centers, especially the scapulars, interscapulars, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail darker, the former with distinct edgings of paler slate color or slate-gray, these most conspicuous on middle and greater coverts; a superciliary stripe of pure rose red, becoming whitish or pale rose pink posteriorly (above auricular region), broadest anteriorly, where encroaching on sides of forehead; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions deep slate color; sides and flanks and thighs plain grayish slate or slate-gray, paler on flanks; malar region, chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and car- pal region, clear rose red, most intense anteriorly, the feathers dusky basally, except on chin, throat, and malar region, where bases of feathers are whitish; under wing-coverts pale gray broadly margined with white, those along edge of wing rose red; maxilla brownish black with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish horn color (in dried skins); iris brown;' legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 200-219 (207.5); wing, 86-90 (88.3); tail, 86.5-93 (89.3); exposed cul- men, 20-22 (20.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 6.5-7 (6.8); tarsus, 24-26 (25.4); middle toe, 17-19 (18.1).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but slate color of upper parts slightly browner, rose red of superciliary stripe and under parts replaced by tawny, superciliary stripe white for posterior half or more, and lower abdomen partly white, or whitish; length (skins), 197- 208 (203.3); wing, 83-85 (84); tail, 83-86 (84.6); exposed culmen, 18- 19 (18.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 6-6.2 (6.1); tarsus, 25; middle toe, 18-19 (18.3).* Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Jalisco (Ixtapa), and Colima (Colima; Sierra Madre), and Territory of Tepic (Santiago). ' According to Grayson, manuscript. *Seven specimens. 8 Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 773 Rhodinocichla rosea (not Furnarius roseus Lesson) Frxscn, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., 1870, 329 (Mazatlan).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 267 (Mazatlan; Sierra Madre, Colima, habits; song).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 38, part (Mazatlan; Sierra Madre de Colima).— Suarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 366, part (in synonymy). [Rhodinocichla] rosea ScLATER and Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 3, part. Rhodinocichla rosea, B. schistucea, Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, Dec. 10 1878, 247 (Sierra Madre, Colima, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Rhodinocichla schistacea SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 367. ADDENDA. (Including corrections. ) Page 8: To citations of Chlorophonia callophrys add: Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1889, 3 (Chiri- qui).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Volean de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui). Page 27: To citations of Huphonia hirundinacea add: Bayes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,800 to 4,000 {t.), and remove interrogation point after Chiriqui, in statement of geographic range. Page 29: To citations of Luphonia lanitrostris add: Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Punta de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama). Page 38: Add: KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BUTHRAUPIS. u. Sides and flanks yellow, mottled or blotched with dusky. (Veragua.) Buthraupis arcei, adult male (p. 33) aa. Sides and flanks, very broadly, uniform dusky blue, like upper parts. (Costa RIGA) ictatere Lice slices cleats Benen Buthraupis ceruleigularis, adult male (p. 34) Page 40: To citations of Calospiza florida arc add: Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,000 ft. ). , Page 42: To citations of Cadliste guttata add: SaLvapori and Frsra, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Chiriqui). Page 42: For Calospiza cabanisi Sclater read: Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater). Page 46: CALOSPIZA LAVINIA (Cassin). Immature.—Plain glossy green, including head and neck, the under parts paler; abdomen light turquoise blue, or mixed with that color; primaries edged with green, this having a slight brownish tinge basally on the outermost quills. (Very similar to the corresponding plumage of C. gyrolotdes, but the coloration brighter, especially the green of the under parts.) Page 47: To citations of Calliste dowi add: Satvaporrand Fesra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 3 (Chiriqui). 775 776 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 57: To citations of Zaunagra cana add: Bovcarn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33. Page 58: To citations of Zanugra cana diaconus add: Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 65 (Boquete, 3,000 to 4,000 ft., and Bogaba, Chiriqui) . Page 62: To citations of Zanagra abbas add: Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 33. Page 62: To synonymy of Spindalis add: Shizampelis (typographical error) Bryan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866 (pub. May, 1867), 92. Page 77: The synonymy of Piranga rubriceps, accidentally omitted, is as follows: Plyrange] rubriceps Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364, pl. 89, lower fig. (No description nor locality given. )—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 433. Pyrange rubriceps Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 178; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 29.—ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 156 (Bogota); 1856, 125 (monogr.); Synopsis Av. Tanagr., 1856, 49; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 81 (Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 192.—SciaTer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 502 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Taczanowss1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 115 (n. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1884, 496.— Taczanowski and Berterscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Bafios, e. Ecuador, 6,200 ft.).—Bryanr (W. E.), Auk, iv, 1887, 78 (Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara Co., California, 1 spec., ‘‘about 1871’’). [Pyranga] rubriceps ScuarEeR and Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 22. Pfiranga] rubriceps Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 589 (Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara Co., California; description). Pyranga erythrocephalu (not Spermagra erythrocephala Swainson) Gray, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 16. [Pyranga] erythrocephala BoNaPparTe, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 241. Pyranga pyrrhocephala ‘“‘ Massena, MS.’’ Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 125 (in synonymy). This exclusively South American species has been reported (as above cited) to have been once taken in California. The identification of the specimen on which the record is based ix undoubtedly correct; but even granting no mistake has been made as to the specimen having actually been taken in California, the occurrence must have been purely fortuitous, most likely an escape from captivity, and the species has no claim to a place in the North American fauna. Page 81: To citations of P/ranga rubra add: Butter, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 32 (Franklin Co., Indiana, com- mon summer resid.).—Rineway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 217.—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 108 (Louisiana, breeding).—Torrey, Auk, xviii, 1901, 273 (Newton, Massachusetts, 1 spec., May 12, 1901). Page 84: To citations of Piranga rubra cooperi add: ALLEN,. Buli. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Fronteras, n. e. Sonora, August; San Diego, un. w. Chihuahua, April, May). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 777 Page 94: To citations of Prranga Indovwieiana add: Bowies, Condor, iv, 1902, 16 (Washington and Oregon; habits; deser. nest and eggs). Page 96: To synonymy of Lranga bidentata flamined add: Piranga bidentata flammea NEtson, North Am, Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 53 (Tres Marias; habits; song; crit.). Page 98: To synonymy of Piranga b/dentata sangulnolenta add: Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ili, Jan. 30, 1902, 66 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,000 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui). Page 101: To citations of Piranga leucoptera lati faserata add: Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 66 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 5,000 ft. ). Page 106, fourth paragraph, in text: For //em/sp/ngus read emi- thraupis. Page 111: To citations of Rhamphocalus passerinii add: SaLvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (Chiriqui). Page 111: ope RAMPHOCELUS COSTARICENSIS Cherrie. Rah Seven adult’ males, three immature males, and three adult females from Divala and Bogaba, Chiriqui, just received from Mr. Outram Bangs—all of them beautifully prepared specimens—enable me to give a better diagnosis of this form: Similar to R. p. passeriniz, but slightly larger; adult female and immature male with a broad and conspicuous band of ochraceous- “** orange or dull reddish orange across the chest, and with the rump olivaceous-orange deepening into a more reddish or ochraceous-orange hue on upper tail-coverts. Adult male (seven specimens).—Length (skins), 159-165 (162.6); -,; Wing, 76.5-81 (78.6); tail, 68-72 (70.1); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.3); ., tarsus, 21-93 (29.1), ahi Adult female (three specimens).—Length (skins), 160-167 (163); -.. Wing, 76-78 (77); tail, 70.5-72 (71.2); exposed culmen, 14-16 (15); tarsus, 22-23 (29.5). Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul; Boruca; Palmar; Buenos Aires; Navarro) and Chiriqui (Bogaba; Divala). The form is without doubt a subspecies of 2. passerinii, and should be called Ramphocelus passerinii costaricensis (Cherrie). Page 115: To synonymy of Ramphocelus fest# add: ii § Rhamphocelus festae Sarvaport and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. "899, 1899, 4 (Chiriqui). Page 117: To citations of Zeamphocelus dimidiatus add: ae Banes, Auk., xviii, 1901, 369 (Divala and David, Chiriqui; crit.). / 778 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 118: To citations of Rhamphocelus dimidiatus, in synonymy of Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus, add: (?) SaLtvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no, 399, 1899, 4 (Punta de Sabana, Isthmus of Panama). Page 119: For Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus Bangs read Ram- phocelus dimidiatus limatus (Bangs). Page 120: For Phlogothraupi’s sanguinolenta read Phlogothraupis » sanguinolenta. Page 123: In statement of range of Lanio aurantius for Oaxaca read Chiapas. Page 132: To citations of Zachyphonus melaleucus add: Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (Colon, Isthmus of Panama). ‘ Page 141: For Hucometis spodocephala stictothorax (Berlepsch) read Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax Berlepsch, and add to the synon- ymy: Eucometes [sic] spodocephala stictothorax Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 66 (Boquete, 4,000 to 4,800 ft., and Bogaba, Chiriqui). Page 146: For Phenicothraupus vinacea read Phanicothranpis vinacea,; for Phoenicothraupus vinacea read Phanicothraupis vinacea, and add: ; * Banas, Proce. New Eng]. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 66 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 {t., and Boquete, Chiriqui). Page 148: In statement of range of Phenicothraupis salvint salvint transfer locality Guichicovi from Oaxaca to Chiapas. Page 153: To citations of Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda add: Satvaport and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, no. 399, 1899, 4 (Rio Lara, Isthmus of Panama). Page 154: For Chlorothraupis olivaceus read Chlorothraupis oli- vaced. Page 155: In references after Phoenicothraupis carmioli amend cita- tion of SctarER and Satvtn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, etc., to read: ScLaTER and Satvrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, °185, 186 (Valley of Cosnipata, s. e. Peru; crit.). Page 158: For Chlorospingus albitempora read Chlorospingus novicius. ; Page 162: For (. albitemporalis (in text, second line) read @ novicius. Page 163: For Chlorospingus albitempora (Lafresnaye) read Chloro- spingus novicius Bangs. Page 164: Citations of Zachyphonus albitempora and Chlorospingys: albitempora to be canceled; also, citations of Chlorospingus albitempo- bh \ i BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. TI9 ralis pertaining to South American localities (excepting Colombia‘), and add to synonymy: Chlorospingus novicius Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 67 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,500 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Page 166: To citations of Chlorospingus pileatus add: Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club., iii, 1902, 67 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui, 5,000 to 11,000 ft.). Page 167: To citations of Chlorospingus hypopheus add: Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 67 (Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqui). Page 189: Tosynonymy of Cacieus vitellinus add: Cacius vitellinus Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 64 (Sona, Chiriqui). Page 207: In first paragraph, in text, for Aglaioides read Agelacoides.. Page 209: After J/olobrus pecoris, in synonymy, add: Cassicus pecoris GisTEL, Handb. Naturg., 1850, 288, in text. Page 211: For Molothrus atronitens (Cabanis) read Molothrus atro- nitens Cabanis. Page 219: For Quiscalus quiscula eneus Ridgway read Quiscalus quiscula eneus (Ridgway). Page 222: To citations of Qudscalus quiscula eneus add: Morrett, Auk, xvi, 1899, 252 (Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia).—Carro.i, Auk, xvii, 1900, 346 (Refugio Co., s. Texas, breeding). Page 227: Tosynonymy of Holoquiscalus jamaicensis add: [Oriolus] niger (not of Boddaert, 1783) GMeELrn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i., 1788, 393, part: (based on Icterus niger Brisson, Orn., ii, 103, etc.; Jamaica). Page 228: To synonomy of Holoquiscalus niger add: [Oriolus] niger Gmein, Syst. Nat. i, pt. i, 1788, 393 (based on Icterus niger Brisson, Orn., ii, 103, ete.) Page 253: In synonymy of genus Dives Cassin, for Lampropsar dives Bonaparte read Jcterus dives Lichtenstein. Page 277: To citations of Zeterus spurius add: Trippg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 239-(Decatur and Mahaska counties, s Iowa, breeding).—A.tey, Bull. Am. Mus., N. H., i, 1886, 249 (Massachusetts, chiefly in Connecticut Valley). Page 291: To citations of Jeterus cucullatus nelsoni add: Betpinc, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 125 (San Diego, San Bernardino, and. Ventura counties, California, breeding). Page 295: In citation of Xanthornus chrysater BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., etc., the generic name (except initial letter) should be bracketed. 780 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 297: ICTERUS SCLATERI Cassin. Tmmature.—Wings dusky grayish, with white markings less sharply defined than in adults, the lesser coverts dusky margined with yellow- ish; tail yellowish olive, the lateral rectrices more yellowish; otherwise similar to adults, but the yellow duller, that of the upper parts more or less obscured by a wash of olive, especially on back and upper rump. Page 298: ICTERUS GRAYSONII Cassin. Immature maie.—Similar to the adult female, but slightly larger. Page 299: ICTERUS AURATUS Bonaparte. Jmmature.—Wings grayish dusky, with white markings as in adults, but lesser coverts dusky instead of yellow or orange; tail yellowish olive, more yellowish on lateral rectrices, more grayish on terminal portion of middle rectrices; otherwise like adults, but hindneck, back, scapulars, and upper rump yellowish olive instead of orange or orange- yellow. Page 305: For St. Andrew’s Oriole read St. Andrews Oriole. Page 310: To citations of Jeterus parisorum add: Betpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 125 (Campo, etc., Lower California). Page 313: To citation of Jcterus baltimore ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, add p. 136 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas; crit.). Page 326: To citations of Agelatus tricolor add: Bexpina, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 122 (breeding at San Diego, San Bernar- dino, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara Valley, and Stockton, Calfornia; Tehachapi, April; Oakland, winter). Page 828: To citations of Agelaius gubernator add: Betpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 121, part. Page 329: To citations of Agelaivs gubernator californicus add: Fisaer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, California, Sept. ). Page 340: In synonymy of Agelaius pheniceus neutralis add to citations of Agelaius phaniceus: Betpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 120, part (Carson and Truckee Valley, Nevada; Camp Harney, e. Oregon). To citations of Ageleus pheniceus add: AuLsy, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 168 (Ogden, Utah). Page 341: To synonymy of Agelaius pheniceus neutralis add: Agelaius gubernator Betpina, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 121, part (San Diego and San Bernardino, California, resident; Fort Klamath and Camp Harney, e. Ore gan; Carson, Nevada). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 781 Page 342: To citations of Agelatus phanicens, in synonymy of Age- laius pheniceus canrinus, add: Betpine, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 120, part (British Columbia; Seattle, Washington). : Page 349: To citations of Xanthocephalus aunthocephalus add: Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 249 (Watertown, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Oct. 19, 1869.; Eastham, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 10, 1877). Page 353: To citations of Letstes gulancnsis add: Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (David, Chiriqui). Page 859: For Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1872, 239 (Iowa) read Trippr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 239 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, lowa, breeding; migrant.) Page 365: To citation of Sturnella magna inexpectata add: Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 64 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 6,000 ft. ). Page 368: In synonymy of Stwrnella neglecta, for Sturnella hippocre- pus read Sturnella hippocrepis. Page 3873: To citations of Dolichonyx oryzivorus add: Fisoer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, California, Sept. ). Page 382: To citations of Diglossa plumbea add: Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,500 to 7,000 ft. ). Page 885: For C[ereba] cxrulea read Cercha cerulen. Page 389: To citation of Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes add: Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,000 to 5,000 ft. ). Page 397: To citations of Dacnis venusta add: Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 5,000 ft.). Pages 403-422: Sundevall’s review of the genus Certhiola [ Caurcba] has been wrongly cited, the correct citations being as follows: Page 403: C[erthiola] bairdii SunpEvauL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monogr.). Oferthzola] bahamensis SunvE- vat, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Foérh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 624 (monogr.). Page 407: O[erthéiola] luteola Sunpevat1, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monogr.). Page 408: Oferthiola] major SunpEvaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.). C[erthiola] minor SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.). Page 410. O[erthiola] mewicana SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622, 623 (monogr.). G82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 411: C[erthiola] columbiana SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak, Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.). - Page 413: Olerthiola] portoricensis SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak, Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 598, 622 (monogr.). : Page 414: Oferthiola] sti. thome SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak, Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621 (monogr.; St. Thomas). Page 415: Olerthiola] flaveola SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Fork, Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 621, part (monogr.). (The same in synonymy of Coreba newtoni, on p. 417.) Page 418: C[erthiola| dominicana SUNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 623 (monogr.). bs Page 419: Certhiola bartholemaca SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh, Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 584 (St. Bartholomew). — Clerthiola] bartholemica Sunpevatt, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 622 (monogr.). Page 422: Cancel citation of SunpEVvALL, Cifv., etc., under Corthi- ola martinicana, and change citation after Certhiola albigula to Olerthiola] albigula Sunpevaut, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., xxvi, 1870, 624 (monogr.). Page 407: To citations of Careba luteola add: Rogpinson and Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 176 (La Guaira, Venezuela). Page 410: To synonymy of Careba mexicana add: Coerebra mexicana CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 18 (Boruca, Tér- raba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). Page 413: To citations of Careba portoricensis add: Pratt, Auk., xvi, 1899, 361 (nesting, etc.). Page 414: CCEREBA FLAVEOLA (Linnzus). Young.—Vileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, and upper tail-coverts plain dark olive; lower rump olive-yellow or yellowish olive; a superciliary stripe, ending a short distance behind eye, median line of throat, posterior portion of malar region, chest, and breast dull light wax yellow, slightly tinged with olive, the deeper color of chest, etc., fading gradually into pale buffy yellow or straw yellow on more posterior underparts, the under tail-coverts pale cream-yellow or cream color; lores, auricular region, chin, sides of throat, and anterior portion of malar region dusky olive; remiges and rectrices essentially as in adults. Page 414: To synonymy of Cereba flaveola add: Nectarinia flaveola Swainson, Birds w. Africa, ii, 1838, 145. Page 421: To citation of Coereba uropygialis BrruEpscH, Jouro. fiir Orn., ete., add: , 85 (in text). Page 423: To synonymy of Genus Glosstptila Sclater add Glossop- tila (emendation?) Newron (A. and E.) Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 783 Page 425: For G[lossiptila] ruficoll’s Newron, ete., read G[lossop- tila] ruficollis Newton, etc. Page 435: To citations of Afniotilta variu add: Bianp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas).—MclIz- wraltH, Birds Ontario, 1894, 353 (s. Ontario, breeding).—Danrer, Auk, xix, 1902, 17 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia, breeding). Page 437: To winter range of Helinaia swatnsonii add, after Jamaica: eastern Mexico (near city of Vera Cruz). Page 438: To citations of Helinata swainsoni add: Satvin and Goopmay, Ibis, 1889, 236 (Vera Cruz, Vera Cruz). Page 444: To citations of Protonotaria cttrea add: Burier, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1891, 165 (breeding in Elkhart, Lagrange, Steuben, and Dekalb counties, n. Indiana, and St. Joseph Co., s. Michigan). Page 462: For Sylvia tenenssee/ read S[ylvia] tenenssz7. Page 465: To citations of Helminthophila celata add: Dury and Ketoee, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1891, 43 (near Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 20). Page 468: In statement of geographic range of /Zelininthophila celata sordida, after last word, within parentheses, add: and San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, October 5. Page 477: To citations of Oreothlypis gutturalis add: Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,000 to 10,300 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui) . Page 483: To doubtful citations of Sylvicola americana add: Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermuda). Page 484: From doubtful citations of Compsothlypis americana remove last two references and transfer to page 483, after BrewsrmEr, Auk, xiii, ete. These were accidentally put in wrong place. Page 486: The range of Compsothlypis americana ramaline was accidentally omitted. It is as follows: Mississippi Valley and district of the upper Great Lakes; breeding from Louisiana and Texas to Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; occasional west to eastern Colo- rado (El Paso County); in winter southward through eastern Mexico and Central America to Nicaragua (Rio Escondido). Page 488: To citation of Compsothlypis pitiayumié speciosa add: Bayes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 63 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,000 to 4,500 ft.) Page 522: To citation after Dendroica aureola of Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ete., add: xix, 1897, 493 (monogr.). Page 580: After Dendraca bryant’ Suarpx, etc., add: Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 237 (Tampico, Tamaulipas). 784 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 539: To citations of Dendroica tigr’ 14 add: Howe, Contr. N. Am, Orn., ii, 1902, 19 (Mount Killington, Vermont, breeding), Page 543: Cancel the following citations under Dendreca canadensis and transfer them to MWedsonia canadensis (p. T18): TaczaNnowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1874, 508 (centr. Peru); 1879, 223 (Tambillo, », Peru). Page 549: For Mn/otilta varia REINHARDT, etc., read Mndfotiltu cur- onata REINHARDT, ete. Page 550: To citations of Dendroicu coronata add: Hows, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding). 7 Page 550: For Dendroica coronatus GUNDLACH, ete., read [(Rhi- mamphus) Dendroica] coronatus, etc. (The same form to be substituted wherever ‘*Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 326” is cited for any species of this genus.) Page 561: For Dendrivca torwnsendé read Dendroica townsend. Page 562: For [Dendrwca] townsendi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., ete., read D[endreca], etc. Page 562: To synonymy of Dendroica townsendi add: (2) Sylvia montana (not of Wilson) Aupuzon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 294, part, pl. 434, fig. 3 (California). (2) Sylvicola montane AuDuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 62, part (California); Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 69, part, pl. 98 (California). (2) [Sylvicota] imontena Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 308, part. (2?) M[niotilta] montana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 169, part. (2) [Mniotilta] montana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3490, part. (?) Dendroica montuna Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 271, part, pl. 14, fig. 3.1 (?) Dendraca montana Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote, part.—SHaRrz, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 265, footnote, excl. synonymy, part. Page 565: To synonymy of Dendroica virens add: (2) Sylvia montana Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 113, pl. 44, fig. 2 (Blue Moun- tains of Pennsylvania).—Sreraexs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1817, 736.— VigrLtor, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 451.—Bonaparre, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1823, 451.—AvpuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 294, part (not pl. 434, fig. 3). (?) Slylvia] montana Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., li, 1826, 82 (crit.). (?) Sylwicolu. montena Jarpinz, ed. Wilson’s Am, Orn., ii, 1832, 202.—AtpDuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 62, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 69 (not pl. 98).— Nurrauz, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 442, part. (?) [Sylvicola] montana Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 308, part. (2) M[niotilta] montana Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 169, part. (2) [Mniotilta] montana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 241, no. 3490, part. (?) Dendroica montana Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 278; Cat. N. Am. - Birds, 1859, no. 199; Review Am. Birds, 1865, 190, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 271, part (not pl. 14, fig. 3%).—., AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 356 (“ Hypothetical List,”’ no. 24). — _—__———— Copied from Audubon. ’From Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, pl. 98 =D. townsendi?. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 785 (?) Dendroeca montana SuUNDEVALL, Oty. k. Vet.-Akad. Forh., Stockholm, xxvi., 1870, 613. (?) Dendreca montana Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 237, footnote, part.—May- NARD, Birds E. U. 8., 1882, 521.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 112._Saarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 265, footnote. (?) Sylvia tigrina (not Motacilla tigrina Gmelin) Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can.,i, 1832, 393. (2) Sylvicola tigrina Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23. Page 571: For Sylvia cerlea read Sylvia cxrulea. Page 594: In citations of Dendreca castanea cancel LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec city, Oct.), and transfer to synonymy D. striata on p. 598. Page 598: To synonymy of Dendroica striata add: Dendreca castanea (not Sylvia castanea Wilson) Lawrence, Bull. U. &. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec City, Oct.). Page 602: To synonymy of Dendroica vigorsid vigorsti add: Dendreeca vigorsii Howe, Contr. N. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 20 (Townshend, etc., Ver- mont, breeding). Pages 642, 643: To breeding range of Sedurus noveboracensis nove- boracensis add: Warren, Crawford, Clinton, and Erie counties, Penn- sylvania, and Garrett County, Maryland. Page 703: To the synonymy of Wilsonia add: Myiidioctes (emendation) ScLtaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299, 358. . Page 710: Description of the immature plumage of Wilsonta pusilla pusilla was accidentally omitted. This plumage differs from the adult - as follows: Immature: Similar to adults, but no black on crown; pileum plain olive-green, concolor with back, etc., becoming more yellowish (some- times decidedly, but never purely, yellow) on forehead, the lores and superciliary region yellow. The corresponding plumage of the other subspecies of course differs from that of the adults in the same manner. Page 733: In last citation in synonymy of Myioborus miniatus mini- atus, for Muscicapa derhamii read Muscicapa de-rhamii. NOTE. Throughout Part I of the present work and the greater part of Part {lan error has been made in the spelling of the locality ‘‘ Lometa” in citations of ‘“‘Srennert, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., v, 1879.” The name should be spelled Zomzta, the locality being Lomita Ranch, ‘situated on the Rio Grande, 7 miles above Hidalgo and 65 miles from Brownsville.” Lometaisa post-office town in Lampasas County, in the central portion of the State. 3654—voL 2—01——50 INDEX. [The black-faced letters indicate generic or specific headings. ] vA. Page. Abaco Pine Warbler.......---...--------+-- 603 SPiINndAMS ssc eciedanensseredinanemeese 72 abacoensis, Dendroica vigorsii ... 498,506, 601, 603 abbas, Tanagra......------.------+-- 55, 60, 62, 776 Abbot Tanager ...........----.---------- 08 60 abeillel Tetanus .c20 secuesdveceeenscnnceces 319 abeillei, Hyphantes. TQCETUS :,...coisis sienines sa nione Xanthornus ..............-.-..--5- 319 Abeille’s Oriole. .......----..0--00--5+ 318 abeillii, Icterus ...........--.-.-2-.--- 319 Pendulinus ...............- 319 Abrornis atricapilla ....-.......0...2--2-20- 711 Acanthorhynchus .......-......22-2..00-05- 376 Accentor auricapillus .........-..- 638 acbrustera, Dendroica vigorsii 498, 506, 507, 601, 602, 603 Acrocompsa 4 callophrys ........- a 8 eyanodorsalis - 7 OCCIPItAliSs .cececvscocpeecescrs 6 Acroleptes.......-.-...-2.- seewisaeeae eseEee 8 23 19 RYGGUIS) 2. cis255 5c cersek cede epee 20 bumilis............ 3 24 Juteicapillus....... 5 21 adelaide, Dendreeca.... 588 Dendroica......... 497, 498, 505, 587, 588 Dendroica gracie, var........... 588 Sylvicola. - 588 Adelaide’s Warbler ‘ 587 nea, Quiscalus versicolor, subspecies. ..... 222 eneus, Agelaius ...............-2.-- Callothrus Molothorus Psarocolius Quiscalus purpureus WEL Secccteoceee, 221 quiseula ... 214,215, 219, 221, 779 versicolor....... «- «6221 versicolor, var .. 221 equatorialis, Dendroeca petechia, h........ 523 CISC Sica ecsancameciesccezes 253 | Scolecophagus. . 253 j equinoctialis, Geothlypis............. 653, 657, 690 Motacilla ...........2...2.2+- 690 BYVIR sp eccccnaancawenaecuna’s 625 Page. estiva, Dendroeca.........2.....-- 511, 513, 515, 520 Dendroica ............ 498, 499, 513, 514, 632 eestiva...... -- 499, 508 MMiOtilas sncsiicisssccmascseceeeceaees 510 Motacilla ......... 610, 513, 514, 516, 518, 521 aestiva, Phoenicosoma Phoenisoma.......-.......-..-- eestiva, Pyranga ........22---.-.- eee eee eens SYIVIG ccceniawesinsceieahtorestave SYliCOlA sce cweenccss cise 510, 513, 516, 518 Tanagra aestivum, Phoenicosoma......-....-------- eestivus, Rhimamphus...............----- Rhimanphus affinis, Acroleptes ........---.----2-..-----+ ORESI CUS: wicisce ec acviicic deisisiemelsieeiaieie® Euphona.... Euphonia ... Pheenicothraupis rubica ......... rubicoides . "142, 147 PhHONASCOi es sei ce cece sig wn canis Ramphocelus Tanagra (Euphonia) Agelaius phieniceus var. gubernator Agelaeus A Ge]ONS sx cxccasenteceeeeanmeeesioeeersesee ASSIMING a. scccce se veeecasee. chrysopterus ....------------------ gubernator...... -- 828, 330, 339, 341 NUMELAiS score swsescecsintmieieiessies 343 Nigerrimus...........20eeeee ee eee 346 perspicillatus .........--..------.- 350 pheniceus ............ 329,382, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 780 a. pheeniceus - 841 b. assimilis... 343 ec. gubernator . 328 d. tricolor....... 326 a. pheeniceus.... 841 8. gubernator - "328, 341 gubernator.........- 328, 341 var. gubernator....... 328 var. tricolor... 326 CHICO OP es space siscisisisisionsieis 326, 339 AGG all «ca. ecenssceexeeecesee wwee: 174 Agelaioides........-..----------2e- ee 205, 207,779 AGClALUS) ic oscccwesiniisieescnieneed eee 176,319, 321 PONE US sco wis uiearasis'atatarstevin ieee 208, 204 787 788 INDEX. Page. Page, Agelaius assimiles .........22-2--22020-06+ 342 | Aglaia cyanocephala....-.---.---+-----.... 56 assimilis ..........-..-. 320, 323, B42, 343 fanny ..---------2- eer eres ernest 49, 60 badius............- 205 gyrola ...-.--.---+-- dareeare suas 44 bullockii ... 316 gyroloides ....-...---+--------..e.. chrysopterus ......-....--.-----++ 344 peruviana cyanopus..........2--2022ee eee 320,321 | Agrilorhinus ..-.......--..----------2--.... forbesi.. 320 olivaceus frontalis 319 personatus gubernator ..... 322, 328, 830, 338, 341, 780 sittaceus californicus.........- 322, | agripennis, Dolichonyx 323, 326, 329, 780 TCHELUG wiccMieviicciie ts cigronecetves grandis..... 322, 323,329,330 | Alaskan Yellow Warbler gubernator .... 322,323,826 | Alauda magna .......-....... HUMECTANS 55.60: s00000se sens 320, 323,343 | alaudarius, Cacicus ............-..0.....20. icterocephalus..........-..------+ 349 | albemarlei, Certhidea imthurmi..cccccssnscscssscccccees 321 | albicolis, Sylvia .......-......2... longirostris ...............2----- 264,338 | albicollis, Dendroica MINALIS! jeecicanes se cck sereeceaes 353 Motacilla NIG! secieccrewatc we sie densest aie ner 228 Sylvia ......... -- 516 NIGETHIMUS: ccsewesinccedageseescces 346 | albifrons, Chlorospingus.. - 158, 162, 163 pheeniceus 330,332, 333, Myioborus ..... way TBE 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 780,781 | albigula, Certhiola -...-..-.........2..... 422, 782 bryanti.. 323,324,333, 384,337 | albilora, Dendrceca dominica, b............ 583 COUTINUSS 2 science dewees 323, var . 583 324, 341,342,781 Dendroica dominica .............. 505, floridanus .. 328, 324, 333, 334 581, 582, 583, 584 fortis ... 322, 324, 337, 338, 339 Val’. ccoscsees 583 STANGIS ov secesedseaee 330 | albinucha, Dolichonyx oryzivorus .-. 374 gubernator..........-. 328 var. 374 longirostris - 888,341 | albinuchus, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 8. 374 neutralis.............. 328, | albirostris, Cacicus........... 324, 339, 341, 780 Cassicus phoeniceus ............ 322, TOMB RIA ccc www rsese tan aateney. 131 324, 3380, 331, 334 | albispecularis, Tachyphonus............... 134 i richmondi.. 323,324, 335, 337 | albitempora, Chlorospingus..... 158, 163, 164,778 sonoriensis - 322, 324, 337, 342 Tachyphonus........... 161, 164,778 var. assimilis -........ 343 | albitemporalis, Chlorospingus.... 161, 164, 165,778 var. gubernator. 328, 330, 341 Pipilopsis var. pheeniceus .....-. 332 | Alta Mira Oriole............--.2--2--..00-- PHCMICIUS 600. scscw ea sedeceee sens 330 Yellow-throat pyrrhopterus ............-...-.+-- 255 | alticola, Sturnella magna .. 363 agelains, Quiscalus purpureus, var......... 218 | ambigua, Fringilla -.. . 210 Makiicieehiterens - -.- 821 | Amblycercus ...........-.-. - 170,172,178, 192 Brea fe tet tyee 321 holosericets ........--- 198,194, 1% 322, 323, 324, 326, 780 nigerrimus 195 xanthocephalus 349 prevosti ...... - 1 xanthomus ...........2..4- 320, 323, 344 prevostii ....2..2..2.-20eeeee 195 RANHOLUUS 35.5.